Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834: 35

Johnson, Andrew J., Hulcr, Jiri, Knížek, Miloš, Atkinson, Thomas H., Mandelshtam, Michail Yu., Smith, Sarah M., Cognato, Anthony I., Park, Sangwook, Li, You & Jordal, Bjarte H., 2020, Revision of the Bark Beetle Genera Within the Former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (3), No. 1, pp. 1-81 : 29-39

Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834: 35

( Figs. 16–18 )

Synonymy

= Hypothonemus LeConte, 1868: 154 (unavailable name). = Stephanoderes Eichhoff, 1872a: 132 .

= Homoeocryphalus Lindemann, 1877: 168 .

= Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878a: 383 .

= Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878b: 119 .

= Adiaeretus Hagedorn, 1909: 744 .

= Trischidias Hopkins, 1915: 12 .

= Stylotentus Schedl, 1939d: 380 (unavailable name). = Chondronoderes Schedl, 1940c: 589 .

= Epsips Beeson, 1941: 373 (unavailable name).

= Archeophalus Schedl, 1941a: 392 .

= Pachynoderes Schedl, 1941a: 393 .

= Lepiceroides Schedl, 1957b: 59 .

= Ernophloeus Nunberg, 1958: 484 .

= Stylotentus Schedl, 1963a: 448 .

= Periocryphalus Wood, 1971: 33 syn. nov.

= Lepiceriodes Schedl, 1977c: 499 (unavailable name).

Type of genus

Tomicus eruditus Westwood, 1834 .

Diagnosis

Eye emarginated. Antennal club with partial septum, and straight, weakly procurved or sinuate sutures. Lateral margins of pronotum carinate. Hypomeron with hair-like or scale-like setae (not bifurcating).Third tarsal segment cylindrical. Male dwarfed and flightless. Species or specimens with deviations in the antennal club (lacking sutures or a partial septum) or eye (entire) are rarely encountered.

Female

Eye emarginated, except for some individuals of small species where this is not apparent. Frons variable, usually convex, sometimes with small to large concave region below level of eyes, or a small tubercle in the center. Antennal funicle with two to five segments. Antennae for most species with three approximately straight or weakly procurved sutures, and a partial septum. Larger species tend to have the sutures more procurved than smaller species. A small number of rarely collected species have no visible septum, and some of these have very poorly defined, procurved sutures. Pronotum with 2−10 marginal asperities. Pronotal declivity with asperities up to the summit, which may be elevated. A carina marks the dorsolateral margin of the pronotum. The setae on the hypomeron are simple, never bifurcating. Elytra typically convex, rarely with granules or spines. Vestiture mostly consisting of interstrial rows of scale-like, less commonly hair-like, setae. Interstrial ground vestiture typically sparse or absent, and if present, usually restricted to the elytral apex. Apex of the elytra weakly elevated. Posterior margin of the metanepisternum typically covered by the elytra or barely visible. Metatibia with socketed denticles restricted to apical fifth. Third tarsal segment cylindrical. Proventriculus with well-developed apical plate, typically with transverse rows of teeth visible.

Male

Usually much smaller than female with smaller eyes and vestigial wings, rarely found outside galleries. Penis apodemes of a similar length to penis body and flattened, ribbon-like, free at apex. Tegmen open dorsally, with a median ventral apodeme. Spiculum gastrale weakly forked, of a similar diameter to the tegmen (but smaller than the ribbon-like penis apodemes). Basal sclerites not visible.

Distribution

Worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas, rarely in temperate areas in Eastern North America and Eastern Asia.

Remarks

In total, 221 species known. Hypothenemus was originally described as a subgenus of Tomicus Latreille, 1802 , thus the placement of parentheses for Hypothenemus eruditus ( Westwood, 1834) , which has not been widely used.

Trischidias is treated as a synonym following Bright (2019), which is similar to the species previously placed in Periocryphalus . They were previously diagnosed based on the entire eye (which is variable within species and often of a typical weak emargination of Hypothenemus ), and by the antennae without a septum (which has been found in several unrelated Hypothenemus lineages as well). The relationship between Hypothenemus and Trischidias is long-standing, Wood (1954) remarked that they were ‘obviously derived from Hypothenemus ’. We confirm the placement within Hypothenemus with the type of the genus, corroborating previous phylogenies ( Johnson et al. 2018)

Similarly, Periocryphalus Wood, 1971 is recognized here as a new synonym of Hypothenemus . The species in this genus are unusual, having antennae without visible sutures, stout body shape and a flared apical margin of the declivity. While internal morphological or genetic data were not available in this study, all external characters are in agreement with Hypothenemus .

Hypothenemus is a remarkably common genus in tropical and subtropical regions with several of the world’s most abundant species in many forest localities. Also very frequently intercepted in global trade due to its wide range on host materials and high abundance. At least two species are obligate seed feeders and pests of certain crops. In addition to their common presence under bark, they are also known to reproduce in unusual plant material of grasses, vines, pith, leaf petioles, fruiting bodies of fungi ( Deyrup, 1987), manufactured products ( Browne, 1961), and even found in old galleries of other bark beetles (Johnson, unpublished).

