identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C387AFFFFBFFB2FACE9837CDE1F85B.text	03C387AFFFFBFFB2FACE9837CDE1F85B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas L. Koch 1872	<div><p>Trachelas L. Koch, 1872</p><p>Trachelas L. Koch, 1872: 256; O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 256; Chickering 1972: 215; Platnick &amp; Shadab 1974a: 1; Platnick &amp; Shadab 1974b: 1; Platnick 1975: 1; Paik 1991: 198; Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: 393; Bosselaers et al. 2009: 16; Zhang et al. 2009: 41; Jin et al. 2017: 46.</p><p>Type species: Trachelas minor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, by original designation.</p><p>Remarks. The name Trachelas was first used by L. Koch (1866) in an identification key, but as no type species had been described in the genus, it was considered a nomen nudum. Subsequently, O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872) described Trachelas minor, formalizing the recognition of the genus. L. Koch (1872) provided a more detailed description of the genus, with its authorship being attributed to him.</p><p>Diagnosis. Trachelas sensu stricto differs from other Afrotropical genera that lack leg spines and ventral cusps on the anterior legs in males, i.e. Coronarachne Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2024, Falcaranea Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2024, Fuchiba Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2008, Fuchibotulus Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2008, Mushimane Haddad, 2025 and Trachycymbius Haddad &amp; Lyle, 2024, by the very coarse carapace integument (shared with Fuchiba and Fuchibotulus), the presence of a male palpal patellar apophysis and the absence of a tibial apophysis (except T. scutatus sp. nov.), and by the distinct, sclerotized oval atria or curved ridges of the epigyne that are situated close to the midline.</p><p>Description ( Trachelas sensu stricto). Small spiders, 1.76–4.72 mm in length; carapace bright yellow to deep red-brown; oval, broadest at coxae II, gradually narrowed towards eye region (Figs 1A, F, 2A, 6, 7); fovea distinct, a short broad slit; posterior margin distinctly concave (Figs 6, 7); convex in lateral profile, strongly elevated from clypeus to approximately 1/3 carapace length, slightly convex in midsection, with steeper slope in posterior 1/3 (Fig. 1B, G); carapace surface coarsely granulate, with each seta accompanied by posterior transverse ridge and pair of deep depressions (Fig. 2B). All eyes surrounded by black rings; AER procurved in anterior view (Fig. 2C), slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 2D); clypeus usually slightly smaller to slightly larger than AME diameter at AME, AME very slightly larger than ALE; PER slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 2D); PLE usually very slightly larger than PME; MOQ narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, posterior width slightly larger than length. Chilum absent; cheliceral promargin with three teeth (Fig. 2E), retromargin with two teeth, usually on common base (Fig. 2F); fang with distinct serrula (Fig. 2F); posterior surface of paturon with field of long setae, single modified short seta and field of pores posterior to retromarginal teeth (Fig. 2G, H); endites converging slightly distally, lateral margins not parallel, mesal margins with longitudinal groove and dense maxillar hair tuft (Fig. 2I), distal margins with distinct serrula comprising elongate denticles with sharp tips (Fig. 2J); labium trapezoidal, narrower distally than proximally, length less than proximal width, distal margin with slight concavity (Fig. 2I). Pleural bars sclerotised, isolated (Fig. 1G); sternum shield-shaped, slightly longer than broad, broadest at coxa II (Fig. 1C, H), surface smooth centrally, covered in long straight setae with more pronounced tuberculate bases towards borders (Fig. 2K); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites short but usually present between all coxal pairs. Leg formula 4123 or 1423, sparsely covered in fine setae (Fig. 3B–K); leg I and II only slightly thickened compared to legs III and IV (Figs 1A–C, F–H, 6, 7); dorsal femoral surface almost straight, very slightly concave at ½ its length, ventral surface very slightly convex (Fig. 1D, I); all femora strongly constricted proximally (Fig. 1D, I); patellar indentation on retrolateral side narrow, with lyriform organ at proximal end (Fig. 3B, C); legs I and II of both sexes without ventral cusps on tibiae, metatarsi or tarsi, only with weak scopulae (Fig. 3D–K); all tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with sparse dorsal trichobothria (Fig. 3H, I, 4B, C); metatarsi with short metatarsal stopper (Figs 3J, K, 4A), metatarsi III and IV with weak ventral preening brush and comb at distal end (Figs 3F, 4A); tarsi with sparse tactile hairs, few dorsal trichobothria and chemosensory setae (Fig. 3G, K); trichobothria with slightly lowered distal plate, distal margin of hood overlapping plate, hood with four to six roughly concentric curved ridges (Fig. 4B, C); tarsal organ at approximately 4/5 tarsus length (Fig. 3K), flush with integument, surface finely wrinkled, opening oval and distally placed (Fig. 4D); paired tarsal claws short, with eight teeth and dense tenant setae forming claw tufts in between (Figs 3G, K, 4E, F). Abdomen oval, sometimes uniformly coloured, otherwise with mottled grey markings or chevrons on creamy-grey background (Figs 1A–C, F–H, 6, 7); dorsal scutum usually in males only, only in female of T. scutatus sp. nov. (Fig. 7E), covering most of dorsum; dorsum covered in scattered short fine setae, with two pairs of sigilla in both sexes; venter without large sclerites, with paired rows of indistinct tiny sclerites from epigastric furrow to spinnerets, covered in scattered short fine setae (Fig. 1C, H). Spinnerets short, conical, in compact group, spigots only studied in detail in both sexes of T. canariensis: ALS of males with one MAmp, six Pi, a single Nu and single Ta (Fig. 4G), of females with one MAmp, seven Pi and single Ta (Fig. 4J); PMS of males only with single mAmp and five Ac (Fig. 4H), of females with one mAmp, four Cy and six Ac (Fig. 4K); PLS of males with one mAmp and six Ac (Fig. 4I), of females with two Cy and seven Ac (Fig. 4L). Male palpal femur with distinct distal ventral concavity (Fig. 5A; see also Bosselaers et al. 2009: fig. 4; Jin et al. 2017: fig. 3D); patella with triangular or hook-like retrolateral PA, with ventral patellar indentation with lyriform organ at its base (Fig. 5B–E); palpal tibiae without apophyses (except T. scutatus sp. nov., with rounded RTA), sometimes only with distal retrolateral sclerotized ridge; TE generally oval in ventral view, as broad as CY, with distinct distal TA (Fig. 5E); EM base broad, originating prodistally or distally, EM forming simple distal coil or loop (Fig. 5E). Female palpal claw simple, slightly bent distally, without teeth (Fig. 2A). Epigyne quite heavily sclerotized, with CO in oval AT or curved ridges near midline in anterior half (Fig. 5F), without hood; CD usually directed anteriorly, often looping, with terminal swelling with narrow stalk entering almost round ST II near centre (see Ramírez 2014: fig. 179D) [ST II often break off during ultrasonic cleaning of epigyne]; Cd usually looping before running posteriorly near midline of epigyne before entering oval or bilobed posterior or posterolateral ST I; Cd usually with thickened section prior to entering ST I.</p><p>Composition. Based on the current study and a review of the literature, the following species should be considered as Trachelas sensu stricto: T. canariensis Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Islands, Spain, and East, Central and southern Africa), T. chamoli Quasin, Siliwal &amp; Uniyal, 2018 (India), T. chubbi Lessert, 1921 (Central and East Africa), T. costatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 (Pakistan and India), T. crewsae Marusik &amp; Fomichev, 2020 (Tajikistan), T. falsus sp. nov. (Central, West and southern Africa), T. himalayensis Biswas, 1993 (India), T. humus sp. nov. (southern Africa), T. leggi sp. nov. (South Africa), T. longinquus sp. nov. (Central African Republic), T. minor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 (Europe, West Asia, North Africa), T. oreophilus Simon, 1906 (India and Sri Lanka), T. pusillus Lessert, 1923 (Central and southern Africa), T. quisquiliarum Simon, 1906 (Sri Lanka), T. russellsmithi sp. nov. (Ethiopia), T. scutatus sp. nov. (Ghana and Nigeria), T. smithi sp. nov. (Kenya), T. sylvae Caporiacco, 1949 (Central and East Africa), T. tanasevitchi Marusik &amp; Kovblyuk, 2010 (far eastern Russia), T. uniaculeatus Schmidt, 1956 (Canary Islands) and T. vulcani Simon, 1896 (China, Indonesia and Japan).</p><p>The New World fauna, currently including 62 described species (World Spider Catalog 2025), represents a phylogenetically distinct lineage from Trachelas sensu stricto (Fig. 23; Pett et al. unpublished data) and is thus not considered further here. Several Asian species, i.e. the Chinese T. alticolus Hu, 2001, T. bomiensis Jin &amp; Mi, 2024 (Liu et al. 2024), T. brachialis Jin, Yin &amp; Zhang, 2017, T. gaoligongensis Jin, Yin &amp; Zhang, 2017, T. gigapophysis Jin, Yin &amp; Zhang, 2017, T. nanyueensis Yin, 2012 (Yin et al. 2012) and T. sinensis Chen, Peng &amp; Zhao, 1995, as well as T. japonicus Bösenberg &amp; Strand, 1906 from far eastern Russia, China, Japan and Korea, are likely misplaced and may belong to a new genus. Males of most of these species have ventral cusps on the anterior legs (except T. alticola and T. sinensis, apparently absent, and T. nanyuensis, not indicated in description) and a well-developed palpal tibial apophysis (often basal and posteriorly directed). Their females have an epigyne with a very different internal structure to Trachelas sensu stricto, particularly the usually elongate lateral ST II (more oval in T. japonicus) and long connecting ducts originating laterally, curving in an arch mesally then posteriorly (e.g. Zhang et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2012; Jin et al. 2017; Jin &amp; Mi 2024; Tang et al. 2024). Furthermore, the Chinese T. fanjingshan Zhang, Fu &amp; Zhu, 2009, T. fasciae Zhang, Fu &amp; Zhu, 2009, T. kavanaughi Tang, Yan, Zhao &amp; Peng, 2024, T. shilinensis Jin, Yin &amp; Zhang, 2017, T. ventriosus Tang, Yan, Zhao &amp; Peng, 2024 and T. zhui Li, Wang, Zhang &amp; Chen, 2019, all known only from females, have a similar internal epigyne structure to that of the Asian species referred to above and are thus also likely to be misplaced, but confirmation of this requires discovery of their males. Trachelas devi Biswas &amp; Raychaudhuri, 2000 (Bangladesh) has a procurved PER and very different somatic morphology and genitalia to Trachelas sensu stricto (Biswas &amp; Raychaudhuri 2000: figs 15–21), so is likely not a trachelid and should be transferred to another family.</p><p>Key to the continental Afrotropical species of Trachelas</p><p>1. Males.............................................................................................. 2</p><p>- Females............................................................................................ 10</p><p>2. Embolus (EM) forming distinct coil or loop along its path..................................................... 3</p><p>- EM not forming coil or loop but gradually curving and tapering towards tip and bending towards prolateral side of palp (Fig. 14E, F)............................................................................ T. longinquus sp. nov.</p><p>3. EM long, forming open coil with slender distal section........................................................ 4</p><p>- EM short, forming compact coil, distal section compact or sharp but not slender................................... 7</p><p>4. EM forming two distinct loops along its path, tip blunt and situated along retrolateral side of cymbium (CY); palp with rounded retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA, Fig. 17C, D).............................................. T. scutatus sp. nov.</p><p>- EM with only single loop along its path, tip sharp and positioned along ventral side of CY; palp without rounded RTA..... 5</p><p>5. Tegulum (TE) almost parallel-sided, broad distally, EM base almost as broad as TE (Fig. 13A); EM with sharp retrolateral bend to long slender distal section, with tip directed at 11 o’clock; patellar apophysis (PA) finger-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 13A, B).................................................................................... T. humus sp. nov.</p><p>- TE somewhat pear-shaped, narrowed distally, EM base clearly narrower, approximately half the width of TE (Figs 8A, 15A); EM with gradual looping bend, with tip directed at 1 o’clock; PA triangular or compact in ventral view (Figs 5E, 8A, 15A).. ................................................................................................... 6</p><p>6. EM almost as long as TE in ventral view, with long slender distal section; PA triangular in ventral view, with broad base almost extending entire length of patella (Figs 5B, C, E, 8A, B)............................................ T. canariensis</p><p>- EM about half the length of TE in ventral view, with thicker distal section; PA compact in ventral view, placed distally on patella (Fig. 15A, B).................................................................................. T. pusillus</p><p>7. EM curving along longitudinal axis of palp, roughly inverted 6-shaped in lateral view; sperm duct S-shaped, with strong proximal and distal bends (Figs 10A, 19A)................................................................. 8</p><p>- EM compact, curving along transverse axis of palp, with short stout tip directed distally; sperm duct only with strong proximal bend, U-shaped or forming proximal loop, gradually curving in distal section (Figs 11A, 14A)........................ 