Guatteria

Maas, P. J. M., Westra, L. Y. T., Guerrero, S. Arias, Lobão, A. Q., Scharf, U., Zamora, N. A. & Erkens, R. H. J., 2015, Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae), Blumea 60 (1), pp. 1-219 : 17-23

Guatteria

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. (1794) 85; R. E.Fr. (1939) 291.

— Lecto (selected by Hutchinson 1923): Guatteria glauca Ruiz & Pav. (= Guatteria punctata (Aubl.) R.A.Howard ).

Cananga Aubl. (1775) 244, nom. rej. vs Cananga (A.DC.) Hook. & Thomson (1855), nom. cons. — Type: Cananga ouregou (= Guatteria ouregou (Aubl.) Dunal ).

Heteropetalum Benth.(1861) 69. — Type: Heteropetalum brasiliense Benth. (= Guatteria heteropetala Benth. ).

Guatteriopsis R.E.Fr. (1934) 108. — Lecto (selected by Fries 1959b): Guatteriopsis sessiliflora (Benth.) R.E.Fr. (= Guatteria blepharophylla Mart. ).

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Acrantha R.E.Fr. (1939) 303. — Type: Guatteria terminalis R.E.Fr.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Austroguatteria R.E.Fr. (1939) 304. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Asterantha R.E.Fr. (1939) 318. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Microcalyx R.E.Fr. (1939) 327. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.sect. Microphyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 332. — Type: Guatteria pohliana Schltdl.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Cordylocarpus R.E.Fr. (1939) 333. — Type: Guatteria clavigera R.E.Fr. (= Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil. ).

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Trichoclonia R.E.Fr. (1939) 335. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Stenophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 354. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Leptophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 372. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Macrophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 375. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Guatteria (1939) 383. — Lecto (selected by Hutchinson 1923): Guatteria glauca Ruiz & Pav. (= Guatteria punctata (Aubl.) R.A.Howard ).

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Sclerophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 390. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Macroguatteria R.E.Fr. (1939) 395. — Lecto (selected by Fries 1959b): Guatteria ferruginea A.St.-Hil.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Oligocarpus R.E.Fr. (1939) 405. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.sect. Stenocarpus R.E.Fr. (1939) 410. — Type:not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Pteropus R.E.Fr. (1939) 416. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Pycnantha R.E.Fr. (1939) 431. — Type: Guatteria elongata Benth.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.sect. Tylodiscus R.E.Fr. (1939) 432. — Lecto (selected by Fries 1959b): Guatteria chrysopetala (Steud.) Miq. (= Guatteria punctata (Aubl.) R.A.Howard ).

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Brachystemon R.E.Fr. (1939) 454. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Cephalocarpus R.E.Fr. (1939) 460. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Trichostemon R.E.Fr. (1939) 470. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Dolichocarpus R.E.Fr. (1939) 475. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Leiophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 483. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Megalophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 485. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Mecocarpus R.E.Fr. (1939) 488. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Dichrophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 509. — Type: Guatteria discolor R.E.Fr.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Stigmatophyllum R.E.Fr. (1939) 511. — Type: Guatteria puncticulata R.E.Fr. (= Guatteria modesta Diels ).

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Chasmantha R.E.Fr. (1939) 512. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.sect. Chasmantha R.E.Fr. subsect. Chasmantha (1939) 513. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.sect. Chasmantha R.E.Fr. subsect. Verrucosae R.E.Fr. (1939) 519. — Type: not designated.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.sect. Chasmantha R.E.Fr. subsect. Grandiflorae R.E.Fr. (1939) 523. — Type: Guatteria grandiflora Donn.Sm.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pav. sect. Anomalantha R.E.Fr. (1939) 524. — Guatteria Ruiz & Pav.subg. Anomalantha (R.E.Fr.) R.E.Fr. (1959b) 86. — Type: Guatteria anomala R.E.Fr. (= Guatteria grandiflora Donn.Sm. )

Guatteriella R.E.Fr. (1939) 540. — Type: Guateriella tomentosa R.E.Fr. (= Guatteria trichocarpa Erkens & Maas ).

Trees or shrubs,very rarely lianas.Indument composed of simple, rarely tufted hairs or absent. Young twigs terete, rarely winged, densely to sparsely covered with appressed to erect hairs, soon becoming glabrous in many species. Leaves distichous, simple, entire, petiolate, estipulate; lamina mostly elliptic to ovate, chartaceous to coriaceous, sometimes verruculose, rarely scabridulous, upper side glabrous or less often sparsely to densely covered with appressed to erect hairs, lower side glabrous to densely covered with appressed to erect hairs, base acute, attenuate, cordate, or obtuse, rarely stem-clasping, apex acuminate to acute, very rarely obtuse to rounded, primary vein impressed, flat, rarely raised above, secondary veins distinct, sometimes indistinct, between 5 and 35 on either side of primary vein, angle of secondary veins with primary vein (30–)60–90° impressed to raised above, smallest distance between loops and margin 1–5(–10) mm, tertiary veins impressed to raised above, reticulate to percurrent. Flowers bisexual, 3-merous, commonly medium-sized, solitary or in 1– few-flowered inflorescences in axils of leaves or axils of fallen leaves, rarely terminal or terminal on lateral shoots, exceptionally inflorescences long-persisting and developing a varying number of successive flowers on older branches and in cauliflorous species and one flagelliflorous species; pedicels with mostly oblique articulation below the middle, with 2 bracts just below the articulation and mostly 4–6 bracts further down, without bracts above the articulation, bracts generally small, scale-like, soon falling, rarely one or more bracts persisting and foliaceous; pedicels and outer side of bracts, sepals and petals glabrous to densely covered with appressed to erect hairs; flower buds depressed to broadly ovoid, very rarely conical; sepals 3, valvate or reduplicate-valvate, free or connate at the base; petals 6, free, generally subequal, imbricate, much longer than the sepals, green, mostly maturing to cream or yellow in anthesis; stamens numerous, with very short filament, not septate, apex of connective discoid, papillate, glabrous, or rarely hairy; staminodes absent; carpels numerous, free, ovule 1, basal, stigma obovoid, discoid, or obconical, sometimes cup-shaped and grooved. Fruit apocarpous, consisting of numerous, indehiscent, stipitate, fleshy monocarps, stipes 5–50 mm long, sometimes absent or strongly reduced; seed 1, a rudimentary aril present, brown, surface smooth, pitted, rugulose, rugose, or transversely and longitudinally grooved, endosperm ruminations spiniform or lamellate.