Type material examined

Holotype of Hypothenemus apicalis Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; paratype of Hypothenemus bauhaniae Schedl, 1950 (BMNH) ; paratype of Hypothenemus artocarpi Browne, 1978 (BMNH) ; holotype of Hypothenemus ascitus Wood, 1971 (USNM) ; paratype of Ernoporus nigrina Schedl, 1967 (NHMW) ; cotype of Stephanoderes attenuatus Eggers, 1935 (NHMW) ; holotype of Hypothenemus barinensis Wood, 2007 (USNM) ; holotype of Triarmocerus birmanus Eichhoff, 1878 (NHMW) ; paratype of Stephanoderes cryphalomorphus Schedl, 1939 (BMNH) ; allotype of Hypothenemus columbi Hopkins, 1915 (USNM) ; holotype of Cryphalus hispidulus LeConte, 1868 (MCZ) ; holotype of Stephanoderes cuneolus Schedl, 1936 (NHMW) ; paratype of Stephanoderes curtipennis Schedl, 1950 (USNM) ; paratype of Cryphalomorphus samoanus Browne, 1977 (USNM) ; holotype of Crypturgus dissimilis Zimmermann, 1868 (MCZ) ; holotype of Hypothenemus dolosus Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus erectus LeConte, 1876 (MCZ) ; paratype of Tomicus eruditus Westwood, 1834 (BMNH) ; paratype of Stephanoderes erythrinae Eggers, 1936 (BMNH) ; paratype of Stephanoderes nanulus Schedl, 1948 (BMNH) ; paratype of Hypothenemus beameri Wood, 1954 (BMNH) ; paratype of Stephanoderes hirsutus Wood, 1954 (BMNH) ; holotype of Hypothenemus indigens Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; lectotype of Hypothenemus ingens Schedl, 1942 (NHMW) ; paratype of Stephanoderes javanus Eggers, 1908 (NHMW) ; holotype of Margadillius loranthus Schedl, 1942 (NHMW) ; paratype of Hypothenemus major Browne, 1970 (BMNH) ; holotype of Hypothenemus meridensis Wood, 2007 (USNM) ; paratype of Trischidias minutissimus Wood, 1954 (NHMW) ; paratype of Hypothenemus namosianus Browne, 1983 (BMNH) ; holotype of Hypothenemus nanellus Wood, 1971 (USNM) ; holotype of Archeophalus natalensis Schedl, 1941 (NHMW) ; holotype of Miocryphalus nigrinus Schedl, 1965 (MRCB) ; paratype (?) of Miocryphalus nigrinus Schedl, 1965 (NHMW) ; holotype of Eidophelus nitidus Schedl, 1965 (NHMW) ; holotype of Hypothenemus parvistriatus Wood, 2007 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus piaparolinae Johnson, Atkinson and Hulcr, 2016 (USNM) ; holotype and paratype of Periocryphalus pullus Wood, 1971 (USNM) ; holotype and paratype of Hypothenemus rugosipes Wood, 2007 (USNM) ; holotype of Ptilopodius shoreae Schedl, 1953 (BMNH) ; holotype of Hypothenemus solocis Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; paratype of Miocryphalus spinatus Schedl, 1977 (NHMW) ; holotype of Ptilopodius squamosus Schedl, 1953 (BMNH) ; paratype of Trischidias striatus Atkinson, 1993 (TAMU) ; paratypes (10) of Hypothenemus subterrestris Johnson, Atkinson and Hulcr, 2016 (FSCA) ; holotype of Hypothenemus suspectus Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus teretis Wood, 1971 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus trivialis Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus vesculus Wood, 1974 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus virolae Wood, 2007 (USNM) ; holotype of Hypothenemus vitis Browne, 1970 (BMNH) .

Included species Hypothenemus aberrans Browne, 1973: 287 . Hypothenemus abhorrens Wood, 2007: 504 . Hypothenemus abruptus ( Schedl, 1961b: 135) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus acaciae ( Eggers, 1920: 120) (Cryphalus) . Hypothenemus adscitus ( Schedl, 1950b: 46) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus adustus Bright, 2019: 122 . Hypothenemus aethiops ( Schedl, 1965e: 26) (Lepiceroides) . Hypothenemus africanus ( Hopkins, 1915: 30) (Stephanoderes) .

= Hypothenemus concavifrons Bright and Torres, 2006: 405 (syn: Bright, 2019). Hypothenemus agnatus ( Eggers, 1924: 103) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes tungamwansolus Schedl, 1939d: 385 (syn: Beaver and Löyttyniemi, 1989).

= Hypothenemus confusus Eggers, 1940c: 235 (syn: Beaver and Löyttyniemi, 1989). Hypothenemus alternatus ( Eggers, 1943b: 73) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus amakusanus ( Murayama, 1934b: 287) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus amplissimus Bright and Torres, 2006: 404 . Hypothenemus apicalis Wood, 1974a: 19 . Hypothenemus areccae ( Hornung, 1842: 117) (Bostrichus) .

= Stephanoderes obscurus Eichhoff, 1872a: 133 (syn: Wood, 1975b).

= Stephanoderes depressus Eichhoff, 1878b: 155 (syn: Wood, 1975b).

= Hypothenemus vafer Blandford, 1896b: 241 (syn: Wood, 1974b).

= Stephanoderes fungicola Eggers, 1908: 216 (syn: Eggers, 1929c).

= Stephanoderes polyphagus Eggers, 1924: 104 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes hispidus Eggers, 1925: 156 (syn: Wood, 1960).

= Hypothenemus heterolepsis Costa Lima, 1928: 117 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus capitalis Beeson, 1935a: 102 (syn: Wood, 1960).

= Hypothenemus eupolyphagus Beeson, 1940: 193 (syn: Wood, 1960).

= Stephanoderes bambesanus Eggers, 1940c: 232 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes subvestitus Eggers, 1940c: 232 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes martiniquensis Eggers, 1941a: 99 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus oahuensis Schedl, 1941b: 110 (syn: Wood, 1960).

