identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C487FDFFAAFF98FC8EFCDFFBA5F99C.text	03C487FDFFAAFF98FC8EFCDFFBA5F99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyphoderia ampulla (Ehrenberg 1840) Leidy 1879	<div><p>Cyphoderia ampulla (Ehrenberg, 1840) Leidy, 1879</p><p>(Figs 1, 4 A 3)</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.7833333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.7833333/lat 37.85)">Morollón River</a>, Fuente de la Gitana recreational area, La Peza, Spain (37º 51ʹ N 2º 47ʹ W)  .</p><p>Habitat: River sediment.</p><p>Measurements: 88.81–123.55 μm length, 33.48–50.46 μm width, 15.54–24.50 μm pseudostome large axis, and 1.86–2.25 × 1.40– 1.73 μm scales from the middle of the shell (N = 84).</p><p>Specific diagnosis: Elongated shell with a circular section and rounded bottom. Short neck at a different angle to the shell. Rounded pseudostome with a thin organic layer and teeth around it. Elliptical scales placed next to each other, more or less well aligned.</p><p>Note: Has been also isolated in the locality of Sieben Quellen, near Aachen, Germany.</p><p>Holotype: MA-Amoeba 11263.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFAAFF98FC8EFCDFFBA5F99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFAAFF98FF16F900FD18F805.text	03C487FDFFAAFF98FF16F900FD18F805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyphoderia Schlumberger 1845	<div><p>Genus  Cyphoderia Schlumberger, 1845</p><p>(Figs 1, 3, 4)</p><p>Type species:  Cyphoderia ampulla (Ehrenberg, 1840) Leidy, 1879 .</p><p>Updated diagnosis: Non-imbricated scales, elongated shape. Freshwater habitat.</p><p>Included taxa: See Supporting Information, Appendix S1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFAAFF98FF16F900FD18F805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFAAFF98FF18F995FD17F9C4.text	03C487FDFFAAFF98FF18F995FD17F9C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyphoderiidae Saedeleer 1934	<div><p>Family  Cyphoderiidae Saedeleer, 1934</p><p>Included taxa: See Supporting Information, Appendix S1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFAAFF98FF18F995FD17F9C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFABFF9EFF6FF8B2FE6CF95E.text	03C487FDFFABFF9EFF6FF8B2FE6CF95E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ichthyosquama amphoralis (Penard 1905) Soler-Zamora & Useros & González-Miguéns & Gómez-Rodríguez & Lara 2023	<div><p>Ichthyosquama amphoralis (Penard, 1905) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 6 C 1)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CA3A8AC0- 5410-43B4-B80D-E4EC47E7D75B.</p><p>Ichthyosquama catoirensis Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns, Blanco-Rotea, Carrasco-Braganza, Salvador-Velasco, Guillén-Oterino, Tenorio-Rodríguez &amp; Lara sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 6 C 3; Model 1)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 8996A03C-3944-4FF2-A53E-B8133191F313.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.716666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.716666/lat 42.666668)">Catoira</a>, Galicia, Spain (42º 40ʹ N 8º 43ʹ W)  .</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater sediment and mosses.</p><p>Measurements: 116.21–146.77 μm length, 45.80–71.80 μm width, 16.17–19.62 μm pseudostome large axis (N = 9).</p><p>Specific diagnosis: Elongated test composed of imbricated scales, bent neck.</p><p>Intraspecific variability: Large variability in the general shape of the test. Most have the typical shape of the genus, with an oval, slender test, a flatter ventral side, a rounded fundus, and a curved neck. However, the shape can be more rhomboidal and the fundus can be pointier or flatter.</p><p>Differential diagnosis:  Ichthyosquama catoirensis can be diagnosed from other members of the genus by its specific sequence of the mtDNA marker and its phylogenetic position. The morphometric analyses performed in this work can separate this species from other members of the genus.</p><p>Etymology: We propose this name as a reference to the type locality Catoira (Galicia, Spain).</p><p>Holotype: MA-Amoeba 11265.</p><p>Ichthyosquama loricaria Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns &amp; Lara sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 6 C 4)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 496DE5E9-54CD-43F4-82EB-74BB3CB508C4.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.166666/lat 41.983334)">Rhodopes</a>, Bulgaria (41º 59ʹ N 24º 10ʹ E)  .</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater sediment and mosses.