9</p><p>8. EM narrow in ventral view, with blunt tip in lateral view (Fig. 10A, B).................................... T. chubbi</p><p>- EM broad in ventral view, with sharp pointed tip in lateral view (Fig. 19A, B)............................... T. sylvae</p><p>9. Proximal section of sperm duct forming broad U-shaped bend in ventral view; proximal section of EM orientated slightly retrodistally; PA positioned near middle of patella (Fig. 14A, B).................................... T. leggi sp. nov.</p><p>- Proximal section of sperm duct forming closed loop; proximal section of EM orientated slightly retroproximally; PA positioned distally on patella (Fig. 11A, B)............................................................. T. falsus sp. nov.</p><p>10. Epigyne (EP) with distinct circular or oval atria (AT) with strongly sclerotized rims, with copulatory openings (CO) within their margins............................................................................................ 11</p><p>- EP with simple curved ridges leading to CO............................................................... 15</p><p>11. AT large, occupying almost 2/3 length of epigynal plate (Fig. 19C)........................................ T. sylvae</p><p>- AT smaller, occupying at most 1/2 length of epigynal plate (Figs 10C, 11C, 13C, 18A)............................. 12</p><p>12. AT round, as wide as long, with CO along anterior margin (Fig. 10C); copulatory ducts (CD) looping laterally, anteriorly, then mesally before entering transversely orientated secondary spermathecae (ST II) (Fig. 10D).................... T. chubbi</p><p>- AT oval, clearly longer than wide, with CO along posterior margin; CD and ST II variable, but ST II not transversely orientated.......................................................................................... 13</p><p>13. CD initially broad, narrowing rapidly; ST II lollipop-shaped; ST I pear-shaped, transversely orientated, almost twice as long as broad (Fig. 13C, D)...................................................................... T. humus sp. nov.</p><p>- CD initially narrow, parallel-sided along their length; ST II round or bilobed; ST I pentagonal or ovoid, very slightly wider than long (Figs 11C, D, 18C, D)............................................................................ 14</p><p>14. ST II round; connecting ducts (Cd) very narrow, with almost perpendicular bend and loop before entering pentagonal ST I (Fig. 11C, D)................................................................................ T. falsus sp. nov.</p><p>- ST II clearly bilobed; Cd broad, thickened and looping dorsally before making sharp bend that enters ST I (Fig. 18C, D).......................................................................................... T. smithi sp. nov.</p><p>15. Sclerotized ridges (SR) of CO small, recurved, along midline of epigyne, with narrow CD initially directed anteriorly; copulatory ducts forming complete loop laterally before entering longitudinally oval ST II (Fig. 17E–G); abdomen with dorsal scutum...................................................................................... T. scutatus sp. nov.</p><p>- SR of CO clearly separated, directed mesally (Figs 5F, 8C, 14C, 15C, 17A); copulatory ducts funnel-shaped or spiralling, initially directed mesally then anteriorly before entering round ST II (Figs 8D, 14D, 15D, 17B); abdomen without dorsal scutum............................................................................................. 16</p><p>16. ST II positioned anterolaterally in epigyne, in same plane as CD.............................. T. russellsmithi sp. nov.</p><p>- ST II positioned laterally near midpoint of epigyne, clearly posterior to CD...................................... 17</p><p>17. CD directed anteriorly then bending posterolaterally before looping to ST II; Cd forming complete loop between ST II before diverging to enter transversely oval ST I, close to epigastric furrow (Fig. 8C, D)......................... T. canariensis</p><p>- CD spiralling, initially directed mesally then anteriorly before bending back to enter ST II; Cd thickened posterior to ST II, looping laterally and forming short channel that enters ST I.................................................. 18</p><p>18. SR of CO relatively large and more than 1/2 the diameter of ST II, separated by slightly more than 2× their diameter (Fig. 14C)................................................................................... T. leggi sp. nov.</p><p>- SR of CO small and almost 1/3 the diameter of ST II, separated by approximately 3× their diameter (Fig. 15C).... T. pusillus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFFBFFB2FACE9837CDE1F85B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFF5FFB6FACE9D9ACC00FB0C.text	03C387AFFFF5FFB6FACE9D9ACC00FB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas canariensis Wunderlich 1987	<div><p>Trachelas canariensis Wunderlich, 1987</p><p>Figs 2–5, 6A, B, 8</p><p>Trachelas canariensis Wunderlich, 1987: 238, figs 636–639 (♂ ♀) (Holotype ♂, together with 3♂ 6♀ paratypes: CANARY ISLANDS: La Gomera, Valle Gran Rey, near beach in Barran Co, VII.1985, leg. J. Wunderlich [detritus in reeds], SMF— not examined); Bosselaers et al. 2009: 22, figs 4, 16–21 (♂ ♀); Bosselaers 2010: 23, figs 10–13, 21 (♂); Wunderlich 2012: 20, figs 11–14 (♂ ♀).</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species is most similar to that of T. humus sp. nov. in sharing an embolus with a long slender distal section but can be distinguished by the narrower proximal section (almost as broad as the tegulum in T. humus sp. nov.) and the tip of the embolus being directed at 1 o’clock as opposed to 11 o’clock in the latter species (cf. Figs 8A and 13A). The female of this species can be distinguished from other Afrotropical congeners by the funnel-shaped copulatory ducts that rapidly narrow after the copulatory opening (Fig. 8C, D).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.00–1.60, CW 0.83–1.38, AL 1.00–2.50, AW 0.80–1.38, TL 1.90–3.60, FL 0.03– 0.13, SL 0.65–0.90, SW 0.58–0.90, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.35, PME–PME 0.25, PME– PLE 0.08, PLE–PLE 0.55. Length of leg segments: I 4.23 (1.30, 0.55, 1.05, 0.80, 0.53); II 3.98 (1.13, 0.55, 0.95, 0.83, 0.52); III 2.81 (0.85, 0.38, 0.60, 0.65, 0.33); IV 3.99 (1.13, 0.48, 0.98, 1.00, 0.40).</p><p>Carapace reddish-orange; eye region darker, with brown rings around eyes (Fig. 6A, B); AME and ALE approximately equal in size; clypeus height equal to approximately AME diameter; AME separated by about one diameter; AME separated from ALE by about 0.2× AME diameter; PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by approximately 1.25× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by approximately 0.5× PME diameter. Chelicerae orange, pale orange towards fang base, endites and labium slightly lighter; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, light brown towards borders. Abdomen creamy white to pale yellow dorsally, mottled brown over last 3/4 of abdomen (Fig. 6A, B); first pair of sigilla pale brown, anterior to midpoint, second pair slightly darker, posterior to midpoint of abdomen. Legs pale yellow to pale brown; legs I and II more robust, slightly darker than III and IV. Palp pale yellow to brown; retrolateral PA large, triangular, slightly curved; CY pear-shaped; TE oval, slightly more than 1/2 CY length; SP gradually curved, with sharp proximal bend; EM originating prodistally, with proximal section approximately half the width of TE, distal section long, curving clockwise, prodistally from its base, with tip directed at 1 o’clock (Figs 5A–E, 8A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.25–1.75, CW 1.10–1.48, AL 1.70–2.40, AW 1.20–1.80, TL 2.95–4.15, FL 0.05– 0.10, SL 0.78–0.90, SW 0.73–0.83, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.05, ALE–ALE 0.28, PME–PME 0.13, PME– PLE 0.08, PLE–PLE 0.45. Length of leg segments: I 3.56 (1.11, 0.48, 0.83, 0.62, 0.52); II 3.28 (1.00, 0.50, 0.78, 0.60, 0.40); III 2.68 (0.80, 0.38, 0.55, 0.65, 0.30); IV 3.97 (1.13, 0.48, 0.98, 0.98, 0.40).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown; eye region brown, dark brown to black rings around eyes (Fig. 6B); AME and ALE equal in size; clypeus height equal to approximately AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.4× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by approximately 0.2× AME diameter; PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated about one diameter; PME separated from PLE by about 0.7× PME diameter. Chelicerae pale brown, endites and labium slightly lighter; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale brown, darker towards border. Abdomen with pale yellow to pale grey dorsum, with pale brown mottling over surface, darker posteriorly above spinnerets [in Ethiopian specimens, with grey sides and chevrons in posterior half; Fig. 6C, D]. Legs I to IV uniform pale yellow to pale brown; anterior legs slightly more robust, slightly darker than posteriors. Epigyne weakly sclerotised, with broad, arched, anteriorly directed AT housing CO; CD directed anteriorly, bending back sharply before entering large, circular, medially situated ST II, separated by 3/4 their diameter; Cd directed mesally, then posteriorly along midline, making complete loop in thickened posterior section before diverging posterolaterally, entering oval ST I near epigastric fold on their anteromesal margins; ST I separated by about their diameter (Figs 5F, 8C, D).</p><p>Material examined. ANGOLA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.3/lat -11.2)">Centro de Estudes de Cela</a> [11°12'S, 15°18'E], 16. IV.1972, leg. M.K.P. Meyer (strawberries), 1♂ (NCA 76 /1887). BOTSWANA: Maun, Boronyane, 19°55'S, 23°25'E, 6. IX.1975, leg. A. Russell-Smith (in rushes in shallow water), 1♂ 1♀ (BMNH); Maun, Government Camp, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat -19.983334)">House</a> 36, 19°59'S, 23°25'E, I–II.1977, leg. A. Russell-Smith, 1♂ 1♀ (BMNH); Maun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.516666/lat -19.916666)">Island Safari Lodge</a>, 19°55'S, 23°31'E, 29. IX.1975, leg. A. Russell-Smith (riverine forest), 2♀ (BMNH); Maun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat -19.933332)">Maphaneng Pan</a>, 19°56'S, 23°25'E, III.1976, leg. F. Wanless &amp; A. Russell-Smith (edge of riverine woodland, ground layer), 3♂ 3♀ (BMNH); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat -19.933332)">Maun</a>, N of Maphaneng Pan, 19°56'S, 23°25'E, 21.II.1976, leg. F. Wanless &amp; A. Russell-Smith (riverine wood, ground layer), 1♀ (BMNH); Maun, Okavango, side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5/lat -19.983334)">Thalamakane River</a>, 19°59'S, 23°30'E, 24.VIII.1975, A. Russell-Smith, 1♀ (BMNH); Maun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5/lat -19.983334)">Thamalakane River</a>, 19°59'S, 23°30'E, III.1976, leg. F. Wanless &amp; A. Russell-Smith (floodplain grassland), 5♂ 2♀ (BMNH); Same locality, 13. III.1971, leg. A. Russell-Smith ( Setaria grassland), 11♂ (BMNH), 1♂ (BMNH); Same locality, 5.II.1976, leg. A. Russell-Smith ( Setaria grassland), 2♂ 1♀ (BMNH); Same locality, 11. IX.1976, leg. A. Russell-Smith ( Setaria grassland), 1♂ 1♀ (BMNH); Same locality, 25.VII.1975, leg. A. Russell-Smith (grazed Setaria grassland), 13♂ 12♀ (BMNH); Same locality, 7. III.1976, leg. F. Wanless &amp; A. Russell-Smith, 2♂ 5♀ (BMNH); Maxwee, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.65/lat -19.466667)">Okavango Delta</a> floodplain, 19°28'S, 23°39'E, 1. IV.1975, leg. A. Russell-Smith (grassland), 1♂ 1♀ (BMNH); Mbomba Lagoon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat -19.166666)">Okavango Delta</a>, 19°10'S, 23°18'E, 19.XI.1972, leg. A. Russell-Smith (moist Hyparrhenia grassland), 2♀ (BMNH); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.266666/lat -19.183332)">Moremi Lagoon</a>, 19°11'S, 23°16'E, 30. VI.2003, leg. A. Russell-Smith (sweep net), 1♀ (BMNH); Pom Pom, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.833334/lat -19.583334)">Okavango Delta</a>, 19°35'S, 22°50'E, 18.VIII.2001, leg. M. Dangerfield (dry riparian vegetation, pit trap 4), 1♂ (NCA 2001 /419). D. R. CONGO: Bikara, 18 km S of Lubero, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.2/lat -0.25)">Lubéro-Goma Road</a>, 00°15'S, 29°12'E, 2100 m a.s.l., XII.1976, leg. M. Lejeune (dans vieilles tiges de lobélies), 1♂ (MRAC 159839); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.95/lat 0.5833333)">Face</a> N du Ruwenzori, camp de Kikura, 00°35'N, 29°57'E, 2000 m a.s.l., VII–VIII.1974, leg. M. Lejeune, 1♂ (MRAC 154732); Kivu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.16666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.166666/lat 0.16666667)">Kambaila</a>, 00°10'N, 29°10'E, VI.1973, leg. M. Lejeune, 1♂ (MRAC 145812); Route Lubero-Butembo, région de Lukanga, forêt de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.3/lat -5.016667)">Vukengete</a>, 05°01'S, 14°18'E, 2210 m a.s.l., XII.1974 – I.1975, leg. M. Lejeune (mousses couverte de graminés), 1♂ (MRAC 168091); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.033333/lat -1.5666666)">Sake</a>, 01°34'S, 29°02'E, V.1937, leg. J. Ghesquière, 2♂ 2♀ 1 imm. (MRAC 174292). ETHIOPIA: 16 km S of Addis Ababa [ca. 08°50'N, 38°46'E], leg. A. Russell-Smith, 20. VI.1987 (grass tussocks, stream course), 1♀ (BMNH); Wondo Genet, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.616665/lat 7.0666666)">Awassa</a> [ca. 07°04'N, 38°37'E], 21.I.1984, leg. A. Russell-Smith (marshy area near hot springs), 1♀ (BMNH). KENYA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.16666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.333332/lat -0.16666667)">Mt. Kenya</a>, Sirimon track, 00°10'S, 37°20'E, 2550 m a.s.l., 25.VII.1975, leg. R. Bosmans (montane rainforest), 1♂ (MRAC 161902). LESOTHO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.119066&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.882183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.119066/lat -29.882183)">Sehlabathebe National Park</a>, 2364 m a.s.l., 29°52.931'S, 29°07.144'E, 10.XI.2002, leg. C. Haddad (under sandstone rocks, montane grassland), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /1342). RWANDA: Lulana, lac Ihema, 01°55'S, 30°45'E, 6. VI.1969, leg. R. Kiss, 1♂ (MRAC 159694); Bugesera, rives lac <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.0/lat -2.1)">Tsohoa</a>, 02°06'S, 30°00'E, X.1957, leg. N. Leleup, 1♀ (MRAC 97145). SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.895916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.636" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.895916/lat -32.636)">17 km NE of Cookhouse</a>, 32°38.160'S, 25°53.755'E, 23. IV.2010, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks, roadside), 2 imm. 1♀ (TMSA 23756). Free State: Bloemfontein, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.2052&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.053484" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.2052/lat -29.053484)">Bloemendal Estate</a>, 29°03.209'S, 26°12.312'E, 1382 m a.s.l., leg. SCSA members, 18.II.2023, 1♂ (NCA 2021 /1284); Same locality, Free State <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.2/lat -29.033333)">National Botanical Gardens</a>, 29°02'S, 26°12'E, 5. V.2008, leg. C. Luwes (base of grass tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2008 /2887); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.809116&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.507183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.809116/lat -28.507183)">Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve</a>, 28°30.431'S, 26°48.547'E, 28.