taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C58047FFD07631FCC3627DDFAA6C44.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Referring to the name of the type genus.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD07631FCC3627DDFAA6C44.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Paranectria Sacc.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD07631FCC3627DDFAA6C44.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, superficial, globose to pyriform, yellow to bright orange, scattered or forming groups, with more or less developed whitish subiculum in the lower part of ascomata. Ascomatal wall composed of several layers of irregular cells, hyaline to yellowish, not changing colour in KOH. Asci unitunicate, cylindrical to subclavate, 4 – 8 - spored. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid to filiform, 1 – 3 - septate to muriform, also two types (macro- and microspores) can occur in the same ascus. All the genera included in this family are lichenicolous species.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD17631FF8D615CDCAB6647.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Ciliomyces oropensis (Ces.) Höhn.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD17631FF8D615CDCAB6647.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, globose to ovoid, superficial, scattered, totally covered by whitish tomentum, with visible ostiole. Ascomatal wall up to 35 µm thick, composed of pseudoparenchymatous thick-walled cells. Asci clavate, short-stalked, 8 - spored (rarely 4 - spored). Ascospores hyaline, ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, with elongate appendages at each end, submuriform to muriform. Asexual morph acremonium-like with 1 – 3 - septate, hyaline, ellipsoid to subcylindrical conidia.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD17631FF8D615CDCAB6647.taxon	discussion	Notes: Our phylogeny shows that the sequences of Paranectria oropensis clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade are only distinctly related to the type of the genus Paranectria, P. affinis. Furthermore, we observed morphological differences in ascomata and ascospores of both species. Therefore Ciliomyces, with the type species Ciliomyces oropensis, is reinstated here from the synonyms of Paranectria. The genus Ciliomyces was established by Höhnel (Höhnel & Litschauer 1906) to accommodate the lichenicolous species Ciliomyces oropensis and was later accepted by Keissler (1930) and Samuels (1976) as a separate genus. However, referring to the presence of elongate appendages at each end of ascospores in both genera, Hawksworth & Pirozynski (1977) considered Ciliomyces to be a heterotypic synonym of Paranectria. Nevertheless, the generic type of Paranectria, P. affinis, is characterized by white to pale luteous ascomata with arachnoid hyphae appearing only at their lower part and ascospores with transverse septa only. In contrast, the reinstated Ciliomyces is characterized by yellow orange ascomata fully covered by whitish tomentum and submuriform to muriform ascospores (Hawksworth 1982, Rossman 1983, Rossman et al. 1999, Zhurbenko 2009). Although these differences have been briefly discussed in several works, not considered to have enough taxonomic value to separate both genera (Rossman 1983, Rossman et al. 1999). No molecular data are available for Paranectria alstrupii and P. superba. However, based on their similar muriform ascospores to C. oropensis and lichenicolous lifestyle, we consider that these species can be affiliated with Ciliomyces (Hawksworth 1982, Zhurbenko 2009, Zhurbenko & Dillman 2010). We are awaiting further data before proposing formal changes.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD1763FFCCC639CDFA26A87.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: This is a common generalist species in the northern hemisphere, with scattered records from the southern hemisphere. It has been reported on many unrelated corticolous lichens (Diederich 2003, Hafellner & Obermayer 2009, Brackel 2014) and rarely on saxicolous ones (Navarro-Rosinés & Llimona 2018).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD1763FFCCC639CDFA26A87.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Bolivia, Chuquisaca Department Chuquisaca, Zudañez Province, El Palmar Integrated Management Natural Area, Salviatójo near Lomán ,, 18 º 45 ’ 51 ” S, 64 º 50 ’ 09 ” W, 2836 m a. s. l., disturbed Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Podocarpus and shrubs, on Normandina pulchella, 14 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26387 (KRAM L- 74672; LPB). Spain, Cáceres, Monfragüe National Park, Saltos del Torrejón, near Tres Caños, Quercus ilex ssp. ballota wood pasture with quartzite stones. 39 º 50 ’ 39 ” N, 06 º 00 ’ 05 ” W, 230 m a. s. l., on Parmelina tiliacea on Quercus ilex, 9 May 2015, J. Etayo 29106 (hb. Etayo); Guipúzcoa, Peñas de Aia, Lesakako Bidea road, just before the tunnel 43 º 16 ’ 25 ” N, 1 º 47 ’ 35.5 ” W, 500 m a. s. l., on Hypotrachyna revoluta on Fagus sylvatica, 31 Aug. 2019, J. Etayo 31862 (hb. Etayo, sub Rossmaniella filispora); Navarra, Basaburúa Mayor valley, between Aizároz and Arrarás, track to Bergañe, 550 m a. s. l., on unidentified lichen and bryophytes on Fagus, 20 Nov. 1994, J. Etayo 35899 (hb. Etayo); Lizarrusti pass, between Etxarri Aranaz and Beasain, 42 º 57 ’ 20 ” N, 2 º 05 ’ 00 ” W, 565 m a. s. l., on Physconia perisidiosa growing on Quercus robur, 5 Jan. 2017, J. Etayo 31139 (hb. Etayo); Ciaúrriz, track a few meters before the junction of the N- 411 with the entrance to the town, oak grove with wet boxwood, 42 º 55 ’ 49 ” N, 1 º 37 ’ 18 ” W, 625 m a. s. l., on Anaptychia ciliaris on Quercus faginea, 25 Nov. 2018, J. Etayo 31593 (hb. Etayo); Teruel, between Albarracín and Bezas, 40 º 22 ’ 52 ” N, 1 º 24 ’ 02 ” W, 1350 m a. s. l., on Physconia grisea on sandstones under Pinus pinaster, 16 Aug. 2020, J. Etayo 32605 (hb. Etayo). Ukraine, Ternopil region, Ternopil district, vicinity of the Posukhiv village, 49.41122 N, 24.93305 E, on thallus of Lecania croatica, on Fagus bark, 5 Sept. 2020, V. Darmostuk 957 & O. Sira (KRAM L- 74673).