Xenohelea Kieffer

Borkent, Art, 2014, The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera, Zootaxa 3879 (1), pp. 1-327 : 99-100

Xenohelea Kieffer

( Figs. 28C , 31D , 40F , 46F , 53C , 69B , 77D )

DIAGNOSIS: Only pupa of Ceratopogonidae with abdominal tergite sensilla D-8-IV and D-9-IV on the apex of a single lobed, flattened tubercle ( Fig. 69B ).

DESCRIPTION: Total length = 5.59 mm. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of midleg, wing (as in Figs. 16B , 33B ). Ecdysial tear around base of antenna, along lateral margin of face to palpus (as in Figs. 17C , 79H ). Head: Dorsal apotome missing; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (as in Fig. 13H ) fused to scutum, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts ( Fig. 28C ) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending just posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium entire (not divided medially); apex of antenna ( Fig. 40F ) anterior to posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals—uncertain; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1 seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; clypeallabrals ( Fig. 28C )—2 slender setae; oculars ( Fig. 28C )—2 setae, 1 campaniform sensillum. Thorax: Prothoracic extension ( Fig. 28C ) wide, well-developed but narrow dorsolaterally, not extending to antenna; mesonotum without tubercles, not extending posteromedially, not dividing metathorax medially ( Fig. 53C ); respiratory organ ( Fig. 46F ) length/width = 4.83, elongate, moderately slender, somewhat flattened apically, with pores closely abutting at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single curved row, outer surface with some wrinkles, with short, wide pedicel, base with moderate elongate posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ short, tracheal tube straight to slightly curved along length, with spirals restricted to base, wrinkles to half length; wing ( Fig. 40F ) without apical tubercle or angle, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (similar to Fig. 33J ) broadly abutting; halter apex extending posteriorly to 1/4 length of tergite 2; legs ( Fig. 40F ) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (as in Fig. 33I ); female with apex of foreleg ventral to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally; sensilla: anteromedials—2 elongate setae (as in Figs. 31L–M ); anterolaterals—1 moderately long seta; dorsal setae ( Fig. 31D )—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T, D-5-T setae, D-3-T campaniform sensillum, D-4-T uncertain, broken along length, D-3-T lateral to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics ( Fig. 53C )—1 campaniform sensillum; M-3-T distant from margin of metathorax (at least 1/3 length of metathorax). Abdomen: with tergites 1–7 with medial area with stripe, 2 spots, sternites 3–7 with medial stripe, anterolateral spot, segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, thin to thick setae, with rounded to pointed, short to moderately elongate tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, each without membranous disc; segment 9 ( Fig. 77D ) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posterodorsolaterally, tapering to pointed apex; sensilla: tergite 1 ( Fig. 53C ) with 7 setae, 3 campaniform sensilla (1 broken seta?), including 3 lateral sensilla, D-2-I, D-3-I closely approximated, D-7-I situated anteriorly near D-3-I; segment 4 ( Fig. 69B )—D- 2-IV, D-3-IV moderately elongate setae, D-2-IV on short tubercle; D-5-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV short to moderately elongate setae; D-5-IV on single tubercle, D-8-IV, D-9-IV on single flattened tubercle, posterior dorsal sensilla in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D-4-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV; D-7-IV near D-3-IV; L-1-IV short seta on short tubercle, just anterior of base of tubercle with L-2-IV, L-3-IV; L-2-IV, L-3-IV, L-4-IV short setae on rounded, flattened tubercles, L-2-IV, L-3-IV on single tubercle, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short setae on short tubercles, all closely approximated; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, without L-1-VIII; with V-5-VIII, V-6-VIII on single tubercle, V-5-VIII tiny, V-6-VIII elongate; segment 9 ( Fig. 77D )—with D-5-IX campaniform sensillum, D- 6-IX possibly absent (not discernable).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: The genus Xenohelea is known from 14 species in the Afrotropical and Oriental Regions ( Borkent 2014). The only known pupa was collected in mud from "aus einem klaren Gewässer" (a clear body of water) ( Mayer 1957).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION: Only one species of Xenohelea is known as a pupa ( Tables 2–3 ). Male and female pupae of Homohelea and Sphaeromias , two genera closely related to Xenohelea , are sexually dimorphic in the arrangement of their forelegs. In males, the foreleg is relatively short ( Figs. 40A, D ) while in females the foreleg overlaps the midleg entirely ( Figs. 40B, E ). Only one female Xenohelea is known ( Fig. 40F ) and it is likely that the male, once discovered, will share this dimorphism (see character 44).

Mayer (1957) described the same specimen as I studied here, the only one known for the genus. He shows D- 8-IV and D-9-IV on separate, abutting tubercles but they are clearly located together on a single rounded tubercle. In addition, he showed V-5-IV and V-6-IV on a single tubercle, which was indeed present on one side but slightly separated on the other (that drawn here). The dorsal apotome of the single available specimen was missing and cannot, therefore, be characterized.

The female holotype was remounted in Canada Balsam from drying and damaged Hoyer's, perhaps accounting for some slight differences between the description here and that by Mayer (1957) (e.g. body length).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: X. galatea : 1 pupal exuviae (of holotype), Nametil Quelimane, Mozambique, 7-I- 1940 (SAIM).