Chromosome number — 2n = 28.

Distribution — About 177 species, all over the Neotropics except for Paraguay.

Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated or rarely periodically inundated, lowland rain forest or sometimes submontane to montane forest, rarely in savannas. Generally at low elevations, but rarely reaching up to or over 3000 m.

Note — The genus is named after J. B. Guatteri, professor of Botany in Parma, Italy.

Keys

Guatteria , with few exceptions, is morphologically relatively homogeneous when compared to other annonaceous taxa. Also, there is great variation (or plasticity) in character states with much overlap as a result. Furthermore, Guatteria shows an extended period of flower development as contrasted with its short period of anthesis. Often ripe flowers show a marked increase in size and a change in colour (mostly lasting 1–2 days only). Unfortunately ripe flowers have still not been collected in many species. Inevitably, an attempt to construct a dichotomous key given the three factors mentioned above is going to result in several leads leading to the same species in many instances. Such a key is not only almost impossible to construct but also extremely frustrating to use. In our opinion, therefore, a synoptical key is to be preferred, like we did in the past in revisions of Rollinia ( Maas et al. 1992) and Duguetia ( Maas et al. 2003) . For two smaller areas, however, viz. Central America and E and SE Brazil, in which only a limited number of species had to be treated, we decided to present a dichotomous key.

Synoptical key — The user may start with any number, depending upon the state of the material at hand. A useful lead is, of course, the entry devoted to geography. The species are represented by four-letter symbols (see below). Species mentioned in more than 1 lead are printed in italics. If there is a marked difference between the frequency ratio of character states, only the lead representing the one with the lowest value is printed in full. The alternate one is mentioned as ‘vs’ between parentheses.

aber = G. aberrans

acra = G. acrantha

aeru = G. aeruginosa

alat = G. alata

alba = G. alba

alle = G. allenii

alta = G. alta

alti = G. alticola

amap = G. amapaensis ampl = G. amplifolia

ante = G. anteridifera

anti = G. antioquensis arar = G. araracuarae aren = G. arenicola

arge = G. argentea

atab = G. atabapensis aust = G. australis

auya = G. auyantepuiensis ayan = G. ayangannae beck = G. beckii

beni = G. beniensis

bern = G. bernardii

blai = G. blainii

blep = G. blepharophylla brev = G. brevipetiolata came = G. campestris cami = G. campinensis cand = G. candolleana capi = G. capixabae

carc = G. carchiana

cari = G. caribaea

cast = G. castilloi

chas = G. chasmantha chir = G. chiriquiensis chry = G. chrysophylla

citr = G. citriodora

clus = G. clusiifolia

conf = G. confusa

cons = G. conspicua

cost = G. costaricensis crap = G. crassipes

crav = G. crassivenia

crya = G. cryandra

cuat = G. cuatrecasasii cusc = G. cuscoensis dari = G. darienensis decu = G. decurrens deli = G. delicatula denu = G. denudata disc = G. discolor

doli = G. dolichopoda dota = G. dotana

duck = G. duckeana duod = G. duodecima dura = G. dura

elat = G. elata

eles = G. elegans

elet = G. elegantissima elon = G. elongata emar = G. emarginata erio = G. eriopoda esme = G. esmeraldae euge = G. eugeniifolia ferr = G. ferruginea flab = G. flabellata

flag = G. flagelliflora flex = G. flexilis

foli = G. foliosa

frac = G. fractiflexa

frie = G. friesiana

gale = G. galeottiana gent = G. gentryi

goud = G. goudotiana graf = G. grandiflora grap = G. grandipes gris = G. griseifolia guia = G. guianensis herr = G. herrerana hete = G. heteropetala hirs = G. hirsuta

hisp = G. hispida

insc = G. insculpta

inte = G. intermedia inun = G. inundata

japu = G. japurensis jefe = G. jefensis

lati = G. latifolia

leuc = G. leucotricha

lies = G. liesneri revo = G. revoluta

long = G. longicuspis rich = G. richardii

luce = G. lucens rigi = G. rigida

macr = G. macropus rost = G. rostrata

magu = G. maguirei rotu = G. rotundata

mayp = G. maypurensis rubo = G. ruboides

megc = G. megalocarpa rubr = G. rubrinervis megp = G. megalophylla rufo = G. rufotomentosa meli = G. meliodora rupe = G. rupestris

micr = G. microcarpa sabu = G. sabuletorum minu = G. minutiflora saff = G. saffordiana mode = G. modesta sanc = G. sanctae-crucis mont = G. monticola scal = G. scalarinervia

scan = G. scandens

myri = G. myriocarpa

scho = G. schomburgkiana nari = G. narinensis

scyt = G. scytophylla

nota = G. notabilis

sell = G. sellowiana

novo = G. novogranatensis

sess = G. sessilicarpa obla = G. oblonga

slat = G. slateri

obli = G. oblongifolia

spe1 = G. sp. 1

odor = G. odorata

spe2 = G. sp. 2

olig = G. oligocarpa

spec = G. spectabilis

oliv = G. oliviformis

stca = G. stenocarpa

orix = G. oriximinae

stpe = G. stenopetala oure = G. ouregou

stph = G. stenophylla pacc = G. pachycarpa

stip = G. stipitata

paci = G. pacifica

subs = G. subsessilis

pacp = G. pachyphylla

syns = G. synsepala

paka = G. pakaraimae

taca = G. tacarcunae

palu = G. paludosa tala = G. talamancana pana = G. panamensis tene = G. tenera

pann = G. pannosa term = G. terminalis

part = G. partangensis tome = G. tomentosa

past = G. pastazae tric = G. trichocarpa peru = G. peruviana tris = G. trichostemon pich = G. pichinchae ucay = G. ucayalina

pitt = G. pittieri vall = G. vallensis

pogo = G. pogonopus vene = G. venezuelana pohl = G. pohliana veno = G. venosa

poly = G. polyantha vero = G. verrucosa

proc = G. procera veru = G. verruculosa

pudi = G. pudica vill = G. villosissima punc = G. punctata wach = G. wachenheimii rami = G. ramiflora woko = G. wokomungensis rein = G. reinaldii zamo = G. zamorae