= Hypothenemus subglabratus Schedl, 1942c: 174 (syn: Beaver, 1991).

= Hypothenemus bauhaniae Schedl, 1950a: 19 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes occidentalis Schedl, 1954b: 76 (syn: Wood, 1989).

Hypothenemus artocarpi Browne, 1978: 588 .

Hypothenemus arundinis ( Eichhoff, 1878a: 386) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes arundinis Eichhoff, 1878b: 157 syn. nov.

Hypothenemus ascitus Wood, 1971: 35 .

Hypothenemus ater Eggers, 1932: 31 .

Hypothenemus aterrimulus Wood, 1989: 178 .

= Lepiceroides aterrimus Schedl, 1957b: 59 (syn: Wood, 1989).

Hypothenemus aterrimus ( Schedl, 1951e: 104) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus atomus Hopkins, 1915: 15 .

= Hypothenemus impressifrons Hopkins, 1915: 15 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus marylandicae Hopkins, 1915: 15 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus robiniae Hopkins, 1915: 15 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus toxicodendri Hopkins, 1915: 15 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Ernoporus nigrina Schedl, 1967b: 7 .

Hypothenemus atratus ( Schedl, 1964c: 45) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus attenuatus ( Eggers, 1935: 306) (Stephanoderes) comb. nov. [ Afromicracis ].

Hypothenemus aulmanni Hagedorn, 1912b: 41 .

= Cryphalus tonsus Eggers, 1919: 242 (syn: Beaver, 1999).

Hypothenemus avitus Bright and Poinar, 1994: 186 .

Hypothenemus balachowskyi Menier, 1971: 141 .

Hypothenemus baloghi ( Schedl, 1967c: 226) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus bambusae Browne, 1980d: 775 .

Hypothenemus barinensis Wood, 2007: 505 .

Hypothenemus bauhaniae ( Schedl, 1950a: 20) (Stylotentus) .

Hypothenemus bezaziani Peyerimhoff, 1935: 192 .

Hypothenemus bicinctus Schedl, 1959a: 479 .

Hypothenemus bidens Browne, 1973: 288 .

Hypothenemus bifurcatus Bright, 2019: 127 .

Hypothenemus birmanus ( Eichhoff, 1878a: 384) (Triarmocerus) .

= Triarmocerus birmanus Eichhoff, 1878b: 486 syn. nov.

= Hypothenemus maculicollis Sharp, 1879: 101 syn. nov. (syn: Browne, 1970).

= Hypothenemus peritus Blandford, 1894b: 84 syn. nov. (syn: Browne, 1970).

= Hypothenemus farinosus Blandford, 1896b: 241 syn. nov. (syn: Browne, 1970).

= Hypothenemus validus valens Sampson, 1914: 385 syn. nov. (syn: Browne, 1970).

= Stephanoderes perkinsi Hopkins, 1915: 21 syn. nov. (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes psidii Hopkins, 1915: 32 syn. nov. (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes sterculiae Hopkins, 1915: 32 syn. nov. (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes alter Eggers, 1923a: 219 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes uter Eggers, 1923a: 219 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes nibarani Beeson, 1933: 10 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes ampliatus Eggers, 1936c: 627 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes pacificus Beeson, 1940: 197 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes castaneus Wood, 1954: 1027 syn. nov.

= Stylotentus dubius Schedl, 1971b: 372 syn. nov. Hypothenemus biseriatus ( Eggers, 1919: 240) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus bolivianus ( Eggers, 1931: 29) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus brevicollis ( Eggers, 1927a: 177) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes lamuensis Eggers, 1935: 304 (syn: Beaver, 2011b). Hypothenemus brevis Eggers, 1932: 30 . Hypothenemus californicus Hopkins, 1915: 19 .

= Hypothenemus tritici Hopkins, 1915: 19 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus thoracicus Hopkins, 1916: 598 .

= Stephanoderes zeae Schedl, 1973a: 169 (syn: Wood, 1989). Hypothenemus camerunus ( Eggers, 1922: 167) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes brunneipes Nunberg, 1960: 289 . Hypothenemus carbonarius Eggers, 1943b: 73 . Hypothenemus carinafrons Bright, 2019: 128 . Hypothenemus colae ( Schedl, 1957b: 54) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus collinus Bright, 2019: 129 . Hypothenemus columbi Hopkins, 1915: 18 .

= Hypothenemus abdominalis Hopkins, 1915: 18 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus brunneipennis Hopkins, 1915: 18 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus rufopalliatus Hopkins, 1915: 18 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus amplipennis Hopkins, 1915: 19 (syn: Wood, 1954). Hypothenemus concolor Hagedorn, 1909: 744 . Hypothenemus costatus ( Eichhoff, 1878a: 386) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus crinatus Bright, 2019: 131 . Hypothenemus criticus ( Schedl, 1937a: 398) (Cryphalus) .

= Hypothenemus alternans Browne, 1970: 554 (syn: Schedl, 1972i). Hypothenemus crudiae ( Panzer, 1791: 35) (Bostrichus) .

= Cryphalus mucronifer Wollaston, 1867: 116 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Cryphalus hispidulus LeConte, 1868: 156 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus nanus Hagedorn, 1909: 744 (syn: Schedl, 1952e).

= Stephanoderes differens Hopkins, 1915: 25 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes brasiliensis Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes guatemalensis Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes lecontei Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes paraguayensis Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes trinitatis Hopkins, 1915: 28 (syn: Bright and Torres, 2006).

= Stephanoderes uniseriatus Eggers, 1924: 103 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes polyphagus Costa Lima, 1924: 316 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes largipennis Toledo Piza Junior, 1924: 354 (syn: Costa Lima and Ravache, 1925).

