Cryphalini, , sensu Wood, 1986

Johnson, Andrew J., Hulcr, Jiri, Knížek, Miloš, Atkinson, Thomas H., Mandelshtam, Michail Yu., Smith, Sarah M., Cognato, Anthony I., Park, Sangwook, Li, You & Jordal, Bjarte H., 2020, Revision of the Bark Beetle Genera Within the Former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (3), No. 1, pp. 1-81 : 70-71

Key to Genera of Former Cryphalini and Xyloterini

This key is made with the diagnostic characters to enable identification of the tribes Coriacephilini, Cryphalini , Trypophloini, Xyloteini, or Ernoporini. Corthylini genera are not included since a thorough review of the tribe would be needed to accurately place the genera in a key. Atomothenemus Bright, 2019, Microsomus Bright, 2019 , and Pygmaeoborus Bright, 2019, all from the West Indies, were described during the final preparation of the manuscript and not included in this key.

1a. Eye emarginated (with exceptions for some specimens <1.0 mm) or divided. Lower part of elytral declivity usually sloping. Mesocoxae usually narrowly separated similar to metacoxae, or contiguous. Postnotum separated from metathorax by a continuous membrane. Aedeagus with separated (rarely weakly fused) penis apodemes, typically as long as or longer than penis body ....................................................... 2

1b. Eye oval (with exceptions of specimens with proportionally large eyes, and Procryphalus and Hemicryphalus , have long, broadly emarginated eyes). Lower part of elytral declivity usually vertical. Mesocoxae usually more widely separated than metacoxae. Postnotum fused to metathorax. Aedeagus with fused penis apodemes that are much shorter than penis body. (Ernoporini) ............................................................. 12

2a. Eye completely divided. Females with a visible mycangium on the hypomeron. Males sometimes with a barely declivous pronotum or flattened pronotal margin. ( Xyloterini )......... 10

2b. Eye emarginated (rarely oval). No mycangium on hypomeron of females............................................................................ 3

3a. Third tarsal segment bilobed. Lateral margins of pronotum always with carina along dorsolateral margin. Split setae on hypomeron usually present. Interstrial ground vestiture usually dense. Antennae always with sutures (which can be recurved or procurved). Body generally rounded. ( Cryphalini ) ............................................................................. Cryphalus

3b. Third tarsal segment cylindrical. Lateral margin of pronotum with or without carina along dorsolateral margin.Hypomeron without, or rarely with very few bifurcating setae. Interstrial ground vestiture usually sparse, especially on elytral disc. Antennae with or without sutures. Body usually more elongated .................................................................................... 4

4a. Eye deeply emarginated. Antennal club with procurved sutures and a complete septum along the first suture. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded or with weak carina and hypomeron with bifurcating setae. Interstrial ground vestiture hair-like. Distributed only in Asia (rarely collected). (Coriacephilini) ............................................... Coriacephilus

4b. Not in combination as described above. (Trypophloeini)..... 5

5a. Lateral margins of pronotum always rounded. Antennal club cone-like with horizontal sutures and elongate, with a pointed apex. Distributed in temperate climates in hosts including Salix , Populus or Alnus . Proventriculus with short apical plate, less than one fifth of the sclerotized part .................................................................... Trypophloeus

5b. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded or with carina. Antennal club flattened, with or without sutures, usually transverse or procurved, apex rounded. Various hosts, widespread distribution, in tropical to temperate areas. Proventriculus with apical plate much more than one fifth of total length (except not sclerotized in Macrocryphalus )....... 6

6a. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded. Antennal funicle always with five segments. Antennal club shape tapered proximally, with a weakly visible procurved suture. Elytra covered in hair-like interstrial ground vestiture. Striae not apparent. Proventriculus not sclerotized...................... Macrocryphalus

6b. Lateral margins of pronotum with carina. Antennal funicle with 2−5 segments. Antennal club shape and sutures variable. Elytra interstrial ground vestiture variable. Striae usually visible (except some Afrocosmoderes ). Proventriculus fully sclerotized .................................................................................. 7

7a. Mesocoxae contiguous. Body shape elongate, more than 2.3x as long as wide. Antennae always with 2−3 funicular segments, with the first segment longer than the subsequent funicle segments combined. Antennal club flat and without sutures............................................................... Cosmoderes

7b. Mesocoxae narrowly separated. Body shape stout to elongate. Antennae with 3−5 funicle segments. Antennal club flat, with or without sutures or septum............................................... 8

8a. Antennal club without sutures or weakly visible procurved sutures. Metatibia with denticles covering at least apical quarter, pointing outwards and distally ....... Afrocosmoderes

8b. Antennal club usually with straight or slightly procurved sutures and a partial septum (rare exceptions are known). Metatibia with denticles restricted to apex, usually pointed distally................................................................................. 9

9a. Antennal club with three sutures and usually a partial septum. Pronotum with marginal asperities. Males smaller, with vestigial wings, and with eyes much smaller than females ...................................................................... Hypothenemus

9b. Antennal club with one transverse suture and one barely visible procurved suture near apex. Pronotum with no marginal asperities. Males of a similar size, with fully developed wings and with eyes similar to females ............... Microcosmoderes

10a. Antennal suture (indicated by differences in vestiture) acutely procurved. Males with distinctly flattened frons and dorsally subquadrate to quadrate pronotum. Tegmen with median apodeme........................................................ Trypodendron

10b. Antennal suture (indicated by differences in vestiture) broadly procurved. Males with flat or convex frons, and pronotum dorsally rounded. Tegmen without median apodeme......... 11

11a. Antennal club uniformly pubescent to base. Male and female of a similar size. Females with longest axis of mycangia either vertical (dorso-ventrally) or horizontal (antero-posteriorly) ....................................................................... Indocryphalus

11b. Antennal club with basal area corneous. Male distinctly smaller than female. Females with longest axis of mycangia horizontal (antero-posteriorly) ............................ Xyloterinus

12a. Stout, less than 2.2x as long as wide. Pronotum with distinct summit, asperities in irregular concentric rows. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded, at most with a small carina along the posterior edge. Setae on hypomeron divided in some species. Proventriculus crop with thin spines, no enlarged crop spines or multidentate spines. Proventriculus posterior to the masticatory brush with a tuft of spatulate setae ... Ernoporus

12b. Proportions variable. Pronotal summit variable, asperities may occur in irregular concentric rows or scattered. Pronotum with carina along dorsolateral edge (except Procryphalus , which has longer body proportions). Setae on hypomeron always hair-like (if present). Proventriculus crop with enlarged clusters of crop spines or multidentate spines. Proventriculus posterior to the masticatory brush smooth, without a tuft of spatulate setae ................................................................... 13

13a. Base of pronotum constricted, narrower than the base of the elytra. Antennae with straight sutures, the first suture being completely septate. Dorsolateral margin of pronotum rounded. Proventriculus simple, crop with clusters of very large crop spines............................................... Procryphalus

13b. Base of pronotum as broad as the base of elytra, not constricted. Antennal sutures variable, sometimes with partial septum. Dorsolateral margins of pronotum marked with carina. Proventriculus and crop variable............................ 14

14a. Eye long and tapered ventrally. Antennal club with three transverse sutures. Symetrical incomplete septum along first suture. Crop spines include several large long sclerotized spines. Distributed only in the Pacific islands ....................... Hemicryphalus

14b. Eye usually elongate-oval shaped. Antennal club flattened, sutures often procurved or absent, oblique partial septum sometimes present. Proventricular crop spines well-developed as short, socketed spines. Widespread in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania, rare in tropical and subtropical Americas ............................................................................ Eidophelus