Cirrhigaleus australis, White, William T., Last, Peter R. & Stevens, John D., 2007

White, William T., Last, Peter R. & Stevens, John D., 2007, Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp., a new Mandarin dogfish (Squaliformes: Squalidae) from the south-west Pacific, Zootaxa 1560, pp. 19-30 : 20-27

Cirrhigaleus australis new species

Southern Mandarin Dogfish Figs 1–4 ; Table 1

Cirrhigaleus barbifer : (not Tanaka) Last and Stevens, 1994, Sharks and rays of Australia, pp 48, 68, figs 8.11, pl. 6; Bass, 1979, Records of little-known sharks from Australian waters, pp 250, 251, fig. 3.

Holotype. CSIRO H 5789–01, female 970 mm TL, east of Bicheno, Tasmania, 41°55'S, 148°37'E, 360–414 m, 18 May 2002.

Paratypes. 3 specimens. AMS I 19154–001, female 713 mm TL, off Brush Island, New South Wales, 35°34'S, 150°45'E, 493 m, 6 July 1976; AMS I 27022–001, female 1230 mm TL, northeast of Sydney, New South Wales, 33°00'S, 152°00'E, 640 m, March 1986; AMS I 42891 –001, female 1124 mm TL, southeast of Green Cape, New South Wales, 37°30'S, 150°30'E, 400 m, 3 November 2003.

Diagnosis. A moderately large dogfish of the genus Cirrhigaleus with the following combination of characters: body very robust, trunk depth 11.8–14.2% TL; eyes relatively small, length 1.37–1.49 in horizontal preorbital length; upper labial furrows relatively short, 7.09–8.15 times mouth width; first dorsal fin moderately large, slightly raked, posterior margin 9.1–10.9% TL; second dorsal similar in size to first dorsal fin, raked, height 1.70–1.91 times its length, posterior margin 8.0–8.9% TL; first dorsal spine long, its exposed length 4.6–5.7% TL, 5.48–6.43 times in pectoral–pelvic space, its apex located just below apex of fin; second dorsal spine long, its exposed length 4.6–6.0% TL, 4.95–6.08 times in pectoral–pelvic space, 3.08–4.24 times in prepectoral length, its apex located at about level of fin apex; pectoral fins moderately large, inner margin 7.0–8.0% TL; prepectoral length 1.47–1.89 times distance from pectoral-fin insertion to first dorsal-fin midbase; flank denticles with three primary cusps, lateral cusps often with cusplets; 50 monospondylous centra, 85 precaudal centra, 114–115 total centra; maximum size at least 123 cm TL.

Description. Body fusiform, robust, nape strongly humped; deepest near first dorsal-fin base, maximum depth 1.03 (0.85–1.01) times width; trunk depth 0.88 (0.93–0.95) times abdomen depth; head relatively short, 19.5 (19.1–19.8)% TL. Tail moderately elongate, subcircular in cross-section anteriorly, tapering slightly to second dorsal fin; tapering more rapidly beyond second dorsal fin, becoming broadly semicircular posteriorly; dorsal groove weakly developed, broad, very shallow; ventral groove well developed, broad, shallow, with weak medial ridge visible anteriorly; lateral keels very well developed, originating slightly posterior to level of insertion of second dorsal fin, terminating about three quarters of an eye length behind dorsal caudal-fin origin; pelvic–caudal space 1.67 (1.57–1.62) in pectoral–pelvic space, 1.00 (0.98–1.12) in prepectoral length; dorsal–caudal space 2.90 (2.50–2.82) in interdorsal length; dorsal caudal pit very weak, ventral caudal pit absent.

Head depressed, more flattened dorsally than ventrally, broad, width 1.06 (1.09–1.14) times trunk width, 1.07 (1.01–1.20) times abdomen width; becoming subtriangular in cross-section towards pectoral-fin origin; length 2.86 (2.72–3.03) in pre-vent length; height 0.83 (0.68–0.73) times width. Snout flattened dorsally, narrowly rounded ventrally, apex bluntly pointed; lateral prenarial margin broadly rounded, not forming a ridge; bluntly pointed, strongly tapered in dorsal view, horizontal length 1.49 (1.37–1.44) times eye length, 0.65 (0.60–0.65) times interorbital space; horizontal prenarial length 2.03 (0.97–2.10) times in preoral length.