= Stephanoderes fallax Costa Lima, 1924: 414 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes lebronneci Beeson, 1935a: 104 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes hivaoea Beeson, 1935a: 105 (syn: Wood, 1972b). Hypothenemus cryphaloides ( Eichhoff, 1878a: 384) (Triarmocerus) .

= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878b: 119 (syn: Alonso- Zarazaga and Lyal, 2009).

Hypothenemus cuneolus ( Schedl, 1936: 24) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus curtipennis ( Schedl, 1950b: 45) (Stephanoderes) .

= Cryphalomorphus samoanus Browne, 1977: 61 .

Hypothenemus cylindraceus Schedl, 1972c: 287 .

Hypothenemus cynometrae Schedl, 1957b: 50 .

Hypothenemus delicatus Schedl, 1964c: 44 .

Hypothenemus deprecator ( Schedl, 1941a: 393) (Pachynoderes) .

Hypothenemus dexter ( Sampson, 1922: 141) (Cryphalus) .

Hypothenemus dimorphus ( Schedl, 1959b: 168) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus dipterocarpi Hopkins, 1915: 17 .

= Hypothenemus mangarevanus Beeson, 1940: 196 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

Hypothenemus discordis Bright, 2019: 133 .

Hypothenemus dissimilis ( Zimmermann, 1868: 144) (Crypturgus) .

= Stephanoderes chapuisii Eichhoff, 1872a: 132 (syn: Eichhoff, 1896).

Hypothenemus distinctus Wood, 1954: 1053 .

Hypothenemus dolichocola Hopkins, 1915: 19 .

Hypothenemus donisi ( Schedl, 1957b: 46) (Ericryphalus) .

= Ericryphalus madagascariensis Schedl, 1961b: 131 (syn: Wood, 1989).

Hypothenemus dorsosignatus ( Schedl,1950b: 46) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanopodius fijianus Schedl, 1955a: 289 (syn: Beaver, 1991). Hypothenemus dubitalis Bright, 2019: 134 .

Hypothenemus ebenus Wood, 2007: 529 .

Hypothenemus elephas ( Eichhoff, 1872a: 132) (Stephanoderes) .

= Adiaeretus spinosus Hagedorn, 1909: 745 (syn: Schedl, 1963a).

Hypothenemus emmi ( Hagedorn, 1913: 254) (Cryphalus) (Fossil taxon).

= Stephanoderes emmi Eggers, 1919: 240 (syn: Eggers, 1927a).

Hypothenemus erectus LeConte, 1876: 356 .

= Hypothenemus validus Blandford, 1904: 228 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes cubensis Hopkins, 1915: 32 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes puncticollis Hopkins, 1915: 32 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes brunneicollis Hopkins, 1915: 33 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes discedens Schedl, 1950a: 23 (syn: Wood, 1976). Hypothenemus eruditus ( Westwood, 1834: 34) (Tomicus) .

= Bostrichus plumeriae Nördlinger, 1856: 74 (syn: Bright, 2019).

= Cryphalus aspericollis Wollaston, 1860: 365 (syn: Schedl, 1960).

= Bostrichus boieldieui Perroud, 1864: 188 (syn: Eichhoff, 1878b).

= Cryphalus obscurus Ferrari, 1867: 17 (syn: Wood, 1974b).

= Homoeocryphalus ehlersi Lindemann, 1877: 168 .

= Stephanoderes germari Eichhoff, 1878a: 386 .

= Stephanoderes myrmedon Eichhoff, 1878a: 386 .

= Stephanoderes ehlersii Eichhoff, 1878a: 387 (syn: Balachowsky, 1949).

= Stephanoderes germari Eichhoff, 1878b: 159 (syn: Wood, 1977c).

= Stephanoderes myrmedon Eichhoff, 1878b: 160 (syn: Wood, 1977c).

= Stephanoderes ehlersi Eichhoff, 1878b: 493 .

= Stephanoderes communis Schaufuss, 1891: 11 (syn: Wood, 1992a).

= Hypothenemus insularis Perkins, 1900: 181 (syn: Wood, 1960).

= Cryphalus tectonae Stebbing, 1903: 263 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Cryphalus basjoo Niisima, 1910: 9 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Cryphalus striatopunctatus Lea, 1910: 142 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Cryphalus tantillus Lea, 1910: 142 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus tuberculosus Hagedorn, 1912a: 339 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Cosmoderes schwarzi Hopkins, 1915: 11 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus bradfordi Hopkins, 1915: 15 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus flavosquamosus Hopkins, 1915: 15 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus asiminae Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus hamamelidis Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus myristicae Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus nigricollis Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus pruni Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus rumseyi Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus tenuis Hopkins, 1915: 16 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus koebelei Hopkins, 1915: 17 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus lineatifrons Hopkins, 1915: 17 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus mali Hopkins, 1915: 17 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus parvus Hopkins, 1915: 17 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus sacchari Hopkins, 1915: 17 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus webbi Hopkins, 1915: 17 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus flavipes Hopkins, 1915: 18 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus pallidus Hopkins, 1915: 18 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus punctifrons Hopkins, 1915: 18 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus nigripennis Hopkins, 1915: 19 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus ferrugineus Hopkins, 1915: 20 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus heathi Hopkins, 1915: 20 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus punctipennis Hopkins, 1915: 20 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes flavicollis Hopkins, 1915: 24 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes pygmaeus Hopkins, 1915: 24 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes cylindricus Hopkins, 1915: 25 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes elongatus Hopkins, 1915: 25 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes subconcentralis Hopkins, 1915: 25 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes unicolor Hopkins, 1915: 25 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes evonymi Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus bicolor Eggers, 1919: 241 (syn: Schedl, 1957b).