KEY TO THE CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES

1. Plant cauliflorous or ramiflorous. — Costa Rica....................................... 78. G. herrerana

1. Plant not cauliflorous or ramiflorous............... 2

2. Flowers or inflorescence terminal (some axillary flowers may also be present)........................... 3

2. Flowers or inflorescence axillary.................. 4

3. Pedicels 10–65 mm long; leaves 10–22 by 3–8 cm; petals 15–40 mm long; flowers often in 2–several-flowered inflorescences. — Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras..................................... 74. G. grandiflora

3. Pedicels 5–12 mm long; leaves 5–8 by 2–3.5 cm; petals 7–9 mm long; flowers always solitary. — Panama....................................... 2. G. acrantha

4. Young twigs densely covered with erect hairs........ 5

4. Young twigs covered with appressed hairs or glabrous 17

5. Leaf base cordate (sometimes obtuse in G. pudica )... 6

5. Leaf base acute, obtuse or attenuate (sometimes oblique in G. tomentosa ).............................. 7

6. Lower side of leaves covered with reddish brown, soft hairs, upper side glabrous except for the hairy primary vein; pedicels 10–35 mm long; flower buds obtuse; sepals 5–8 mm long. — Costa Rica.............. 129. G. pudica

6. Both sides of leaves covered with brown, stiff hairs; pedicels 10–50(–70) mm long; flower buds slightly pointed; sepals 6–13 mm long. — Central America, tropical South America....................... 163. G. tomentosa

7. Primary vein raised on the upper side of the leaves (but also slightly raised to flat above in G. zamorae and in G. tala-mancana ); leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic. — Costa Rica, Panama.................. 34. G. chiriquiensis

7. Primary vein impressed to flat on the upper side of the leaves (leaves narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, never oblong-elliptic)................................ 8

8. Leaves verruculose............................ 9

8. Leaves not verruculose........................ 12

9. Sepals 15–20 mm long; monocarps 20–30 mm long; stipes of monocarps 2–3 mm long. — Costa Rica, Panama................................160. G. talamancana

9. Sepals 4–10 mm long; monocarps 5–16 mm long; stipes of monocarps 2 –10 mm long.................... 10

10. Petioles 3–9 mm long; young twigs finally glabrous. — Panama......................... 175. G. zamorae

10. Petioles 0–7 mm long; young twigs covered with long-persisting hairs.............................. 11

11. Young twigs often zigzagging; monocarp 2.3–3 times longer than the stipes; monocarps 9–16 mm long, wall c. 0.5 mm thick. — Costa Rica, Panama... 110. G. oliviformis

11. Young twigs not zigzagging; monocarp 1.3–1.6 times longer than the stipes; monocarps 8–12 mm long, wall 0.2–0.3 mm thick. — Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia........................ 3. G. aeruginosa

12. Flower buds distinctly pointed (but see also G. ucayalina ); petals brown to chocolate-coloured; leaves coriaceous. — Panama, Colombia, Brazil ( Roraima).... 1. G. aberrans

12. Flower buds obtuse; petals green to yellow; leaves chartaceous (sometimes coriaceous in G. ucayalina )...... 13

13. Sepals 2–5 mm long; petals canary yellow; leaves mostly greenish when dried. — Panama......... 6. G. allenii

13. Sepals 5–13 mm long; petals differently coloured; leaves never greenish when dried..................... 14

14. Sepals appressed to spreading, but finally reflexed; upper side of leaves mostly covered with erect hairs; flower buds slightly pointed. — Central America, tropical South America....................... 163. G. tomentosa

14. Sepals soon reflexed; upper side of leaves glabrous except for the hairy primary vein or covered with appressed hairs; flower buds obtuse........................... 15

15. Tertiary venation of leaves mostly percurrent;stipes of monocarps 8–50 mm long; sepals 4–11 mm long. — Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, tropical South America........................................ 166. G. ucayalina

15. Tertiary venation of leaves reticulate; stipes of monocarps 3–20 mm long; sepals 4–7 mm long............. 16

16. Petioles 2–6 mm long; pedicels 30–60 mm long; monocarps 7–11 mm long; stipes 15–20 mm long. — Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama............. 51. G. dolichopoda

16. Petioles 5–10 mm long; pedicels 15–30 mm long; monocarps 5–7 mm long; stipes 3–10 mm long. — Panama............................... 159. G. tacarcunae

17. Young twigs distinctly winged. — Costa Rica, Panama....................................... 4. G. alata

17. Young twigs terete............................ 18

18. Leaves mostly lengthwise folded when dried. — Panama..................................86. G. jefensis

18. Leaves never folded when dried................. 19

19. Leaves distinctly rounded at the apex, densely verruculose. — Panama..................... 137. G. rotundata

19. Leaves acuminate or sometimes acute at the apex, some- times verruculose............................ 20

20. Leaf venation strongly raised on both sides; primary vein raised on the upper side. — Costa Rica............................................ 42. G. crassivenia

20. Leaf venation never raised on both sides; primary vein flat to impressed on the upper side.................. 21

21. Monocarps sessile or shortly stipitate (stipes up to 3 mm long)....................................... 22

21. Monocarps distinctly stipitate (stipes> 2 mm long)... 24

22. Leaves 18–33 by 5–10 cm, rather densely verruculose. — Panama................... 150. G. sessilicarpa

22. Leaves 7–20 by 3–6 cm, not or sparsely verruculose on the lower side............................... 23

23. Monocarps globose, 20–25 mm diam, wall 5–6 mm thick; pedicels 10–20 mm long. — Costa Rica..........................................113. G. pachycarpa

23. Monocarps narrowly ellipsoid, 10–14 by 4–8 mm, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; pedicels 3–7 mm long. — Costa Rica...................................132. G. reinaldii

24. Monocarps distinctly beaked at the apex; petiole 15–20 mm long. — Costa Rica............. 136. G. rostrata

24. Monocarps rounded to minutely apiculate at the apex; petiole mostly much smaller (except G. slateri 4–20 mm long)...................................... 25

25. Leaves verruculose............... 170. G. verrucosa

25. Leaves not verruculose........................ 26

26. Young twigs mostly zigzagging; secondary veins raised on the upper side of the leaves.................... 27

26. Young twigs straight; secondary veins impressed to raised on the upper side of the leaves.................. 29

27. Flowering pedicels 0–5 mm long; monocarps 3–5 times longer than the stipes; monocarps 15–17 mm long. — Costa Rica......................... 52. G. dotana

