Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch.

Maas, P. J. M., Westra, L. Y. T., Guerrero, S. Arias, Lobão, A. Q., Scharf, U., Zamora, N. A. & Erkens, R. H. J., 2015, Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae), Blumea 60 (1), pp. 1-219 : 31

10. Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch. — Map 4

Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch.(1862) 35; R. E.Fr. (1939) 376. — Type: Fendler 3 (holo K), Panama, Colón, Chagres, Isthmus of Panama, Feb. 1850 .

Guatteria diospyroides Baill. [ subsp. diospyroides ] (1868b) 269; R.E. Fr. (1939) 376. — Type: Liebman 12 (lecto C, selected by Fries 1939; iso K, P), Mexico, Oaxaca, Chimantla .

Guatteria jurgensenii Hemsl. (1878) 1; R.E. Fr. (1939) 373. — Type: Jurgensen 718 (holo K; iso B, G), Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra San Pedro Nolasco, Talea , etc., 1843–1844 .

Guatteria diospyroides Baill. subsp. hondurensis R.E.Fr. (1939) 378, f. 12b. — Type: Chickering 189 (holo S; iso F), Honduras, Lancetilla (‘Lacertilla’), June–July 1929.

Guatteria inuncta R.E.Fr. [ var. inuncta ] (1939) 378, f. 11a. — Type: Standley 37132 (holo US 2 sheets; iso F), Costa Rica, Limón, vicinity of Guápiles , 300–500 m, Mar. 1924.

Guatteria inuncta R.E.Fr. var. minor R.E.Fr. (1939) 380. — Type: Brenes 20385 (holo F; iso MO), Costa Rica, Alajuela, Alto de Acosta, NE of San Ramón, 16 Feb. 1935.

Guatteria platypetala R.E.Fr. (1939) 381, f. 11b, c, 12c. — Type: Deam 50 (holo F; iso US), Guatemala, Puerto Barrios, 26 Feb. 1905.

Guatteria inuncta R.E.Fr. var. caudata R.E.Fr. (1955b) 152. — Type: Von Wedel 2108 (holo MO;iso GH), Panama, Bocas del Toro, Old Bank Island, vicinity of Chiriquí Lagoon , 0–120 m, 17 Feb. 1941.

Tree or shrub 2–12(–20) m tall, 5–30 cm diam; young twigs sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs or glabrous. Leaves: petiole 4–13 mm long, 1–7 mm diam; lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, sometimes ovate or elliptic, 13–40 by 4–15 cm (leaf index 2.6–3.3), chartaceous, not ver- ruculose, dull, greyish brown to grey, brown below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous below, base obtuse, cordate (with basal margins revolute), to acute, apex acuminate (acumen 5–30 mm long), primary vein impressed above, secondary veins distinct, 12– 20 on either side of primary vein, impressed to flat above, smallest distance between loops and margin 2–4 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers 1–2(–several)-flowered inflores- cences in axils of leaves or on leafless branchlets; pedicels 10–15 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 15–40(–55) mm long, 1– 2 mm diam, rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs, articulated at 0.2–0.3 from the base, bracts 5–7, soon falling, basal one elliptic to broadly elliptic, 1–1.5 mm long, uppermost similar, c. 1.5 mm long; flower buds depressed ovoid; sepals free or basally connate (McPherson 7485), broadly ovate-triangular, 3–12 by 4–10 mm, reflexed to appressed, outer side rather densely to densely covered with appressed hairs; petals green, maturing yellow in vivo, oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate, 10 –25 by 5 –15 mm, outer side densely covered with appressed hairs; stamens 1–2 mm long, connective shield papillate. Monocarps (25–)50–75, green, maturing red to finally black in vivo, black in sicco, ellipsoid, 7–10 by 3–6 mm, sparsely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum <1 mm long), wall 0.1–0.2 mm thick, stipes 5–25 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 7–10 by 4–6 mm, dark brown, pitted, raphe raised.

Distribution — Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz), Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama.

Habitat & Ecology — In lowland rain forest or lower montane forest.At elevations of 0–1100(–1850) m. Flowering: throughout the year; fruiting: throughout the year.

Vernacular names — Costa Rica: Malagueto (Thomson 24, 447), Malagueto negro (Thomson 447). Honduras: Agua catillo (Saunders 1192). Mexico: Equepetz (Zoque language, Hernández G. & Gonzalez L. 1717). Panama: Daner (Kuna language, DeNevers et al. 6423).

Notes — Guatteria amplifolia is without any doubt the most problematic and complex species of Guatteria in Central America and it is with much hesitation that we united the several names under this species.

Typical G. amplifolia is encountered throughout Panama and is characterized by very large leaves and petioles with the secondary veins distinctly impressed on the upper side; furthermore the leaf base is obtuse to cordate with the basal margins somewhat revolute. Towards the West, in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and all other western Central American countries, leaves and petioles tend to be smaller, and the secondary veins are less impressed to even flat on the upper side. Moreover, the leaf base is mostly acute, although obtuse leaf bases are also sometimes found. We consider all of the variation to be encompassed within a single species. For an illustration of this variation, see Erkens 2007: 104, f. 1. However, it is clear that this complex should be analysed further morphologically as well as with molecular data. It has been noted, in the field as well as in herbarium material, that the sepals of the Panamanian material are sometimes persistent in fruit.