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD1763FFCCC639CDFA26A87.taxon	discussion	Notes: Ciliomyces oropensis is a widely distributed and locally common species of lichenicolous Hypocreales. It plays an essential role in the dynamics of some corticolous lichen communities due to its ability to grow on various lichen hosts (Hafellner & Obermayer 2009). It has been collected on a wide range of hosts and exhibits significant variability in terms of ascospore size and septation. Discussions regarding the species boundaries of C. oropensis have arisen due to the variation found in spores of specimens from Scotland [(22 –) 25 – 32 (– 36) × (9 –) 11 – 14 (– 15) µm, Hawksworth 1982] and from Spain [(21 –) 25 – 30.8 – 37.5 (– 45) × (7 –) 8 – 9.8 – 12 (– 14) µm, Navarro-Rosinés & Llimona 2018]. This has led to discussions regarding the species boundaries of Paranectria oropensis. Cole & Hawksworth (2001) described a new subspecies, P. oropensis subsp. parviseptata, based on specimens from Taiwan, the USA, and Great Britain. This subspecies was characterized by shorter ascospores with fewer septa compared to the type subspecies. However, this taxonomic decision did not receive support in other studies that were based on larger sampling, indicating that differences in ascospore septation and size may be due to variations in ascus maturations (Diederich 2003, Brackel 2008, Navarro-Rosinés & Llimona 2018). So far, Ciliomyces oropensis is the only known species of the family Paranectriaceae in which the asexual morph is known. The asexual morph is acremonium-like with 1 – 3 - septate, hyaline ellipsoid conidia measuring 20 – 22 × 4 – 6 µm, arising from long conidiogenous cells (70 – 80 µm long) forming on whitish tomentum generally alone, rarely between the ascomata of the fungus. This asexual morph was reported based on a few specimens from Italy (Brackel 2015) and also found in our collections from Spain (hb. Etayo 31862). However, we were unable to obtain DNA sequences directly from the asexual morph and cannot confirm this connection by molecular data.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763FFF8D661CDCE06987.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Ovicuculispora parmeliae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Etayo	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763FFF8D661CDCE06987.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, superficial, single to rarely in groups of 2 – 5, globose to subglobose at first, collapsing and becoming cupulate when dry, pinkish to orange, the lower part covered by frequently dense white mycelium. Ascomatal wall composed of 5 – 7 layers of radially compressed pseudoparenchymatous thick-walled cells, KOH –. Interascal filaments absent. Asci unitunicate, subcylindrical to clavate, with 1 – 2 smooth to ornamentated macrospores and 4 – 5 verruculous microspores. Ascospores two types, macrospores and microspores, 1 - septate, ellipsoid, hyaline. Conidiomata unknown.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763FFF8D661CDCE06987.taxon	discussion	Notes: The genus Ovicuculispora is characterized by a unique feature in the order Hypocreales, the presence of two types of ascospores in the same ascus, i. e. macrospores and microspores. The genus comprises two species, Ovicuculispora macrospora and O. parmeliae (generic type).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763CFF8D6B1CDC8D6F47.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Peru, San Martín, Prov. San Martín, Cerro Escalera (NE of Tarapoto), NW of the tunnel, 6 ° 26 ’ S, 76 ° 15 ’ W, ca 1000 m a. s. l., on saxicolous sterile crust, 15 Mar. 1981, R. Santesson & G. Thor P 74: 80 (holotype UPS).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763CFF8D6B1CDC8D6F47.taxon	description	Ascomata globose to cupulate when dry, scattered or in groups of 2 – 5 ascomata, saffron to more orange, 0.3 – 0.5 mm in diam, ascomata fully covered by whitish hyphae which formed the arachnoid tomentum at basal part of the ascomata; tomentum formed by a dense network of long, simple to branched, hyaline, septate, thin-walled, verruculous hyphae, 4 – 5 μm thick. Ostiole well developed, 35 – 45 μm in diam, with short hyaline 0 – 1 - septate periphyses. Ascomatal wall 25 – 40 μm thick, hyaline to pale yellow, composed 3 – 5 layers of elongated, thick-walled cells, 9 – 12 × 2 – 3 μm, cells wall 1.0 – 1.5 μm, KOH –. Asci broadly clavate, normally with 1 macrospore, and (2 –) 4 (– 5) microspores, 80 – 105 × 25 – 35 μm (n = 10). Macrospores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, 1 - septate, constricted at the septum, with pointed to slightly attenuated ends, perisporium well-developed and forming hair-like surface in mature macrospores, (53.0 –) 56.4 – 66.2 (– 75.8) × (23.0 –) 25.2 – 31.6 (– 35.0) μm (n = 30), 1 / b (1.8 –) 2.0 – 2.3 (– 2.5); microspores hyaline, ellipsoid, 1 - septate, with rounded ends, not constricted at the septum, verruculose, (8.0 –) 9.2 – 10.4 (– 11.4) × (4.8 –) 5.3 – 6.0 (– 6.6) μm (n = 60), 1 / b (1.4 –) 1.5 – 1.9 (– 2.1).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763CFF8D6B1CDC8D6F47.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: Examined specimens have only been reported from a few localities in the Yungas cloud forest (2200 – 3000 m a. s. l.) and a single location in Boliviano-Tucumano forests (940 m. a. s. l.). It grows on sterile corticolous lichens and the infection does not cause visible damage to the host.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763CFF8D6B1CDC8D6F47.