identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C387C3E907FFD7CEB18111FDC4FBB6.text	03C387C3E907FFD7CEB18111FDC4FBB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephedrus Haliday 1833	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Ephedrus Haliday, 1833</p>
            <p> Type species:  Bracon plagiator Nees, 1811</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387C3E907FFD7CEB18111FDC4FBB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davidian, Elena M.;Manukyan, Andranik R.;Belokobylskij, Sergey A.	Davidian, Elena M., Manukyan, Andranik R., Belokobylskij, Sergey A. (2023): A new and the second fossil species of the genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Baltic amber. Zootaxa 5297 (4): 587-593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.8
03C387C3E907FFD2CEB181AEFEEFFBBC.text	03C387C3E907FFD2CEB181AEFEEFFBBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephedrus carsteni Davidian & Manukyan & Belokobylskij 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ephedrus carsteni Davidian ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 1, 2</p>
            <p>http://zoobank.org/ 4C6CC756-81F0-4F26-AD74-4EB6C018857E</p>
            <p> Type material.  Holotype: female, GPIH N. 5080 (CCGG N. 9184).</p>
            <p>  Type locality and horizon.  Baltic amber. Upper Eocene, Prussian Formation. Baltic Sea coast and amber quarry Yantarny near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Province, Russia  . </p>
            <p>Etymology. Named in honour of Mr Carsten Gröhn, Chairman of Association for the Promotion of the Geological-Palaeontological Museum of the University of Hamburg e. V. “Working Group Bernstein”.</p>
            <p>Description. Female. Body length 1.2 mm, fore wing length 0.9 mm, antenna length 0.7 mm.</p>
            <p>Head (Figs 1A, B) transverse (dorsal view), wider than mesoscutum, covered by dense and short setae. Eye semi-spherical, convex, glabrous. Temple approximately 0.7 × as long as eye (dorsal view). Maxillary palpus 4-segmented, labial palpus 2-segmented. Second segment of maxillary palpus 5.0 × longer than its medial width and approximately equal to length of four segment. Second segment of labial palpus 2.0 × longer than its medial width.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 1A) thickened, with 11 antennomeres, weakly widened towards apex, in dense and short setae, setae distinctly shorter than antennomere width. F1 and F2 subequal length. F1 cylindrical, perhaps without rhinaria (multiparous plate sensillae), 3.0 × longer than its median width. F2 weakly widened towards apex, with single rhinaria on its visible side, 2.3 × longer than its medial width. F3, F4 and F5 almost same length and each weakly widened towards apex; both F3 and F4 with single rhinaria on visible side. F5–F8 weakly shorter and wider than previous antennomeres, all with pair of rhinaria on visible side, their length 1.6, 1.4, 1.4 and 1.13 × larger than width respectively.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. Mesoscutum (Fig. 1 В) entirely covered by short and dense setae. Notauli and precoxal sulcus absent. Propodeum smooth, with areola delineated by weak carinae, covered by dense and short setae.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing (Fig. 2 А, В) with complete venation, with seven cells closed by veins. All veins sclerotised and pigmented. Pterostigma triangle, 3.3 × longer than its maximum width. Radial vein (r) arising before middle of pterostigma. Third abscissa of radial vein (SR1) 4.0 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR) and 2.0 × longer than second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR); second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 1.4 × longer than second radiomedial vein (r-m) and 2.0 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Distal margin of fore wing with long setae, which is longer than setae on membrane of wing. Hind wing with closed medial (basal) cell.</p>
            <p>Legs. Legs covered by dense, long and semi-erect setae. Femora and tibiae of fore and middle legs almost similar length. Hind femur 5.0 × longer than its maximum width; hind tibia 9.0 × longer than its maximum width; hind tibia 1.5 × longer than hind femur.</p>
            <p>Metasoma (Figs 1B, С). Metasoma elongate, lanceolate. Petiole short and wide, distinctly convex medially, approximately 1.2 × longer than its width at level of spiracular tubercles, smooth basally and with sparse longitudinal striation in apical half. All metasomal tergites clearly visible in amber. Last tergite, cerci and hypopygium clearly visible (Figs 2 С, D). Ovipositor sheath narrowed towards apex, covered by dense setae, 2.4 × longer than its maximum width (Figs 2 С, D).</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Head, antenna, legs as well as entire body covered by rather dense setae.</p>
            <p>Colour. Body mainly monochrome dark brown, with yellowish medium spot on third and fourth metasomal tergites.</p>
