identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CF5E32FF8C53795F8E4C40FD90F96B.text	03CF5E32FF8C53795F8E4C40FD90F96B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annelida Lamarck 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phylum  Annelida Lamarck, 1802</p>
            <p> Class  Polychaeta Grube, 1850</p>
            <p> Subclass  Sedentaria Lamarck, 1818</p>
            <p> Infraclass  Canalipalpata</p>
            <p>Rouse &amp; Fauchald, 1997</p>
            <p> Order  Sabellida Levinsen, 1884</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8C53795F8E4C40FD90F96B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8C53795C5F4B3DFA68FA2B.text	03CF5E32FF8C53795C5F4B3DFA68FA2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apomatus Philippi 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Apomatus Philippi, 1844</p>
            <p> Types species.  Apomatus ampulliferus Philippi, 1844</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (after Kupriyanova &amp; Nishi, 2010). Tube white, opaque, circular in cross-section, keels and collar-like rings absent. Granular overlay may be present. Operculum a soft membranous vesicle without endplate borne on unmodified pinnulated radiole. Opercular constriction may be present. Pseudoperculum may be present on unmodified radiole. Radioles may be exceptionally flat ribbon-like. Arrangement of radioles in semi-circles (may be up to ¾ of a circle), maximum number up to 40 per lobe in larger species. Inter-radiolar membrane present. Radiolar eyes present. Stylodes absent. Mouth palps present. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar trilobed or unlobed with smooth edge. Thoracic membrane long, forming ventral apron across anterior abdominal segments. Tonguelets between ventral and lateral collar lobes absent. Collar chaetae limbate, of two sizes (thus, in the classical terminology capillary and limbate), may exceptionally be supplemented by  Apomatus chaetae.  Apomatus chaetae usually present from chaetiger 3 onward. Thoracic uncini saw-to-rasp-shaped with approximately 30 teeth in profile, up to 3 (exceptionally 4) teeth in a row above and continuing onto peg; anterior peg very long, blunt, almost rectangular. Ventral thoracic triangular depression absent. Abdominal chaetae sickle-shaped with finely denticulate blades; uncini rasp-shaped with approximately 30 teeth in profile. Short achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Posterior capillary chaetae present. Posterior glandular pad present. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8C53795C5F4B3DFA68FA2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8C53795F9E4E11FC10FE7D.text	03CF5E32FF8C53795F9E4E11FC10FE7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filograninae Kupriyanova 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Filograninae Rioja, 1923 sensu Kupriyanova et al., 2023</p>
            <p> Subfamily diagnosis. Tube not spirally coiled; body symmetrical; thoracic sickle (  Apomatus ) chaetae present; abdominal chaetae flat geniculate. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The subfamily  Filograninae was proposed by Rioja (1923: 107) who stated that presence of pinnules on the opercular peduncle “indicates that the species included in this subfamily are very primitive, …, corroborated by a hardly developed operculum”. However, molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g., Kupriyanova et al., 2006; Lehrke et al., 2007; Kupriyanova et al., 2023) found that both traditional subfamilies  Serpulinae and  Filograninae were not monophyletic, so Kupriyanova et al. (2023) re-classified and re-formulated the sub-family diagnoses and based these on chaetal structures. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8C53795F9E4E11FC10FE7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8C537B5C984C8FFDAEFBE6.text	03CF5E32FF8C537B5C984C8FFDAEFBE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apomatus nishii Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Apomatus nishii n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 71533B4E-A8AA-40F4-AB6B-1417E25C0FED</p>
            <p>Fig. 2A–G</p>
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                 Material examined.   Holotype: W.54373 (extraction number LK287), Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.29195/lat -13.242223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.29195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.242223">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°14'32"S, 96°17'31"E), depth 932–965 m, 21/10/2022. 
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                  Paratypes: W.53423 (LK259), Christmas Island SW (10°32'59"S, 105°31'59"E), depth 1388–1533 m, 09/07/2021 (1 spec., radiolar crown missing, prepared for SEM); W.54510 (LK318), Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.06833/lat -13.278055)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.06833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.278055">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°16'41"S, 96°04'06"E), depth 1395–1459 m, 20/10/2022 (1 spec)  . 
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            <p>Description. Tube: white opaque or slightly reddish, circular in cross section, attached to substrate throughout its length, with smooth surface, without either collar-like rings or flaring peristomes. Median keels absent (Fig. 2A).</p>
            <p>Radioles: flat ribbon-like, wide (Fig. 2A); each lobe with up to 12 pairs of radioles, arranged in semicircles, fused basally (connected by short inter-radiolar membrane) for about 1/20 of their length. Pinnules short and thin; each radiole ending into thin short filamentous tip (Fig. 2A, not well visible here). Radiolar eyes not observed in the preserved material. Stylodes absent.</p>
            <p>Operculum: absent or lost (Fig. 2A), no distinct peduncle observed. Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar unlobed, with entire edge, short, barely covering radiolar lobes (Fig. 2A, B); continuous with wide thoracic membranes (Fig. 2C, D) forming an apron across anterior abdominal chaetigers 1 or 2. Pairs of small, wart-like protuberances of collar chaetiger absent, calcium-secreting glands visible on collar.</p>
            <p> Thorax: with collar chaetiger and 6 uncinigerous chaetigers (Fig. 2A, B). Uncinigerous tori positioned close to each other, ventral thoracic triangular depression absent. Collar chaetae (Fig. 2B, D) simple capillary (limbate) of two sizes,  Apomatus chaetae absent (Fig. 2D). Subsequent chaetal bundles with  Apomatus chaetae (Fig. 2E) and simple capillary and limbate chaetae (Fig. 2D). Uncini predominantly rasp-shaped (Fig. 2C), with approximately 20 teeth in profile, 2 teeth in posterior-most row and up to 5 teeth in a row above and continuing onto peg; anterior peg long, blunt, almost rectangular (Fig. 2C). Pair of prostomial eyes not observed. </p>
            <p>Abdomen: up to 40 abdominal chaetigers. Short achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Uncini rasp-shaped with 3–6 rows of teeth and up to 25 teeth in profile view, long blunt almost rectangular peg (Fig. 2F). Chaetae flat sickle-shaped with finely denticulate blades (Fig. 2G). Long capillary chaetae in posterior chaetigers absent. Posterior glandular pad not observed.</p>
            <p>Size: body length (without radioles) up to 20 mm, width of thorax up to 0.8 mm. Radioles and operculum accounting for one third of entire length. Tube up to 1.2 mm wide with lumen of up to 1.0 mm diameter.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic remarks. The new species resembles  Apomatus voightae Kupriyanova &amp; Nishi, 2010 from the Patton-Murray seamounts (Gulf of Alaska) that differs from all other serpulid species by its very characteristic flat ribbon-like radioles. An unusual feature of  A. voightae is the presence of  Apomatus chaetae in the collar chaetae bundle. Normally in the genus  Apomatus chaetae are present in abundance throughout most thoracic segments but are absent in the collar bundle (Kupriyanova &amp; Nishi, 2010).  Apomatus chaetae are absent in the collar bundle of  Apomatus nishii n. sp. and an operculum is also lacking in this species, but soft vesicular opercula in this genus are easily lost, so this character is unreliable. </p>
            <p> Molecular data support monophyly of the genus  Apomatus and placement of the new species in the genus. However, the relationship between the morphologically distinct species  Apomatus voightae and  A. nishii n. sp. need to be examined in further studies. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named in honour of Professor Eijiroh Nishi (Yokohama National University, Japan) in recognition of his numerous important contributions to taxonomic and reproductive studies of  Serpulidae . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from seamounts off Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 932–1533 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8C537B5C984C8FFDAEFBE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8E537B5FAE4DB8FC42FE33.text	03CF5E32FF8E537B5FAE4DB8FC42FE33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyvermilia Zibrowius 1973	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Bathyvermilia Zibrowius, 1973</p>