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Bolivia, La Paz Department, Nor Yungas Province, Chuspipata station, old road Coroico-La Paz, 16 º 18 ’ 18 ” S, 67 º 48 ’ 55 ” W, 3009 m a. s. l., disturbed Yungas cloud forest with shrubs and small trees, on sterile crustose lichen, 23 Nov. 2016, A. Flakus 28844 (KRAM L- 74674, LPB); Santa Cruz Department, Comarapa Province, Amboró National Park, Remate 17 ° 51 ’ 39 ” S, 64 ° 21 ’ 15 ” W, 2270 m a. s. l., natural Yungas forest with big trees, on sterile crustose lichen, 15 May 2017, A. Flakus 29165 (KRAM L- 74675, LPB), ibid., 29171 (KRAM L- 74676, LPB); Tarija Department, Aniceto Arce Province, close to Coyambuyo, between Padcaya and Bermejo, 22 º 17 ’ 23 ” S, 64 º 28 ’ 50 ” W, 942 m a. s. l., Sub-Andean Tucumano-Boliviano forest with bryophytes, Lauraceae and Meristomataceae, on sterile crustose lichen, 26 Jul. 2015, M. Kukwa 16732 (LPB).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDF763CFF8D6B1CDC8D6F47.taxon	discussion	Notes: This lichenicolous fungus is morphologically similar to Ovicuculispora macrospora described from saxicolous sterile lichens from Peru (Etayo 2010). However, examined material differences from the protologue by somewhat smaller macrospores [56.4 – 66.2 (– 75.8) × (23.0 –) 25.2 – 31.6 (– 35.0) µm in Ovicuculispora cf. macrospora vs 67 – 105 × 32 – 40 µm in Ovicuculispora macrospora], broader microspores [(4.8 –) 5.3 – 6.0 (– 6.6) μm in Ovicuculispora cf. macrospora vs 4.5 – 5 µm in Ovicuculispora macrospora] and hair-like surface of macrospores (Etayo 2010). We were not able to include Ovicuculispora macrospora into our phylogenetic analyses as this species is known so far only from the type locality in Peru. However, O. macrospora can also show the variability of ascospores size and shape as it was reported to O. parmeliae (see notes below). Therefore, based on morphological differences between our specimens and type description, we tentatively referred our materials to O. cf. macrospora before more samples will be collected.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDC763DFCC3639CDA586B47.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: USA, New York, Farmington, on Physcia cf. aipolia, Dec. 1888, E. Brown 17 (holotype NY, not examined).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDC763DFCC3639CDA586B47.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, globose, scattered or in group 2 – 5 ascomata, pale to medium pink to orange, mostly covered by hyphae, which produce a whitish to pinkish tomentum at the lower part, collapsed when dry, 200 – 350 μm in diam. Ascomatal wall composed of 5 – 7 layers of radially compressed pseudoparenchymatous thick-walled cells, KOH –. Asci broadly clavate, normally with 1 macrospore, and 3 – 4 microspores, 50 – 70 × 10 – 15 μm (n = 8). Macrospores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 1 - septate, rarely 2 - septate, not constricted to constricted at the septa, with round ends, smooth-walled, (40.0 –) 44.2 – 56.5 (– 64.0) × (16.5 –) 19.0 – 25.2 (– 29.5) μm (n = 50), 1 / b (1.7 –) 1.9 – 2.5 (– 3.2); microspores ellipsoid, hyaline, 1 - septate, not constricted at the septa, verruculose, (8.5 –) 9.2 – 12.2 (– 13.8) × (3.8 –) 4.2 – 5.4 (– 6.2) μm (n = 80), 1 / b (1.5 –) 1.9 – 2.3 (– 2.7).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDC763DFCC3639CDA586B47.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: Ovicuculispora parmeliae seems to be a cosmopolitan generalist species found on various distantly related lichen genera from families Candelariaceae, Cladoniaceae, Graphidaceae, Lecanoraceae, Pannariaceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae and Teloschistaceae (e. g. Etayo 2010, Tadome & Ohmura 2021).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDC763DFCC3639CDA586B47.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Bolivia, Cochabamba Department, Tiraque Province, Carrasco National Park, Camino de los Nubes, Antenas Sillar-Villa Tunari old road, 17 º 12 ’ 29 ” S, 65 º 41 ’ 24 ” W, 3591 m a. s. l., open area with shrubs, on Sticta sp., 30 Nov. 2014, A. Flakus 26009 (KRAM L- 74677, LPB), ibid., on Sticta sp., A. Flakus 26010 (KRAM L- 74678, LPB); ibid., on Sticta sp., A. Flakus 26011 (KRAM L- 74679, LPB); La Paz Department, Murillo Province, Sainani, Valle del Zongo, 16 º 07 ’ 20 ” S, 68 º 05 ’ 09 ” W, 2220 m a. s. l., open area with shrubs and scattered trees, on Hypotrachyna sp., 7 Dec. 2014, A. Flakus 26252 (LPB); Tarija Department, Aniceto Arce Province, Tariquía Flora and Fauna National Reserve, between la Cumbre and camamento los Alisos, 22 º 01 ’ 02 ” S, 64 º 34 ’ 51 ” W, 2135 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Alnus acuminata and Polylepis, on Remototrachyna cf. costaricensis, 22 July 2015, A. Flakus 27067 (KRAM L- 74680, LPB); ibid., 22 º 02 ’ 38 ” S, 64 º 35 ’ 47 ” W, 2460 m a. s. l., on Crocodia aurea, 22 July 2015, A. Flakus 27025 (LPB); ibid., 21 º 59 ’ 21 ” S, 64 º 36 ’ 52 ” W, 3040 m a. s. l., open area with shrubs and rocks, on Heterodermia sp., 25 July 2015, A. Flakus 27227 (KRAM L- 74682, LPB); Burnet O’Connor Province, Sandiego Sur, top of the hill on old road between Tarija and Entre Ríos, 21 º 27 ’ 04 ” S, 64 º 13 ’ 59 ” W, 1812 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest, on Punctelia sp., 30 July 2015, J. Etayo 32636 (hb. Etayo, LPB).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDC763DFCC3639CDA586B47.taxon	discussion	Notes: Ovicuculispora parmeliae is a quite variable species regarding to ascospore shape and host selection. Additionally, considerable variation in the size of macrospores has been reported (Hawksworth & Booth 1976, Etayo 2010, Zhurbenko 2014), even within a single specimen or population. This has raised many concerns about the species circumscription and the taxonomy based on macrospore features, distribution data and host selection (Hawksworth 1981, Flakus et al. 2006, Etayo 2010, Etayo & van den Boom 2013, Zhurbenko 2014, Tadome & Ohmura 2021). During this study, we observed a huge variability within three specimens of Ovicuculispora parmeliae collected on Sticta sp. from the same locality. The macrospores exhibit a range of shapes and sizes, including: ellipsoid, 1 - septate, not constricted at the septum, (41.0 –) 43.5 – 53.2 (– 61.0) × (16.5 –) 17.8 – 20.6 (– 22.8) μm (n = 25) in KRAM L- 74677; ellipsoid, 1 - septate, not constricted at the septum, (26.3 –) 30.8 – 42.3 (– 48.2) × (12.2 –) 13.0 – 18.4 (– 23.8) (n = 25) in KRAM L- 74678; broadly ellipsoid, 1 (– 2) - septate, constricted at the septum, (57.2 –) 65.5 – 80.8 (– 85.0) × (27.2 –) 32.2 – 36.6 (– 41.0) μm (n = 25) in KRAM L- 74679. However, the ITS sequences generated for these abovementioned specimens showed 100 % identity and 99 % of similarity to other specimens growing on different hosts. Similar results were found in multi-gene phylogeny (Fig. 2), where the specimens on different hosts formed a single well-supported clade. However, to better understand the intraspecific variability of the species a larger sampling is needed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763DFCCC665DDB9D69C7.