= Hypothenemus ehlersi rotroui Peyerimhoff, 1919: 255 (syn: Balachowsky, 1949).

= Hypothenemus juglandis Blackman, 1922a: 88 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus pusillus Eggers, 1927a: 173 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes intersetosus Eggers, 1928: 85 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus lezhavai Pyatnitskiy, 1929: 15 (syn: Schedl, 1963a).

= Stephanoderes gracilis Eggers, 1929b: 51 (syn: Wood, 1974b).

= Hypothenemus citri Ebeling, 1935: 21 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes erythrinae Eggers, 1936c: 628 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus argentinensis Schedl, 1939a: 408 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus cylindricus Schedl, 1939a: 409 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus bicolor Schedl, 1939c: 32 (syn: Schedl, 1957b).

= Hypothenemus asaroriensis Beeson, 1940: 195 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus dubiosus Schedl, 1940b: 207 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes subcylindricus Eggers, 1940c: 233 (syn: Schedl, 1957b).

= Stephanoderes transatlanticus Eggers, 1941a: 99 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus mauiensis Schedl, 1941b: 110 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus glabratus Schedl, 1942a: 175 (syn: Schedl, 1963a).

= Archeophalus ealaensis Eggers, 1944: 94 (syn: Schedl, 1957b).

= Stephanoderes nanulus Schedl, 1948a: 263 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus guadeloupensis Schedl, 1951e: 98 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus parilis Schedl, 1951e: 100 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus obscuriceps Schedl, 1952a: 339 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus hirtipennis Schedl, 1952a: 450 (syn: del Río, Lanteri and Suárez, 2005).

= Stephanoderes tigrensis Schedl, 1952a: 452 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus glabratellus Schedl, 1953b: 292 (syn: Schedl, 1963a).

= Hypothenemus parcius Schedl, 1957b: 49 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus cylindripennis Schedl, 1957b: 51 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes ituriensis Schedl, 1957b: 55 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus vianai Schedl, 1958c: 42 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus mesoleius Schedl, 1959a: 480 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus minutulus Schedl, 1972g: 225 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Cryphalus minutus Schedl, 1978a: 299 (syn: Wood, 1989). Hypothenemus euphorbiae ( Schedl, 1961b: 135) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus exceptus Bright, 2019: 139 . Hypothenemus exiguus ( Wood, 1986b: 273) (Trischidias) . Hypothenemus eximius Schedl, 1951e: 99 . Hypothenemus externedentatus Schedl, 1959a: 480 . Hypothenemus flavus Hopkins, 1915: 17 . Hypothenemus fuscicollis ( Eichhoff, 1878a: 386) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes fuscicollis Eichhoff, 1878b: 148 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes sundaensis Eggers, 1927b: 396 syn. nov.

= Hypothenemus aequaliclavatus Schedl, 1939c: 33 syn. nov.

= Ernophloeus costalimai Nunberg, 1958: 170 syn. nov.

= Hypothenemus ghanaensis Schedl, 1962b: 67 syn. nov.

= Hypothenemus comosus Bright, 1972: 50 syn. nov. (syn: Bright, 2019). Hypothenemus georgiae ( Hopkins, 1915: 12) (Trischidias) . Hypothenemus glabratulus ( Schedl, 1957a: 192) (Stephanoderes) .

= Hypothenemus parvistriatus Wood, 2007: 517 (syn: Bright, 2019). Hypothenemus glabripennis ( Hopkins, 1915: 32) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus gossypii ( Hopkins, 1915: 25) (Stephanoderes) .

= Hypothenemus beameri Wood, 1954: 1056 (syn: Wood, 1962). Hypothenemus grandis Schedl, 1939d: 384 . Hypothenemus granulatus Bright, 2019: 144 . Hypothenemus hampei ( Ferrari, 1867: 11) (Cryphalus) .

= Stephanoderes coffeae Hagedorn, 1910: 1 (syn: Schedl, 1970b).

= Xyleborus coffeivorus Weele, 1910: 1 (syn: Strohmeyer, 1910).

= Stephanoderes cooki Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Schedl, 1959a).

= Xyleborus cofeicola Campos Novaes, 1922: 67 (syn: Costa Lima, 1924).

= Stephanoderes punctatus Eggers, 1924: 101 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes glabellus Schedl, 1952a: 452 (syn: Wood, 1989). Hypothenemus hirsutus ( Wood, 1954: 1020) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus hystrix ( Eggers, 1919: 242) (Adiaeretus) . Hypothenemus ignotus Bright, 2019: 146 . Hypothenemus improvidus Bright, 2019: 147 . Hypothenemus incognitus ( Schedl, 1967c: 227) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus indigens Wood, 1974a: 20 . Hypothenemus indigenus Bright and Peck, 1998: 245 . Hypothenemus indistinctus Bright, 2019: 147 . Hypothenemus ingens Schedl, 1942d: 18 .

= Cryphalomorphus grandis Schedl, 1969: 49 (syn: Wood, 1989). Hypothenemus inordinatus Bright, 2019: 148 . Hypothenemus insulanus Bright, 2002: 146 .

= Hypothenemus pacificus Bright and Peck, 1998: 246 (syn: Bright and Skidmore, 2002). Hypothenemus interstitialis ( Hopkins, 1915: 28) (Stephanoderes) .