Eye oval, moderately large, length 5.49 (4.83–5.93) in head, 2.14 (2.29–3.29) times height; weakly notched posteriorly, notch deepest anteriorly, not connected to anteroventral margin of spiracle. Spiracle moderately large, almost semicircular, greatest diameter 2.54 (2.40–2.64) in eye length; fold on posterior margin rudimentary, broad-based. Gill openings almost upright; first four subequal in size, fifth longest, height of fifth slit 2.6 (2.23–2.52)% TL.

Mouth broad, upper jaw weakly concave, width 0.95 (0.99–1.06) in preoral length; postoral groove prominent, almost twice length of upper labial furrows, extending posterolaterally from angle of jaws. Teeth similar in upper and lower jaws; upper teeth unicuspid, interlocking, blade-like; cusps directed strongly laterally, low, base of tooth broader than length of cusp.

Nostrils large, suboval; anterior nasal flap length 5.2 (4.3–5.1)% TL, with greatly enlarged medial barbel; barbel extending past lower jaw (not quite reaching mouth in paratype AMS I 42891 –001); posterior nasal flap large; internarial space 2.03 (1.88–2.06) in preoral length, 1.65 (1.70–2.06) times nostril length.

Dermal denticles on flank small, strongly imbricate; mainly tricuspidate. Crowns broad, directed posterolaterally, more elevated posteriorly than anteriorly; with pronounced median ridge (~1.0 mm in length); median ridge most strongly elevated anteriorly, originating forward of rest of crown, extending full length of crown; weak mesial furrow developing anteriorly on median ridge and converging towards posterior tip of crown; lateral cusps short and variable, usually with single short, blunt lateral cusps or two very short blunt cusplets; crowns lacking elevated ridges laterally.

First dorsal fin tall, slightly raked, bluntly pointed apically; base robust, fleshy; anterior margin weakly convex; posterior margin moderately concave, upper portion directed slightly posteroventrally from fin apex, point of deepest concavity near middle of margin; rear lobe of fin moderately deep basally, long; free rear tip sharply acute; inner margin of fin almost straight; insertion of fin base almost midway between pectoral-fin insertion and pelvic-fin origin; fin origin over pectoral-fin free rear tip; exposed spine base broad, 0.8 (0.9– 1.0)% TL, exposed anteriorly at about junction of spine and soft portion of fin; soft portion of fin connected at about a third of total spine length; spine tapering gradually distally (abraded apically in all types), anterior margin very weakly convex; exposed portion only slightly raked, subequal in length to exposed portion of second dorsal-fin spine; height of spine at apex much lower than soft portion of fin; pre-first dorsal length 3.34 (3.21–3.33) times in TL; first dorsal-fin length 1.70 (1.60–1.75) times its height, 1.05 (1.01–1.04) times second dorsal-fin length; first dorsal-fin height 1.07 (1.07–1.20) in second dorsal-fin height; exposed first dorsal spine length 0.61 (0.47–0.54) in height of fin.

Second dorsal fin large, raked; base very fleshy, much more thickened than first dorsal-fin base; anterior margin slightly convex, apex bluntly pointed; posterior margin strongly concave, maximum concavity about a third distance from free rear tip, upper portion almost straight, sloping very slightly anteroventrally from apex; free rear tip moderately elongate, acutely pointed; inner margin weakly convex, length 0.62 (0.56–0.69) times fin height; second dorsal-fin length 1.74 (1.70–1.91) times its height; spine length 0.63 (0.55–0.74) in height of fin; fin origin posterior to pelvic-fin insertion; origin of exposed dorsal spine posterior to free rear tip of pelvic fin; spine exposed near level of junction with soft portion of fin; exposed spine base broad, 0.9 (0.9– 1.0)% TL, spine tip when undamaged extending to about level of insertion of fin; soft portion and spine apices subequal in height (slightly shorter in paratype AMS I 42891 –001); interdorsal ridge absent; interdorsal space 0.85 (0.86–0.91) in pre-pectoral length, 1.36 (1.40–1.53) in pre-first dorsal length.