            <p>Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Comparative diagnosis. This new fossil species belongs to the subgenus  Ephedrus of the genus  Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 and to the species group  E. (E.) plagiator (Nees, 1811) on the basis of several distinct features: namely, antenna with 11 antennomeres (except only the female of  E. (E.) antennalis Tomanović, 2020 with 12 antennomeres), venation of fore wing complete with presence of the first (2-SR) and second (r-m) radiomedial veins and seven complete cells (radial (marginal), first and second radiomedial (submarginal), discoidal (discal), brachial (subdiscal), medial (basal), and submedial (subbasal) ones); second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). Ovipositor sheaths in the members of this species group more or less distinctly elongate, straight or weakly upcurved and usually with sparse setae, although the sheaths are densely pubescent in  E. (E.) validus (Haliday, 1833) ,  E. (E.) carinatus Tomanović, 2020 and  E. (E.) rasnitsyni Davidian &amp; Kaliuzhna, 2021 (Davidian et al. 2021a). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387C3E907FFD2CEB181AEFEEFFBBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davidian, Elena M.;Manukyan, Andranik R.;Belokobylskij, Sergey A.	Davidian, Elena M., Manukyan, Andranik R., Belokobylskij, Sergey A. (2023): A new and the second fossil species of the genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Baltic amber. Zootaxa 5297 (4): 587-593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.8
03C387C3E903FFD3CEB184BCFA0AFACB.text	03C387C3E903FFD3CEB184BCFA0AFACB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ephedrus Haliday 1833	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the fossil species of the genus  Ephedrus</p>
            <p> 1. Ovipositor sheaths curved and elongate.—Ovipositor sheath 4.0 × longer than its maximum width....................................................................................................  E. mirabilis Timon-David</p>
            <p>- Ovipositor sheath straight and short....................................................................... 2</p>
            <p> 2. Ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than F1.—Ovipositor sheath widely rounded at apex, 3.0 × longer than wide. Petiole long, 2.0 × longer than its width on level of spiracular tubercles. F1 2.5 × longer than its median length.............................................................................................  E. rasnitsyni Davidian &amp; Kaliuzhna</p>
            <p>- Ovipositor sheath approximately equal to F1............................................................... 3</p>
            <p> 3. Radial vein (r) of fore wing arising behind middle of pterostigma. Third abscissa of medial vein (3-М) almost reaching distal margin of wing. Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 1.3 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). F1 2.0 × longer than its median length.......................................................................  E. primordialis Brues</p>
            <p> - Radial vein (r) of fore wing arising before middle of pterostigma. Third abscissa of medial vein (3-M) distinctly not reaching distal margin of wing (Figs 2A, B). Second abscissa of radial vein (3-SR) 2.0 × longer than first radiomedial vein (2-SR). F1 3.0 × longer than its median length (Fig. 1A).—Petiole short, 1.2 × longer than its width on level of spiracular tubercles (Fig. 1C). Ovipositor sheath narrowly rounded at apex, 2.4 × longer than its width (Figs 2C, D)............  E. carsteni sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Key to new fossil and extant  Ephedrus species with densely pubescent ovipositor sheath </p>
            <p> 1. Propodeum smooth. F1 of antenna 3.0 × longer than its medial width. Pterostigma 3.3 × longer than its maximum width.........................................................................................  E. carsteni sp. nov.</p>
            <p>- Propodeum reticulate. F1 of antenna 4.2–5.8 × longer than medial width. Pterostigma 4.2–4.6 × longer than its maximum width.............................................................................................. 2</p>
            <p> 2. Notauli long, reaching middle of mesoscutum. F1 of antenna 4.2–4.7 × longer than its medial width. Pterostigma 4.2 × longer than its maximum width.................................................................  E.validus (Haliday)</p>
            <p> - Notauli short, reaching anterior third of mesoscutum. F1 of antenna approximately 5.8 × longer than its medial width. Pterostigma 4.6 × longer than its maximum width.................................................  E.carinatus Tomanović</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387C3E903FFD3CEB184BCFA0AFACB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Davidian, Elena M.;Manukyan, Andranik R.;Belokobylskij, Sergey A.	Davidian, Elena M., Manukyan, Andranik R., Belokobylskij, Sergey A. (2023): A new and the second fossil species of the genus Ephedrus Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from Baltic amber. Zootaxa 5297 (4): 587-593, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.4.8