</p><p>Measurements: 96.25–129 μm length, 36.30–47 μm width, 13.18–16.38 μm pseudostome large axis (N = 108).</p><p>Specific diagnosis: Elongated test composed of diagonal rows of round, imbricated scales. The scales are generally partially fused together. Rounded fundus. The ventral side is slightly flattened. There is a thin layer of cement around the aperture and in two individuals we could count a series of 16–17 tear-shaped scales around the interior side of the aperture. The size of the visible part of the scales is generally 3.12–3.77 × 2.62–3.11 μm.</p><p>Differential diagnosis:  Ichthyosquama loricaria can be diagnosed by its specific sequence of the mtDNA marker and its phylogenetic position. The presence of tear-shaped scales around the inner part of the aperture can differentiate it from  I. amphoralis . We did not observe the presence of this trait in other species.</p><p>Etymology: The epithet refers to the catfish family  Loricariidae and to the genus  Loricaria based on its resemblance to these animals due to the imbricated scales. The lateral position of the aperture is reminiscent of the sucker mouth typical of members of the  Loricariidae . Loricaria also means coat of mail in Latin, which could refer to the test of imbricated scales.</p><p>Holotype: BG-IBER-INV-000016458.</p><p>Ichthyosquama sanabriensis Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns, Blanco-Rotea, Carrasco-Braganza, Salvador-Velasco, Guillén-Oterino, Tenorio-Rodríguez &amp; Lara sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 6 C 2)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 49306CC6-C109-4647-946F-221358100DB7.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.7333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.7333336/lat 42.166668)">Lake Sanabria</a>, Spain (42º 10ʹ N 6º 44ʹ W)  .</p><p>Habitat: Freshwater sediment and mosses.</p><p>Measurements: 102.93–150.35 μm length, 38.82–60.03 μm width, and 14.30–19.89 μm pseudostome large axis. The size of the visible part of the scales is generally 3.22–3.91 × 2.47–2.92 μm (N = 109).</p><p>Specific diagnosis: Elongated test composed of diagonal rows of imbricated scales. Posterior end generally rounded and ventral side generally flattened. In two specimens, we counted 17 oral scales.</p><p>Intraspecific variability: We found some individuals in which the outline of the test was somewhat rhomboidal, or slightly flattened at the very end. One particular (abnormal?) specimen had its test bent like a sickle, thus having a concave ventral side.</p><p>Differential diagnosis:  Ichthyosquama sanabriensis can be diagnosed by its specific sequence of the mtDNA marker and its phylogenetic position. The morphometric analyses performed in this work separates this species from other members of the genus.</p><p>Etymology: We propose this name as a reference to the type locality, Lake Sanabria (Castilla y León, Spain).</p><p>Holotype: MA-Amoeba 11266.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFABFF9EFF6FF8B2FE6CF95E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFACFF9EFF55F8B1FA51FD00.text	03C487FDFFACFF9EFF55F8B1FA51FD00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ichthyosquama trochus (Penard 1899) Soler-Zamora & Useros & González-Miguéns & Gómez-Rodríguez & Lara 2023	<div><p>Ichthyosquama trochus (Penard, 1899) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 6 C 5)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 427AF3BE-7265-4771-A7F6-C2318FED2536.</p><p>Knarr Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns &amp; Lara gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 3, 7 D)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A5C3849A- 0CE6-4411-9E03-C8C5A22E7C0E.</p><p>Type species:  Knarr compressa (Golemansky, 1979) comb. nov.</p><p>Description: Scales from the shell are non-imbricated with a kidney shape and the species inhabits marine ecosystems.</p><p>Etymology: A knarr was a type of Norse merchant ship used in long sea voyages. The name refers to the shape of the shells, and also to the wide geographical distribution of the genus (González‐Miguéns et al. 2022).</p><p>Included taxa: See Supporting Information, Appendix S1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFACFF9EFF55F8B1FA51FD00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFACFF9FFC95FD45FE7DFC9B.text	03C487FDFFACFF9FFC95FD45FE7DFC9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knarr compressa (Golemansky 1979) Soler-Zamora & Useros & González-Miguéns & Gómez-Rodríguez & Lara 2023	<div><p>Knarr compressa (Golemansky, 1979) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 7 D)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9325FB59- 68C8-43B2-A556-401D4F4FEE0F.