27. Flowering pedicels 5–32 mm long; monocarps 0.7–2.6 times longer than the stipes; monocarps 7–10 mm long. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. 28

28. Monocarp 1.6–2.6 times longer than the stipes; stipes of monocarps 3–10 mm long; upper side of leaves glabrous. — Panama........................ 151. G. slateri

28. Monocarp 0.7–0.8 times longer than the stipes; stipes of monocarps 8–14 mm long; upper side of leaves with a hairy primary vein. — Costa Rica, Panama....................................... 40. G. costaricensis

29. Leaves very small and narrow (7–12 by 2–3 mm). — Costa Rica.............................. 161. G. tenera

29. Leaves generally much larger................... 30

30. Pedicels 30–75 mm long. — Panama, Colombia.....................................46. G. darienensis

30. Pedicels 7–50 mm long........................ 31

31. Basal margins of leaves often revolute; leaf venation distinctly raised on the upper side. — Costa Rica, Panama...................................91. G. lucens

31. Basal margins of leaves not revolute; leaf venation flat to impressed above, rarely slightly raised on the upper side........................................... 32

32. Seeds pitted; leaf venation often distinctly impressed above. — Throughout Central America and Mexico.......................................... 10. G. amplifolia

32. Seeds rugose; leaf venation flat to slightly raised above........................................... 33

33. Leaves 10–15 by 3–5 cm, secondary veins 8–15; monocarps 10–13 mm long; stipes of monocarps 9–17 mm long. — Mexico....................... 71. G. galeottiana

33. Leaves 13–26 by 5.5–12 cm, secondary veins 15–18; monocarps 7–10 mm long; stipes of monocarps 6–10 mm long. — Panama............... 118. G. panamensis

KEY TO THE SE AND E BRAZILIAN SPECIES

1. Plant cauliflorous. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro.... 64. G. ferruginea

1. Plant not cauliflorous........................... 2

2. Flowers or inflorescences terminal. — Minas Gerais................................... 104. G. notabilis

2. Flowers or inflorescences in axils of leaves and/or on leafless branchlets................................ 3

3. Leaf apex rounded or emarginate................. 4

3. Leaf apex acuminate, acute, rarely obtuse to emarginate (see also G. rupestris , G. tomentosa ).............. 5

4. Leaves verruculose, apex emarginate, tertiary veins inconspicuous; pedicels 15–30 mm long. — Espírito Santo................................. 60. G. emarginata

4. Leaves not verruculose, apex rounded, emarginate, or acute, tertiary veins conspicuous; pedicels 10–15 mm long. — Minas Gerais.............. 141. G. rupestris

5. Stipes of monocarps 0–3 mm long................ 6

5. Stipes of monocarps 4–30 mm long (see also G. campestris and G. villosissima )......................... 7

6. Young twigs densely covered with erect hairs; pedicels 2–10 mm long; monocarps ellipsoid to globose, 6–13 mm long; seeds smooth. — Mato Grosso, Paraíba, Pernambuco......................147. G. schomburgkiana

6. Young twigs glabrous; pedicels 8–25 mm long; monocarps narrowly ellipsoid, 13–17 mm long; seeds rugose. — Espírito Santo..................... 29. G. capixabae

7. Monocarps narrowly ellipsoid.................... 8

7. Monocarps globose or ellipsoid................... 9

8. Monocarps 18–25 mm long; stipes of monocarps 5–10 mm long. — Bahia............... 153. G. stenocarpa

8. Monocarps 13–17 mm long; stipes of monocarps 2–4 mm long. — Espírito Santo............. 29. G. capixabae

9. Monocarps globose; seeds not attached to the monocarp wall in herbarium material. — Alagoas, Bahia.........................................109. G. oligocarpa

9. Monocarps ellipsoid; seeds attached to the monocarp wall in herbarium material.......................... 10

10. Young twigs densely covered with erect hairs...... 11

10. Young twigs densely covered with appressed hairs or glabrous...................................... 16

11. Pedicels 60–120 mm long. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais.......................... 92. G. macropus

11. Pedicels 5–70 mm long........................ 12

12. Leaf margins revolute......................... 13

12. Leaf margins not revolute (see also G. tomentosa ).. 14

13. Flower buds obtuse; leaf margins revolute over the whole length; stipes of monocarps 3–4 mm long. — Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro......................................... 172. G. villosissima

13. Flower buds slightly pointed; leaf margins revolute at the base only or not revolute; stipes of monocarps 4–20 mm long. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais....................................... 163. G. tomentosa

14. Leaves 17–40 by 5–15 cm; stipes of monocarps 10–25 mm long. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro......... 64. G. ferruginea

14. Leaves 5–15 by 1.5–4 cm; stipes of monocarps 2–6 mm long....................................... 15

15. Leaf base cordate, rarely obtuse. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro...... 28. G. candolleana

15. Leaf base acute. — Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.............. 149. G. sellowiana

16. Leaves 13–35 by 4–13 cm. — Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco.......................... 125. G. pogonopus

16. Leaves generally much smaller (4–21 by 1.5–7 cm). 17

17. Sepals connate, 10–20 mm long. — Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro............................ 87. G. latifolia

17. Sepals free or sometimes basally connate, 5–10 mm long. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 18

18. Stipes of monocarps 2–5 mm long. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro.. 26. G. campestris

18. Stipes of monocarps 5–30 mm long.............. 19

19. Stipes of monocarps 5–9 mm long; sepals free or initially connate, 5–7 mm long. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais.......................... 126. G. pohliana

19. Stipes of monocarps 10–30 mm long; sepals free, 5–10 mm long. — Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo........................ 17. G. australis

SYNOPTICAL KEY

1. Habit liana (vs trees or shrubs) — beck, flex, frac, scan, syns.

2. Young twigs zigzagging (vs straight) — alta, cost, dota, eles, frac, goud, lati, oliv, slat.

3. Young twigs covered with erect hairs — aber, aeru, alle, alta, alti, amap, anti, arar, ayan, beck, beni, bern, brev, cami, cand, carc, chir, chry, citr, cuat, decu, deli, disc, doli, duck, elet, erio, esme, euge, ferr, frie, grap, guia, herr, hirs, hisp, insc, inte, lies, macr, micr, minu, mont, nota, novo, obla, obli, oliv, oure, pann, part, peru, poly, proc, pseu, pudi, punc, revo, rich, rubo, rubr, rufo, rupe, saff, sanc, scho, sell, stip, stpe, stph, taca, tala, tome, tric, tris, ucay, vene, vill, wach, zamo, spe2.