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Paranectria affinis Sacc.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763DFCCC665DDB9D69C7.taxon	description	For a detailed description see Rossman (1983).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763DFCCC665DDB9D69C7.taxon	discussion	Notes: This genus is characterized by globose luteous ascomata, with indistinct tomentum at the base, 8 - spored clavate asci and 3 - septate hyaline ascospores with elongate appendages. Two specimens of the generic type P. affinis formed a well-supported monophyletic clade which showed a sister relationship to the Rossmaniella clade. The genus Paranectria has been known to include only lichenicolous species (Rossman et al. 1999), but recently Paranectria longiappendiculata was described as a fungicolous species on Meliola sp. (Bermúdez-Cova et al. 2023). However, this species required further studies to confirm its relationship to the generic type of Paranectria.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763BFCCC64DDDCE06A27.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Great Britain, Appin, on branches of Bangia atrovirens (Ephebe lanata), 10 Oct. 1824, Carmichael (slide from holotype K-M 000293541 = IMI 123655).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763BFCCC64DDDCE06A27.taxon	description	The examined slides from the holotype contain narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, 3 - septate ascospores with elongate appendages at each end, (24.0 –) 24.8 – 29.2 (– 30.0) × (5.0 –) 6.2 – 7.8 (– 9.0) µm (n = 25). For a detailed description see (Rossman 1983).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763BFCCC64DDDCE06A27.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: Paranectria affinis seems to be a host-specific taxon since is only known to grow on Ephebe lanata (Lichinaceae). However, Rossman (1983) recorded this fungus also on Pseudephebe pubesces (Parmeliaceae) based on a specimen from Fontainebleau (France). An examined specimen from the same region in France (UPS F- 522124) confirmed that the species grows on Ephebe lanata and therefore we assume that the host species was erroneously reported as Pseudephebe. This lichenicolous fungus has been rarely collected but is locally abundant and it was reported from Great Britain, France, Norway and Sweden (e. g. Rossman 1983, Rossman et al. 1999, Westberg et al. 2021).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDD763BFCCC64DDDCE06A27.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: France, Fontainebleau, on Ephebe sp., 10 Mar. 1859, Du Cuvier (slide, K-M 000629348 = IMI 52294); Île-de-France, Fontainblau, on Ephebe lanata, 6 Apr. 1860, collector unknown (UPS F- 522124). Great Britain, Scotland, Glen Lethnot, Stoneycroft, on Ephebe lanata, 6 Sep. 2017, P. F. Cannon 3349 (K-M 000253675). Sweden, Dalarna, Storön in Bysjön, 9 km south of Nås church, on the thallus of Ephebe lanata on a boulder in the shoreline zone on the north side of the island, 60.3827 N 14.51433 E, 220 m a. s. l., 4 Apr. 2005, J. Hermansson 14368 (UPS F- 561663)	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB763BFF8D677DDDD96F07.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named to honour Dr. Amy Y. Rossman, who made an enormous contribution to the taxonomy of Hypocreales.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB763BFF8D677DDDD96F07.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Rossmaniella filispora Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus (introduced below).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB763BFF8D677DDDD96F07.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, ovoid to obpyriform, clustered in groups of 3 – 12 ascomata, rarely scattered, yellowish to bright orange, with well-developed tomentum at the lower part of ascomata, not collapsing when dry, superficially covered by a net of hyphae. Ascomatal wall 25 – 35 μm thick, composed of 7 – 10 layers of compressed irregular cells. Asci narrowly cylindrical, without apical thickness, up to 300 μm long, 8 - spored. Ascospores hyaline, filiform, straight to slightly curved, with rounded to pointed ends, 8 – 16 - septate, smooth-walled, parallel to twisted in the ascus.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB763BFF8D677DDDD96F07.taxon	discussion	Notes: The newly described genus Rossmaniella corresponds to the so-called Nectria byssophila group, which includes species with distinct tomentum, obpyriform ascomata, long filiform multiseptate ascospores and characterized by lichenicolous lifestyle (Etayo 2003, 2017, Etayo & Sancho 2008, Flakus et al. 2019 a). It differs from other similar lichenicolous genera with long filiform ascospores by its morphological features of ascomata. The genus Neobaryopsis can be distinguished by having bigger ascomata, up to 500 – 700 μm, not covered by tomentum, long asci with thickened apex, 50 – 90 septate ascospores and synnematous asexual morph (Flakus et al. 2019 a). Another genus, Lichenobarya, differs from Rossmaniella by having solitary brownish ascomata and longer filiform ascospores (Etayo 2002). Despite their morphological similarities, these genera are phylogenetically distant. The newly established genus Rossmaniella consists of four novel species.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB7638FCCC629DDC866C27.