= Hypothenemus ceibae Hopkins, 1915: 20 (syn: Bright, 2019).

= Stephanoderes interpunctus Hopkins, 1915: 28 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes approximatus Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes flavescens Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes obliquus Hopkins, 1915: 30 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes opacipennis Hopkins, 1915: 30 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes quadridentatus Hopkins, 1915: 30 (syn: Wood, 1954). Hypothenemus intricatus ( Schedl, 1950a: 25) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus japonicus ( Niisima, 1910: 10) (Cryphalus) .

Hypothenemus javanus ( Eggers, 1908: 215) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes obesus Hopkins, 1915: 30 (syn: Wood, 1957b). = Stephanoderes brunneus Hopkins, 1915: 31 (syn: Bright, 2019. = Stephanoderes frontalis Hopkins, 1915: 31 (syn: Wood, 1954). = Stephanoderes philippinensis Hopkins, 1915: 31 (syn: Wood, 1975b).

= Stephanoderes bananensis Eggers, 1922: 167 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes kalshoveni Schedl, 1939c: 35 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes cryphalomorphus Schedl, 1939e: 14 (syn: Wood, 1977a).

= Stephanoderes bituberculatus Eggers, 1940a: 126 (syn: Wood, 1977a).

= Stephanoderes subagnatus Eggers, 1940b: 101 (syn: Wood, 1972b). = Stephanoderes pistor Schedl, 1951e: 102 (syn: Wood, 1976).

= Stephanoderes prosper Schedl, 1951e: 103 (syn: Wood, 1976).

Hypothenemus kamathi Beaver, 1995: 16 .

Hypothenemus kraunhiae Murayama, 1950: 50 .

Hypothenemus lefevrei ( Schedl, 1952d: 8) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus leprieuri ( Perris, 1866: 194) (Dryocoetes) .

= Stephanoderes albipilis Reitter, 1887: 195 (syn: Eggers, 1940e). = Dryocoetes kraussei Wichmann, 1911: 210 (syn: Eggers, 1921). Hypothenemus leptosquamus Bright, 2019: 152 .

Hypothenemus liberiensis ( Hopkins, 1915: 31) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes theobromae Eggers, 1932: 32 (syn: Wood, 1968). Hypothenemus liliputianus Bright, 2019: 152 .

Hypothenemus lineatus ( Eggers, 1927a: 175) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus longipennis ( Eggers, 1935: 305) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus longipilis Schedl, 1952a: 451 .

Hypothenemus loranthus ( Schedl, 1942d: 8) (Margadillius) comb. nov. [ Margadillius ].

Hypothenemus macrolobii ( Eggers, 1940c: 234) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus madagascariensis Schedl, 1953c: 82 .

Hypothenemus magnus ( Eggers, 1924: 102) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus major Browne, 1970: 555 .

Hypothenemus malayensis ( Schedl, 1977c: 499) (Lepiceriodes) .

Hypothenemus mallyi ( Hopkins, 1915: 32) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes soussouensis Eggers, 1943b: 74 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

Hypothenemus malus ( Schedl, 1957b: 56) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus mangovorus Schedl, 1961b: 134 .

Hypothenemus marginatus Johnson nom. nov.

= Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974a: 22 syn. nov.

Remarks: A replacement name is proposed for Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974 following the generic synonymy of Hypothenemus and Periocryphalus , creating conflict with Stephanoderes sobrinus Schedl, 1965a . The replacement name is an adjective, referencing the prominent posterolateral margin of the elytra. The holotype of Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974 at BMNH is lost and erroneously replaced with a Cnesinus sp., which clearly does not match the species description. A paratype at USNM collected from the same location on a different date matches the original and subsequent descriptions of the species. (Labeled ‘ PARATYPE // Periocryphalus // sobrinus // S. L. Wood 1972 //// Periocryphalus //sobrinus//.72 Wood // S. L. Wood // RS/RGS Exp. Brazil // 12′31′S 51′46′W //// R. A. Beaver F03 // 7.XI.1968 //// S. L. Wood Collection //// USNMENT 01448187’.) Since this species is the type of the genus Periocryphalus , the stability of the name-bearing type is critical. Therefore, the single remaining specimen in the type series at USNM is designated as a neotype of Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974a , and subsequently, the neotype of Hypothenemus marginatus Johnson.

Hypothenemus marshalli ( Eggers, 1936b: 36) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus mateui ( Schedl, 1965g: 198) ( Stephanoderes ).

Hypothenemus melanarius ( Schedl, 1953c: 80) (Cosmoderes) .

Hypothenemus melasomus ( Lea, 1910: 140) (Cryphalus) .

Hypothenemus meridensis Wood, 2007: 506 .

Hypothenemus miles ( LeConte, 1878: 433) (Cryphalus) .

Hypothenemus minor ( Eggers, 1927a: 178) (Adiaeretus) .

Hypothenemus modestus ( Murayama, 1940: 236) (Cryphalus) .

Hypothenemus morigerus ( Schedl, 1957b: 57) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus morio ( Eggers, 1940b: 101) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus morosus Schedl, 1965a: 57 .

Hypothenemus mozambiquensis Eggers, 1943b: 75 .

Hypothenemus mulongensis ( Eggers, 1940c: 235) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus multidentatulus ( Schedl, 1962f: 95) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus multidentatus ( Hopkins, 1915: 28) (Stephanoderes) . = Stephanoderes ferrugineus Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1972b). = Stephanoderes nitidifrons Hopkins, 1915: 31 (syn: Wood, 1972b). = Hypothenemus hopkinsi Browne, 1963b: 53 (syn: Wood, 1972b). Hypothenemus multipunctatus ( Schedl, 1939c: 36) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus muticus ( Schedl, 1961b: 136) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus namosianus Browne, 1983a: 78 .