            <p> Type species.  Bathyvermilia challengeri Zibrowius, 1973</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (after Kupriyanova &amp; Ippolitov, 2015 emended). Tube white, opaque, circular to quadrangular in cross-section, keel(s) may present. Collar-like rings present. Operculum sub-globular, with simple flat to slightly conical chitinous endplate, sometimes encrusted by calcareous deposit. Peduncle cylindrical, either smooth or wrinkled, distal wings absent; inserted as 2 nd dorsal radiole on either side, constriction present. Pseudoperculum absent. Up to 35 radioles per lobe arranged in semi-circles. Inter-radiolar membrane, radiolar eyes, and stylodes absent. Mouth palps may present. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments, six of which uncinigerous. Trilobed collar (may be not divided into lobes) with straight edge, tonguelets absent. Thoracic membranes of variable length, extending to 2 nd –7 th thoracic segment. Collar chaetae limbate capillaries.  Apomatus chaetae present. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped (rarely saw-to-rasp shaped), with 6–12 teeth and simple, pointed anterior fang. Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate with blunt teeth.Anterior and mid-abdominal uncini saw-shaped, uncini on few far posterior segments rasp-shaped. Short achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Posterior capillary chaetae present. Posterior glandular pad present. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009) listed five bathyal and abyssal species in this genus (  Bathyvermilia challengeri ,  B. islandica Sanfilippo, 2001 ,  B. kupriyanovae Bastida-Zavala, 2008 ,  B. langerhansi (Fauvel, 1909) , and  B. zibrowiusi Kupriyanova, 1993a ). Kupriyanova and Nishi (2010) added a species from the Patton-Murray Seamount, Gulf of Alaska by transferring  Vermiliopsis (?)  eliasoni Zibrowius, 1970 to the genus  Bathyvermilia . Further Kupriyanova and Ippolitov (2015) added  Bathyvermilia gregrousei to the genus and emended the generic diagnosis to include the species with tetragonal, slightly spirally twisted tubes. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8E537B5FAE4DB8FC42FE33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8E53745C704889FD0AF963.text	03CF5E32FF8E53745C704889FD0AF963.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyvermilia challengeri Zibrowius 1973	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bathyvermilia challengeri Zibrowius, 1973</p>
            <p>Fig. 3A–F</p>
            <p> Placostegus ornatus (not Sowerby in Mörch, 1863: 420) McIntosh, 1885: 522–524, pl. 55, fig. 5–6, pl. 30A, fig. 25–27. </p>
            <p> Bathyvermilia challengeri Zibrowius, 1973: 428–430 , fig. 1a–e; Kupriyanova et al., 2011; Gunton et al., 2021: 214–25, fig. 28A. </p>
            <p> Material examined.  W.53395, Christmas Island SE (10°33'00"S, 105°42'11"E), depth 1225–1626 m, 06/07/2021 (1 spec. in tube, photo and prepared for SEM) . </p>
            <p> Species diagnosis. Very recognisable tubes with characteristic sculpture made of numerous transverse ridges close to each other (Fig. 3A). Thoracic membranes rounded, extending to 3 rd thoracic segment (Fig. 3B). Operculum conical, covered with simple slightly raised chitinous endplate having distinct rims (Fig. 3B). Peduncle smooth cylindrical, constriction obvious (Fig. 3C). Collar chaetae simple limbate (Fig. 3D).  Apomatus chaetae present in thorax (Fig. 3E). Thoracic uncini saw-to-rasp shaped, with 12 teeth in lateral view and simple, pointed anterior fang (Fig. 3F). </p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is easily recognisable by its very characteristic tube with numerous conspicuous transverse ridges (not anteriorly directed peristomes), positioned close to each other, encircling the tube interrupted by a longitudinal groove cutting transverse ridges near the base. The original records of this species came from three HMS “ Challenger ” stations in the North and South Pacific Ocean taken at 4246–5719 m (Zibrowius, 1973). Most recently a specimen was collected in the Eastern Australian Abyss (Gunton et al., 2021); this specimen was sequenced for the present study because DNA amplification of the  B. challengeri specimen from IOT examined here was unsuccessful. </p>
            <p> The specimen of  B. challengeri from IOT shows at least 12 teeth in lateral view of thoracic uncini, moreover, these uncini are saw-to-rasp shaped (Fig. 3F). The original description of  B. challengeri (Zibrowius,1973) states “thoracic uncini saw-shaped with about 7 to 10 teeth”. The generic diagnosis in Kupriyanova and Ippolitov (2015) gives saw-shaped thoracic uncini with 6–10 teeth, while 9–11 teeth were reported for  B. gregrousei . Thus, we emended the diagnosis of the genus  Bathyvermilia to reflect the observed variability. </p>
            <p> The specimen collected off Johnston Atoll near Hawaii at 380 m (Kupriyanova et al., 2011) is currently the shallowest record for this nominal species. Although the specimen from the upper bathyal off Johnston Atoll fits the original description of  B. challengeri and is morphologically very similar to the specimens collected from the lower abyssal zone, such a disjunct bathymetric distribution is unusual (reviewed in Capa et al., 2021). Further collecting and additional taxonomic studies of deep-sea serpulids are needed to determine whether  B. challengeri does have disjunct or wide bathymetric distribution or whether at least two morphologically similar species are present in the Pacific Ocean. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Mid-Pacific Ocean, 4246–5719 m, Johnston Atoll (about 1400 km west of Hawaii), 380 m; South Pacific Ocean off NSW, Australia, 2562–2587 m; South Indian Ocean, off Christmas Island, Australia, 1225–1626 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8E53745C704889FD0AF963	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8153765FE24E35FECCFB8B.text	03CF5E32FF8153765FE24E35FECCFB8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyvermilia rolandobastidai Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bathyvermilia rolandobastidai n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D04FC5F4-442A-4B90-8CF7-723ACB7891C5</p>
            <p>Fig. 4A–H</p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype:W.53399 (LK250), Christmas Island SE (10°34'13"S, 105 41'23"E), depth 643–997 m,</p>
            <p>06/07/2021.</p>
            <p> Paratypes: W.53398 (LK247), same as above (1 spec, photo and SEM); W.54907 (1 spec) . </p>
            <p>Description. Tubes: white or slightly brownish, opaque, circular in internal in cross-section, more or less semicircular in external cross-section with attachment area narrowly wider than tube width (Fig 4A, B), attached to substrate throughout their length. Tube surface with numerous (6–7) low keels and some occasional, slightly elevated peristomes (Fig. 4A, B).</p>
            <p>Radioles: 10–11 pairs arranged in two semicircles. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Each radiole ending in a thick filamentous tip as long as pinnules.</p>
            <p>Peduncle: smooth circular in cross-section, slightly thicker than normal radioles and inserted as a 2 nd radiole.</p>
            <p>Operculum: semi-globular, with flat or slightly depressed chitinous endplate (Fig. 4A, B). Constriction at junction of basal part of operculum and peduncle present. Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar trilobed, with ventral and two latero-dorsal lobes. Thoracic membranes continuing to thoracic chaetiger 5.</p>
            <p> Thorax: Seven thoracic segments, 6 with uncini (Fig. 4C). Collar chaetae limbate of two sizes (Fig. 4D). Rest of chaetae limbate plus  Apomatus chaetae (Fig. 4F). Thoracic tori positioned along mid-lateral line of thorax, triangular depression absent. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped with 8–9 teeth and pointed anterior fang (Fig. 4E). </p>
            <p>Abdomen: with up to 60 chaetigers. Anterior abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate with blunt teeth (Fig. 4G), replaced by capillary chaetae on posterior segments.Anterior abdominal uncini saw-shaped with 12 teeth and simple pointed fang (Fig. 4H). Uncini of middle and posterior abdominal segments rasp-shaped, with up to 13 teeth in profile and 2–3 teeth per row. Short achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Posterior glandular pad present.</p>
            <p>Size: total body length up to 15 mm, width of thorax up to 0.8 mm. Radioles and operculum accounting for one third of entire length. Tube up to 1.2 mm wide with lumen of up to 1.0 mm in diameter.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic remarks. The species in the genus are distinguished by tube structure, and to a lesser degree, by the length of the thoracic membranes and details of opercular structure. The new species is easily recognisable from all congeners by its characteristic tube with numerous low keels and occasional transverse ridges/peristomes. Tubes are also very distinct in  B. challengeri (with numerous transverse ridges close to each other),  B. eliasoni (with three longitudinal ridges raised into curved spines),  B. gregrousei (tetragonal in cross-section, slightly spirally twisted) and  B. langerhansi (with smooth shiny surface, sub-triangular in cross-section with a median keel, but lacking lateral keels, peristomes, and transverse ridges). </p>