covered with appressed hairs — acra, alat, alba, ampl, ante, aren, arge, atab, aust, auya, beck, blai, blep, brev, came, cari, cast, chas, clus, conf, cost, crap, crav, crya, cuat, cusc, dari, decu, deli, denu, dota, duod, dura, elat, eles, elon, emar, erio, esme, euge, flab, flag, flex, foli, frac, gale, gent, goud, graf, gris, hete, hirs, inun, jefe, leuc, lies, long, luce, magu, mayp, megc, megp, meli, mode, mont, myri, nari, odor, olig, orix, pacc, paci, palu, pana, past, peru, pich, pitt, pogo, pohl, punc, rami, rein, revo, rigi, rost, rotu, rupe, sabu, saff, scal, scan, scyt, sess, slat, spec, stpe, subs, syns, tene, term, tric, tris, vall, veno, vero, veru. glabrous — capi, cons, graf, japu, lati, mayp, orix, pacp, paka, pohl, rupe, stca, veno, vero, woko, spe1.

4. Petiole length 0–5 mm — aber, acra, aeru, alba , alle, alta, alti, ampl, anti, arar, aren, atab, aust, auya, beck, beni, bern, blai, brev, came, cami, cand, capi, carc, cari, chir, chry, citr, cons, cost, crav, crya, cuat, cusc, dari, decu, deli, denu, disc, doli, dota, duck, duod, dura , elat, eles, elet, elon, emar, erio, esme, euge, foli, frac, frie, gale, goud, graf, grap, gris, guia, hirs, hisp, insc, inte, inun, jefe, lati, leuc, lies, long, luce, macr, magu, mayp, meli, micr, minu, mode, mont, myri, nari, nota, novo, obla, obli, odor, olig, oliv, orix, oure, paka, pana, part, past, peru, pitt, pogo, pohl, poly, proc, pseu, pudi, punc, rein, rich, rigi, rubo, rubr, rufo, rupe, sabu, saff, sanc, scho, scyt, sell, sess, slat, spec, stip, stpe, stph, subs, syns, taca, tala, tene, term, tome, tric, tris, ucay, vall, vene, vero, veru, vill, wach, woko, zamo, spe1, spe2. 6–10 mm — aber, alat, alba , alle, ampl, anti, aren, arge, atab, aust, ayan, beck, blai, blep, came, capi, chas, chry, citr, clus, conf, cons, cost, crap, cusc, dari, decu, denu, disc, doli, dota, duck, duod, dura , elat, elon, erio, euge, ferr, flab, flag, flex, foli, frie, gale, gent, goud, graf, gris, guia, herr, hete, insc, inte, inun, japu, jefe, lati, lies, luce, macr, mayp, meli, micr, minu, mode, mont, obla, obli, olig, oliv, orix, oure, pacc, paci, pacp, paka, pana, pann, past, peru, pich, pitt, pogo, proc, pseu, pudi, punc, rami, revo, rich, rigi, rotu, rufo, sabu, saff, sanc, scan, scho, scyt, sell, sess, slat, spec, stca, stip, stpe, stph, subs, syns, taca, term, tric, tris, ucay, vall, vene, veno, veru, vill, wach, woko, zamo, spe1, spe2.> 10 mm — alat, amap, ampl, ante, arge, ayan, blep, cast, clus, crap, denu, disc, elon, ferr, flab, flex, foli, gent, hete, inun, luce, mayp, megc, megp, olig, pacp, paci, palu, past, pitt, pogo, proc, punc, rami, revo, rost, saff, scal, scan, scyt, sess, slat, spec, stca, ucay, veno.

5. Leaf surface verruculose — aeru, alat, arar, arge, atab, auya, blep, cand, capi, chas, crap, crav, crya, cuat, decu, disc, duod, dura, elet, emar, euge, gent, goud, graf, grap, gris, guia, hisp, insc, japu, long, luce, megc, meli, mode, nari, nota, novo, obli, oliv, paci, paka, past, peru, pitt, rein, rigi, rotu, sess, tala, tene, tric, vall, veno, vero, zamo, spe1. scabridulous — ante, ayan, clus, cons, flex, frie, inun, japu, palu, scan, veru, wach. smooth — all other species.

6. Leaves folded lengthwise (vs not folded) — jefe, mayp.

7. Leaf base cordate — ampl, cami, cand, flab, frie, hirs, pudi, punc, scan, tome, vill. stem-clasping — cami, long, tome. different — all other species.

8. Basal margins of leaves revolute — ampl, anti, blai, carc, cast, duck, emar, goud, luce, mode, nota, pacp, past, pudi, revo, rufo, rupe, sess, stip, tala, tome, vill.

9. Leaf apex

rounded, truncate or obtuse — acra, aren, cast, crap, dari, flag, gris, hete, meli, nota, pacp, rigi, rotu, rupe, term, tome.

emarginate — blai, clus, emar, rigi, rupe, tome.

different — all other species.

10. Hairs on lower side of lamina (sometimes on large veins only):

appressed (to erect on large veins only) — aber, acra, alat, alba, alta, ampl, ante, aren, arge, atab, aust, auya, ayan, beck, beni, bern, blai, blep, brev, came, capi, cari, cast, chas, citr, clus, conf, cons, cost, crap, crav, crya, cuat, cusc, dari, decu, deli, doli, dota, duod, dura, elat, eles, elon, emar, erio, esme, euge, flab, flag, flex, foli, frac, frie, gent, goud, graf, gris, guia, hete, hirs, inte, inun, jefe, lati, leuc, lies, long, luce, magu, mayp, mega, megc, meli, mode, mont, myri, nari, novo, obla, obli, odor, olig, orix, pacc, paci, paka, pana, pann, past, peru, pich, pitt, pohl, proc, pseu, punc, rami, rein, revo, rigi, rost, rotu, rubr, rupe, sabu, saff, sanc, scal, scho, scyt, sell, sess, slat, spec, stip, stpe, stph, subs, syns, taca, tene, term, tric, tris, ucay, vall, veno, vero, veru, spe1, spe2.