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad (at base of Themeda grass), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /671); Same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.805384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.493816" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.805384/lat -28.493816)">Site</a> 7, rocky hillside, 28°29.629'S, 26°48.323'E, 30. IX –28.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie &amp; A. Grobler (pitfall traps), 1♂ (NCA 2009 /3603); Same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.808384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.496733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.808384/lat -28.496733)">Site</a> 8, Themeda grassland, 28°29.804'S, 26°48.503'E, 30. IX –28.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie &amp; A. Grobler (pitfall traps), 1♂ (NCA 2009 /3606); Same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.808384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.496733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.808384/lat -28.496733)">Site</a> 8, Themeda grassland, 28°29.804'S, 26°48.503'E, 31.VIII–30. IX.2009, leg. R. Fourie &amp; A. Grobler (pitfall traps), 1♂ (NCA 2009 /3656); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.283333/lat -29.516666)">Kalkfontein Dam Nature Reserve</a>, 29°31'S, 25°17'E, 9. IV.2008, leg. L. Lotz (sweeping grass), 1♀ (NMBA 12080). Gauteng: Bronkhorstspruit district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.964916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.866367" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.964916/lat -25.866367)">Farm Witfontein</a>, 25°51.982'S, 28°57.895'E, 3. IV.2003, leg. H. Roux (koppie slope, hand collecting), 1♂ (NCA 2009 /683), 1♀ (S.E.M. preparations); Cullinan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.612284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.364084" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.612284/lat -25.364084)">Leeufontein Nature Reserve</a>, 25°21.845'S, 28°36.737'E, 15.II.2002, leg. H. Roux (pan trap, koppie slope, open woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2010 /2883); Pretoria / Tshwane, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.3/lat -25.733334)">Meyerspark</a>, 25°44'S, 28°18'E, 31.VIII.2002, leg. C. Haddad (on table in garden), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /1335); Same locality, Rietondale, ARC —Plant Protection Research Institute [25°43'S, 28°14'E], 3. IV.2001, leg. A. Russell-Smith (in rough grassland), 1♂ (BMNH). KwaZulu-Natal: Coastal Cashews, near KwaNgwanase / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.583332/lat -27.2)">Manguzi</a>, 27°12'S, 32°35'E, 85 m a.s.l., 12.I.2002, leg. C. Haddad (beats, cashew trees), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /1336); Drakensberg Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.211384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.946766" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.211384/lat -28.946766)">Cathedral Peak Hotel</a>, 28°56.806'S, 29°12.683'E, 1430 m a.s.l., 4.X.2020, leg. R. Booysen &amp; R. Steenkamp (hand collecting, at hotel gate), 1♂ (NCA 2021 /1106); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.033333/lat -28.083334)">Hluhluwe Reserve</a>, 28°05'S, 32°02'E, 900 ft a.s.l., 1. VI.1985, leg. C.E. Griswold, 1♂ (NMSA); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.516666/lat -29.466667)">Loteni Nature Reserve</a>, 29°28'S, 29°31'E, 24.XII.1978, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman (sweeping), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /1518), 2♂ (S.E.M. preparations); Ndumo Game Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.926666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.316666/lat -26.926666)">South Boundary Fence</a>, 26°55.6'S, 32°19.0'E, 13. VI.2005, leg. C. Haddad ( Commiophora harveyi bark), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /1337); Tembe Elephant Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.405766&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.0245" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.405766/lat -27.0245)">Pioneer</a> grassland, 27°01.470'S, 32°24.346'E, 5.XII.2009, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 3♂ 1♀ (TMSA 23732); 75 km WSW of Estcourt, Cathedral Peak Forest Station, Meteorological station, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.216667/lat -28.933332)">Little Berg</a> [28°56'S, 29°13'E], 1860 m a.s.l., 21–31.XII.1979, leg. S. &amp; J. Peck (Malaise trough, veld), 1♂ (AMNH). Limpopo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.6/lat -25.033333)">Sterkfontein</a> [25°02'S, 29°36'E], 10. IV.1976, leg. A. Russell-Smith (marshy areas near stream), 1♀ (BMNH); Tuinplaas, Springbokvlakte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.716667/lat -24.9)">Settlers Lodge</a>, 24°54'S, 28°43'E, 29. V.2001, leg. M. van Jaarsveld (grass, pitfalls), 1♂ (NCA 2003 /1358); 5 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.283333/lat -24.883333)">Warmbaths</a>, 24°53'S, 28°17'E, 17.II.1977, leg. I. Vosloo (sweepnet, grass), 1♂ (NCA 77 /471). Mpumalanga: Badplaas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.55/lat -25.933332)">Emboleni Game Reserve</a>, 25°56'S, 30°33'E, 28. III.2001, leg. A. Russell-Smith (in litter in woodland), 1♀ (S.E.M. preparations); Delmas district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.533333/lat -26.083334)">Farm Rietvallei</a>, 26°05'S, 28°32'E, 28. IV.2005, leg. M. van Jaarsveld (pitfall traps, Bacillus thuringiensis maize), 1♂ (NCA 2006 /1558); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.566668/lat -26.083334)">Same</a> locality, 26°05'S, 28°34'E, 28. IV.2005, leg. M. van Jaarsveld (pitfall traps, unsprayed maize), 1♀ (NCA 2006 /1556); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.283333/lat -24.95)">Marble Hall</a>, 24°57'S, 29°17'E, 3. V.2002, leg. M. Mellett ( Bacillus thuringiensis cotton survey, pit traps), 1♀ (NCA 2004 /1334). Northern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.883333/lat -29.016666)">Douglas Holiday Resort</a>, 29°01'S, 23°53'E, 15. IV.1997, leg. E. van den Berg et al. (veldgrass), 1♂ (NCA 97 /494); Green Valley Nuts, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.933332/lat -29.583334)">Prieska</a>, 29°35'S, 22°56'E, 20. IX.2001, leg. C. Haddad (under cut grass, ground covers), 1♂ 1♀ (NCA 2002 /480); Same locality, 28.I.2001, leg. C. Haddad, 2♂ 3♀ (NCA 2009 /656). North West: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.85/lat -25.733334)">Hartebeespoort Navigation Station</a>, 25°44'S, 27°51'E, 28.XI.1984, leg. E. Ueckerman (on grass), 1♂ (NCA 85 /92); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.766666/lat -25.616667)">Brits</a>, 25°37'S, 27°46'E, I–II.1988, leg. A. van den Berg (cotton, whole plant method), 1♂ 3♀ (NCA 89 /550). Western Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.916666/lat -34.15)">Riviersonderend</a>, 34°09'S, 19°55'E, leg. A.J. Prins (in cow dung), 1♂ (SAMC ENW-C003370). UGANDA: Rukungiri district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.683332/lat -0.25)">Kitahurita Bwindi Impenetrable National Park</a>, 00°15'S, 29°41'E, ca. 1740 m a.s.l., 18–20. IX.1996, leg. C.E. Griswold, 1♂ (CAS).</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in central, eastern and southern Africa (Fig. 9). Considering the species has not yet been recorded in West Africa, it is plausible that it may have been introduced from continental Africa to the Canary Islands, from where it was originally described (Wunderlich 1987), or vice versa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFF5FFB6FACE9D9ACC00FB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFF6FFA8FACE99FFCCE7F94C.text	03C387AFFFF6FFA8FACE99FFCCE7F94C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas chubbi Lessert 1921	<div><p>Trachelas chubbi Lessert, 1921</p><p>Figs 1, 6E, F, 10</p><p>Trachelas chubbi Lessert, 1921: 435, figs 74–76 (Holotype ♂ and allotype ♀: TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro Region: Kibonoto [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibongoto</a>, 03°11'S, 37°06'E], zone des cultures, IX, MNHG—examined).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is most similar to T. sylvae, as males of both species share an embolus that is inverted 6- shaped in lateral view and a small distal patellar apophysis, but it can be recognised by the narrow profile of the embolus in ventral view (broad in T. sylvae) and the broader proximal bend of the spermophor (vs narrow) (cf. Figs 10A, B and 19A, B). The female of this species can be recognised by the almost round atria that are as broad as long (larger and distinctly oval in T. sylvae) and the small subtriangular secondary spermathecae, vs oval (cf. Figs 10C, D and 19C, D).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.44–2.24, CW 1.20–1.76, AL 1.65–2.40, AW 1.10–1.92, TL 2.60–4.72, FL 0.08– 0.12, SL 0.86–1.10, SW 0.80–1.04, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.04, ALE–ALE 0.37, PME–PME 0.18, PME– PLE 0.12, PLE–PLE 0.65. Length of leg segments: I 5.30 (1.69, 0.73, 1.31, 0.94, 0.63); II 4.71 (1.43, 0.65, 1.12, 0.86, 0.65); III 3.70 (1.12, 0.45, 0.78, 0.94, 0.41); IV 4.92 (1.41, 0.59, 1.10, 1.31, 0.51).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 6E); eye region reddish-brown, with darkened, almost black rings around eyes; AME and ALE approximately equal; clypeus height equal to 1.2× AME diameter; AME separated by half their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by approximately 1.2× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PLE diameter. Chelicerae reddish-brown, endites and labium brown; three promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum orange, brown towards borders. Abdomen uniform grey dorsally (Fig. 6E), rarely with traces of faint grey chevron marking; scutum covering entire dorsum; paired sigilla indistinct; surface covered with fine setae. Legs I to IV pale brown, with incomplete bands; anterior legs more robust, slightly darker than posteriors; femora I and II with distal incomplete band, patellae with none, tibiae with two incomplete bands, one distal and one proximal, metatarsi with one incomplete proximal band, tarsi with none. Palp pale brown to brown in colour; PA small, distal, curved proximally, with sharply pointed tip; CY roughly pear-shaped, distal end subtriangular; TE oval, about 3/5 CY length; SP S-shaped, with strong proximal and distal bends; EM originating prolaterally, proximal section looping behind TA, distal section short, twisting with rounded tip; inverted 6-shaped in lateral view, somewhat laterally compressed in ventral view (Fig. 10A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.18–1.92, CW 0.98–1.16, AL 1.84–3.04, AW 1.41–2.08, TL 2.70–4.88, FL 0.01– 0.06, SL 0.76–1.08, SW 0.69–1.02, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.04, ALE–ALE 0.37, PME–PME 0.14, PME– PLE 0.12, PLE–PLE 0.65. Length of leg segments: I 4.59 (1.41, 0.71, 1.02, 0.86, 0.59); II 4.59 (1.37, 0.67, 1.10, 0.90, 0.55); III 3.76 (0.94, 0.59, 0.90, 0.86, 0.47); IV 4.60 (1.49, 0.63, 1.10, 1.06, 0.32).</p><p>Carapace surface reddish-brown; eye region brown, with black rings around eyes (Fig. 6F); AME larger than ALE; clypeus height equal to twice AME diameter; AME separated by approximately 0.5 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to 0.25 ALE diameter; PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by distance equal to 1.4 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium yellow-brown; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum orange, brown towards border. Abdomen with mottled grey dorsum, with faint traces of chevron marking; paired sigilla indistinct. Legs I to IV pale yellow to pale brown, with incomplete bands; anterior legs pairs more robust, slightly darker than posteriors; femora I and II with incomplete distal band, patellae without bands, tibiae with two incomplete bands, one distal and one proximal, metatarsi with one incomplete proximal band, tarsi with none. Genital area relatively strongly sclerotised, brown to dark brown; AT almost circular, as long as wide, with CO at anterior margin; CD looping anteriorly, then mesally and posteriorly before entering adjoining transverse oval ST II near centre of epigyne; Cd very short, entering small subtriangular ST II on their anteromesal margin; ST I separated by less than 1/2 their width (Fig. 10C, D).