            <p> Bathyvermilia islandica ,  B. kupriyanovae and  B. zibrowiusi are similar in having tubes circular in cross-section, with smooth shiny surface and distal peristomes. The tube of  B. islandica is attached to the substrate for all its length, forming a distinct peripheral basal flange and undulated peristomes are sometimes present along the tube but are rare.  Bathyvermilia islandica is also distinct in having long thoracic membranes ending at the 7 th thoracic chaetiger, they are wide up to the 2 nd segment, and then narrow sharply.  Bathyvermilia zibrowiusi is most similar to  B. kupriyanovae as both species have tubes with wide peristomes and thoracic membranes extending to the 4 th chaetiger. The main difference between them is the opercular endplate with developed concentric ridges in  B. zibrowiusi , as opposed to simple chitinous endplate with some calcareous inclusions in  B. kupriyanovae . </p>
            <p> The molecular results of this study did not support monophyly of the genus  Bathyvermilia ; alternatively, the data suggest that the new species does not belong to the genus  Bathyvermilia . However, because morphology of  Bathyvermilia rolandobastidai n. sp. fits the generic diagnosis of the genus  Bathyvermilia well, we decided against the change in nomenclature until further molecular data become available. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known off Christmas Island, South Indian Ocean, 643– 997 m.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named after Professor Rolando Bastida-Zavala (Universidad de Mar, Oaxaca, Mexico) to honour his important contributions to taxonomic studies of  Serpulidae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8153765FE24E35FECCFB8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8353765FC64D6EFABFFB89.text	03CF5E32FF8353765FC64D6EFABFFB89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyvermilioides Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Bathyvermilioides n. gen.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6965D659-044F-4247-83DA-B031CDACDA0C</p>
            <p> Type species.  Bathyvermilioides juliebrockae n. sp.</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis. Tube white, opaque, tusk-shaped, quadrangular in cross-section, without peristomes. Operculum very hard, semi-globular shiny endplate. Peduncle cylindrical, smooth, without wings; inserted as 2 nd dorsal radiole on one side. Pseudoperculum absent. Radioles arranged in semi-circles, up to 12 per lobe. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Radiolar eyes and mouth palps absent. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar trilobed, with entire edge, continuous with short thoracic membranes ending at 2 nd thoracic chaetiger. Tonguelets absent. Collar chaetae limbate.  Apomatus chaetae present. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped with 9–10 teeth in profile, anterior fang pointed. Triangular depression absent. Abdominal chaetae short, flat triangular with wide distal denticulate blade; abdominal uncini rasp-shaped, anterior fang pointed. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Long posterior capillary chaetae absent. Posterior glandular pad absent. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The new genus  Bathyvermilioides has tusk-shaped quadrangular in cross-section tubes resembling those of nominal  Bathyditrupa and  Spirodiscus , but the similarities end here, and quadrangular tubes are apparently convergent in several genera of deep-sea serpulids (Kupriyanova &amp; Ippolitov, 2015). The genus clearly belongs to the subfamily  Filograninae as indicated by the presence of the thoracic  Apomatus chaetae and flat geniculate abdominal chaetae and which is supported by molecular results here (Fig. 1). </p>
            <p> The results of the phylogenetic analysis here (Fig. 1) showed that the new taxon does not fall into the  Bathyvermilia clade (type species  B. challengeri ) but belongs to the well supported clade with  Rhodopsis pusilla ,  Semivermilia , and  Pseudovermilia . The phylogenetic position of  B. juliebrockae n. gen., n. sp. suggests that the new taxon could have been included in the genus  Rhodopsis . However, the taxa are very different morphologically, as the two currently valid species of the genus  Rhodopsis are tiny, with the tubes &lt;0.2 mm in diameter and often bearing unpaired brood chambers. The operculum in  Rhodopsis is usually covered with a well-developed soft chitinous endplate bearing spines, the number of thoracic chaetigerous segments varies from four to six, and the achaetous anterior abdominal zone is long. Chaetal characters also differ in the two taxa as in  Rhodopsis collar chaetae are absent, both thoracic and abdominal uncini are rasp-shaped, and abdominal chaetae are flat narrow geniculate. </p>
            <p> Morphologically the new species most closely resembles  Bathyvermilia gregrousei , a deep-sea species inhabiting similarly quadrangular, although smaller and slightly spirally twisted, tubes. It is likely that the  Bathyvermilia gregrousei also should be transferred to the new genus, but molecular data are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Because of these morphological similarities with  Bathyvermilia and phylogenetic position of the new species we established the new genus  Bathyvermilioides . The suffix -oides means “similar to”. This taxonomical decision will again be tested in future molecular studies of deep-sea serpulids. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8353765FC64D6EFABFFB89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8353705C464D6BFE63FB56.text	03CF5E32FF8353705C464D6BFE63FB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyvermilioides juliebrockae Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bathyvermilioides juliebrockae n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 89CE3532-DE97-48F9-94E2-AB89015526AA</p>
            <p>Fig. 5A–L</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype: W.54380, Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Territory</a>
                 ,  Investigator Ridge Abyssal (11°15'26"S, 97°58'08"E), depth 4980–4990 m, 12/10/2022 (not removed from the tube)  .  Paratype: W.55302 (LK319), same as above (specimen removed for DNA, photos, and SEM) . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Tube: white opaque, ostensibly free, with shiny surface, tusk-shaped, thick-walled, mostly quadrangular in cross-section, edges rounded and never denticulate (Fig. 5A).</p>
            <p>Radiolar crown: with 11 pairs of radioles in holotype, arranged pectinately, easily detachable from short radiolar lobes. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Terminal filaments of radioles thin, spirally twisted. Radiolar eyes and mouth palps not observed.</p>
            <p>Peduncle: smooth, cylindrical, slightly thicker than remaining radioles, distal wings absent; inserted on left side between base of 1 st and 2 nd radioles.</p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar covering bases of radiolar lobes, thin; four-lobed, with ventral lobe made of two lobes and distinctly higher than lateral ones (Fig. 5B–D). Collar continuous with short rounded thoracic membranes ending at 2 nd chaetiger (Fig. 5E).</p>
            <p>Operculum: with soft membranous semi-transparent ampulla and distal part distinctly differentiated from basal part. Distally operculum covered with very hard, brownish semi-globular endplate with shiny surface (Fig. 5F); conspicuous constriction between operculum and peduncle present (Fig. 5F). Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p> Thorax: with 7 chaetigerous segments, 6 of which uncinigerous (Fig. 5B–D). Small bundle of limbate collar chaetae. Subsequent chaetae limbate, of two sizes,  Apomatus chaetae present (Fig. 5G, H, e.g., the strongly bent chaeta). Uncini saw-shaped, with 9–10 teeth in profile view and pointed anterior fang (Fig. 5J). Pair of prostomial eyes absent. Triangular depression absent (Fig. 5C), thoracic tori widely separated and almost parallel to mid-lateral line of thorax. </p>
            <p>Abdomen: paratype with 56 segments.Abdominal chaetae short, flat triangular with wide distal denticulate blade (Fig. 5L). Long capillary chaetae absent in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5I). Uncini rasp-shaped with 9–10 teeth in profile and up to 5 rows of teeth above pointed anterior fang (Fig. 5K). Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent.</p>
            <p>Size: total body length of paratype 13.8 mm, including 4.4 mm long radioles, 4.0 mm long thorax, 5.4 mm long abdomen, width of thorax 1.1 mm. Complete tube of holotype 22 mm long (Fig. 5A). In holotype external tube diameter of tube mouth 1.5 mm, corresponding lumen diameter 1.1 mm.</p>