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the host lichen genus, Coenogonium.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB7638FCCC629DDC866C27.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Bolivia, Cochabamba Department, Carrasco Province, Parque Nacional Carrasco, near Río López Mendoza, 2248 m a. s. l., lower montane Yungas cloud forest, Andino montano (Montano), on corticolous Coenogonium sp., 27 Nov. 2014, M. Kukwa 15078 a (holotype LPB).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB7638FCCC629DDC866C27.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, ovoid to pyriform, not collapsed when dry, superficial, solitary, pale orange, 300 – 430 × 185 – 240 µm (n = 7), ascomata surface fully covered by not dense, whitish, arachnoid tomentum, composed of hyaline, septate, thin-walled, verruculose hyphae, 4 – 5 μm thick, without papilla in ostiolar region. Ascomatal wall 25 – 40 μm wide, slightly thicker at the upper part than in the lower part, hyaline to pale yellow, composed of two layers of flattened cells: external layer composed of 3 – 5 layers of isodiametric, thin-walled cells, 6 – 8 × 5 – 6 μm; an inner region with 2 – 4 layers of elongated thin-walled cells, 9 – 12 × 2 – 3 μm, KOH –. Asci narrowly cylindrical, without apical thickness, 8 - spored, (175 –) 180 – 200 (– 220) × (8.0 –) 8.4 – 10.0 (– 10.4) μm (n = 10). Ascospores hyaline, (12 –) 14 – 16 - septate, filiform, mostly curved to sigmoid, parallel to spirally twisted in the ascus, proximal ends rounded, distal end pointed, (170 –) 180 – 200 (– 210) × (1.8 –) 2.0 – 2.6 (– 3.0) μm (n = 25), individual cells (6.4 –) 8.0 – 12.2 (– 12.8) μm (n = 30) long. Conidiomata not observed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB7638FCCC629DDC866C27.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: This lichenicolous fungus is only known from the type locality in the Yungas cloud forest (2200 m a. s. l.) growing on the thallus of corticolous Coenogonium sp. This species likely causes a strong pathogenic effect on the host, forming discoloured infected areas up to 1 cm in size, covered by a whitish, arachnoid tomentum.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB7638FCCC629DDC866C27.taxon	materials_examined	Specimen examined of Nectria byssophila: Ceylon, Nuwara Eliya, on mosses on the tree trunk, 19 Jun. 1927, T. Petch (K-M 001434927)	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFDB7638FCCC629DDC866C27.taxon	discussion	Notes: Nectria byssophila s. str. is a poorly known species originally described from Ceylon where was growing on epiphytic mosses (Petch 1944). Subsequently, this name was commonly used for hypocrealean lichenicolous fungi growing on different hosts with long filiform ascospores and ovoid to pyriform yellow orange ascomata (Etayo 2003, 2017, Etayo & Sancho 2008). The type specimen (Fig. 7, K-M 001434927) was examined by us and it has a pale orange ovoid ascomata (only seven ascomata observed), mainly scattered, totally covered by whitish tomentum, 300 – 350 × 200 – 250 μm (n = 7). Unfortunately, asci and ascospores were not observed. Following the description by Rossman (1983) and macroscopic features, Nectria byssophila exhibits a greater resemblance to Rossmaniella coenogonii than to other species within the genus Rossmaniella. However, a fresh collection is from the type locality in Ceylon is needed to reveal the real relationship of this species to the genus Rossmaniella. Only two lichenicolous species of the order Hypocreales were previously reported on Coenogonium and both were from tropical regions. The first, Nectriopsis mindoensis, was reported on an undetermined lichen host from Colombia (Samuels 1988) and the second, Niesslia coenogonii, was described as lichenicolous fungus from Panama on Coenogonium luteum (van den Boom et al. 2017).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD87606FF7D617DDA206F47.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after morphological similarity to Rossmaniella filispora.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD87606FF7D617DDA206F47.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Bolivia, Tarija Department, Aniceto Arce Province, Reserva Nacional de Flora y Fauna Tariquía, between la Cumbre and camamento los Alisos, 22 º 00 ’ 41 ” S, 64 º 36 ’ 02 ” W, 2560 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Alnus acuminata and Polylepis, on Hypotrachyna sp., 22 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26967 (holotype KRAM L- 74683, isotype LPB).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD87606FF7D617DDA206F47.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, ovoid to pyriform, not collapsed when dry, superficial, solitary to clustered in groups of 3 – 4 (– 7) ascomata, vivid orange, with brighter ostiole part, (330 –) 350 – 390 (– 450) × (220 –) 235 – 260 (– 280) µm (n = 10), lower half to entire ascomata covered by dense yellowishorange tomentum, composed of hyaline, septate, thin-walled, verruculose hyphae, 4 – 5 μm thick. Ascomatal wall 28 – 35 μm thick, slightly thicker at the upper part, hyaline to pale yellow, composed of two layers of cells: external layer composed of 3 – 5 layers of isodiametric, thin-walled cells, 5 – 6 μm in diam; an inner region with 3 – 5 layers of elongated thin-walled cells, 8 – 10 × 2 – 3 μm, K –. Asci narrowly cylindrical, without apical thickness, 8 - spored, (160 –) 175 – 180 (– 195) × (8.5 –) 9.0 – 11.2 (– 12.0) μm (n = 10). Ascospores hyaline, 8 – 12 (– 13) - septate, septa often hardly visible, filiform, straight or slightly curved, parallel to spirally twisted in the ascus, proximal ends rounded, distal end pointed, (160 –) 165 – 175 (– 180) × (2.4 –) 2.5 – 2.8 (– 3.0) μm (n = 25), individual cells (13.2 –) 15.2 – 21.0 (– 23.8) μm (n = 30) long. Conidiomata not observed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD87606FF7D617DDA206F47.