Hypothenemus nanellus Wood, 1971: 34 .

Hypothenemus nanoparvus Bright, 2019: 154 .

Hypothenemus natalensis ( Schedl, 1941a: 392) (Archeophalus) .

Hypothenemus nesiotus Bright, 2019: 154 .

Hypothenemus nigropiceus ( Schedl, 1951c: 20) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus novateutonicus ( Schedl, 1951e: 105) (Ptilopodius) comb. nov. [ Ptilopodius ].

Hypothenemus obscurifrons Bright, 2019: 155 .

Hypothenemus obscurus ( Fabricius, 1801: 395) (Hylesinus) .

= Stephanoderes asperulus Eichhoff, 1872a: 133 .

= Stephanoderes cassiae Eichhoff, 1878b: 152 .

= Hypothenemus kuennemanni Reitter, 1902: 140 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes moschatae Schaufuss, 1905: 8 (syn: Wood, 1972b). = Stephanoderes rufescens Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes buscki Hopkins, 1915: 30 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes amazonicus Eggers, 1934: 78 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus emarginatus Schedl, 1942d: 11 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

Remarks: Bright (2019) noted that Hypothenemus seriatus (Eichhoff, 1872) was a junior synonym of H. obscurus ( Fabricius, 1801) , as it was synonymized by Wood (1954), based on a specimen compared with the type by Eggers, but the synonymy was largely ignored (including by Wood). We consider the synonymy originally proposed by Wood to be rejected. Hypothenemus obscurus is a highly damaging pest which is not present in some areas where H. seriatus is present. We found that the species were sister in the phylogeny. The morphological differences have been well documented ( Vega et al., 2015), and they are genetically distinct ( Mitchell and Maddox 2010, Johnson et al 2018). It is possible that there is much more variation than documented which may make definitive identification by morphology difficult or impossible, but more evidence would be needed to justify grouping the distinct morphotypes as one species, as well as alternative recognition of the pestiferous beetles which devastate the macadamia and other tropical nut industries. The economic and policy implications of the synonymy could hinder the necessary biosecurity measures to prevent the pest species establishing in other areas.

Hypothenemus opacus ( Eichhoff, 1872a: 132) (Stephanoderes) .

= Hypothenemus dolosus Wood, 1974a: 21 (syn: Bright, 2019). Hypothenemus paradoxus Schedl, 1964c: 45 . Hypothenemus parallelus ( Hopkins, 1915: 25) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus parasquamosus Bright, 2019: 160 . Hypothenemus parvulosus Bright, 2019: 160 . Hypothenemus parvulus Browne, 1984d: 93 . Hypothenemus paulus Bright, 2019: 162 . Hypothenemus perappositus ( Schedl, 1934: 91) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus perexiguus Bright, 2019: 162 . Hypothenemus perhispidus ( Eggers, 1927a: 177) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus perpunctatus ( Eggers, 1940c: 233) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus piaparolinae Johnson, Atkinson and Hulcr, 2016: 418 . Hypothenemus pilosus Hopkins, 1915: 20 . Hypothenemus ponticus Bright, 2019: 164 . Hypothenemus praecellens ( Schedl, 1972c: 288) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus pubescens Hopkins, 1915: 19 .

= Hypothenemus subelongatus Hopkins, 1915: 19 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes opacifrons Hopkins, 1915: 25 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus minutissimus Schedl, 1952a: 450 (syn: Wood, 1989). Hypothenemus pubipennis ( Eggers, 1935: 305) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus puertoricensis ( Bright and Torres, 2006: 409) (Trischidias) . Hypothenemus pullus ( Wood, 1971: 33) (Periocryphalus) comb. nov. [ Periocryphalus ]. Hypothenemus pygmaeomorphus Bright, 2019: 166 . Hypothenemus rotundicollis ( Eichhoff,1878a: 385) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes sculpturatus Eichhoff, 1878a: 385 syn. nov. (syn: Eichhoff, 1896).

= Stephanoderes rotundicollis Eichhoff, 1878b: 45 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes sculpturatus Eichhoff, 1878b: 45 syn. nov.

= Stephanoderes quercus Hopkins, 1915: 32 syn. nov. Hypothenemus rubrithorax Bright, 2019: 168 . Hypothenemus ruficeps Perkins, 1900: 181 . Hypothenemus rugifer ( Schedl, 1965d: 9) (Pachynoderes) . Hypothenemus ruginosus Wood, 1989: 178 .

= Pachynoderes rugifer Schedl, 1977a: 395 (syn: Wood, 1989) (Permanently invalid name due to primary homonymy). Hypothenemus rugosipes Wood, 2007: 515 . Hypothenemus sambesianus Eggers, 1943b: 74 . Hypothenemus sapporoensis ( Niisima, 1910: 3) (Cryphalus) . Hypothenemus sassaensis ( Eggers, 1924: 102) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus schedli Browne, 1963b: 54 .

= Stephanoderes pubescens Schedl, 1942d: 18 (syn: Browne, 1963b). Hypothenemus scutiae ( Schedl, 1959c: 708) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus seoulensis Choo and Woo, 1989: 58 . Hypothenemus seriatus ( Eichhoff, 1872a: 133) (Stephanoderes) stat. res.

= Stephanoderes pulverulentus Eichhoff, 1872a: 133 (syn: Wood, 1973).