erect all over — aeru, alle, alti, amap, anti, arar, beni, bern, brev, cami, cand, carc, chir, chry, citr, crav, cuat, decu, deli, disc, doli, duck, elet, erio, ferr, graf, grap, guia, herr, hirs, hisp, insc, macr, micr, minu, nota, novo, obli, oliv, oure, part, poly, proc, pudi, punc, revo, rich, rubo, rubr, rufo, saff, sanc, scho, sell, stip, tala, tome, tric, tris, ucay, vene, vill, zamo.

glabrous — blai, came, cand, capi, chas, conf, cons, crap, dari, denu, euge, ferr, flex, gale, gent, goud, graf, hete, hirs, japu, lies, macr, magu, mayp, mega, meli, mode, nari, olig, orix, oure, pacc, paci, pacp, palu, pich, pitt, pogo, pohl, pseu, sabu, scan, sess, slat, stca, stph, subs, vene, veno, veru, wach, woko, spe1, spe2.

11. Primary vein raised on upper side of lamina (vs impressed to flat) — aeru, alat, alle, alti, aren, beni, chas, chir, citr, conf, crav, crya, deli, disc, dota, gent, gris, hete, hirs, nota, oliv, pacc, proc, slat, stpe, subs, tala, vene, vero, zamo.

12. Marginal vein present (vs absent) — arar, cami, cuat, decu, elet, grap, guia, insc, long, megp, novo, veno, wach, woko.

13. Secondary venation indistinct (vs distinct) — aren, atab, clus, cons, crya, denu, doli, duck, elat, elet, euge, frac, frie, japu, leuc, macr, mayp, minu, mode, nari, nota, obla, olig, pacp, paka, past, pogo, pohl, rubo, spe1.

14. Number of secondary veins

5–9 (vs ≥10) — acra, alle, alti, aren, arge, aust, auya, ayan, blai, cand, capi, cari, clus, conf, cost, cusc, duck, eles, emar, euge, flex, foli, gale, graf, herr, hirs, leuc, lies, macr, magu, minu, odor, oliv, orix, paka, part, pohl, pudi, rein, rigi, rotu, rubr, rupe, scan, scho, slat, stpe, syns, taca, tala, term, tome, vene, vero, vill, woko.

> 20 (vs ≤ 20) — aber, aeru, alata , ampl, arar, aust, blep, cami, cons, crav, crya, cuat, decu, disc, ferr, flab, frie, grap, guia, insc, inun, lies, long, mega, nari, novo, paci, palu, punc, rami, revo, rufo, sabu, sanc, stca, stip, tric, ucay, veno.

15. Distance between loops/marginal vein and margin ≥ 5 mm (vs ≤ 4) — atab, cari, citr, conf, dari, decu, denu, duck, dura , elat, ferr, flab, flex, frie, goud, gris, guia, hisp, inun, lies, micr, novo, obli, orix, oure, past, pich, pitt, pogo, proc, pudi, punc, rein, revo, rost, rubri, sabu, sanc, scan, sess, stip, subs, ucay, veno, veru, wach, spe1.

16. Tertiary venation percurrent (vs reticulate) — alat, amap, cami, chrys, crap, disc, dura , elat, eles, graf, grap, guia, herr, insc, inte, megp, meli, novo, obla, orix, oure, palu, pana, punc, rami, revo, rich, sabu, syns, taca, tene, tric, ucay, veno. indistinct (vs distinct) — alat, ante, arar, cons, cuat, dari, decu, dura, elat, elon, emar, frie, long, megp, mode, nota, novo, obla, oliv, orix, palu, pana, past, pohl, punc, scal, scan, stca, subs, tala, wach.

17. Flower position terminal — acra, blai, graf, nota, term. in leaf axils — aber, aeru, alba , alle, alta, alti, amap, ampl, ante, anti, arar, aren, arge, atab, aust, auya, ayan, beck, beni, bern, blai, blep, brev, came, cami, cand, capi, carc, cari, cast, chas, chir, chry, citr, clus, conf, cons, cost, crap, crav, crya, cuat, cusc, dari, decu, deli, denu, disc, doli, dota, duck, duod, dura , elat, elet, elon, emar, erio, esme, euge, ferr, flab, flex, foli, frac, frie, gale, gent, goud, graf, grap, gris, guia, hete, hirs, hisp, insc, inte, inun, japu, jefe, lati, lies, long, luce, macr, magu, mayp, megc, megp, meli, micr, minu, mode, mont, myri, nari, obla, obli, odor, olig, oliv, orix, oure, pacc, paci, pacp, paka, palu, pana, pann, part, past, peru, pich, pitt, pogo, pohl, poly, proc, pseu, pudi, punc, rami, rein, revo, rich, rigi, rost, rotu, rubo, rubr, rufo, rupe, sabu, saff, sanc, scho, scyt, sell, sess, slat, spec, stca, stpe, stph, stip, subs, syns, taca, tala, tene, tome, tric, tris, ucay, vall, vene, veno, vero, veru, vill, wach, woko, zamo, spe1, spe2. on leafless branchlets — aeru, alat, alba , amap, ampl, arar, aust, blai, brev, cami, cari, chas, chry, citr, crap, crya, cusc, denu, dota, duod, dura , elat, eles, elon, erio, ferr, flab, flex, gent, gris, guia, herr, hirs, insc, inun, japu, jefe, leuc, lies, long, mayp, mega, meli, micr, mode, mont, myri, obla, orix, oure, paci, pacp, paka, palu, pana, pann, part, past, poly, proc, punc, rami, revo, rich, rost, rubo, rufo, saff, sanc, scan, scho, scyt, stip, subs, syns, tome, ucay, vall, veno, wach. plant cauliflorous — cons, ferr, herr, long, novo, scan, scal. plant flagelliflorous — flag.

18. Flowers

solitary (exceptionally ≥ 2) — acra, aeru, alat, alba, alta, alti, ampl, ante, arar, aren, arge, aust, auya, beck, beni, bern, blai, cand, capi, cast, chry, clus, conf, cons, cost, crav, cuat, cusc, decu, deli, denu, doli, dota, dura, elat, eles, emar, erio, esme, euge, ferr, flex, foli, frac, gale, graf, grap, guia, hete, hirs, hisp, insc, inte, inun, lati, leuc, long, macr, magu, mayp, megp, meli, micr, minu, mont, myrio, nari, obla, obli, odor, olig, oliv, oure, pacc, paci, paka, palu, part, past, peru, pich, pohl, proc, pudi, rigi, rotu, rubo, rubr, rupe, scho, sell, sess, slat, stca, stpe, stph, taca, tala, tene, term, tome, tric, tris, vall, vene, vero, veru, vill, woko, zamo.