            <p>Species diagnosis. The species is characterised by distinct quadrangular tusk-shaped tubes and the operculum covered with a very hard (questionably calcified) convex (semi-globular) brown endplate. This very hard endplate distinguishes the new species from other quadrangular-tubed taxa that have soft endplates. The diameter of the open posterior end suggests that the specimen originally settled on a small pebble or even a sand granule, and later broke free.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from seamounts off Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, 4980–4990 m.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The abyssal species is named in honour of Professor Julie Brock (University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA) for her numerous and important contributions to taxonomy of deep-sea serpulids.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8353705C464D6BFE63FB56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8553705FFF4C08FB8DFDAB.text	03CF5E32FF8553705FFF4C08FB8DFDAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filogranula Langerhans 1884	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Filogranula Langerhans, 1884</p>
            <p> Type species.  Filogranula gracilis Langerhans, 1884</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (from ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009). Tube white, opaque, with elaborate peristomes; keel present. Granular overlay absent. Operculum with chitinous endplate, may have additional spines in the centre. Peduncle cylindrical, smooth, without wings; inserted as 2 nd dorsal radiole on one side. Pseudoperculum absent. Radioles arranged in semi-circles, up to 7 per lobe. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Radiolar eyes may be present. Mouth palps not observed. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar generally non-lobed (may be trilobed) with entire edge, continuous with short thoracic membranes ending at 2 nd thoracic chaetiger. Tonguelets absent. Collar chaetae fin-and-blade and limbate.  Apomatus chaetae present. Thoracic uncini saw- or saw-to-rasp-shaped with 12–14 teeth in profile, up to 5 teeth in a row above anterior peg, blunt, gouged underneath. Triangular depression absent. Abdominal chaetae short, flat triangular with wide distal denticulate blade; abdominal uncini rasp-shaped. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Long posterior capillary chaetae present. Posterior glandular pad absent. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Zibrowius (1983) and Kupriyanova (1993b) noticed that the genera  Chitinopoma Levinsen, 1884 and  Filogranula are very similar in general opercular and chaetal structure, as well as in the length of thoracic membranes. Ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009) mentioned that additional studies are needed to determine whether these two genera should be synonymised. The most recent multigene molecular phylogeny of Kupriyanova et al. (2023) showed that  F. stellata and  C. serrula are sister groups, thus supporting the hypothesis. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8553705FFF4C08FB8DFDAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8553715CBB4B19FE86F9E2.text	03CF5E32FF8553715CBB4B19FE86F9E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filogranula stellata (Southward 1963)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Filogranula stellata (Southward, 1963)</p>
            <p>Fig. 6A–F</p>
            <p> 
Ompalopoma stellata 
Southward, 1963: 576–578 , fig. 3 (  Atlantic Ocean , continental slope of the UK, between 46° and 52°N, 320–1775 m). </p>
            <p> Filogranula stellata – Bianchi, 1981: 99–100, fig. 38a-c (Mediterranean); Ben-Eliahu &amp; Fiege, 1996: 11–12 (Central and Eastern Mediterranean); ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009: 45 (name only), 47, fig. 19A–E (SEM micrographs of chaetae); Kupriyanova et al., 2023 (DNA, phylogeny, Lost City Hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, SAM E3606): Rosso et al., 2021 (Mediterranean, submarine caves). </p>
            <p> 
Filogranula 
cf. stellata – Kupriyanova et al., 2011: 52, fig. 5J (tube only, RV “ Vityaz ” Stn. 6348-2, Pacific Ocean, 18º35'N, 175º05'W, 1600–1900 m). </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   W.53461, Territory of Christmas Island,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.3275/lat -13.576388)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.3275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.576388">Clara Marie Seamount</a>
                 (13°34'35"S, 105°19'39"E), depth 2189–2264 m, 12/07/2021 (1 tube); W.53462 (LK257), same as above (1 spec.)  ; W.53403 (LK261),  Christmas Island SE (10°33'22"S, 105°45'51"E), depth 3200–3345 m, 07/07/2021 (1 spec.) ; W.53407 (LK269), same as above (1 spec.); W.54390 (LK280),   Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.96/lat -12.225555)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.225555">Territory</a>
                 (12°13'32"S, 96°57'36"E), depth 1113–1343 m, 17/10/2022 (1 spec. prepared for SEM)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Species diagnosis. Tube white, opaque, with elaborate star-like peristomes; denticulate keel present (Fig. 6A). Operculum with chitinous concave endplate (Fig. 6A, C). Peduncle smooth cylindrical, without wings, gradually continuing into operculum without constriction (Fig. 6C), inserted as 2 nd dorsal radiole on one side. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments (Fig. 6C). Collar non-lobed with entire edge, continuous with short thoracic membranes, ending at 2 nd thoracic chaetiger (Fig. 6D). Collar chaetae fin-and-blade and limbate (Fig. 6F).  Apomatus chaetae present (Fig. 6E). Illustrations of uncini and abdominal chaetae are given by ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009, fig. 19). </p>
            <p> Remarks. This species with very characteristic tubes bearing denticulate collars was originally described from the Northern Atlantic. Kupriyanova et al. (2011) provided the first (tentative as based on an empty tube only) record of the species from the Pacific Ocean. Most recently, the molecular phylogeny of Kupriyanova et al. (2023) included sequences of a specimen from Lost City Hydrothermal field located on Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Table 1). This study provided the first record of the species from the Indian Ocean. The phylogenetic results of this study support placement of the collected specimens into  Filogranula stellata . </p>
            <p>Distribution. North Atlantic Ocean, 320–1775 m; Mediterranean, 700–2485 m; Pacific Ocean, 1600–1900 m; Indian Ocean, Territories of Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 1113–3345 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8553715CBB4B19FE86F9E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF8453725FC64FBBFCEFF8BB.text	03CF5E32FF8453725FC64FBBFCEFF8BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protis Ehlers 1887	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Protis Ehlers, 1887</p>
            <p> Type species.  Protis simplex Ehlers, 1887</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (from Rzhavsky et al., 2013 emended). Tube white, opaque, without peristomes, keel present in  P. akvaplani . Operculum absent or one or more membranous globular opercula present on normal pinnulate radiole(s). Arrangement of radioles pectinate, up to 20 per lobe. Inter-radiolar membrane absent. Radiolar eyes not observed. Stylodes absent. Mouth palps absent. Seven (six in  P. akvaplani ) thoracic chaetigers. Collar trilobed with entire edge, tonguelets absent. Thoracic membranes variable, ending at chaetiger 3 in  P. akvaplani and in  P. melmackenzieae n. sp. or long, at least to end of thorax and usually forming ventral apron across anterior abdominal segments. Collar chaetae fin-and-blade and limbate.  Apomatus chaetae present. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped with about 6 (up to 12 in  P. melmackenzieae n. sp. ) teeth, anterior fang simple pointed. Triangular depression absent. Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate with rounded teeth, slightly more triangular blade in  P. hydrothermica . Abdominal uncini rasp-shaped in all segments or saw-shaped in anterior segments, with up to 6 teeth in profile, approximately 5–7 teeth in a row above fang. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Long posterior capillary chaetae present. A posterior glandular pad may be present. Remarks. Ehlers’ original diagnosis does not mention an operculum at all, the lack of an operculum thus was considered a characteristic feature of  Protis . Kupriyanova and Jirkov (1997) extended the diagnosis to include individuals with one or more opercula, following the description of the abyssal  P. polyoperculata by Kupriyanova (1993a). Rzhavsky et al. (2013) emended the diagnosis to include their newly described  P. akvaplani , having tubes with a very distinct high keel and six thoracic segments. Here we further emended the diagnosis to reflect the short thoracic membranes in  P. akvaplani and  P. melmackenzieae n. sp.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF8453725FC64FBBFCEFF8BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF87536C5C9A4CF0FCFBFC83.text	03CF5E32FF87536C5C9A4CF0FCFBFC83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protis melmackenzieae Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Protis melmackenzieae n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A25072A1-D8D4-42D3-A4F5-F390D236725A</p>
            <p>Fig. 7A–F, 8A–F</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype: W.54485, Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.96/lat -12.225555)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.225555">Territory</a>