</p><p>Other material examined: BURUNDI: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.9166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.516666/lat -2.9166667)">Forêt de Rwegura</a>, 02°55'S, 29°31'E, 2200 m a.s.l., 10. IV.2002, leg. B. Nzigidahera (versant est, by hand), 1♀ (MRAC 214149). CAMEROON: Northwest Province: Menchum Division, Near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.45/lat 6.2)">Lake Oku</a>, 06°12'N, 10°27'E, ca. 2150 m a.s.l., leg. C. Griswold et al., 7–13.II.1992 (litter, forest), 1♀ (ZMUC). D. R. CONGO: Bikara, 18 km S of Lubéro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.2/lat -0.25)">Lubéro-Goma Road</a>, 00°15'S, 29°12'E, 2100 m a.s.l., XII.1976, leg. M. Lejeune (feuilles sèches de lobélies), 1♂ (MRAC 159934); Same locality, XII.1976, leg. M. Lejeune (dans vieilles tiges de lobélies), 1♀ (MRAC 221588); Same locality, 1200 m a.s.l, XII.1976, leg. M. Lejeune (littière), 1♂ (MRAC 159810); Kivu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.033333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.3/lat 0.033333335)">Mt. Lubwe</a>, S.E. de Butembo, 00°02'N, 29°18'E, 2400 m a.s.l., 13. IV.1971, leg. M. Lejeune (dans mousse), 1♂ (MRAC 138905); Kivu, volcan <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.433332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.433332/lat -1.5)">Karisimbi Rweru</a> [01°30'S, 29°26'E], 2700 m a.s.l., leg. R.P.M. Lejeune (dans bambusetum), 1♀ (MRAC 138498); 9.VIII.1970, Rutshuru, 01°11'S, 29°27'E, V.1937, leg. J. Ghesquière, 1♀ (MRAC 174313). KENYA: 1.5 km S of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.38333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.3/lat -0.38333333)">Castle Forest Lodge</a>, 00°23'S, 37°18'E, 1985 m a.s.l., 21. IV.2004, leg. R. Jocqué et al. (mountain forest, beating), 2♂ 2♀ 2 imm. (MRAC 215131), 1♂ 1♀ (MRAC 215136); Kakamega Forest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.21666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.9/lat 0.21666667)">Ileho</a>, 00°13'N, 34°54'E, 22. IX.2002, leg. D. Shilabira Smith (Malaise trap), 1♀ (MRAC 220199); Same data but 14. IX.2002, 1♀ (MRAC 220239); Same data but 28. IX.2002, 1♀ (MRAC 220255); Same data but 22. VI.2002, 1♀ (MRAC 220261); Same data but 29. VI.2002, 1♀ (MRAC 220483); Same data but 20. VI.2002, 1♀ (MRAC 220502); Nairobi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.816666/lat -1.2333333)">Karura Forest</a>, 01°14'S, 36°49'E, 8.XII.1979, leg. P. Reavell (dense edge trees and climbers), 1♀ (NMSA 13405). TANZANIA: Arusha Region: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.4/lat -4.4333334)">Hanang Mountain</a>, south slope, 04°26'S, 35°24'E, 2200–2300 m a.s.l., 24–25. V.1957, leg. P. Basilewsky &amp; N. Leleup (forêt avec Cupressus, gorge du Himit), 1♀ (MRAC 111723). Iringa Region: Uzungwa Mountains, Mufindi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.583333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.283333/lat -8.583333)">Kigogo Forest Reserve</a> [08°35'S, 35°17'E], 1700 m a.s.l., 8–10.X.1984, leg. N. Scharff (pitfall traps, montane rain forest), 1♂ (ZMUC); Uzungwa Mountains, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, 11 km SE of Masisiwe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.97822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.36825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.97822/lat -8.36825)">Kihanga Stream</a>, 08°22'05.7"S, 35°58'41.6"E, 1800 m a.s.l., 17–27. V.1997, leg. ZMUC &amp; USNM expedition (understory), 5♀ (ZMUC); Same data but canopy, 4♂ 3♀ (ZMUC). Kilimanjaro Region: Kilimanjaro: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.516666/lat -3.2833333)">Marangu</a>, 03°17'S, 37°31'E, 1550 m a.s.l., 27.II.1956, leg. N. Leleup &amp; J. Leleup, 1♀ (MRAC 112233); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.8/lat -3.9666667)">Mkomazi Game Reserve</a>, 03°58'S, 37°48'E, 1.II.1996, leg. A. Russell-Smith (roadside, in grass litter), 2♀ (BMNH); Same locality, top of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.0/lat -4.0)">Ibaya Hill</a>, 04°00'S, 38°00'E, 29.I.1996, leg. A. Russell-Smith (dry Spirostachys forest), 2♂ (MRAC 211322). Morogoro Region: Uluguru Mountains, Lupanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.7/lat -6.866667)">West</a> [06°52'S, 37°42'E], 1900 m a.s.l., 1.VII.1981, leg. M. Stoltze &amp; N. Scharff, 1♀ (ZMUC); Same data but I–VII.1981 (pitfall trap), 1♂ (ZMUC). Tanga Region: East Usambara Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.616665/lat -5.0833335)">Amani</a>, 05°05'S, 38°37'E, 1000 m a.s.l., 20.VII.1980, leg. M. Scholtze &amp; N. Scharff, 1♂ 4♀ (ZMUC); East Usambara Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.095" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.633335/lat -5.095)">Amani Forest</a>, 05°05.7'S, 38°38.0'E, 950 m a.s.l., 27.X–9.XI.1995, leg. C.E. Griswold et al., 8 imm. 2♂ 4♀ (CAS); East Usambara Mountains, Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.095" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.616665/lat -5.095)">Mbomole Hill</a>, 05°05.7'S, 38°37.0'E, 1000 m a.s.l., 5–8.XI.1995, leg. C.E. Griswold et al., 28 imm. 10♀ (CAS); East Usambara Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.088333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.605/lat -5.088333)">Dodwe Stream</a> [05°05.3'S, 38°36.3'E], 900 m a.s.l., 10.VII.1980, leg. M. Stoltze &amp; N. Scharff, 1♂ (ZMUC); East Usambara Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.595&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.108333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.595/lat -5.108333)">Sangarawe Forest</a>, 05°06.5'S, 38°35.7'E, 990 m a.s.l., 5–6.XI.1995, leg. C.E. Griswold et al., 2 imm. 1♂ (CAS); West Usambara Mountains, Lushoto District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.516666/lat -4.8166666)">Mazumbai Forest Reserve</a>, 04°49'S, 38°31'E, 1370–1435 m a.s.l., 4.XII.1995, leg. S. McKamey et al. (fog 31), 4♂ (ZMUC); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.5/lat -4.8166666)">Same</a> locality, 04°49'S, 38°30'E, 1400–1800 m a.s.l., 10–20.XI.1995, leg. C.E. Griswold et al., 24 imm. 4♂ 5♀ (CAS); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.483334/lat -4.8166666)">Same</a> locality, 04°49'S, 38°29'E, 1800–1900 m a.s.l., 10–20.XI.1995, leg. C.E. Griswold, N. Scharff &amp; D. Ubick, 12 imm. 1♂ 2♀ (CAS); West Usambara Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.516666/lat -4.8166666)">Mazumbai</a>, 04°49'S, 38°31'E, 1600 m a.s.l., 1.VIII.1980, leg. M. Stoltze &amp; N. Scharff, 1♂ (ZMUC).</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in equatorial Africa, as far west as Cameroon (Fig. 9).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFF6FFA8FACE99FFCCE7F94C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE8FFADFACE9A3FCC8DFE00.text	03C387AFFFE8FFADFACE9A3FCC8DFE00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas falsus Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas falsus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6G, H, 11</p><p>Trachelas minor Simon 1897: 183; Simon 1932: 977; Ramírez 2014: 373 (in part misidentified).</p><p>Etymology. This species name is taken from the Latin for “mistaken or misled”, which refers to the historical misidentification of this species in Africa as T. minor .</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species is most similar to T. leggi sp. nov., as they share a similar embolus shape, but it can be recognised by the proximal section of the embolus being directed retroproximally rather than retrodistally and by the position of the patellar apophysis, which is located distally as opposed to medially on the patella (cf. Figs 11A, B and 14A, B). It also differs from T. minor, which has a retrodistally orientated proximal section of the embolus and a medially positioned patellar apophysis, similar to T. leggi sp. nov. (see Bosselaers et al. 2009: figs 10, 11 and Jin et al. 2017: fig. 3). The female of this species also resembles that of T. minor in the general epigyne shape, particularly the oval anterior atria, but can be recognised by the relatively larger size of the atria (almost half the length of the epigynal plate) compared to those of T. minor, which are only approximately a quarter of the length of the epigynal plate (cf. Fig. 11C with Bosselaers et al. 2009: figs 13 and Jin et al. 2017: fig. 2G).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 0.86–1.10, CW 0.74–0.88, AL 0.82–1.33, AW 0.71–1.10, TL 1.76–2.31, FL 0.06– 0.08, SL 0.53–0.61, SW 0.53–0.57, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.02, ALE–ALE 0.22, PME–PME 0.04, PME– PLE 0.06, PLE–PLE 0.33. Length of leg segments: I 2.30 (0.78, 0.41, 0.43, 0.31, 0.37); II 2.25 (0.61, 0.27, 0.57, 0.47, 0.33); III 1.85 (0.55, 0.27, 0.37, 0.41, 0.25); IV 2.62 (0.80, 0.29, 0.55, 0.69, 0.29).</p><p>Carapace brown to reddish-brown; eye region orange to brown, with dark brown to black rings around eyes (Fig. 6G); AME and ALE equal in size; clypeus height equal to distance slightly more than AME diameter; AME separated by distance equal to 0.7 their diameter; AME separated from ALE by distance equal to 0.4 AME diameter; PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by distance equal to their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance equal to 0.7 PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium slightly lighter; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale brown, darker towards border. Abdominal dorsum pale creamy-yellow to pale grey (Fig. 6G), with faint yellow dorsal scutum; two pairs of pale brown sigilla present. Legs I to IV pale yellow-brown. Palpal CY oval, gradually narrowed distally; retrolateral PA small, sharply pointed, positioned distally on patella; TE oval, SP with gradual median curve and distinct narrow proximal loop; EM originating prodistally, with proximal section broad, forming single narrow coil, distal section short, stout, directed distally (Fig. 11A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 0.86–1.06, CW 0.86–1.76, AL 1.15–1.61, AW 0.47–1.22, TL 1.90–2.74, FL 0.04– 0.08, SL 0.53–0.65, SW 0.55–0.60, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.02, ALE–ALE 0.22, PME–PME 0.08, PME– PLE 0.06, PLE–PLE 0.33. Length of leg segments: I 2.31 (0.73, 0.29, 0.55, 0.41, 0.33); II 2.13 (0.63, 0.29, 0.49, 0.41, 0.31); III 1.76 (0.51, 0.25, 0.37, 0.39, 0.24); IV 2.68 (0.78, 0.29, 0.65, 0.67, 0.29).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown; eye region brown, with black rings around eyes (Fig. 6H); AME and ALE are equal in size; clypeus height slightly more than AME diameter; AME separated by 0.7× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by about 0.2× AME diameter; PME separated by their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.5× PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium dark yellow-brown; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, proximal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale brown, darker towards border. Abdominal dorsum creamy yellow, with mottled grey marking above spinnerets (Fig. 6H); two pairs of sigilla, first pair pale brown, anterior to midpoint, second pair darker, posterior to midpoint. Legs I to IV pale yellow to pale brown. Epigyne with oval AT anteriorly, almost half the length of epigynal plate; CO small, located posteriorly in AT, partly overlapping large, round ST II; CD curling around atrial perimeter before entering ST II, separated by their diameter; Cd running along midline before abruptly bending at almost perpendicular angle posteriorly, entering subpentagonal ST I on their mesal margin; ST I separated by approximately their width (Fig. 11C, D).</p><p>Type material: Holotype: ♂: CÔTE D’IVOIRE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.0333333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.0333333/lat 7.6833334)">Bouaké, F.-Foro</a>, 07°41'N, 05°02'W, 26–28.VIII.1974, leg. G. Couturier (piège coloré) (MRAC 216452).</p><p>Allotype: ♀: same data as holotype (MRAC 216359).</p><p>Paratypes: CÔTE D’IVOIRE: Bouaflé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.133333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.133333/lat 6.866667)">Klébo</a>, 06°52'N, 06°08'W, I.1981, leg. J. Everts (pièges), 1♂ (MRAC 166407) ; Bouaflé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.6666665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.6666665/lat 5.9333334)">Koudougou</a>, 05°56'N, 05°40'W, II.1981, leg. J. Everts (pièges), 1♂ 1♀ (MRAC 166259) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.0333333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.0333333/lat 7.6833334)">Bouaké, F.-Foro</a>, 07°41'N, 05°02'W, 26–28.VIII.1974, leg. G. Couturier (piège coloré), 2♀ (MRAC 216482) , 1♀ (MRAC 216383) . SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Drakensberg Mountains, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.933332/lat -28.7)">Tendele Camp</a> [28°42'S, 28°56'E], 11.XI.2014, leg. A. Russell-Smith (in Protea savanna), 1♀ (BMNH) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.273016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.717983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.273016/lat -30.717983)">Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve</a>, 30°43.079'S, 30°16.381'E, 315 m a.s.l., 13.I.2011, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks, open grassland patch), 1♂ 1♀ (TMSA 23990) .</p><p>Other material examined: CÔTE D’IVOIRE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9833336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.75/lat 6.9833336)">Bouaflé</a>, 06°59'N, 05°45'W, 29.I.1981, leg. J. Everts (pitfalls), 1♂ (MRAC 173993) ; Bouaflé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.133333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.133333/lat 6.866667)">Klébo</a>, 06°52'N, 06°08'W, I.1981, leg. J. Everts (piéges), 1♂ (MRAC 166407) ; Bouaflé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.6666665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.6666665/lat 5.9333334)">Koudougou</a>, 05°56'N, 05°40'W, III.1980, leg. J. Everts (piéges), 1♀ (MRAC 166253) . NIGERIA: Ibadan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.5/lat 7.233333)">International Institute of Tropical Agriculture</a> (I.I. T.A.), 07°14'N, 03°30'E, 24.V.1981, leg. A. Russell-Smith (sweeping ground layer and shrubs, secondary forest), 1♀ (MRAC 177308) ; Same locality, 12.VI.1981, leg. A. Russell-Smith (beaten from shrub layer, bush plots, corp site), 1♀ (MRAC 177312); Same locality, 23.V.1974, leg. A. Russell-Smith (corp. plots, 04), 1♀ (BMNH); Same locality, 28.VII.1974, leg. A. Russell-Smith (corp site, fallow bush), 5♂ 6♀ (BMNH) . SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: eThekwini/ Durban, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.966667/lat -29.633333)">Buffelsdraai Township</a>, 29°38'S, 30°58'E, 14.IV.2019, leg. S.P. Mntambo (hand collecting, Chromolaena odorata eradication project), 1♀ (NCA 2019 /959) ; Ithala Game Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.3164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.532784" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.3164/lat -27.532784)">Onverdacht</a> picnic site, 27°31.967'S, 31°18.984'E, 29.