1– ≥ 2-flowered inflorescences — aber, alle, amap, ampl, anti, atab, ayan, blep, brev, came, cami, carc, cari, chas, chir, citr, crap, crya, dari, disc, duck, duod, elet, erio, ferr, flab, frie, gent, goud, gris, herr, japu, jefe, lies, long, luce, mode, nota, orix, pacp, pana, pann, pitt, pogo, poly, pseu, punc, rami, rein, revo, rich, rost, rufo, sabu, saff, sanc, scyt, spec, stip, subs, ucay, veno, wach, spe1, spe2.

2 –∞ — disc, elon, erio, ferr, flag, graf, long, novo, scal, scan.

19. Length of pedicels (flowering, fruiting)

≤ 10(–15) mm — acra, alle, amap, ampl, ante, arar, aren, arge, atab, auya, ayan, blep, came, cami, capi, cari, chas, citr, conf, cons, cost, crav, crya, denu, disc, dota, duck, duod, dura , elat, elon, flex, frie, gale, gent, goud, graf, hete, hirs, hisp, inte, jefe, leuc, lies, luce, magu, megp, meli, minu, mode, mont, nota, obla, obli, olig, oliv, orix, oure, pacc, palu, pann, past, peru, pogo, pohl, poly, pseu, pudi, punc, rein, revo, rich, rotu, rufo, rupe, sabu, saff, scho, scyt, sell, sess, stip, stph, subs, syns, tene, term, tome, tric, ucay, veno, vero, vill, wach, zamo, spe1, spe2.

≥ 30 mm — alta, ampl, aust, beni, blai, blep, brev, cand, chir, chry, crap, cuat, cusc, dari, decu, doli, dura , elet, emar, ferr, flag, flex, foli, gale, goud, graf, grap, gris, guia, hirs, insc, inun, japu, jefe, lati, lies, long, luce, macr, magu, mayp, megc, micr, nari, novo, obli, oliv, paci, paka, pana, part, pich, pitt, pogo, pohl, pudi, punc, rami, rigi, rost, rubo, rubr, rufo, saff, sanc, scal, scan, slat, spec, stca, stpe, taca, tala, tome, tris, ucay, vall, vene, vill, woko, zamo.

10–30 mm — all other species.

20. Flower buds pointed or acute (vs obtuse; unknown in some species) — aber, amap, aren, ayan, blai, chry, disc, doli, guia, hirs, megp, palu, pann, punc, rami, rubo, rubr, sanc, scyt, tome, ucay. conical (vs depressed to broadly ovoid or triangular-ovoid; unknown in some species) — aber, amap, frie, hete.

21. Sepal length > 10 mm long (vs ≤ 10 mm long) — aber, alat, ampl, arar, areu, chry, cuat, decu, disc, ferr, frie, graf, grap, guia, hirs, hisp, insc, lati, macr, megp, nota, novo, pann, past, pitt, punc, rost, sanc, spec, tala, tome, tric, ucay, vill.

22. Petals unequal (vs subequal) — frie, hete, rost.

23. Petal colour (but notice that the flower colour of many species is still unknown)

brown to black — aber, cami, foli, mayp, sanc, syns, veno.

reddish to purple — cuat, flab, hete, luce, megp, nota, obli, pann, past, peru, revo, sanc, scho, stip, vill.

grey to black — goud, term.

orange — carc, luce, megp, oure, rubr, vill.

different colours — all others, including the species for which the flower colour is still unknown).

24. Stamens with connective shield densely hairy (vs glabrous, papillate or [thinly] hairy) — amap, anti, citr, duck, poly, scho, stip.

25. Monocarp size

< 10 mm (vs ≥ 10 mm) — acre, aeru, alle, alta , aren, atab, aust, beck, beni, blai, cand, cast, chir, cons, cost, crya, cuat, dari, deli, denu, doli, duck, eles, elet, esme, ferr, flab, flag, foli, hirs, inte, lati, leuc, lies, luce, magu, mayp, micr, minu, mode, mont, myri, nari, obli, oliv, oure, pana, part, pitt, pohl, proc, pudi, punc, rich, rigi, rubo, rubr, rufo, rupe, sabu, saff, scho, scyt, sell, slat, stip, stpe, syns, taca, tome, ucay, vall, vene, vill, wach, zamo.

> 20 mm long — alat, ante, ayan, blep, chry, clus, conf, decu, disc, frie, graf, guia, hete, hisp, inun, long, megc, megp, meli, pacc, peru, rami, scal, sess, stca, tala, tric.

different length — all other species.

unknown — alba, alti, auya, brev, crav, elon, emar, erio, frac, odor, poly, rufo, spec, stph, tene, tris.

26. Monocarps <10 — acra, alat, ante, arar, ayan, cand, capi, cari, cast, chry, citr, clus, frie, graf, hete, leuco, orix, paka, part, pseu, punc, rein, rost, scho, sess, stca, stip, subs, woko, spe2.

27. Monocarp shape

fusiform (vs differently shaped) — hisp, inun.

narrowly oblongoid (vs differently shaped) — mayp.

28. Thickness of monocarp wall

1–2 mm — alat, ante, arge, cami, cast, chry, clus, crap, decu, disc, duck, duod, euge, gent, guia, insc, mega, megp, meli, mode, nota, olig, pann, past, pich, pogo, punc, rein, scal, sess, stca, tric, vero.

> 3 mm — pacc, vero.

unknown — alba, alti, auya, beni, brev, crav, elon, emar, erio, euge, frac, graf, odor, pana, poly, spec, stph, tene, tris, vero, woko, spe2.

< 1 mm — all other species.

29. Monocarp indument

densely covered with appressed hairs — amap, lies (but soon glabrous!), tric.

densely to rather densely covered with erect hairs (‘hirsute’) — arar, decu, hisp, rubo.

densely covered with erect hairs (‘velutinous’) — cami, nota, pann, stip.

rather densely covered with appressed and erect hairs — beni.