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: The species is known from the Boliviano-Tucumano forest (2500 m a. s. l.) in Bolivia on corticolous Hypotrachyna species. Moreover, a specimen from New Zealand on Thelotrema species (reported as Thelotrema clathroporina) was reported (K-M 000454728). This specimen was previously published under the name Nectria byssophyla by Rossman (1983). The examined specimen from Bolivia on Hypotrachyna sp. showed a strong pathogenic effect, forming discoloured infection spots.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD87606FF7D617DDA206F47.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Bolivia, Tarija Department, Aniceto Arce Province, Tariquía Flora and Fauna National Reserve, between la Cumbre and camamento los Alisos, 22 º 00 ’ 40.9 ” S, 64 º 35 ’ 48.9 ” W, 2485 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Alnus acuminata and cactus, on apothecial disk of Hypotrachyna sp. on trunk, 22 Jul. 2015, J. Etayo 32974 (hb. Etayo); 22 º 00 ’ 50.4 ” S, 64 º 36 ’ 24.3 ” W, on Leucodermia fertilis, 27 Jul. 2015, J. Etayo 29713 (LPB); ibid., on dead Hypotrachyna sp. on twig of Polylepis, 27 Jul. 2015, J. Etayo 29712 (hb. Etayo); ibid., J. Etayo 29822 (LPB). New Zealand, Waiwera Scenic Reserve, 20 m N of Auokland, on Thelotrema ‘ chathroporina’ on bark of Rhopalostylis sapida, 30 Oct. 1981, J. K. Barthy H 1275 / 81 / YN 2 (K-M 000454728 = IMI 263194 a).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFD87606FF7D617DDA206F47.taxon	discussion	Notes: This species is morphologically very similar to Rossmaniella filispora, but can be distinguished by the combination of morphological features and phylogenetic position. Rossmaniella cryptica has somewhat bigger, vivid orange ascomata, mostly in a group up to 4 (– 7) [in R. filispora (5 –) 7 – 12 ascomata in a group], bright orange ostiolate part without distinct hairs (distinct hairs present in R. filispora), somewhat shorter ascospores (160 –) 165 – 175 (– 180) μm [in R. filispora (165 –) 180 – 200 (– 210) μm] with longer, (13.2 –) 15.2 – 21.0 (– 23.8) μm, individual cells [in R. filispora (11.0 –) 11.5 – 13.7 (– 14.5) μm].	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77607FF8D639DDD876DA7.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the filiform ascospores.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77607FF8D639DDD876DA7.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Bolivia, Chuquisaca Department, Belisario Boeto Province, close to Padilla between Nuevo Mundo and Santa Rosa, 18 º 57 ’ 12 ” S, 64 º 16 ’ 37 ” W, 1790 m a. s. l., transition between Boliviano-Tucumano forests and dry interandean vegetation, on corticolous Punctelia sp., 16 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26556 (holotype KRAM L- 74684, isotype LPB).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77607FF8D639DDD876DA7.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, ovoid to pyriform, not collapsed when dry, superficial, clustered in dense groups of (5 –) 7 – 12 ascomata, pale to bring orange, ostiolate part the same colour as ascomatal surface, the lover part covered by hyaline tomentum, becoming more compact towards the top of ascomata, (220 –) 270 – 340 (– 365) × (190 –) 200 – 235 (– 270) µm (n = 20), sometimes individual ascomata has irregular form in the group due to compression by other ascomata. Ascomatal surface near the ostiole with short, cylindric, hyaline, 1 – 2 - septate hairs, sometimes with inflated tips, 20 – 55 × 5 – 7 μm. Ascomatal wall 20 – 35 μm thick, thicker at the upper part, hyaline to pale yellow, composed of two layers of cells: external layer composed of 3 – 5 layers of isodiametric to irregular, thin-walled cells, 5 – 7 μm in diam; an inner region with 3 – 5 layers of elongated thin-walled cells, 10 – 15 × 3 – 4.5 μm, KOH –. Asci narrowly cylindrical, without apical thickness, 8 - spored, (164 –) 180 – 210 (– 230) × (8.5 –) 9.0 – 13.0 (– 14.4) μm (n = 15). Ascospores hyaline, 8 – 12 - septate, septa often hardly visible, filiform, straight or curved, parallel to twisted in the ascus proximal ends rounded, distal end pointed, (165 –) 180 – 200 (– 210) × (2.8 –) 3.0 – 3.4 (– 3.8) μm (n = 30), individual cells (11.0 –) 11.5 – 13.7 (– 14.5) μm (n = 30) long. Conidiomata not observed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77607FF8D639DDD876DA7.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: This species was reported from scattered localities in Europe (Spain) and South America (Bolivia). Rossmaniella filispora is probably not a host-specific taxon as it was found on several lichen hosts belonging to the Parmeliaceae (Flavopunctelia, Parmotrema, Hypotrachyna), Peltigeraceae (Peltigera) and Ramalinaceae (Phyllopsora). This species did not show any pathogenic effect on the host.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77607FF8D639DDD876DA7.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Bolivia, Chuquisaca Department, Belisario Boeto Province, close to Padilla between Nuevo Mundo and Santa Rosa, 18 º 57 ’ 06 ” S, 64 º 16 ’ 14 ” W, 1936 m a. s. l., transition between Boliviano-Tucumano forests and dry interandean vegetation, on Flavopunctelia sp., 16 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26594 (LPB); ibid., 18 º 57 ’ 12 ” S, 64 º 16 ’ 37 ” W, 1790 m a. s. l., transition between Boliviano-Tucumano forests and dry interandean vegetation, on corticolous Flavopunctelia sp., 16 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26557 (LPB); Cochabamba Department, Carrasco Province, Carrasco National Park, Korikaza close to Monte Punku, 17 º 33 ’ 30 ” S, 65 º 16 ’ 32 ” W, 2880 m a. s. l., lower montane Yungas cloud forest, on corticolous Parmotrema sp., 27 Nov. 2014, J. Etayo 29951 (LPB); Tarija Department, Burnet O’Connor Province, close to los Pinos, old road between Entre Ríos and Tarija, 21 º 24 ’ 50 ” S, 64 º 18 ’ 33 ” W, 2149 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest dominated by shrubs, with Alnus acuminata, Podocarpus and Ericaceae, on Phyllopsora sp., 29 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27468 (KRAM L- 74686, LPB); ibid., on