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1♂ 1♀ (NCA 2013 /5091) ; Ndumo Game Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.17735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.886734" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.17735/lat -26.886734)">Southern</a> boundary, 26°53.204'S, 32°10.641'E, 10.XII.2009, leg. C. Haddad (grass litter, Acacia tortilis savanna), 3♂ 2♀ (TMSA 23651) ; Same data as previous but leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle &amp; V. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.17735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.886734" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.17735/lat -26.886734)">Butler</a>, 4.VII.2009, 1 imm. 1♂ 3♀ (TMSA 23563) ; Underberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.516666/lat -29.683332)">Sani Pass</a> transect, 29°41'S, 29°31'E, 20.I.2008, leg. University of Pretoria students (pitfall traps), 1 imm. 1♀ (NCA 2009 /681) . TANZANIA: Mkomazi Game Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.0/lat -4.0)">Kikolo</a> plot, 04°00'S, 38°00'E, 25.I.1996, leg. A. Russell-Smith (thick grass below Commiphora trees), 2♂ 2♀ (MRAC 211321) .</p><p>Distribution. Widespread in the Afrotropical Region, but only known from Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania (Fig. 12). It is likely that all previous records of T. minor occurring in West Africa, including those from Senegal (Simon 1897: 183) and Sierra Leone and Liberia (Simon 1932: 977; Ramírez 2014: 373), refer to this new species, as their embolus structures are the most similar among the Trachelas sensu stricto and we found no specimens matching the genitalic morphology of T. minor, as illustrated in several recent papers (e.g. Bosselaers et al. 2009; Marusik &amp; Kovblyuk 2010; Jin et al. 2017), among the specimens examined in this study. Unfortunately, we were unable to examine any material from those three countries to confirm this. Incidentally, the scanning electron micrographs of the vulva of T. minor by Ramírez (2014: fig. 179D) were based on specimens from Algeria, which match the epigyne illustrations of Mediterranean populations of T. minor (Bosselaers et al. 2009: figs 13–15) and not T. falsus sp. nov. (Fig. 11C, D), so we can definitively confirm that T. minor at least occurs in North Africa. As such, we conclude that T. minor does not occur in the Afrotropical Region and that its distribution is restricted to the Palaearctic Region, extending from the Mediterranean (including North Africa) to Central Asia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE8FFADFACE9A3FCC8DFE00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFEDFFAFFACE9B0ACD14FBD0.text	03C387AFFFEDFFAFFACE9B0ACD14FBD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas humus Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas humus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6I, J, 13</p><p>Etymology. This species name is derived from Latin for “ground”, which refers to the habitat of this species. Noun in apposition.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species shares with T. canariensis the slender distal section of the embolus but can be distinguished by it curving towards the prodistal side, with the tip directed at 11 o’clock (Fig. 13A), whereas that of T. canariensis curves towards the retrodistal side, with the tip directed at 1 o’clock (Fig. 8A). The female is distinctive among Afrotropical Trachelas by the broad, transverse primary spermathecae, which are twice as wide as long (Fig. 13C).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.08, CW 0.93, AL 1.30, AW 0.95, TL 2.20, FL 0.08, SL 0.65, SW 0.60, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.24, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.35. Length of leg segments: I 3.63 (1.05, 0.40, 0.98, 0.70, 0.50); II 2.84 (0.83, 0.33, 0.73, 0.55, 0.40); III 2.17 (0.63, 0.30, 0.33, 0.63, 0.28); IV 3.28 (1.00, 0.33, 0.85, 0.75, 0.35).</p><p>Carapace bright orange-brown (Fig. 6I); eye region brown, with dark brown rings around eyes; AME and ALE equal in size; clypeus height 1.7× AME diameter; AME separated by their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by slightly more than their diameter; PME separated from PLE by about 0.5× PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium slightly lighter; two promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale brown, darker towards borders. Abdomen creamy-yellow dorsally, with faint grey mottled patch in posterior half; dorsal scutum pale yellow; first pair of sigilla very pale, anterior to midpoint; second pair darker, posterior to midpoint. Legs pale yellow-brown, femora of legs I and II dark yellow-brown. Palp yellow-brown, with PA finger-like, slightly curved towards proximal side; CY conical in distal half, gradually narrowed distally; TE oval, slightly more than 1/2 CY length; EM with proximal section nearly as broad as TE, curving clockwise, distal section slender, elongate, curving towards prodistal side, with tip directed at 11 o’clock (Fig. 13A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.00–1.13, CW 0.93–0.95, AL 1.25–1.78, AW 0.85–1.35, TL 2.23–2.70, FL 0.05– 0.08, SL 0.63–0.70, SW 0.53–0.63, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.23, PME–PME 0.10, PME– PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.38. Length of leg segments: I 3.18 (0.95, 0.40, 0.75, 0.63, 0.45); II 2.75 (0.85, 0.35, 0.65, 0.53, 0.37); III 2.31 (0.63, 0.45, 0.43, 0.50, 0.30); IV 3.51 (1.00, 0.38, 0.85, 0.88, 0.40).</p><p>Carapace orange-brown; eye region brown, with dark brown rings around eyes (Fig. 6J); ALE slightly larger than AME; clypeus height slightly more than AME diameter;AME separated by their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by slightly more than their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.7× PME diameter. Chelicerae, endites and labium orange; three promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest, proximal tooth smallest; three retromarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest. Sternum pale brown, darker towards borders. Abdomen with dorsum pale yellow, with pale grey mottling (Fig. 6J); first pair of sigilla very pale brown, anterior to midpoint; second pair darker, posterior to midpoint. Legs uniform pale brown; legs I and II slightly more robust and darker than legs III and IV. CO situated posteriorly in oval AT next to midline, their long axes converging anteriorly; CD initially as broad as CO, tapering rapidly while curving laterally and anteriorly, forming complete spiral terminating in small lollipop-shaped ST II anterolaterally; ST II separated by almost 10× their diameter; Cd converging anteromesally, bending backwards, running along midline before entering broad, transversely oval ST I posterolaterally; ST I twice as broad as long, separated by approximately 1/6 their width (Fig. 13C, D).</p><p>Type material: Holotype ♂ and 6♀ paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.15725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.095434" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.15725/lat -29.095434)">iSimangaliso Wetland Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.15725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.095434" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.15725/lat -29.095434)">Eastern Shores Nature Reserve</a>, 29°05.726'S, 26°09.435'E, 3.VII.2007, leg. C. Haddad (leaf litter) (NCA 2007 /2896).</p><p>Paratypes: NAMIBIA: Caprivi Strip, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat -17.683332)">Kwando</a> [17°41'S, 23°28'E], 24.III.1976, leg. F. Wanless &amp; A. Russell-Smith (river <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat -17.683332)">Phragmites and Papyrus</a>), 1♀ (BMNH). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Drakensberg Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.937384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.689484" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.937384/lat -28.689484)">Royal Natal National Park</a>, 40.6 km W of Bergville, 28°41.369'S, 28°56.243'E, 1480 m a.s.l., 21.I.2011, leg. H. Wood et al. (general collecting, montane grassland and plantation), 1♀ (CAS, CASENT 9043415); Same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.9342&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.711683" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.9342/lat -28.711683)">Thendele Camp</a>, 28°42.701'S, 28°56.052'E, 1600 m a.s.l., 17.X.2015, leg. C. Haddad (grass tussocks, alpine grassland), 5♂ 1♀ (NCA 2015 /2078); Drakensberg Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.211384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.946766" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.211384/lat -28.946766)">Cathedral Peak Hotel</a>, 28°56.806'S, 29°12.683'E, 1430 m a.s.l., 4.X.2020, leg. R. Booysen &amp; R. Steenkamp (hand collecting, at hotel gate), 1♂ (NCA 2021 /1105); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.15725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.095434" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.15725/lat -29.095434)">iSimangaliso Wetland Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.15725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.095434" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.15725/lat -29.095434)">Eastern Shores Nature Reserve</a>, 29°05.726'S, 26°09.435'E, 3.VII.2007, leg. C. Haddad (leaf litter), 1♂ (MACN-Ar 12922, CJG-03050), 1♀ (MACN-Ar 12924, CJG-03051). Mpumalanga: Badplaas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.566668/lat -26.033333)">Embuleni Nature Reserve</a>, 26°02'S, 30°34'E, 28.III.2001, leg. Y.M. Marusik, 1♀, together with 2 non-type imm. (ZMUM) .</p><p>Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Drakensberg Mountains, Monk’s Cowl [29°04'S, 29°20'E], 16.XI.2014, leg. A. Russell-Smith (grass tussock in Protea savanna), 1♂ (BMNH); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.295284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.889166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.295284/lat -26.889166)">Drakensberg Mountains</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.295284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.889166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.295284/lat -26.889166)">Royal Natal National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.295284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.889166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.295284/lat -26.889166)">Cascade Falls</a> pathway, 28°41.373'S, 28°56.246'E, 1485 m a.s.l., 21.I.2011, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 2♀ (TMSA 23982); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.295284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.889166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.295284/lat -26.889166)">Ndumo Game Reserve</a>, Nyamiti Pan, 26°53.350'S, 32°17.717'E, 53 m a.s.l., 17.X.2020, leg. R. Booysen &amp; R. Steenkamp (hand collecting), 1♀ (NCA 2021 /1301).</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in eastern South Africa and northeastern Namibia (Fig. 154).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFEDFFAFFACE9B0ACD14FBD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFEFFFA1FACE99C3CC1AFBBC.text	03C387AFFFEFFFA1FACE99C3CC1AFBBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas leggi Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas leggi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 6K, L, 14A–D</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after Robert Legg, who collected the holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of this species share with T. falsus sp. nov. the short, transversely coiled embolus with a short, stout, distally directed tip, but can be distinguished from it by the broad proximal bend of the sperm duct (vs with closed proximal loop), the retrodistally directed proximal section of the embolus (vs retroproximally) and the medial position of the small patellar apophysis (vs distal). Females are most similar to T. russellsmithi sp. nov., as they have similarly sized copulatory openings directed mesally, but can be distinguished by the copulatory openings being separated by two diameters (vs equal to their diameter), the secondary spermathecae being positioned near the middle of the epigyne (vs anteriorly) and the abdomen being uniformly grey (vs with a narrow pale anterior stripe in T. russellsmithi sp. nov.).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 0.88, CW 0.70, AL 1.00, AW 0.65, TL 1.90, FL 0.03, SL 0.53, SW 0.50, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.15, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.25. Length of leg segments: I 2.39 (0.68, 0.25, 0.55, 0.48, 0.43); II 1.86 (0.55, 0.20, 0.40, 0.38, 0.33); III 1.47 (0.43, 0.18, 0.28, 0.35, 0.23); IV 1.92 (0.55, 0.23, 0.43, 0.43, 0.28).