                 , Cocos (Keeling) (12°13'32"S, 96°57'36"E), depth 1113–1343 m, 17/10/ 2022, complete specimen with operculum. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratypes: W.53456 (LK248), Territory of Christmas Island,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.04667/lat -12.825833)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.04667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.825833">Karma Seamount</a>
                 (12°49'33"S, 107°02'48"E), depth 2760–2850 m, 11/07/2021 (1 spec. prepared for SEM)  ;   W.55294 (LK274), Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.44334/lat -11.063056)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.44334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.063056">Territory</a>
                 , Rudist Seamount (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.)  ;  W.55299 (LK309), same locality (1 spec) ;  W.55298 (LK310), same locality (1 spec.) ;  W.54414 (LK305), same locality (1 spec.) ;  W.55291 (LK306), same locality (1 spec.) ;  W.54415 (LK298), same locality (1 spec.) . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Tube: pink, although tube colour ranging from nearly white, only slightly pinkish to distinctly pink (Fig. 7A–F), entirely opaque, circular in cross section, attached to substrate throughout its length (Fig. 7A–F). Tube surface rough (not smooth), with growth ridges and occasional narrow peristomes; with attachment area narrowly wider than tube width.</p>
            <p>Radioles: each lobe bearing 8–10 radioles arranged pectinately, not connected by inter-radiolar membrane (Fig. 8B). Radiolar eyes and distinct long terminal pinnules absent.</p>
            <p>Operculum: if present, a membranous transparent globular vesicle with slightly differentiated distal endplate (Fig. 8A, B) on a normally pinnulated left 2 nd radiole. Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar with entire edge, short, barely covering radiolar lobes. Trilobed, medio-ventral lobe slightly higher and wider than lateral lobes (Fig. 8B, C); collar continuous with short thoracic membranes ending as rounded flaps at 3 rd thoracic segment, no apron (Fig. 8D). Pairs of small, wart-like protuberances of collar chaetiger absent; tonguelets between ventral and lateral collar parts absent.</p>
            <p> Thorax: with collar chaetiger and 6 uncinigerous chaetigers (Fig. 8B, C). Collar chaetae limbate and fin-and-blade, distal blade not separated from proximal dentate zone (Fig. 8E). Subsequent chaetae limbate, of two sizes.  Apomatus chaetae present in posterior thoracic segments (Fig. 8F). Uncini along entire thorax saw-shaped, with 5–6 slightly curved teeth and simple pointed fang (Fig. 8H). Prostomial eyes not observed. </p>
            <p>Abdomen: up to 40 abdominal chaetigers. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent.Anterior uncini saw-shaped, with 7–8 teeth in profile and simple pointed fang (Fig. 8I), posterior rasp-shaped. Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate with rounded teeth and tapered tip (Fig. 8G). Long capillary chaetae of posterior chaetigers not observed. Posterior glandular pad present.</p>
            <p>Size: total body length up to 14 mm, including up to 4.0 mm long radioles, 3.2 mm long thorax 6.8 mm long abdomen, width of thorax 0.6 mm. In holotype external diameter of tube mouth 1.2 mm, corresponding lumen diameter 1.0 mm.</p>
            <p> Species diagnosis. The new species is clearly different from the rest of the genus  Protis due to the distinctly pinkish tube. This is one of the first newly described species (along with  H. perneti n. sp. ) of the genus in which a detailed illustrated description is accompanied by the molecular sequence data from the type series. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The species is named after Melanie Mackenzie, collection manager at Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from seamounts off Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, 1113–3839 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF87536C5C9A4CF0FCFBFC83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF99536D5E674A57FD00F8CB.text	03CF5E32FF99536D5E674A57FD00F8CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protis perneti Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Protis perneti n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0F6DE35C-270A-4093-9F9C-0AC49092D823</p>
            <p>Fig. 9A–G</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype: W.53467 (LK268), Territory of Christmas Island,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.94222/lat -11.412499)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.94222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.412499">Apollo Seamount</a>
                 (11°24'45"S, 104°56'32"E), depth 1285–1350 m, 13/07/2021 (prepared for SEM). 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratypes: W.53480 (LK254), Territory of Christmas Island,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.44028/lat -11.404444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.44028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.404444">Balthazar Seamount</a>
                 (11°24'16"S, 104°26'25"E), depth 1237–1290 m, 16/07/2021 (1 spec.)  ;  W.53482 (LK270), same locality (1 spec.) ;   W.54384 (LK303),  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.62667/lat -11.832222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.62667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.832222">Cocos</a>
                 (Keeling) IslandsTerritory (11°49'56"S, 96°37'36"E), depth 1589–1896 m, 14/10/2022 (1 spec.)  ;   W.54408 (LK300), Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.06833/lat -13.278055)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.06833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.278055">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°16'41"S, 96°04'06"E), depth 1459–1595 m, 20/10/2022 (1 spec.)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Tube: white or slightly brownish, entirely opaque, circular in cross section, attached to substrate throughout its length. Tube surface with some growth lines, but without distinct ridges and peristomes (Fig. 9a).</p>
            <p>Radioles: each lobe bearing 8–10 radioles arranged pectinately, not connected by an inter-radiolar membrane (Fig. 9A). Radiolar eyes and distinct long terminal pinnules absent.</p>
            <p>Operculum: absent or lost in examined specimens (Fig. 9A).</p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar with entire edge, short, barely covering radiolar lobes. Trilobed, medio-ventral lobe slightly higher and wider than lateral lobes (Fig. 9B, C); collar continuous with long thoracic membranes ending as long apron (Fig. 9B, C). Pairs of small, wart-like protuberances of collar chaetiger absent; tonguelets between ventral and lateral collar parts absent.</p>
            <p> Thorax: with collar chaetiger and 6 uncinigerous chaetigers (Fig. 9A–C). Collar chaetae limbate and fin-and-blade, distal blade well separated from proximal dentate zone (Fig. 9E). Subsequent chaetae simple limbate, of two sizes.  Apomatus chaetae present in posterior thoracic segments (Fig. 9F). Uncini along entire thorax saw-shaped, with 5–6 slightly curved teeth and simple pointed fang (Fig. 9D). Prostomial eyes not observed. </p>
            <p>Abdomen: up to 40 abdominal chaetigers.Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Uncini rasp-shaped, with 3-4 teeth in a row, 7–8 teeth in profile and simple pointed fang (Fig. 9G). Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate with rounded teeth and tapered tip (Fig. 9H). Distinct long capillary chaetae of posterior chaetigers present. Posterior glandular pad not observed.</p>
            <p>Size: total length up to 9.4 mm, including up to 3.6 mm long radioles, 2.8 mm long thorax, 3.0 mm long abdomen, width of thorax 0.9 mm. In holotype external diameter of tube mouth 1.2 mm, corresponding lumen diameter 1.0 mm.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic remarks. According to World Register of Marine Species (Read &amp; Fauchald, 2024), the genus  Protis contains seven poorly known species mainly from bathyal and abyssal locations. The taxonomy of the genus is problematic because the chaetae, uncini, and tubes are very similar and opercula, if present, are normally undifferentiated membranous vesicles. Both operculate and non-operculate species are described, however, soft vesicular opercula are easily lost. Moreover,  Protis arctica (Hansen, 1879) and  P. polyoperculata Kupriyanova, 1993a have been reported to contain both operculate and non-operculate specimens (Kupriyanova, 1993a; Ben-Eliahu &amp; Fiege, 1996; Kupriyanova &amp; Jirkov, 1997).  Protis hydrothermica ten Hove &amp; Zibrowius, 1986 shows two characters not known for the other species: warts between ventral and lateral collar lobes and a pair of pockets in the medio-ventral collar.  Protis akvaplani Rzhavsky et al., 2013 shows very distinct characters: it has only six thoracic chaetigerous segments, short thoracic membranes ending after the 3rd thoracic chaetiger, and tube with a high longitudinal keel.  Protis melmackenzieae n. sp. differs from all other species of the genus by very distinct pink tubes.  Protis pacifica Moore, 1923 of Southern California (below 500 m) is recognisable because of its large size (body size up to 65 mm long). However, distinguishing  Protis simplex Ehlers, 1887 and  P. brownii (Pixell, 1913) from  P. perneti n. sp. is not straightforward because descriptions of the former two taxa are brief and generic, lacking indications of obvious diagnostic characters. Moreover,  P. browni from Antarctica was even suggested as a possible synonym of  P. simplex from the bathyal off Florida (ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009). </p>