Figures

FIGURE 13. Anterior portion of heads and thoraces, in anterior or anterodorsal view. A. Leptoconops kerteszi, ecdysial sutures of head enhanced to show position. B. Culicoides denticulatus. C. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. D. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). E. Alluaudomyia bella, dorsal apotome absent. F. Clinohelea curriei. G. Pellucidomyia leei. H. Mallochohelea caudellii. I. Bezzia sp. (from Bolean Lake, BC, Canada).

FIGURE 16. Anterior portion of heads. A. Parabezzia huberti, in ventral view (distorted slide specimen). B. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA), ventrolateral view. C. Clinohelea curriei, in ventral view. D. Heteromyia clavata, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Heteromyia wokei, in ventral, slightly lateral view. F. Pellucidomyia leei, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present.

FIGURE 17. Anterior portion of heads. A. Jenkinshelea sp., in ventral view (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). B. Mallochohelea caudellii., in ventral view. C. Sphaeromias longipennis, in ventral view. D. Bezzia sp., in ventral view (6 km E Salmon Arm, BC, Canada). E. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada), in ventral view. F. Phaenobezzia sp., in ventral view (from Skulsuza, South Africa).

FIGURE 28. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Leehelea hispida. B. Sphaeromias longipennis. C. Xenohelea galatea. D. Bezzia nobilis. E. Clastrieromyia dycei. F. Pachyhelea pachymera. G. Palpomyia subasper. H. Phaenobezzia opaca. I. Paryphoconus grandis.

FIGURE 31. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces; anteromedial setae. A. Homohelea delanoe. B. Leehelea hispida. C. Sphaeromias longipennis. D. Xenohelea galatea. E. Bezzia nobilis. F. Clastrieromyia dycei. G. Pachyhelea pachymera. H. Palpomyia jonesi. I. Phaenobezzia mashonensis. J. Paryphoconus oliveirai. K. Echinohelea lanei, partial lateral view (distorted slide specimen). L. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsal view. M. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsolateral view. N. Probezzia seminigra, dorsal view of left side.

FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa).

FIGURE 40. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Homohelea delanoe, male (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Homohelea albitudinis, female (drawn from photograph). C. Leehelea hispida, female. D. Sphaeromias longipennis, male. E. Sphaeromias longipennis, female. F. Xenohelea galatea, female (reconstructed from distorted specimen).

FIGURE 46. Respiratory organs, most in dorsal view, Figs. 46G. in lateral view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Homohelea albitudinis (from de Meillon & Wirth 1981). B. Homohelea delanoe (from de Meillon & Wirth 1981). C. Leehelea wasselli (from Elson-Harris 1987). D. Leehelea hispida (from Elson-Harris 1987). E. Sphaeromias longipennis (from Wirth & Grogan 1979). F. Xenohelea galatea. G. Amerohelea sordidipes (from Lane et al. 1955). H. Bezzia glabra (from Wirth 1983b). I. Bezzia obelisca (from Wirth 1983a). J. Bezzia dorsasetula (from Wirth 1983a). K. Bezzia turkmenica (from Glukhova 1979b). L. Clastrieromyia dycei (from Spinelli & Grogan 1986). M. Pachyhelea pachymera (from Spinelli 1983a). N. Palpomyia lineata (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). O. Palpomyia jonesi (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). P. Palpomyia belkini (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). Q. Palpomyia rufa (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). R. Palpomyia flaviceps (from Grogan & Wirth 1979). S. Phaenobezzia opaca (from Wirth & Grogan 1982). T. Paryphoconus oliveirai (from Ronderos et al. 2007).

FIGURE 53. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Leehelea hispida. B. Sphaeromias longipennis. C. Xenohelea galatea. D. Bezzia nobilis. E. Clastrieromyia dycei. F. Pachyhelea pachymera.

FIGURE 69. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Sphaeromias longipennis. B. Xenohelea galatea. C. Bezzia nobilis.

FIGURE 77. Abdominal segments 9. A. Homohelea delanoe, female, in dorsal view (from de Meillon & Wirth 1981). B. Leehelea wasselli, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). C. Sphaeromias longipennis, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1979). D. Xenohelea galatea, female, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). E. Bezzia roldani, male, in dorsal view (from Spinelli & Wirth 1989). F. Bezzia roldani, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli & Wirth 1989). G. Bezzia brevicornis, male, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1983a). H. Bezzia acanthodes, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1983a). I. Clastrieromyia dycei, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli & Grogan 1986). J. Clastrieromyia dycei, female, in ventral view (from Spinelli & Grogan 1986). K. Pachyhelea pachymera, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1983a). L. Pachyhelea pachymera, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1983a).

FIGURE 79. Evolution of ecdysial sutures and splits in pupal exuviae of Ceratopogonidae, head and anterior portion of thorax in ventral view. Numbers refer to character states of characters 2 and 8 in text. Red indicates ecdysial splits. A. Leptoconopinae. B. Forcipomyiinae. C. Dasyheleinae. D. Most Ceratopogonini. E. Most Ceratopogonini, Clinohelea. F. Allohelea, Atyphohelea, Parabezzia. G. Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia, Hebetula. H. most Sphaeromiini s. lat., most Palpomyiini, Paryphoconus; some Bezzia are nearly completed fused (as in Fig. 79I), with only the dorsal apotome separate, along with an ecdysial split along the base of the antenna and the dorsal thoracic split. I. Jenkinshelea, Macropeza, Mallochohelea, Probezzia, Neobezzia.