</p><p>Carapace yellow-orange, with dark brown mottling (Fig. 6K); eye region brown, with dark brown rings around eyes; ALE larger than AME; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by 0.5× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, paler towards fang base, endites and labium yellow-brown; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum brown, darker towards borders. Abdominal dorsum mottled grey, with dark brown undertones; scutum distinct, covering most of abdomen (Fig. 6K). Legs uniform pale brown; legs I and II slightly more robust and darker than III and IV. Palp pale yellow-brown; PA small, rounded, medially situated; CY elongate-oval; TE oval, more than 1/2 CY length; SP with broad, U-shaped proximal bend; EM short, originating prodistally, with narrow, retrodistally directed proximal section in clockwise coil and short, distally directed tip (Fig. 14A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.03, CW 0.92, AL 1.40, AW 1.11, TL 2.45, FL 0.06, SL 0.62, SW 0.59, AME– AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.33. Length of leg segments: I 2.37 (0.70, 0.37, 0.54, 0.43, 0.33); II 2.19 (0.62, 0.32, 0.49, 0.44, 0.32); III 1.79 (0.52, 0.29, 0.32, 0.42, 0.24); IV 2.59 (0.76, 0.31, 0.60, 0.63, 0.29).</p><p>Specimen slightly faded; carapace yellow-orange, cream on posterior slope behind fovea; ocular region slightly darker, with black rings around eyes (Fig. 6L); AME and ALE subequal; clypeus height 1.25× AME diameter; AME separated by 1.2× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.17× AME diameter; PLE very slightly larger than PME; PME separated by their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.6× PME diameter. Chelicerae yellow-orange, endites and labium slightly lighter; three promarginal teeth, proximal tooth smallest, median and distal teeth subequal; two retromarginal teeth on common base, proximal tooth slightly larger. Sternum pale yellow, with darker border. Abdomen pale creamy-grey dorsally and ventrally, with faint grey mottling (Fig. 6L). Legs uniform creamy-yellow. Epigyne with strongly curved, mesally directed ridges separated by twice their diameter; CD initially directed mesally and anteriorly, forming complete coil, narrowing terminally, with narrow channel leading to round ST II, separated by 1.2× their diameter; Cd very narrow, looping laterally then mesally and posteriorly along midline, thickened posteriorly before looping back and forming narrow channel that enters round posterolateral ST I, separated by 1.3× their diameter (Fig. 14C, D).</p><p>Type material: Holotype: ♂: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Cape Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.45/lat -34.1)">dunes north of Muizenberg</a>, 34°06'S, 18°27'E, 21.IV–5.V.1991, leg. R. Legg (MRAC 173691).</p><p>Paratype: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Cape Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.4/lat -33.916668)">Signal Hill</a> [33°55'S, 18°24'E], 13.VIII.1978, leg. A. Russell-Smith (under stones), 1♀ (BMNH) .</p><p>Other material examined. None.</p><p>Distribution. Only known from the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa (Fig. 12).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFEFFFA1FACE99C3CC1AFBBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE1FFA0FACE996FCB21FF78.text	03C387AFFFE1FFA0FACE996FCB21FF78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas longinquus Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas longinquus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7A, 14E, F</p><p>Etymology. The species name is derived from Latin longus for “long”, which refers to the long embolus of the male.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species can be easily recognised from congeners by the simple, curved, elongate embolus that is as long as the tegulum and the small, triangular retrolateral patellar apophysis pointing ventrally (Fig. 14E, F), whereas directed ventrolaterally or laterally in other species. Female unknown.</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.50, CW 1.33, AL 1.90, AW 1.48, TL 3.30, FL 0.10, SL 0.85, SW 0.83, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.35, PME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.55. Length of leg segments: I 3.79 (1.18, 0.50, 0.90, 0.73, 0.48); II 3.65 (1.13, 0.48, 0.83, 0.73, 0.48); III 2.68 (0.80, 0.38, 0.55, 0.65, 0.30); IV 3.66 (1.10, 0.43, 0.85, 0.93, 0.35).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 7A); eye region dark brown, with black rings around eyes; AME and ALE subequal in size; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by 0.5× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by 1.5× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium dark yellow-brown; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum brown, darker towards border. Abdomen pale yellow, with brown scutum covering almost entire length of abdomen dorsally (Fig. 7A); first pair of sigilla indistinct, anterior to midpoint of abdomen, second pair brown, elongate, posterior to midpoint. Legs uniform pale brown; legs I and II slightly darker, more robust than posteriors; tibiae of legs I and II with long, erect ventral setae. Palp dark yellow-brown, PA small, triangular, positioned distally, with tip directed ventrally; palpal tibia with shallow, rounded retrolateral ridge; CY rounded proximally, narrow distally; TE oval, SP curving transversely across tegulum; EM originating retrolaterally, simple, elongate, curved proventrally (Fig. 14E, F).</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♂: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Sangha-Mbaéré Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.193333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.005" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.193333/lat 3.005)">Réserve Spéciale de Forét Dense de Dzanga-Sangha</a>, 12.7 km 326° NW Bayanga, 03°00'18"N, 16°11'36"E, 420 m, 10– 17.V.2001, leg. B.L. Fisher (rainforest, beating low vegetation, BLF 4087) (CAS).</p><p>Other material examined. None.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 12).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE1FFA0FACE996FCB21FF78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE0FFA2FACE9C47CC26FCB8.text	03C387AFFFE0FFA2FACE9C47CC26FCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas pusillus Lessert 1923	<div><p>Trachelas pusillus Lessert, 1923</p><p>Figs 7B, 15</p><p>Trachelas pusillus Lessert, 1923: 195, figs 42–46 (Holotype ♂: SOUTH AFRICA: Grahamstown/Makhanda [33°18'S, 26°31'E], leg. J. Hewitt, deposited in MHNG—examined); Bosselaers et al. 2009: 24, figs 4, 38–39; Bosselaers 2010: 25, figs 4–9, 14–20.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species is distinctive among Afrotropical congeners and can be easily recognised by the embolus looping on the longitudinal axis of the palp in ventral view and the hatchet-shaped patellar apophysis in lateral view (Fig. 15A, B). The epigyne of the new species is most similar to that of T. leggi sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the small copulatory openings that are separated by about three diameters (Fig. 15C) vs copulatory openings larger and separated by two diameters (Fig. 14C).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 0.90, CW 0.74, AL 1.06, AW 0.75, TL 1.93, FL 0.04, SL 0.52, SW 0.46, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE–ALE 0.18, PME–PME 0.71, PME–PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 0.28. Length of leg segments: I 2.04 (0.60, 0.27, 0.46, 0.38, 0.33); II 1.86 (0.55, 0.24, 0.40, 0.35, 0.32); III 1.48 (0.42, 0.22, 0.29, 0.34, 0.21); IV 2.17 (0.62, 0.25, 0.48, 0.55, 0.27).</p><p>Carapace bright orange, eye region slightly darker, with black rings around eyes (Fig. 7B); AME very slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height 1.1× AME diameter; AME separated by 0.5× times their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.1× AME diameter; PME very slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by about 0.85× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by about 0.4× PME diameter. Chelicerae bright orange, endites and labium slightly lighter; three promarginal teeth, proximal tooth smallest, median tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth on common base, subequal in size. Sternum bright orange, with darker border, covered in faint grey mottling, concentrated around border. Abdominal dorsum cream in anterior half, dark grey in posterior half, with broad orange scutum covering ¾ of abdomen, covered in grey mottling (Fig. 7B); venter uniform cream. All legs uniform creamy-yellow. Palp pale yellow-brown; PA hatchet-shaped, small, with broad base, narrowing near middle into ventrally directed point; CY oval, tapering to sharp point distally; TE oval, with prolateral protrusion proximally, almost 3/4 length of CY; SP simple, oblique, with gradual proximal bend; EM originating distally on tegulum behind broad TA, forming single simple loop on longitudinal axis of palp, with tip directed retrodistally (Fig. 15A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.00–1.20, CW 0.95–1.08, AL 1.50–1.58, AW 1.08–1.20, TL 2.50–2.70, FL 0.03– 0.10, SL 0.63–0.70, SW 0.60–0.70, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.13, ALE–ALE 0.26, PME–PME 0.10, PME– PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.33. Length of leg segments: I 2.91 (0.88, 0.40, 0.63, 0.53, 0.45); II 2.53 (0.70, 0.38, 0.55, 0.50, 0.40); III 2.15 (0.63, 0.33, 0.43, 0.48, 0.28); IV 2.96 (0.93, 0.35, 0.70, 0.70, 0.28).</p><p>Carapace brown to reddish-brown; eye region brown to reddish-brown, with black rings around eyes; AME and ALE equal in size; clypeus height slightly larger than AME diameter; AME separated by 1.4× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.4× AME diameter; PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by 1.7× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium yellow-brown; three promarginal teeth, median tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale brown to brown, darker towards border. Abdomen pale yellow dorsally, darkening to grey posteriorly. Legs uniformly pale brown; legs I and II slightly more robust, slightly darker than legs III and IV. Epigyne with small, mesally directed ridges, with CO separated by three diameters; CD forming complete compact coil, with short narrow stalk entering round ST II in anterior half of epigyne [both ST II broken off during ultrasonic epigyne clearing]; Cd slender, converging near midline, looping back posteriorly before forming thickened oblique stalk entering oval posterolateral ST I, separated by slightly less than their diameter (Fig. 15C, D).</p><p>Other material examined. LESOTHO: Mohale Dam, Island 3, 29°25.396'S, 28°05.903'E, 2040 m a.s.l., 16.XII.2003, leg. C. Haddad (under rocks, montane grassland), 1♀ (NCA 2006 /1338). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZuluNatal: Tembe Elephant Park, 10. IV.1998, leg. A. Leroy (leaf litter), 1♀ (NCA); Tembe Elephant Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.4151&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.0371" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.4151/lat -27.0371)">Viewing Tower</a>, 27°02.226'S, 32°24.906'E, 115 m a.s.l., 5.XII.2019, leg. C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen (base of grass tussocks), 1♂ (NMBA 18810). Western Cape: De Hoop Nature Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.5/lat -34.466667)">Koppie Alleen</a>, 34°28'S, 20°30'E, 6. IX.2007, leg. C. Haddad (hand collecting), 1♀ (NCA 2007 /119); George, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.416666/lat -33.966667)">Elsenberg</a> [33°58'S, 22°25'E], 8. V.1972, leg. Volschenk (grazing), 1♀ (NCA 76 /1097); Stellenbosch, 28 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.866667/lat -33.916668)">Cluver Road</a> [33°55'S, 18°52'E], 28.VIII.1979, leg. H. Lombaard, 1♀ (NCA 2007 /1329); Swellendam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.45/lat -34.066666)">Bontebok National Park</a>, 34°04'S, 20°27'E, 30.X.1987, leg. Entomology staff (various methods), 1♀ (NMBA 15002); same locality, 34°02.990'S, 20°28.890'E, 119 m a.s.l., 15.X.2011, leg. L. Almeida et al. (general collecting, fynbos and grassland), 2 imm. 4♂ 3♀ (CAS, CASENT 9043374).</p><p>Distribution: Widely distributed in central, eastern and southern Africa (Fig. 16).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE0FFA2FACE9C47CC26FCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE2FFA2FACE9E6BCB28F870.text	03C387AFFFE2FFA2FACE9E6BCB28F870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas russellsmithi Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas russellsmithi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7C, 17A, B</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after Tony Russell-Smith, who collected the type series, in recognition of his contributions to African arachnology.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species closely resembles T. leggi sp. nov. in genitalic morphology, particularly in the size of the curved ridges surrounding the copulatory openings of the epigyne, but can be distinguished by the dark abdomen with a narrow pale median stripe in the anterior half of the abdomen (cf. Figs 7C and 6L) and by the more anterior position of the secondary spermathecae, in the same plane as the copulatory openings (Fig. 17A) vs near the centre of the epigyne (Fig. 14C). Male unknown.</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 0.99–1.10, CW 0.87–0.97, AL 1.40–1.52, AW 0.97–1.13, TL 2.53–2.72, FL 0.05– 0.06, SL 0.62–0.66, SW 0.54–0.61, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE–ALE 0.21, PME–PME 0.08, PME– PLE 0.04, PLE–PLE 0.34. Length of leg segments: I 2.51 (0.76, 0.35, 0.56, 0.48, 0.36); II 2.38 (0.71, 0.33, 0.52, 0.47, 0.35); III 1.95 (0.59, 0.27, 0.38, 0.44, 0.27); IV 2.95 (0.87, 0.31, 0.68, 0.76, 0.33).