            <p> There are two obvious morphological differences between  P. melmackenzieae n. sp. and  P. perneti n. sp. First, the thoracic membranes are short ending at chaetiger 3 in the former but are with very long apron in the latter. Second, the distal blade of special collar chaetae is not separated from proximal dentate fin in  P. melmackenzieae n. sp. versus very well separated in almost bayonet-like special collar chaetae of  P. perneti n. sp.</p>
            <p> With this in mind, we described here  Protis perneti n. sp. as a species distinct from both nominal  P. brownii and  P. simplex mostly based on geographical information. This taxonomical decision will be tested in future molecular studies of deep-sea serpulids. This is one of the first newly described species of the genus in which a detailed illustrated description is accompanied by the molecular sequence data from the type series. </p>
            <p> The results of the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1) suggest that one of the terminals of  P. perneti n. sp. is more closely related to  Protis hydrothermica . Clearly, the relationships between these taxa need to be examined in further studies when additional specimens of the former species become available. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The species is named after Professor Bruno Pernet (California State University at Long Beach, California, USA) for his important contributions to serpulid larval ecology and evolution.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from seamounts off Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, 1237–1896 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF99536D5E674A57FD00F8CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF98536D5C1C4CD5FC24F96D.text	03CF5E32FF98536D5C1C4CD5FC24F96D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Serpulinae Rafinesque 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Serpulinae Rafinesque, 1815</p>
            <p>sensu Kupriyanova et al., 2023</p>
            <p> Subfamily diagnosis. Tube not spirally coiled, body symmetrical; thoracic sickle (  Apomatus ) chaetae absent; abdominal chaetae either true trumpet-shaped or flat trumpet-shaped. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF98536D5C1C4CD5FC24F96D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF98536E5C0B4FCDFA57FC03.text	03CF5E32FF98536E5C0B4FCDFA57FC03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ficopomatini Pillai 1960	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tribe  Ficopomatini Pillai, 1960 sensu </p>
            <p>Kupriyanova et al., 2023</p>
            <p> Tribe diagnosis. Tube not spirally coiled; body symmetrical; thoracic sickle (  Apomatus ) chaetae always absent; abdominal chaetae true trumpet-shaped. </p>
            <p> Genus  Hyalopomatus Marenzeller, 1878</p>
            <p> Type species.  Hyalopomatus claparedii Marenzeller, 1878</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (after Kupriyanova &amp; Ippolitov, 2015). Tube white, opaque, sometimes with external hyaline layer; (semi) circular or quadrangular with rounded edges in cross-section. Tabulae may be present. Operculum globular, soft, without distinct endplate or consisting of proximal ampulla with slightly chitinized distal cap; conspicuous constriction between operculum and peduncle; sometimes operculum absent. Peduncle thin (same thickness as radioles), cylindrical, smooth, wings absent; inserted outside radiolar crown proper in front of 1 st dorsal radiole on either side or between base of 1 st and 2 nd radioles. Pseudoperculum absent. Up to 15 pairs of radioles, in pectinate arrangement. Inter-radiolar membrane absent. Radiolar eyes rarely present. Stylodes absent. Mouth palps present. Six thoracic chaetigerous segments, 5 of which uncinigerous. Collar trilobed, tonguelets between ventral and lateral collar lobes absent. Thoracic membranes short, ending at 1 st or 2 nd chaetiger. Collar chaetae simple limbate capillaries and fin-and-blade, with or without gap between fin and blade.  Apomatus chaetae absent. Thoracic uncini rasp-shaped with about 20 small teeth in profile view, up to 9 teeth in a transverse row above flat or slightly gouged anterior peg, made of two or more rounded lobes with shallow incision(s) in between. Triangular depression absent. Abdominal chaetae ending in long narrow tip made of pointed teeth that at least partly arranged in two rows on anterior and mid-abdominal segments. Long capillaries on posterior chaetigers.Abdominal uncini rasp-shaped, similar to thoracic ones, but their anterior peg with 3–6 flat rounded lobes. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone may be present. Posterior glandular pad absent. </p>
            <p> Remarks: The genus  Hyalopomatus currently contains 14 nominal species mainly from bathyal and abyssal depths (ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009; Kupriyanova et al., 2011, Kupriyanova &amp; Ippolitov, 2015). Likely because of the deep-sea habitat, these animals are poorly known. In fact, six (  Hyalopomatus cancerum Knight-Jones et al., 1997 ;  H. dieteri Kupriyanova &amp; Ippolitov, 2015 ;  H. langerhansi Ehlers, 1887 ;  H. nigropileatus Ehlers, 1900 ;  H. macintoshi Gravier, 1911 ; and  H. sombrerianus (McIntosh, 1885 )) out of 14 currently valid species are known only by few specimens. </p>
            <p> Morphologically, the species of  Hyalopomatus are characterized by six thoracic chaetigers, short thoracic membranes, vesicular opercula on thin non-pinnulated peduncle, fin-and-blade special collar chaetae and, most importantly, uncini with very distinct flat crenulated pegs. A smooth tube with a breaking point (likely a former peristome) (as in Fig. 12A) appears to be characteristic for the genus  Hyalopomatus as such breaks are frequently illustrated (e.g.,  Hyalopomatus biformis ,  H. claparedii ,  H. madreporae ,  H. marenzelleri , and  H. variorugosus ). </p>
            <p> While the species of the genus are relatively easily distinguishable from representatives of other serpulid genera, the species within this genus tend to be morphologically similar to each other. The distinct species are  Hyalopomatus madreporae Sanfilippo, 2009 and  H. cancerum that lack opercula. Tube structure provides further characters to distinguish species within this genus:  H. dieteri has characteristic quadrangular in cross-section tubes, tube surface of  H. variorugosus is distinctly rugose because of characteristic minute flap-like structures, while the attached part of the  H. biformis (Hartman, 1960) tube has a high keel (Bastida-Zavala, 2008) and tubes of  H. langerhansi have slight lateral keels in the part attached to the substrate (Zibrowius, 1969). The remaining 8 species have simple circular in cross-section tubes with smooth surface and differ by the details of opercular morphology, length of thoracic membranes, and collar structure. See remarks to new species described below. </p>
            <p> Kupriyanova et al. (2010) emended the diagnosis of the genus  Hyalopomatus because SEM of the abdominal chaetae of  H. cf. mironovi Kupriyanova, 1993c revealed that their tips have the teeth arranged in two rows, at least at the base of the chaetal tip and are not “flat narrow geniculate with pointed teeth”. Thus, the abdominal chaetae appear to be a variation of true trumpet-shaped (sensu ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009) chaetae normally characterised by two rows of denticles separated by a hollow groove and extended into a long lateral spine. The tips of abdominal chaetae in  H. biformis are similarly not flat but are arranged into at least two irregular rows (Kupriyanova &amp; Nishi, 2010, fig.6C), and these tips are clearly true trumpet-shaped in  H. dieteri (Kupriyanova &amp; Ippolitov, 2015, fig. 12H). This type of abdominal chaetae is typical for representatives of tribe  Ficopomatinae , which is also supported by molecular sequence data here (Fig. 1) and in Kupriyanova et al. (2023). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF98536E5C0B4FCDFA57FC03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF9B536B5CA84AD6FB4CF8D3.text	03CF5E32FF9B536B5CA84AD6FB4CF8D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopomatus nogueirai Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hyalopomatus nogueirai n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7BFB27A6-D9F1-43B1-83A9-EF16AC0B89A7</p>
            <p>Fig. 10A–I</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype: W.55296 (LK302), Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.44334/lat -11.063056)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.44334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.063056">Territory</a>
                 , Rudist Seamount (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 (specimen with operculum in tube). 