30. Stipe length

0–4 mm — acra, alat, alle, aren, arge, atab, beni, blai, came, cami, capi, cari, chas, citr, clus, conf, cons, crap, crya, cuat, cusc, denu, disc, dota, duck, duod, elet, esme, frie, graf, gris, guia, hete, inun, jefe, magu, mayp, megp, nota, obli, oliv, pacc, paci, pacp, paka, past, rein, revo, rigi, rost, rotu, rubo, rufo, rupe, sabu, sanc, scho, sess, slat, subs, syns, taca, tala, term, tome, tric, vene, vero, veru, vill, wach.

> 20 mm — alat, ampl, aust, carc, elat, ferr, foli, herr, hirs, inte, lati, lies, micr, myri, olig, our, pann, proc, punc, rubr, saff, scal, scyt, ucay, woko.

different length — all other species.

unknown — alba, alti, auya, brev, crav, elon, emar, erio, frac, odor, poly, rufo, spec, stph, tene, tris.

31. Seed surface

smooth — aber, aren, ayan, bern, blai, chir, citr, disc, duck, euge, flex, foli, minu, mode, olig, pann, pogo, punc, revo, rubr, rupe, scho, scyt, stip, syns, term, ucay.

pitted — acra, aber, ampl, anti, arge, atab, ayan, beck, came, cand, cari, chir, cons, crya, cusc, dari, denu, doli, dota, elat, eles, euge, ferr, flab, goud, herr, hete, hirs, inte, inun, jefe, lati, lies, luce, macr, magu, mayp, micr, minu, mode, mont, myri, nari, obla, obli, olig, oure, paci, pann, part, past, pich, pogo, pohl, proc, pudi, punc, rein, revo, rich, rami, rigi, rost, rubr, rupe, sabu, saff, sanc, scyt, sell, sess, slat, stpe, syns, tala, term, tome, ucay, vall, vill, wach, woko, spe1.

transversely grooved — ante, atab, camp, cons, cost, deli, dota, eles, esme, flab, flex, frie, hete, hirs, leuc, lies, mont, oure, paci, past, pich, pohl, proc, punc, rich, rost, scyt, sess, slat, stpe, zamo.

longitudinally grooved — acra, blai, camp, dura , inun, pacp, wach.

rugulose — alat, ante, aust, blep, came, camp, carc, clus, cons, cost, duod, dura , elet, goud, graf, guia, hisp, leuc, long, magu, minu, nota, obli, pacp, paka, palu, rubo, saff, sanc, tala, vall, vene, veno.

rugose — acra, aeru, alle, alta, amap, blep, capi, chry, crap, cuat, denu, duod, esme, flag, gale, gent, graf, grap, gris, megc, megp, oliv, orix, pacc, pana, pitt, punc, rotu, rufo, subs, vero, zamo.

longitudinally and transversely grooved — arar, blai, blep, cami, cari, conf, decu, gent, guia, hisp, insc, japu, long, megp, novo, peru, scal, scan, stca, subs, tric, veru.

unknown — alba, alti, brev, cast, chas, crav, elon, emar, erio, frac, meli, odor, pana, poly, spec, stph, taca, tene, tris, spe2.

32. Distribution

Antilles — blai, cari.

Central America and Mexico — aber, acra, aeru, alat, alle, ampl, chir, cost, crav, dari, doli, dota, gale, graf, herr, jefe, luce, oliv, pacc, pana, pudi, rein, rost, rotu, sess, slat, taca, tala, tene, tome, ucay, vero, zamo.

Pacific Colombia and Pacific Ecuador — aber, alta, anti, arge, brev, carc, citr, crap, cuat, dari, elet, esme, goud, hirs, micr, nari, paci, pich, pitt, punc, taca, tome, ucay, vall, veno.

Central Colombia and Central Ecuador — arge, chas, crap, cuat, dari, goud, guia, hirs, lies, megp, novo, punc, rufo, stip, subs, tome, ucay, veru.

Northern Venezuela — bern, foli, hirs, mayp, punc, saff, scho, subs, ucay, vene, veru.

Guianas (including adjacent regions in Brazil and Venezuela) — alti, ante, ayan, blep, citr, clus, cons, disc, eles, flex, foli, guia, inte, leuc, lies, mayp, megp, meli, minu, mont, obla, oure, paka, palu, pann, part, proc, punc, rich, rubr, scan, scho, scyt, subs, ucay, wach, woko.

Western Amazon Basin (W of Manaus) — alba, arar, aren, atab, auya, beck, beni, blep, brev, cast, chry, citr, conf, cusc, decu, deli, denu, disc, duod, dura , elat, erio, euge, flab, flag, flex, foli, frac, gent, goud, grap, gris, guia, hete, hirs, insc, inun, japu, lies, long, magu, mayp, megc, megp, meli, mode, mont, obli, pacp, past, peru, proc, pseu, punc, rami, revo, rigi, rubo, rubr, sanc, scal, scan, scho, scyt, spec, stip, stpe, stph, subs, term, tome, tric, tris, ucay, spe1, spe2.

Central Amazon Basin — blep, cami, citr, duck, elon, frie, hisp, inun, lies, long, past, scyt, subs.

Northern Brazil ( Amapá, Roraima) — aber, amap, ante, blep, crya, guia, lies, mayp, megp, pann, punc, rich, scan, scho, tric, wach.

Eastern Amazon Basin (E of Manaus) — blep, citr, crya, ferr, foli, guia, hirs, inun, lies, long, megp, myri, odor, orix, poly, proc, punc, rigi, sabu, scan, scho, scyt, subs, spe1.

Northeastern Brazil ( Alagoas, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí) — citr, mode, olig, pogo, punc, scan, scho.

Eastern Brazil ( Bahia, Espirito Santo) — aust, came, cand, capi, emar, ferr, macr, nota, olig, pogo, pohl, sell, stca, tome, vill.

Central Brazil ( Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais) — aust, blep, came, cand, dura , ferr, foli, lati, macr, mayp, nota, pogo, pohl, punc, rigi, rupe, scyt, sell, tome, vill.

Southeastern Brazil ( Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) — aust, came, cand, ferr, lati, sell, vill.

33. Elevation

above 2000 m (vs 0–2000 m) — aren, carc, crap, frac, goud, gris, obli, oliv, past, punc, slat, syns, term.