= Stephanoderes vulgaris Schaufuss, 1897: 209 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes georgiae Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes minutus Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes texanus Hopkins, 1915: 26 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes ficus Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes fiebrigi Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes floridensis Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes pini Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes salicis Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes tamarindi Hopkins, 1915: 27 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes lucasi Hopkins, 1915: 28 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes soltaui Hopkins, 1915: 28 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes virentis Hopkins, 1915: 28 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes nitidipennis Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes nitidulus Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1977c).

= Stephanoderes pecanis Hopkins, 1915: 29 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes subopacicollis Hopkins, 1915: 30 (syn: Wood, 1977c).

= Stephanoderes niger Hopkins, 1915: 31 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus robustus Blackman, 1922a: 88 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Hypothenemus cassavaensis Schedl, 1938a: 453 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes hawaiiensis Schedl, 1941b: 112 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes darwinensis Schedl, 1942c: 178 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Hypothenemus striatulus Schedl, 1942d: 12 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Hypothenemus marovoayi Schedl, 1953c: 81 (syn: Wood, 1989).

= Stephanoderes andersoni Wood, 1954: 1045 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes liquidambarae Wood, 1954: 1046 (syn: Wood, 1972b).

= Stephanoderes asperatus Schedl, 1967c: 226 (syn: Wood, 1989). Hypothenemus setiferous Bright, 2019: 169 .

Hypothenemus setosus ( Eichhoff, 1868: 391) (Hypoborus) .

= Stephanoderes congonus Hagedorn, 1912a: 337 (syn: Wood, 1975b).

Hypothenemus simoni ( Reitter, 1887: 194) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus sobrinus ( Schedl, 1965a: 58) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus socialis ( Schedl, 1957b: 57) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus solitarius ( Schedl, 1950a: 24) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus solivagus Bright, 2019: 171 .

Hypothenemus solocis Wood, 1974a: 21 .

Hypothenemus sparsedentatus ( Schedl, 1942c: 178) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus sparsus Hopkins, 1915: 20 .

= Hypothenemus similis Hopkins, 1915: 20 (syn: Wood, 1954).

= Stephanoderes tridentatus Hopkins, 1915: 31 (syn: Wood, 1954).

Hypothenemus spinatus ( Schedl, 1977b: 282) (Miocryphalus) .

Hypothenemus spinicollis ( Schedl, 1965a: 59) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus spinosus ( Schedl, 1979c: 98) (Lepiceroides) .

Hypothenemus squamosulus Johnson nom. nov. [ Ptilopodius ].

= Ptilopodius squamosus Schedl, 1953b: 294 syn. nov. (secondary homonym).

Remarks: A replacement name is proposed for Ptilopodius squamosus Schedl, 1953b after transferring this species from Ptilopodius , since the combination is already occupied by Stephanoderes squamosus Hopkins, 1915 . The new name is the diminutive of the adjective squamosus (= scaly), referring to the scalelike setae on the pronotum and elytra.

Hypothenemus squamosus ( Hopkins, 1915: 26) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus stigmosus ( Schedl, 1951e: 101) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes garciae Schedl, 1958c: 42 (syn: Wood, 1989).

Hypothenemus striatus ( Atkinson, 1993: 422) (Trischidias) .

Hypothenemus styrax ( Schedl, 1942a: 177) (Stephanoderes) .

Hypothenemus subacuminatus ( Schedl,1942a: 177) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus subterrestris Johnson, Atkinson and Hulcr, 2016: 421 .

Hypothenemus suspectus Wood, 1974a: 22 .

Hypothenemus tectus Bright, 2019: 173 . Hypothenemus teretis Wood, 1971: 35 . Hypothenemus teteforti ( Menier, 1971: 141) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus tredli ( Reitter, 1908: 55) (Cryphalus) . Hypothenemus tristis ( Eichhoff, 1876: 200) (Stephanoderes) .

= Stephanoderes taihokuensis Schedl, 1952b: 63 . (syn: Beaver, 2011a).

= Hypothenemus cosmoderoides Murayama, 1961: 30 (syn: Beaver and Liu, 2010). Hypothenemus trivialis Wood, 1974a: 20 . Hypothenemus tuberosus ( Schedl, 1942d: 19) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus turnbowi Bright, 2019: 173 . Hypothenemus ustulatus Bright, 2019: 174 . Hypothenemus vernaculus Bright, 2019: 174 . Hypothenemus versicolor Bright, 2019: 176 . Hypothenemus vesculus Wood, 1974a: 21 . Hypothenemus villosus Bright, 2019: 176 . Hypothenemus virolae Wood, 2007: 509 . Hypothenemus vitis Browne, 1970: 554 . Hypothenemus winkleri ( Reitter, 1907: 192) (Stephanoderes) . Hypothenemus woodi Bright, 2019: 153 (replacement name).

= Trischidias minutissimus Wood, 1954: 1069 (syn: Bright, 2019). Hypothenemus xanthophloeae ( Schedl, 1957b: 58) (Stephanoderes) .

Figures

Figure 16. Images of Hypothenemus spp.: Lateral and dorsal photographs of A) H. areccae, B) H. aulmanni, C) H. eruditus, D) H. georgiae and E) H. hampei.

Figure 17. Images of Hypothenemus spp.: Lateral and dorsal photograph of A) H. ingens, B) H. pullus, C) H.seriatus. Eye and antennae of D) H. piaparolinae and E) H. seriatus, and aedeagus of F) H. dissimilis.

Figure 18. Images of Hypothenemus spp.: Proventriculus of A) H. areccae, B) H. dissimilis, C) H. eruditus, D) H. georgiae, E) H. hampei, and F) H. piaparolinae. Images not to scale.