Parmotrema sp., M. Kukwa 16861 a (UGDA L, LPB); ibid., 21 º 27 ’ 48 ” S, 64 º 13 ’ 24 ” W, 1943 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Podocarpus, on corticolous Punctelia sp., 28 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27389 a (LPB); ibid., 21 º 25 ’ 07 ” S, 64 º 18 ’ 50 ” W, 2190 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest dominated by shrubs, Andino Montano belt, on Peltigera didactyla, 29 Jul. 2015, J. Etayo 30600 (LPB); ibid., 112 km from Tarija on the way to Entre Ríos, near San Diego, 21 ° 26 ’ 28 ” S, 64 ° 14 ’ 37 ” W, 1620 m a. s. l., Tucumano-Boliviano montano forest, on Parmotrema sp. on twig, 9 Aug. 2012, J. Etayo 28594 (hb. Etayo); near Soledad, 21 ° 39 ’ 52 ” S, 64 ° 07 ’ 22 ” W, 1700 m, Tucumano-Boliviano montano forest, on Parmotrema reticulatum on twig, 11 Aug. 2012, J. Etayo 28777 (LPB). Spain, Guipuzcoa, Peñass de Aia, Lesakako Bidea, antes del tunel, 43 16 ’ 25 ” N, 1 47 ’ 35.5 ” W, 500 m a. s. l., on Hypotrachyna revoluta on Fagus sylvatica, 31 Aug. 2019, J. Etayo 31862 (hb. Etayo).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77607FF8D639DDD876DA7.taxon	discussion	Notes: The species is morphologically very similar to Rossmaniella cryptica, but it can be distinguished by specific morphological features and its phylogenetic position. However, R. filispora does not seem to be a rare species in the tropical forests of Bolivia and is known from several localities.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77604FCCC60FDDB526F67.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the host lichen genus, Tylophoron.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77604FCCC60FDDB526F67.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Bolivia, Chuquisaca Department, Luis Calvo Province, Iñao National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area, between Ticucha and Entre Ríos, 19 º 31 ’ 09 ” S, 63 º 53 ’ 31 ” W, 1373 m a. s. l., disturbed area with shrubs, on corticolous Tylophoron protrudens, 19 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26805 (holotype KRAM L- 74687, isotype LPB)	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77604FCCC60FDDB526F67.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, ovoid to pyriform, superficial, solitary, lemon yellow, (200 –) 230 – 270 (– 300) × (150 –) 160 – 175 (– 185) µm (n = 15), covered by not dense whitish tomentum, composed of simple to branched, hyaline, septate, thin-walled, verruculose hyphae, 4 – 5 μm thick. Ascomata surface evenly coloured, without hairs near ostiole part. Ascomatal wall 18 – 25 μm thick, slightly thicker at the upper part, hyaline to pale yellow, composed of two layers: an external layer of globose, thin-walled cells, 2 – 4 × 2 – 3 μm; an inner region of flattened, thin-walled cells, 3 – 12 × 1 – 2 μm, KOH –. Asci cylindrical, without apical thickness, 8 - spored, (170 –) 175 – 180 (– 200) × (12.6 –) 13.0 – 13.8 (– 14.2) µm (n = 15). Ascospores hyaline, 8 – 12 - septate, filiform, straight or rarely slightly curved, parallel to rarely twisted in the ascus, both ends rounded, (125 –) 140 – 155 (– 180) × (2.8 –) 3.4 – 4.4 (– 4.6) μm (n = 30), individual cells (10.0 –) 12.0 – 15.6 (– 16.8) μm (n = 30) long. Conidiomata not observed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77604FCCC60FDDB526F67.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: This species is known only from the type locality in Bolivia. This fungus grows on corticolous Tylophoron protrudens and the infection does not cause visible damage to the host thallus.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE77604FCCC60FDDB526F67.taxon	discussion	Notes: Rossmaniella tylophori can be distinguished from other Rossmaniella species by solitary lemon-yellow ascomata, shorter and wider ascospores and host specificity. However, since the species is known only from a single collection, the host range is unknown. Previously only two lichenicolous species were reported on Tylophoron species, i. e. Taeniolella serusiauxii reported from Europe and tropical regions (Heuchert et al. 2018) and Chaenothecopsis pilosa described from Tanzania (Tibell & Ryman 1995).	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57605FF8D639CDC9B6DA7.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Referring to the globose ascomata.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57605FF8D639CDC9B6DA7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Sphaeronectria lichenophila (Speg.) Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57605FF8D639CDC9B6DA7.taxon	diagnosis	Ascomata perithecioid, superficial, globose to subglobose, constricted laterally or apically, yellowish to orange, with tiny tomentum on the lower part of ascomata, 150 – 250 μm diam., covered by abundant septate hyaline hyphae, 50 – 100 µm long. Ascomatal wall formed by several layers of cells, hyaline to pale yellowish in the outer part, up to 20 μm thick, superficially paraplectenchymatous, KOH –. Asci unitunicate, subcylindrical, 4 - spored, without apical thickness. Ascospores hyaline, 1 - septate, ellipsoid, with pointed ends, slightly constricted at the septa, smooth-walled. Conidiomata not observed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57605FF8D639CDC9B6DA7.taxon	discussion	Notes: Previously the type species of Sphaeronectria (S. lichenophila) was included in the genus Nectriopsis, typified by N. violacea, but based on our phylogenetic results, S. lichenophila showed a different phylogenetic position in Paranectriaceae, whereas Nectriopsis is a member of Bionectriaceae. Currently, the genus is monotypic.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57602FF8D60FCDA2B6F07.taxon	description	Ascomata perithecioid, superficial, globose to subglobose, yellow to orange, collapsed when dry, with tiny subiculum on the lower part of ascomata, covered by abundant septate hyaline hairs, 150 – 250 μm diam. Ascomatal wall formed by several layers of cells, yellowish externally, up to 20 μm thick, inner hyaline, 10 – 12 μm, KOH –. Asci unitunicate, subcylindrical, 4 - spored, 70 – 80 × 7 – 10 μm (n = 20). Ascospores hyaline, 1 - septate, ellipsoid, with pointed and sometimes apiculate ends, slightly constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, without perisporium, (16.8 –) 19.4 – 24.4 (– 26.6) × (5.9 –) 6.2 – 7.5 (– 8.4) μm (n = 50). Conidiomata not observed.