</p><p>Oleiformis Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns &amp; Lara gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 3, 5)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D473BEDF-9357-4AD7-81DA-123888857181.</p><p>Type species:  Oleiformis major (Penard, 1890) comb. nov.</p><p>Description: Scales from the shell are non-imbricated, the species inhabits in freshwater ecosystems and they have a balloon-shaped shell that measures between 50–100 μm more than the largest species in the sister genus  Cyphoderia .</p><p>Etymology: The genus name refers to the shape like an olive.</p><p>Included taxa: See Supporting Information, Appendix S1.</p><p>Oleiformis carmelae Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns &amp; Lara sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 5 B 2; Model 2; Supporting Information, Fig. S1)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: CD3A3A3F-B2FC-4FBF-9B79-6F5EDC99CB6C.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.7833333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.7833333/lat 37.85)">Morollón River</a>, Fuente de la Gitana recreational area, La Peza, Spain (37º 51ʹ N 2º 47ʹ W)  .</p><p>Habitat: River sediment.</p><p>Measurements: 169.92–190.83 μm length, 67.44–83.14 μm width, 22.51–27.85 μm pseudostome large axis, and</p><p>2.65–2.99 × 1.93–2.26 μm scales from the middle of the shell (N = 13).</p><p>Specific diagnosis: Elongated shell with an almost perfectly circular section. The shell is larger towards its middle part, giving an inflated appearance; rounded fundus. Short neck in comparison to other members of  Cyphoderiidae . Rounded pseudostome with a thin organic layer surrounding it. Elliptical scales placed next to each other in a structured fashion; each scale is surrounded by six pores.</p><p>Intraspecific variability: Some individuals have a slightly more pointed fundus (Supporting Information, Fig. S1).</p><p>Differential diagnosis: It can be confused with  O. major because of their similar shell shape.  O. carmelae is smaller, with relatively larger scales. It differs also genetically in both COI and SSU.</p><p>Etymology: In honour of Professor Carmen Zamora-Muñoz, mother of the first author.</p><p>Holotype: MA-Amoeba 11264.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFACFF9FFC95FD45FE7DFC9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFADFF9FFF29FCE3FD69F9AC.text	03C487FDFFADFF9FFF29FCE3FD69F9AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oleiformis major (Penard 1890) Soler-Zamora & Useros & González-Miguéns & Gómez-Rodríguez & Lara 2023	<div><p>Oleiformis major (Penard, 1890) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 5 B 1)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AE0C90E5- D1D6-431D-826C-511EB2B162E3.</p><p>Psammoderia Soler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns &amp; Lara gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 3, 7 E)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 62900003- 409E-4E2C-B018-6AAAC15131F1.</p><p>Type species:  Psammoderia littoralis (Golemansky, 1973) comb. nov.</p><p>Description: Imbricated scales; lives in the supralittoral zone of marine sandy beaches.</p><p>Etymology: The name is contraction between the Ancient Greek ψάμμος psammo meaning sand, and  Cyphoderia .</p><p>Included taxa: See Supporting Information, Appendix S1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFADFF9FFF29FCE3FD69F9AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
03C487FDFFADFF9FFF6AF996FD71F964.text	03C487FDFFADFF9FFF6AF996FD71F964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoderia littoralis (Golemansky 1973) Soler-Zamora & Useros & González-Miguéns & Gómez-Rodríguez & Lara 2023	<div><p>Psammoderia littoralis (Golemansky, 1973) comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 7 E)</p><p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 76107793-0720-4671-9BE6-BC4AED94E792.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487FDFFADFF9FFF6AF996FD71F964	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soler-Zamora, Carmen;Useros, Fernando;González-Miguéns, Rubén;Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo;Lara, Enrique	Soler-Zamora, Carmen, Useros, Fernando, González-Miguéns, Rubén, Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo, Lara, Enrique (2023): The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (2): 477-492, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad040