Pectoral fin moderate in size, weakly falcate; anterior margin moderately convex; apex broadly pointed; posterior margin strongly concave; free rear tip broadly rounded; inner margin moderately convex, length 8.0 (7.1–7.9)% TL; base short, 2.95 (2.66–2.98) in length of anterior margin. Pelvic fins large, subtriangular; anterior margin weakly convex; posterior margin straight anteriorly with a subterminal notch (less apparent in paratypes); apex broadly rounded; free rear tip acute.

Caudal fin relatively long, broad lobed; upper caudal margin almost straight, tip bluntly pointed (similar to second dorsal-fin apex); preventral margin moderately convex, tip narrowly rounded; lower postventral margin short, almost upright, straight; caudal fork moderately concave; upper postventral margin strongly convex ventrally, with moderate concavity towards apex (less apparent in paratype AMS I 27022–001); dorsal caudal margin 0.91 (0.91–1.07) in head length; length of lower caudal lobe 1.61 (1.47–1.64) in upper lobe length.

Vertebral centra 115, monospondylous 50, precaudal 85 and caudal 30. Teeth (based on paratype AMS I 19154–001) in upper jaw 13+14=27, lower jaw 12+12=24.

Coloration. When fresh (based on holotype): dorsal surface of body uniformly medium greyish; ventral surface (from head to vent) mostly pale, with a few scattered darker blotches; nasal barbels almost uniformly pale; light and dark tonal areas most strongly demarcated on head, interface between them extending from snout to pectoral-fin base, passing well under eye through mid-gill slits. Dorsal fins mostly pale grey, with light and dark areas; upper posterior margin distinctly whitish, preceded by blackish submarginal bar, pattern extending from fin apex to point of maximum concavity; dark marginal streak extending from near first dorsal-fin apex to about insertion of exposed fin spine; additional white flecks on anterior margin of first dorsal fin in holotype (not apparent in paratypes); fin spines pale, greyish brown, most pronounced on anterior margins. Caudal fin mostly greyish; posterior margin with narrow white border, demarcated internally for its entire length by a blackish subterminal bar. In preservative (based on holotype): similar in coloration, but blackish markings on dorsal and caudal fins less apparent. Pectoral and pelvic fins on dorsal surfaces similar to upper body, but with narrow white posterior margins; ventral coloration slightly darker on posterior half of fin than on base.

Size. Types consist of four females between 713 and 1230 mm TL. Two New Zealand specimens reported by Garrick & Paul (1971), which may be conspecific with Cirrhigaleus australis , were females (922 and 1082 mm TL).

Distribution. Type specimens collected from the mid-continental slope off southeastern Australia between Sydney (ca. 33°S) and eastern Tasmania (ca. 42°S) in depths of 360– 640 m. New Zealand specimens were collected from the Bay of Plenty, North Island, in depths of 360 and 440 m ( Garrick & Paul, 1971).

Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp. Cirrhigaleus barbifer

Holotype Paratype DM DM CSIRO H CAS SU MTUF Min. Max. 5105* 5163* 5875-09 13901 25031 to be continued.

* Data from Garrick (1960); DM = Dominion Museum [now Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa] Etymology. Derived from the Latin australis in reference to the distribution of this species in the temperate Southern Hemisphere.

Common name. We propose “Southern Mandarin Dogfish” in allusion to its well accepted genus group name and its southern distribution.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Lateral view of Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp. holotype, fresh (CSIRO H 5789 – 01, female 970 mm TL).

FIGURE 2. Ventral view of the head of Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp. holotype, fresh (CSIRO H 5789 – 01, female 970 mm TL)

FIGURE 3. Lateral view of the dorsal fins of Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp. holotype (CSIRO H 5789 – 01, female 970 mm TL). a. first dorsal fin, b. second dorsal fin.

FIGURE 4. Cusps of the flank denticles of Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp. holotype (CSIRO H 5789 – 01, female 970 mm TL). Field of view width 3.5 mm.