            </p>
            <p> Paratypes: W.53396 (LK252), Christmas Island SE (10°33'00"S, 105°42'11"E), depth 1225–1626 m, 06/07/2021 (1 spec.); W.55297 (LK288), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Muirfield Seamount (13°14'32"S, 96°17'31"E), depth 932–965 m, 21/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.55295 (LK281), Christmas Island Territory, Balthazar Seamount (11°21'33"S, 104°2'53"E), depth 3510–3611 m, 7/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.54396 (LK279), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Rudist Seamount (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.55300 (LK301), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Muirfield Seamount (13°16'41"S, 96°04'06"E), depth 1459–1595 m, 20/10/2022 (1 spec. prepared for SEM); W.55293 (LK272), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Rudist Seamount (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.54368 (LK291), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Rudist Seamount (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.54420 (LK308), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Rudist Seamount (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.54383 (LK304), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Muirfield Seamount (13°26'12"S, 96°18'17"E), depth 3948–4047 m, 24/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.54508 (LK314), Christmas Island Territory, Attention Seamount (11°45'25"S, 103°16'49"E), depth 1401–1408 m, 9/10/2022 (1 spec. not removed from tube). Description. Tube: white or slightly brownish opaque,  jirkovi Kupriyanova, 1993c has elongate operculum and its with smooth surface, circular in cross-section, attached to collar’s ventral lobe has a deep medial incision, thus making substrate throughout its entire length (Fig. 10A). the collar four-lobed.  Hyalopomatus nogueirai n. sp. is most Radiolar crown: with up to 10 pairs of radioles (Fig. 10B), similar to  H. macintoshi (Gravier, 1911) from Antarctica and arranged pectinately, easily detachable from short radiolar  H. mironovi from Kuril-Kamchatka Trench as both species lobes. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Terminal have globular transparent opercula, slightly flattened on top. filaments of radioles thin. Radiolar eyes and mouth palps However, both these species have tri-lobed collars, while not observed. in  H. macintoshi tubes bear with well-developed flaring Peduncle: smooth, cylindrical, thin (approximately same peristomes. thickness as radioles) (Fig. 10A); inserted outside radiolar The phylogenetic results also show that that H. cf. crown proper, between base of 1 st and 2 nd radioles.  mironovi from North Fiji is nested inside the  Hyalopomatus Collar and thoracic membranes: collar long, completely  nogueirai n. sp. clade instead of forming a clade with H. covering radiolar lobes and distinctly unlobed (Fig. 10B, I).  mironovi from Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (the type locality). Collar continuous with short thoracic membranes ending at This suggests that the specimen attributed to  H. mironovi by 2 nd chaetiger (Fig. 10E). Kupriyanova et al. (2010) likely belongs to  Hyalopomatus Operculum : soft membranous, semi-transparent, semi-  nogueirai n. sp. globular, with flattened top, slightly differentiated from </p>
            <p>Etymology. The species is named after Professor João basal part; conspicuous constriction and additional small</p>
            <p>  Miguel de Matos Nogueira (Universidade de São Paulo, vesicular ampulla between operculum and peduncle present </p>
            <p>Brazil) for his important contributions to serpulid (Fig. 10A). Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p>
                  systematics. Thorax: with 6 chaetigerous segments, 5 of which uncinigerous (Fig. 10I). Small bundle of collar chaetae (Fig. Distribution. Only known from seamounts off Christmas 10E) of two types: limbate and fin-and-blade with distal and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, 932–4047 m. blade separated from basal fin by a short gap (Fig. 10C). Subsequent chaetae limbate, of two sizes,  Apomatus chaetae absent (Fig. 10D). Uncini along entire thorax rasp-shaped,  Hyalopomatus rossanae n. sp. with 20–25 small teeth in profile view, with 6 teeth in row above flat anterior peg made of 3–4 rounded lobes (Fig. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9675EECD-427B-4398-9C2C-1A123B8B9C6E 10H). Pair of prostomial eyes absent. Triangular depression Fig. 11A–J absent, thoracic tori almost parallel to mid-lateral line of thorax (Fig. 10B, I). Material examined. Holotype: W.54369 (LK289), Cocos Abdomen: with up to 55 segments. Chaetae long, nearly (Keeling) Islands Territory, Muirfield Seamount (13°26'12"S, capillary with only narrow geniculate tip made of two rows 96°18'17"E), depth 3948–4047 m, 24/10/2022. of pointed teeth (Fig. 10G). Capillary chaetae present in Paratypes: W.53432 (LK260),  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Territory of Christmas</a>
                 posterior chaetigers (Fig. 10F).  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Uncini</a>
                 rasp-shaped with over Island,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Karma Seamount</a>
                 (12°49'33"S, 107°02'48"E), 20 teeth in profile and up to 8 rows of teeth (Fig. 10J) above depth 2860– 2850 m, 11/07/2021 (1 spec.); W.53459 anterior peg flat divided into 3–5 rounded lobes (crenulated). (LK267), Territory of Christmas Island,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Clara Marie Achaetous</a>
                 anterior abdominal zone present.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Seamount</a>
                 (13°34'35"S, 105°19'39"E), depth 2189–2264 m,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Size</a>
                 : total body length up to 11 mm, including up to 12/07/2021 (1 spec.); W.54374 (LK294),  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.96889/lat -11.257222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.96889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.257222">Cocos</a>
                 (Keeling) 5.9 mm long radioles, 1.2 mm long thorax, 4.2 mm long Islands Territory,  Investigator Ridge Abyssal (11°15'26"S, abdomen, width of thorax 0.5 mm. External tube diameter 97°58'08"E), depth 4980–4990 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.); up to 0.6 mm, corresponding lumen diameter 0.5 mm. W.54378 (LK292), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory 
            </p>
            <p> (12°13'32"S, 96°57'36"E), depth 1113–1343 m, 17/10/2022 Diagnostic remarks.  Hyalopomatus nogueirai n. sp. has an (1 spec. prepared for SEM); W.54392 (LK276), Cocos operculum with a differentiated endcap flattened at the top (Keeling) Islands Territory, Muirfield Seamount (13°05'33"S, and a clearly unlobed collar. A distinct character of the new 96°21'09"E), depth 2889–2923 m, 23/10/2022 (1 spec.); species is the multilobed pegs of thoracic uncini because W.54394 (LK277), Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, other species of the genus tend to have two-lobed pegs of  Investigator Ridge Abyssal (11°15'26"S, 97°58'08"E), depth such uncini. The multilobed pegs of thoracic uncini are also 4980–4990 m, 12/10/2022 (1 spec.); W.55292 (LK307), found in  H. dieteri , the species that is distinct in having Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Rudist Seamount thick-walled, quadrangular in cross-section tubes. However, (11°03'47"S, 99°26'36"E), depth 3780–3839 m, 12/10/2022 at least some two-lobed uncini in older literature may be due (1 spec.). to high power microscope observations, misinterpreting the real structure of the “gouged” peg. Description. Tube: white opaque, with shiny surface, The multilobed thoracic uncini formally separate the thin-walled, circular in cross-section, attached to substrate new species from other congeners having globular or pear- throughout entire length, no keels, peristomes or obvious shaped vesicular opercula without differentiated distal caps transverse ridges or growth lines (Fig. 11C, D). (  H. claparedii Marenzeller, 1878 ,  H. langerhansi Ehlers, Radiolar crown: with 6–7 pairs of radioles, arranged 1887, and  H. sombrerianus (McIntosh, 1885 )) . It is distinct pectinately, easily detachable from short radiolar lobes. Interfrom  H. nigropileatus (Ehlers, 1900) having an elongate radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Terminal filaments spindle-shaped operculum covered with dark violet or black of radioles thin, spirally twisted. Radiolar eyes and mouth distal cap with a net-like structure, and  H. sikorskii having palps not observed. an operculum with distal dark cap flat on top resembling a Peduncle: smooth, cylindrical, approximately same brimless domed hat without net-like structure.  Hyalopomatus thickness as normal radioles (Fig. 11B), inserted outside radiolar crown, between base of 1 st and 2 nd radioles. Material examined. Holotype: W.54438 (LK278); Cocos Collar and thoracic membranes: collar long covering (Keeling) Islands Territory, Cocos (Keeling) (12°1'10"S, radiolar lobes, trilobed, with ventral lobe at least twice as 96°50'11"E), depth 754–890 m, 16/10/2022. Paratype: long as lateral ones (Fig. 11B). Collar continuous with short W.54366 (LK285), same as above (1 spec. prepared for rounded thoracic membranes ending at 2 nd chaetiger (Fig. SEM). </p>
            <p>11A, B).</p>
            <p>Description. Tube: white opaque, with shiny surface, Operculum: soft membranous, semi-transparent,</p>
            <p>straight, thin-walled, brittle, circular in cross-section, keels elongated with convex brown cap, distinctly differentiated</p>