</p><p>Carapace bright yellow-orange (Fig. 7C), paler on posterior slope behind fovea; eye region slightly darker, with black rings around eyes; ALE very slightly larger than AME; clypeus height equal to 1.44× AME diameter; AME separated by 0.65× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.1× AME diameter, almost touching; PME slightly larger than PLE; PME separated by slightly less than their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.5× PME diameter. Chelicerae yellow-orange, endites and labium slightly lighter; three promarginal teeth, proximal tooth smallest, distal tooth largest; two subequal retromarginal teeth on common base; endites creamy-yellow; labium yellow-brown proximally, creamy-yellow distally. Sternum bright yellow-orange, borders orange-brown. Abdomen mottled dark grey dorsally, with narrow cream stripe in anterior half and eight fine recurved transverse chevrons in posterior half (Fig. 7C); venter cream, with faint grey mottling. Legs pale yellow-brown, distal ends of femora and entire patellae creamy-yellow. Epigyne with strongly curved, mesally directed ridges near anterior edge of epigynal plate; CD short, forming incomplete coil, initially directed mesally, then anteriorly, folding back laterally before entering round anterolateral ST II, separated by ther diameter; Cd narrow, curving anteromesally before running along midline of epigyne, thickened posteriorly, folding back and looping laterally before entering transverse oval ST I on their anterior margin; ST I separated by 1.2× their diameter (Fig. 17A, B).</p><p>Type material. Holotype ♀ and 2♀ paratypes: ETHIOPIA: 51 km E of Addis Ababa [ca. 09°00'N, 39°20'E], 18.VI.1988, leg. A. Russell-Smith (under stones, dry hillside) (BMNH).</p><p>Other material examined. None.</p><p>Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Fig. 16)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE2FFA2FACE9E6BCB28F870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE5FFA4FACE9D9ACB5DFAD4.text	03C387AFFFE5FFA4FACE9D9ACB5DFAD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas scutatus Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas scutatus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7D, E, 17C–G</p><p>Etymology. This species name is derived from the Latin for the “scutum”, which refers to the abdominal scutum being present in both males and females.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species can be easily recognised from congeners by the long embolus with two loops along its course and the presence of a rounded retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 17C, D). The female is unique among Afrotropical congeners in the presence of a dorsal scutum that covers the entire abdomen (Fig. 7E), as well as the small adjacent copulatory openings at the centre of the epigyne that lead to looping copulatory ducts that are initially directed anteriorly (Fig. 17E–G).</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.30–1.50, CW 1.13–1.15, AL 1.30–1.50, AW 1.08–1.13, TL 2.60–2.80, FL 0.08– 0.10, SL 0.70–0.80, SW 0.63–0.80, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.25, PME–PME 0.08, PME– PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.38. Length of leg segments: I 3.46 (1.08, 0.53, 0.85, 0.65, 0.35); II 3.28 (1.05, 0.45, 0.75, 0.65, 0.38); III 2.44 (0.68, 0.35, 0.53, 0.50, 0.38); IV 3.07 (0.98, 0.35, 0.68, 0.78, 0.28).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 7D); eye region slightly darker, with black rings around eyes; ALE larger than AME; clypeus height about 1.25 AME diameter; AME separated by 0.5× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by their diameter; PME separated from PLE by about 0.5× PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium dark yellow-brown; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum brown, darker towards border. Abdomen pale yellow dorsally; dorsal scutum brown, covering almost entire length of abdomen (Fig. 7D); anterior pair of sigilla anterior to midpoint, paler than posterior pair, situated posterior to midpoint. Legs uniformly pale brown, legs I and II more robust, darker than legs III and IV. Palp dark yellow-brown; PA small, triangular, with pointed tip; tibia with rounded RTA; CY broad proximally, narrowed abruptly at midpoint, with shallow retrolateral ridge at EM tip; TE oval, slightly more than 1/2 the length of CY; proximal section of EM broad, initially looping in transversal plane, bending clockwise distally then laterally, with tip along retrolateral side of cymbium, directed distally (Fig. 17C, D).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.00–1.10, CW 0.88–1.00, AL 1.30–1.60, AW 0.98–1.30, TL 2.40–2.70, FL 0.08– 0.10, SL 0.55–0.63, SW 0.50–0.65, AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.08, PME– PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.33. Length of leg segments: I 2.59 (0.88, 0.35, 0.60, 0.43, 0.33); II 2.43 (0.80, 0.30, 0.53, 0.50, 0.30); III 1.89 (0.58, 0.28, 0.38, 0.45, 0.20); IV 2.56 (0.80, 0.28, 0.60, 0.65, 0.23).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 7E); eye region brown, with black rings around eyes; ALE slightly larger than AME; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by 0.7× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PLE larger than PME; PME separated by their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.7× PME diameter. Chelicerae reddish-brown, endites and labium brown; two promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum orange, darker towards border. Abdomen pale grey dorsally, with brown dorsal scutum covering almost entire length of abdomen (Fig. 7E). Legs uniformly pale yellow, anterior legs slightly more robust than posteriors. Epigyne with median CO, CD initially directed anteriorly, looping laterally, anteriorly then posteriorly before entering teardrop-shaped lateral ST II on anterior margin; ST II separated by their diameter; Cd short, narrow, entering oval posteromesal ST I on anteromesal margin; ST I separated by slightly less than 1/2 their width (Fig. 17E–G).</p><p>Type material. Holotype ♂ and allotype ♀, with one non-type juvenile: NIGERIA: Lagos Colony, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.3166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.3166666/lat 6.616667)">Agege</a> [06°37'N, 03°19'E], 5.XII.1948, leg. B. Malkin (CAS).</p><p>Paratypes: GHANA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.3833333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.3333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.3833333/lat 5.3333335)">Kakum Forest</a>, 05°20'N, 01°23'E, 17.XI.2005, leg. R. Jocqué et al. (secondary forest, fogging), 1♂ 7♀ (MRAC 218262), 2♂ 3♀ (MRAC 218271) .</p><p>Other material examined. None.</p><p>Distribution. Forests in Ghana and Nigeria (Fig. 16).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE5FFA4FACE9D9ACB5DFAD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE4FFA7FACE98C7CB28FA11.text	03C387AFFFE4FFA7FACE98C7CB28FA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas smithi Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Trachelas smithi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7F, 18</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after Dominic Shilabira Smith, who collected the entire type series.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species resembles T. falsus sp. nov. in the structure of the epigyne, particularly the adjacent oval atria that extend approximately half the length of the epigynal plate, but it can be distinguished by the distinct chevron markings on the abdomen (vs uniformly coloured with grey posterior patch; cf. Figs 6H and 7F) and the bilobed secondary spermathecae (Fig. 18), vs round (cf. Figs 18 and 11C, D). Male unknown.</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.60–1.73, CW 1.48–1.65, AL 2.18–2.40, AW 1.68–1.95, TL 3.80–4.28, FL 0.05– 0.10, SL 0.90–1.03, SW 0.93–1.05, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.35, PME–PME 0.15, PME– PLE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.38. Length of leg segments: I 5.33 (1.65, 0.65, 1.25, 1.08, 0.70); II 4.81 (1.40, 0.63, 1.25, 0.93, 0.60); III 3.66 (1.00, 0.53, 0.75, 0.93, 0.45); IV 5.21 (1.55, 0.53, 1.25, 1.38, 0.50).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 7F); eye region darker, with black rings around eyes; AME slightly larger than ALE; clypeus height slightly less than AME diameter; AME separated by 0.5× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by 1.2× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by 0.7× PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, endites and labium yellow-brown; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum mottled brown, darker towards borders.Abdomen pale creamy-yellow, with dark grey chevron markings dorsally and longitudinal patches laterally, connected in posterior half of abdomen (Fig. 7F); both pairs of sigilla pale brown, either side of midpoint. Legs pale brown, femora darker; legs I and II slightly more robust, darker than legs III and IV. Epigyne with adjacent oval AT anteriorly, extending almost half length of epigynal plate; CD following path of AT, entering bilobed mediolateral ST II on anterior margin; ST II separated by about 1/3 their width; Cd running along midline of epigyne, thickened and looping back posteriorly, then laterally, entering oval ST I on anteromesal margins; ST I separated by their width (Fig. 18).</p><p>Type material. Holotype: ♀: KENYA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.21666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.9/lat 0.21666667)">Kakamega Forest</a>, 00°13'N, 34°54'E, 1654 m a.s.l., leg. D. Shilabira Smith, 3–10.III.2002 (Malaise trap) (MRAC 212720).</p><p>Paratypes: KENYA: Kakamega <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.21666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.9/lat 0.21666667)">Forest</a>, 00°13'N, 34°54'E, 1654 m a.s.l., leg. D. Shilabira Smith, 27.IV.2002 (Malaise trap), 1♀ (MRAC 220271); Same locality, leg. D. Shilabira Smith, 13.IV.2002 (pitfall traps), 1♀ (MRAC 220547) .</p><p>Other material examined. None.</p><p>Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Fig. 16)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE4FFA7FACE98C7CB28FA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFE7FF99FACE9B03CB9BFBD0.text	03C387AFFFE7FF99FACE9B03CB9BFBD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas sylvae Caporiacco 1949	<div><p>Trachelas sylvae Caporiacco, 1949</p><p>Figs 7G, H, 19</p><p>Trachelas sylvae Caporiacco, 1949: 448, figs 74a–b (Holotype ♂: KENYA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.733334/lat -0.6)">Mau Forest</a> [00°36'S, 35°44'E], deposited in MCVR—examined from photographs).</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of this species is most similar to T. chubbi but can be recognised by the sharply pointed embolus tip and the relatively broad profile of the embolus in ventral view (Fig. 19A, B), vs a clearly narrower embolus with a broad, not sharp, tip (Fig. 10A, B). The female of T. sylvae can be easily recognised from Afrotropical congeners by the massive oval atria that extend nearly 2/3 of the length of the epigynal plate and the very small posterior primary and secondary spermathecae (Fig. 19C, D).</p><p>Remarks. While the types could only be examined from photographs, those images and Caporiacco’s (1949: figs 76a–b) drawings correspond most closely to the specimens we examined. In the absence of any other similar Afrotropical species, we are sure that our specimens represent T. sylvae .</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.30–1.33, CW 1.08–1.15, AL 1.30–1.80, AW 0.85–1.13, TL 2.60–2.80, FL 0.03– 0.05, SL 0.73–0.80, SW 0.70–0.75, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.10, PME– PLE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.44. Length of leg segments: I 3.44 (0.93, 0.45, 0.88, 0.70, 0.48); II 3.19 (0.90, 0.40, 0.78, 0.68, 0.43); III 2.43 (0.70, 0.30, 0.53, 0.60, 0.30); IV 3.39 (0.98, 0.38, 0.78, 0.90, 0.35).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 7G); eye region brown, with dark rings around eyes; ALE and AME equal in size; clypeus height approximately AME diameter; AME separated by 0.7× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by 1.4× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae pale brown, endites and labium brown; two promarginal teeth, distal tooth largest; two retromarginal teeth, distal tooth largest. Sternum pale yellow, orange towards border. Abdomen pale yellow, with yellow-brown scutum covering entire dorsum, with brown to grey chevron markings dorsally (Fig. 7G); median line extending to middle of abdomen, with numerous lateral chevrons in posterior half, connected to grey lateral stripe. Legs uniform pale yellow to pale brown, with incomplete bands; legs I and II more robust than III and IV; femora I and II with incomplete distal band; patellae without bands; tibiae with two incomplete bands, one distal and one proximal; metatarsi I with incomplete proximal band; tarsi without bands. Palp brown; PA very short, tooth-like, situated distally; CY oval, distal third slightly twisted retrolaterally on its axis; TE oval, about 2/3 CY length; SP S-shaped, with pronounced proximal and distal bends; EM originating prodistally, looping behind weak TA, distal section broad and stout in ventral view, inverted 6-shaped with sharp tip in retrolateral view (Fig. 19A, B).</p><p>Female. Measurements: CL 1.60–1.98, CW 1.48–1.63, AL 2.65–2.80, AW 2.15–2.33, TL 4.35–4.78, FL 0.08– 0.13, SL 0.98–1.10, SW 0.88–1.00, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.33, PME–PME 0.15, PME– PLE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.58. Length of leg segments: I 5.09 (1.58, 0.65, 1.23, 0.98, 0.65); II 4.88 (1.45, 0.60, 1.23, 1.00, 0.60); III 3.67 (1.08, 0.50, 0.78, 0.88, 0.43); IV 5.03 (1.43, 0.55, 1.20, 1.35, 0.50).</p><p>Carapace reddish-brown (Fig. 7H); eye region brown, with black rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, almost straight; ALE slightly larger than AME; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AME separated by their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.2× AME diameter; PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by 1.25× their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae reddish-brown, endites and labium slightly lighter; two promarginal tooth, distal tooth largest; retromargin with two subequal teeth. Sternum orange, brown towards border. Abdomen pale yellow, mottled grey dorsally; faint chevron marking present, with dark grey median line extending to midpoint of abdomen, with numerous lateral branches (Fig. 7H). Legs uniformly brown, with incomplete bands; legs I and II more robust, slightly darker than III and IV; femora I and II with incomplete distal band; patellae without bands; tibiae with incomplete distal and proximal bands; metatarsi I with incomplete proximal band; tarsi without bands. Epigyne with large, oval AT that extend 2/3 the length of epigynal plate, with anterolateral CO; CD broad, curving anteriorly, then mesally and posteriorly before entering oval posterolateral ST II, separated by 4× their width; connecting ducts short, with simple thickened posterior loop before entering oval posteromedian ST I, separated by less than their diameter (Fig. 19C, D).