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57602FF8D60FCDA2B6F07.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and host range: This species is known from numerous localities from South America and Africa (Tanzania), growing on several species of Heterodermia s. lat. (Etayo 2002, 2017). However, the record from Tanzania needs revision as we were not able to locate the specimen in the collection of P. C. Hennings stored at B.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57602FF8D60FCDA2B6F07.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Bolivia, Chuquisaca Department, Belisario Boeto Province, close to Padilla between Nuevo Mundo and Santa Rosa, 18 º 57 ’ 12 ” S, 64 º 16 ’ 37 ” W, 1790 m a. s. l., transition between Boliviano-Tucumano forests and dry interandean vegetation, on Heterodermia cf. spinigera, 16 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26552 (LPB), ibid., on Heterodermia comosa, M. Kukwa 16271 (UGDA L, LPB); Luis Calvo Province, Iñao National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area close to Ticucha, between Tranqua and Monte Agudo, 19 º 39 ’ 50 ” S, 63 º 49 ’ 14 ” W, 1022 m a. s. l., disturbed area with shrabs, on lower and upper part of Heterodermia cf. comosa on twigs, 18 Jul. 2015, J. Etayo 32702, 32709 (hb. Etayo, LPB); Santa Cruz Department, Manuel María Caballero Province, Monte Empalme near Siberia, 17 º 50 ’ 05 ” S, 64 º 42 ’ 09 ” W, 2439 m a. s. l., partly grazed Yungas cloud forest near stream, on Heterodermia podocarpa, 8 Nov. 2016, A. Flakus 28086 (KRAM L- 74693, LPB); Tarija Department, Aniceto Arce Province, Tariquía Flora and Fauna National Reserve between la Cumbre and camamento los Alisos, 22 º 02 ’ 38 ” S, 64 º 35 ’ 47 ” W, 2460 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Alnus acuminata and Polylepis, on Leucodermia sp., 22 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 26977 (KRAM L- 74690, LPB); ibid., 22 º 01 ’ 02 ” S, 64 º 34 ’ 51 ” W, 2135 m a. s. l., on Heterodermia cf. comosa, 22 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27056 (KRAM L- 74691, LPB); ibid., close to los Alisos camp, 22 º 01 ’ 25 ” S, 64 º 34 ’ 06 ” W, 1900 m a. s. l., disturbed Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Alnus acuminata, Podocarpus and Solanaceae, on Heterodermia sp. growing on twig, 24 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27086 (KRAM-L, LPB), M. Kukwa 16600 (UGDA L, LPB); ibid., on Leucodermia fertilis, 24 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27087 (KRAM L- 74693, LPB); ibid., close to Coyambuyo, between Padcaya and Bermejo, 22 º 17 ’ 23 ” S, 64 º 28 ’ 50 ” W, 942 m a. s. l., Tucumano-Boliviano forest with bryophytes, Lauraceae and Meristomataceae, on corticolous Heterodermia cf. spinigera, 26 Jul. 2015, M. Kukwa 16726 (LPB); Burnet O’Connor Province, close to Entre Ríos, new road between Tarija and Entre Ríos, 21 º 30 ’ 47 ” S, 64 º 11 ’ 49 ” W, 1338 m a. s. l., disturbed Tucumano-Boliviano forest with shrubs and Tillandsia, on Heterodermia japonica, 28 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27360 (KRAM L- 74694, LPB), ibid., on Heterodermia sp., M. Kukwa 16812, 16821 (UGDA L, LPB); la Cumbre close to Entre Ríos, old road between Entre Ríos and Tarija, 21 º 27 ’ 48 ” S, 64 º 13 ’ 24 ” W, 1943 m, Boliviano-Tucumano forest with Podocarpus, on Heterodermia comosa, 28 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27392 (KRAM L- 74695, LPB), ibid., M. Kukwa 16833 a (LPB); ibid., on Heterodermia cf. comosa, 28 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27383 (LPB); ibid., on Leucodermia sp., 28 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27400 (KRAM L- 74696, LPB); ibid., 21 º 27 ’ 50 ” S, 64 º 12 ’ 51 ” W, 1924 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest with epiphytes exposed NW, on Heterodermia comosa, 30 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27650 (KRAM L- 74698, LPB); ibid., 21 º 25 ’ 57 ” S, 64 º 19 ’ 17 ” W, 2178 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest close to small river dominated by shrubs, on Leucodermia cf. fertilis, 31 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27780 (LPB); ibid., on Leucodermia leucomelos on twigs, J. Etayo 32928 (LPB); ibid., close to los Pinos, 90 km from Tarija on old road between Entre Ríos and Tarija, 21 º 25 ’ 30 ” S, 64 º 19 ’ 07 ” W, 2265 m a. s. l., Boliviano-Tucumano forest dominated by shrubs, with Alnus acuminata, Podocarpus and Ericaceae, on Leucodermia leucomelos, 29 Jul. 2015, A. Flakus 27419 (KRAM L- 74697, LPB); ibid., 21 º 24 ’ 50 ” S, 64 º 18 ’ 33 ” W, 2149 m a. s. l., on corticolous Leucodermia leucomelos, 29 Jul. 2015, M. Kukwa 16865 b (LPB); ibid., close to Soledad, old road between Entrerios and Chuquiaca, 21 º 39 ’ 45 ” S, 64 º 07 ’ 22 ” W, 1750 m, Boliviano-Tucumano forest with shrubs and Alnus acuminata, on Leucodermia leucomelos, 31 Jul. 2015, J. Etayo XI- 7 (LPB)	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
03C58047FFE57602FF8D60FCDA2B6F07.taxon	discussion	Notes: Etayo (2002) discussed the morphological similarity of the ascomata of Sphaeronectria lichenophila to the genus Paranectria and pointed out the differences between this species and other fungi of Nectriopsis. These differences are supported by resulting phylogenetic analyses which showed a close relationship between Sphaeronectria and Paranectria rather than Nectriopsis.	en	Darmostuk, V., Etayo, J., Rodriguez-Flakus, P., Kukwa, M., Pino-Bodas, R., Pérez-Ortega, S., Flakus, A. (2025): A novel, exclusively lichen-inhabiting lineage of hypocrealean fungi revealed in the Sordariomycetes. Persoonia 54 (1): 47-91, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