Tables

TABLE 1 Proportional dimensions as percentages of total length for the holotype (CSIRO H 5789 - 01), ranges for the three paratypes of Cirrhigaleus australis n. sp. and of two New Zealand specimens and three individuals of Cirrhigaleus barbifer.

TL— Total length 970	713	1230	922	1082	994	715	822
PCL— Precaudal length 78.7	78.5	80.2	81.0	83.2	79.4	76.4	79.1
PD2— Pre-second dorsal length 61.4	60.7	62.2	-	-	62.7	58.7	62.3
PD1— Pre-first dorsal length 29.9	30.0	31.1	-	-	30.1	33.6	30.7
SVL— Pre-vent length 55.8	54.0	59.7	-	-	56.6	53.7	53.2
PP2— Prepelvic length 54.1	51.8	54.6	53.3	56.8	53.8	49.2	51.2
PP1— Prepectoral length 18.8	18.4	19.6	17.9	19.0	20.0	19.6	18.2
HDL— Head length 19.5	19.1	19.8	-	-	20.5	19.9	-
PG1— Prebranchial length 16.4	15.7	17.3	-	-	16.6	15.7	-
PSP— Prespiracular length 10.1	9.2	10.4	-	-	9.7	9.9	-
POB— Preorbital length 6.3	5.4	5.7	-	-	5.5	5.7	-
PRN— Prenarial length 3.9	3.8	4.5	-	-	3.7	4.2	-
POR—Preoral length 7.3	6.7	7.9	6.5	6.9	7.3	6.6	6.9
INLF—Inner nostril-labial furrow space 4.2	4.0	4.6	-	-	4.7	3.8	-
MOW —Mouth width 7.7	6.7	7.9	6.1	7.1	7.9	6.7	7.1
ULA—Labial furrow length 0.9	0.7	1.1	-	-	1.2	1.1	1.1
INW—Internarial space 3.6	3.6	3.9	3.4	4.0	3.4	4.1	3.2
NOW—Nostril width 2.2	1.7	2.3	-	-	2.2	2.4	2.3
ANFL—Anterior nasal flap length 5.2	4.3	5.1	4.7	5.1	4.7	6.4	5.2
INO—Interorbital space 8.1	7.6	9.4	-	-	8.0	7.0	7.7
EYL—Eye length 3.6	3.3	4.1	3.5	3.6	4.3	4.3	3.9
EYH—Eye height 1.7	1.0	1.8	-	-	1.2	1.1	1.6
SPL—Spiracle length 1.4	1.3	1.6	-	-	1.7	1.4	-
GS1—First gill-slit height 1.9	1.7	2.5	2.1	1.8	2.1	2.2	2.3
GS5—Fifth gill-slit height 2.6	2.2	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.8	3.1	2.1
IDS—Interdorsal space 22.0	20.4	21.7	-	-	23.0	23.8	23.7
DCS—Dorsal-caudal space 7.6	7.7	8.1	-	-	8.7	8.5	8.0
PPS—Pectoral-pelvic space 31.3	28.1	30.7	-	-	27.9	28.7	29.0
PCA—Pelvic-caudal space 18.7	17.5	19.0	-	-	19.0	21.0	-
D1L—First dorsal length 15.8	14.8	15.5	-	-	15.8	14.8	-
D1A—First dorsal anterior margin 13.6	13.8	14.6	-	-	13.8	14.0	14.4
D1B—First dorsal base length 9.8	9.3	10.0	8.6	9.2	9.6	9.0	-
D1H—First dorsal height 9.3	8.5	9.7	9.0	9.1	9.8	9.5	9.0
D1I—First dorsal inner margin 6.0	5.0	6.4	-	-	6.0	5.9	6.0
D1P—First dorsal posterior margin 10.9	9.1	10.7	-	-	11.6	10.6	9.6
D1ES —First dorsal spine length 5.7	4.6	4.8	-	-	8.0	5.0	-
D1BS—First dorsal spine base width 0.8	0.9	1.0	-	-	0.9	0.7	0.9