</p><p>Other material examined. CAMEROON: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.683333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.683333/lat 4.8333335)">Southwest Province</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.683333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.683333/lat 4.8333335)">Meme Division</a>, Mount Kupe, above Nyassossa, 04°50'N, 09°41'E, 1200–1600 m a.s.l., 16–19.II.1992, leg. C. Griswold et al. (forest), 1♀ (ZMUC). D. R. CONGO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.2/lat -0.25)">Bikara</a>, 18 km S of Lubéro, route Lubéro-Gama, 00°15'S, 29°12'E, 1200 ft. a.s.l., XII.1976, leg. M. Lejeune (feuilles sechea de fougères), 1♀ (MRAC 159861); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.916666/lat 0.5833333)">Northern</a> side of Mount Ruwenzori, Kikura Camp [00°35'N, 29°55'E], 2000 m a.s.l., VII–VIII.1974, leg. M. Lejeune (fauchage), 2♂ 2♀ (MRAC 154142); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.38333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.95/lat 0.38333333)">Northern</a> slope of Mount Ruwenzori, Kilindera Camp [00°23'N, 29°57'E], 2750 m a.s.l., VII–VIII.1974, leg. M. Lejeune (intérieur de bambous morts), 1♂ (MRAC 155120); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.3/lat 5.016667)">Cataractes</a>, Route Lubero-Butembo, région de Lukanga, Vukengete Forest, 05°01'N, 14°18'E, 2210 m a.s.l., XII.1974 – I.1975, leg. M. Lejeune (mousses couverte de graminés), 1♀ (MRAC 168075). UGANDA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.36666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.866667/lat 0.36666667)">Ruwenzori</a> [00°22'N, 29°52'E], 1952, leg. G.O. Evans, 3♂ 2♀ (BMNH).</p><p>Distribution. Scattered localities in equatorial Central Africa (Fig. 16).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFE7FF99FACE9B03CB9BFBD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFD9FF99FACE981BCC31F91A.text	03C387AFFFD9FF99FACE981BCC31F91A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysanina Simon 1910	<div><p>Thysanina Simon, 1910</p><p>Thysanina Simon, 1910: 201; Lyle &amp; Haddad 2006: 97.</p><p>Remarks. Thysanina can be easily distinguished from Trachelas sensu stricto by the smooth rather than tuberculate carapace texture, the presence of ventral cusps and dense scopulae on the anterior tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of males and females, respectively, and the consistent presence of chevron markings on the abdomen of both sexes (rare in Trachelas sensu stricto). However, Thysanina is itself probably polyphyletic, and may represent three different genera based on morphological and molecular data (Haddad et al. 2021; Haddad 2025). Despite a revision (Lyle &amp; Haddad 2006), wherein a range of genitalic morphology between the six known species was presented, the composition of the genus needs to be revised in future, taking into consideration that more than 15 new species have been subsequently discovered and are awaiting description (C.H., unpublished data).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFD9FF99FACE981BCC31F91A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFD9FF9AFACE9A04CC0FF870.text	03C387AFFFD9FF9AFACE9A04CC0FF870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysanina scopulifer (Simon 1896) Haddad & Lyle 2025	<div><p>Thysanina scopulifer (Simon, 1896) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 20, 21</p><p>Trachelas scopulifer Simon, 1896: 412 (Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape, MNHN 16638 —examined).</p><p>Diagnosis. Males can be easily distinguished from all congeners by the very long flattened embolus that forms three broad coils, with the tip directed proximally (Figs 20B, C, 21B, C), whereas the embolus is not coiled in the other species (Lyle &amp; Haddad 2006). Females of this species can be distinguished by the broad, transversely oval posterior atrium containing the copulatory openings and the unique long copulatory ducts that spiral several times towards the anterior ST II, with the connecting duct bending back medially along the spiral axis before entering the posterolateral ST I (Figs 20E, 21D, E). In other Thysanina species, the atria containing the copulatory openings are paired and the copulatory ducts do not comprise multiple spirals (see Lyle &amp; Haddad 2006).</p><p>Remarks. The transfer of this species to Thysanina is supported by the dense ventral scopulae on the anterior legs of females, the presence of ventral cusps on the tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I and II of the males, the absence of leg spines, the smooth carapace texture and the characteristic abdominal chevron markings of the specimens examined. The female is redescribed and illustrated and the male described and illustrated for the first time here.</p><p>Male. Measurements: CL 1.37–1.40, CW 1.16–1.19, AL 1.49–1.58, AW 1.02–1.10, TL 2.63–2.73, FL 0.09– 0.10, SL 0.78–0.81, SW 0.66–0.68, AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE–ALE 0.24, PME–PME 0.08, PME– PLE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.44. Length of leg segments: I 4.06 (1.22, 0.56, 0.97, 0.79, 0.52); II 3.51 (1.08, 0.48, 0.78, 0.71, 0.46); III 2.79 (0.78, 0.41, 0.56, 0.67, 0.37); IV 4.08 (1.19, 0.43, 0.98, 1.08, 0.40).</p><p>Carapace deep yellow-brown, with mottled grey stripe along midline and radiating striae directed from fovea towards palps and legs, all but that directed at leg IV ending in dark transverse blotch (Fig. 20A); surface finely wrinkled, covered in sparse short erect white setae; eye region slightly darker between median eyes, with black rings around eyes; clypeus height equal to AME diameter; AER slightly procurved, ALE slightly larger than AME; AME separated by 0.8× their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.15× AME diameter; PLE slightly larger than PME; PME separated by slightly more than their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PLE diameter. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with distinct boss; anterior surface quite rugose, with scattered long, fine setae; three slightly separated promarginal teeth, proximal tooth smallest, median tooth largest; two adjacent retromarginal teeth, proximal tooth slightly larger. Sternum yellow-brown, with darker borders and dense grey mottling, paler along midline and in stripes radiating from centre towards coxae, forming star-shaped paler marking; surface smooth, covered in scattered short, fine setae; precoxal triangles present; intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs. Abdomen cream dorsally, with faint yellow scutum covering entire dorsum; two pairs of sigilla present, at 1/4 and 1/2 abdomen length; dorsum with black stripe along midline, undulating and partly broken in posterior half, accompanied by eight pairs of mediolateral black chevron markings in posterior half (Fig. 20A); sides cream, with continuous broad black line from anterior margin to spinnerets; venter cream, with pair of mediolateral black stripes from epigastric furrow to spinnerets. Legs I and II pale yellow-brown, III and IV yellow; all femora and patellae with broad distal black band; all tibiae and metatarsi with narrow black band at 1/4 their length and broad black band distally; tarsi without markings; anterior legs more robust, surface covered with short, fine setae; moderately dense scopulae on metatarsi and tarsi of all legs; ventral cusps present on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I and II (Fig. 21A); all legs spineless. Palp pale yellow-brown; femur and patella without apophyses, tibia with simple triangular RTA, directed dorsolaterally in ventral view and dorsally in lateral view; CY oval; TE round, providing base for very long, flattened EM, forming three complete coils radiating outwards from point of origin near centre of TE, with tip directed at palpal patella; TE mainly obscured by EM in ventral view; SP clearly visible along entire length of EM in lateral view (Figs 20B, C, 21B, C).</p><p>Female. Measurements (eye and leg measurements from second largest specimen): CL 1.60–1.70, CW 1.33– 1.53, AL 2.38–2.50, AW 1.68–1.95, TL 3.98–4.20, FL 0.08–0.13, SL 1.00–1.08, SW 0.87–0.88, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE–ALE 0.30, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.10, PLE–PLE 0.48. Length of leg segments: I 4.84 (1.48, 0.68, 1.13, 0.95, 0.60); II 4.16 (1.25, 0.63, 0.95, 0.83, 0.50); III 3.24 (1.00, 0.48, 0.65, 0.73, 0.38); IV 4.77 (1.45, 0.53, 1.18, 1.13, 0.48).</p><p>Carapace brown (Fig. 20D); first two thirds of carapace rounded, with steep decline in last third; surface texture smooth, covered with short, fine setae; fovea short, distinct, at two thirds CL; eye region brown with black rings around eyes; AER slightly recurved, almost straight; ALE larger than AME; clypeus height about AME diameter; AME separated by their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 0.4× AME diameter; PME and PLE equal in size; PME separated by their diameter; PME separated from PLE by PME diameter. Chelicerae brown, anterior surface covered with scattered fine, dark, long setae; three promarginal teeth, proximal tooth largest, distal tooth smallest; two retromarginal teeth, equal in size. Sternum light brown, darker towards border, shield-shaped; surface smooth, covered in scattered short, fine setae. Abdomen dorsum pale yellow, with grey chevron; chevron with dark grey median line, extending to 2/3 abdomen length, with several branches extending laterally (Fig. 20D); abdomen broad anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Legs uniform pale brown, with distinct, incomplete grey bands on femora to metatarsi; femora with two closed distal bands, patellae covered almost entirely by single band; tibiae and metatarsi with single distal and proximal bands; relatively dense dark scopulae ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi; remaining leg segments with scattered fine, pale setae; regular leg spines, cusps absent. Epigyne weakly sclerotised, with transversely oval posterior AT, with CO situated anteriorly therein; CD broad, spiralling anteriorly, forming four complete spirals before entering anterior finger-like ST II; Cd directed posteriorly along spiral axis, diverging posteriorly before entering small, oblique elongate ST I posterolaterally, separated by 2× their width; CD with clublike transverse accessory gland after one complete coil (Figs 20E, 21D, E).</p><p>Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.16535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.429016" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.16535/lat -32.429016)">Cederberg Wilderness Area</a>, near Driehoek, 23 km 38° NE of Citrusdal, 32°25.741'S, 19°09.921'E, 945 m a.s.l., 10.X.2011, leg. L. Almeida et al. (general collecting, shaded moist cliff in fynbos), 2♂ 1♀ (CAS, CASENT 9043358); Hermanus, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.270933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.396915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.270933/lat -34.396915)">Fernkloof Nature Reserve</a>, 34°23.815'S, 19°16.256'E, 29. IX.2007, leg. R. Lyle (beats, fynbos), 1♀ (NCA 2007 /3837); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.945917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.73515" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.945917/lat -33.73515)">Paarl Mountain Nature Reserve</a>, 1.79 km 238° WSW of Paarl, 33°44.109'S, 18°56.755'E, 404 m a.s.l., 7.X.2011, leg. L. Almeida et al. (fynbos, general collecting), 4♀ (CAS, CASENT 9043262); Riversdale, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.002117" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.407/lat -34.002117)">Spioenkop Nature Reserve</a>, 34°00.127'S, 21°24.420'E, 365 m a.s.l., 8.X.2022, leg. C. Haddad et al. (sifting litter, fynbos), 1♀ (NMBA 19325); Vredendal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.65/lat -32.066666)">Farm Grootfontein</a> 105, 32°04'S, 18°39'E, 21.X.1987, leg. L. Lotz (beating), 1♀ (NMBA 1991).</p><p>Distribution. Only known from the Western Cape Province, South Africa (Fig. 22).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFD9FF9AFACE9A04CC0FF870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
03C387AFFFDDFF9DFACE9918CA72FA1C.text	03C387AFFFDDFF9DFACE9918CA72FA1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelas punctatus Simon 1886	<div><p>Trachelas punctatus Simon, 1886 nomen dubium</p><p>Trachelas punctatus Simon, 1886: 376 (Holotype juvenile ♀: SENEGAL: Saint Louis, leg. E. Simon, MNHN?—not examined, presumed lost).</p><p>Remarks. This species was described from Senegal on the base of a juvenile female, as the original description indicates (translated) “Unfortunately we only have one young female whose sexual characteristics are not developed.” The type specimen could not be traced and is presumed lost. The original description is insufficient to identify the species, so we consider it a nomen dubium, taking into consideration that no other Trachelas sensu stricto reported in this paper have been collected in Senegal and the historical record of T. minor from the country could not be verified. The slightly larger size (4 mm) compared to most of the other species treated herein suggest that it could possibly belong to another genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387AFFFDDFF9DFACE9918CA72FA1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Haddad, Charles R.;Lyle, Robin	Haddad, Charles R., Lyle, Robin (2025): A revision of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the continental Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa 5673 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.4.1