            <p>and peristomes absent, distinct breaks present (Fig. 12A).</p>
            <p>from basal part; conspicuous constriction and additional</p>
            <p>Radiolar crown: with 7 pairs of radioles in holotype, small vesicular ampulla between operculum and peduncle</p>
            <p>arranged pectinately, easily detachable from short radiolar (Fig. 11B, C, E, e). Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p>lobes. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Terminal Thorax: with 6 chaetigerous segments, 5 of which</p>
            <p>filaments of radioles thin, spirally twisted. Radiolar eyes and uncinigerous (Fig. 11A, B). Small bundle of collar chaetae</p>
            <p>mouth palps not observed.</p>
            <p>of two types: simple limbate and fin-and-blade with distal</p>
            <p>Peduncle: smooth, cylindrical, thin (approximately same blade separated from basal fin by a short gap (Fig. 11F, J).</p>
            <p>thickness as radioles) (Fig. 12A, a).</p>
            <p> Subsequent chaetae limbate, of two sizes,  Apomatus chaetae </p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar long, covering absent (Fig. 11I). Uncini along entire thorax rasp-shaped,</p>
            <p>radiolar lobes, trilobed, with ventral lobe distinctly higher with 20–25 small teeth in profile view, with 6–8 teeth in</p>
            <p>than lateral ones. Collar continuous with short thoracic row above flat peg made of two rounded lobes (Fig. 11G).</p>
            <p>membranes ending at 3</p>
            <p>rd chaetiger.</p>
            <p>Pair of prostomial eyes absent. Triangular depression absent,</p>
            <p>Operculum: soft membranous, semi-transparent, distinctly thoracic tori almost parallel to mid-lateral line of thorax.</p>
            <p>globular, no distal cap; conspicuous constriction and Abdomen: with up to 40 segments. Abdominal chaetae</p>
            <p>additional small vesicular ampulla between operculum and not observed, likely absent. Uncini rasp-shaped with over 20</p>
            <p>peduncle absent (Fig. 12A). Pseudoperculum absent.</p>
            <p>teeth in profile and up to 9 rows of teeth (Fig. 11H) above</p>
            <p>Thorax: with 6 chaetigerous segments, 5 of which anterior peg flat divided into 3–4 rounded lobes (crenulated).</p>
            <p>uncinigerous. Small bundle of collar chaetae, of two types: Achaetous anterior abdominal zone long.</p>
            <p>limbate and fin-and-blade with distal blade separated from Size: total body length up to 7.0 mm, including up to</p>
            <p>indistinct basal fin by a short gap (Fig. 12B). Subsequent 3.0 mm long radioles, up to 1.0 mm long thorax, 3.0 mm</p>
            <p> chaetae limbate, of two sizes,  Apomatus chaetae absent (Fig. long abdomen, width of thorax up to 0.2 mm. External tube </p>
            <p>12D). Uncini along entire thorax rasp-shaped, with 20–25 diameter in holotype 0.3 mm, corresponding lumen diameter</p>
            <p>small teeth in profile view and 6–8 teeth in row above flat 0.25 mm.</p>
            <p> anterior peg made of two rounded lobes (Fig. 12C). Pair Diagnostic remarks. The tiny new species is most similar to of prostomial eyes absent. Triangular depression absent,  Hyalopomatus nigropileatus ,  H. jirkovi Kupriyanova, 1993c , thoracic tori almost parallel to mid-lateral line of thorax. </p>
            <p> and  H. sikorskii Kupriyanova, 1993c by having an elongate Abdomen: with up to 35 segments. Chaetae long, nearly operculum covered with a darker distal cap.  Hyalopomatus capillary with only narrow geniculate tip made of two rows  rossanae n. sp. differs from  H. nigropileatus that is distinct of pointed teeth (Fig. 12F). Capillary chaetae present in in having dark violet or black cap with a net-like structure. posterior chaetigers. Uncini rasp-shaped with over 20 teeth in The new species differs from  H. sikorskii (having operculum profile and up to 9 rows of teeth (Fig. 12E) above anterior peg with a distal dark cap flat on top) by having a trilobed collar flat divided into 3–5 rounded lobes (crenulated). Achaetous with very long ventral lobe, whereas  H. sikorskii has short anterior abdominal zone absent. </p>
            <p> collar with lobes of equal length. Finally, although both Size: total body length up to 7.0 mm, including up to 1.4  Hyalopomatus rossanae n. sp. and  H. jirkovi have the collar mm long radioles, 1.2 mm long thorax, 4.4 mm abdomen, with the ventral lobe much longer than the lateral ones, the width of thorax up to 0.3 mm. External tube diameter in ventral lobe of collar in  H. jirkovi has a deep medial incision, holotype 0.4 mm, corresponding lumen diameter 0.35 mm. thus making the collar four-lobed. </p>
            <p>Diagnostic remarks. The new species is characterised by The molecular results here supported monophyly of</p>
            <p> its distinctly globular operculum lacking any differentiated the genus  Hyalopomatus and placement of  Hyalopomatus</p>
            <p> distal cap and its straight tube with smooth shiny surface,  rossanae n. sp. in this genus. </p>
            <p>attached only by the posterior part to substrate. Other similar</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named in honour Professor  Hyalopomatus spp. having opercula without differentiated Rossana Sanfilippo (University of Catania, Italy), an expert distal caps are  H. claparedii Marenzeller, 1878 from the on systematics and palaeoecology of  Serpulidae and other Arctic Ocean and  H. mironovi Kupriyanova, 1993c from tube-dwelling polychaetes. the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench in the North-West Pacific </p>
            <p> Ocean.  Hyalopomatus suelindsayae n. sp. having a globular </p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from seamounts off Christmas</p>
            <p> operculum differs from  H. claparedii and  H. mironovi that and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, 1113–4990 m. </p>
            <p> have pear-shaped opercula.  Hyalopomatus mironovi also has tubes with slight transverse ridges and special collar chaetae  Hyalopomatus suelindsayae n. sp. with The a distinct new species large fin also well appears separated to from be morphologically the distal blade. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 414F6723-28BD-4EA0-9989-C6C4F93128F5 different from the poorly known taxa  H. sombrerianus and  H.</p>
            <p> langerhansi, both from West Atlantic Ocean.  Hyalopomatus Fig. 12A–F  sombrerianus , originally described as  Serpula sombreriana</p>
            <p> McIntosh, 1885, was based on a single dry non-operculate specimen 12 mm long, dredged off Sombrero, St. Thomas, the Caribbean Sea, in 859– 713 m. The taxon was transferred to  Hyalopomatus by ten Hove in Ben-Eliahu and Fiege (1996). The type examined by ten Hove proved to be a mutilated specimen with broken chaetae (fide Ben-Eliahu &amp; Fiege, 1996). The status of this species is uncertain, both Ben-Eliahu and Fiege (1996) and ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009) suggested that the species is probably includes  H. langerhansi . The description of the latter species was based on two finds collected by the “ Blake ” expedition (1868), northwest of Cuba (near Havana in 535 m, and 23°42'N 83°19'W, in 1572 m) (fide Zibrowius, 1969). According to Hartman (1938), the type material is badly damaged. The specimens have tubes with a sub-quadrangular section in its attached part, having two slight keels, which is a potential diagnostic character. As in  H. claparedii , the operculum of  H. langerhansi is a transparent pear-shaped vesicle. </p>
            <p> Molecular results of this study indicate that  H. suelindsayae n. sp. from IOT is most closely related to an unnamed  Hyalopomatus sp. 1 from the Jaco Summit hydrothermal seep on the Costa Rica margin and to  H. mironovi collected from the Kuril-Kamchatka trench. The taxonomic status of  Hyalopomatus spp. populations from these localities needs to be examined into further studies. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The species was named to honour Sue Lindsay, formerly Australian Museum, now SEM laboratory manager at Macquarie University, Sydney for her invaluable help and support over years.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, Indian Ocean, 754– 890 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF9B536B5CA84AD6FB4CF8D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF9153645FDF49A5FE76FA23.text	03CF5E32FF9153645FDF49A5FE76FA23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placostegus Philippi 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Placostegus Philippi, 1844</p>
            <p> Type species.  Placostegus tridentatus (Fabricius, 1779)</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (from ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009). Tube triangular in cross-section, with denticulate keels, transparent or semi-transparent, often only attached to substratum at base, collar-like rings absent. Granular overlay absent. Operculum inverse conical, with chitinous cup-shaped endplate. Peduncle cylindrical, smooth, without wings, gradually merging into operculum, at most with shallow constriction; inserted at base of radioles on one side between 1 st and 2 nd normal radiole and maximally covering base of first three radioles. Pseudoperculum absent. Radioles arranged in semi-circles, up to 24 per lobe; inter-radiolar membrane, radiolar eyes, and stylodes absent. Mouth palps present. Six thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar tri- to penta-lobed, collar edge may be almost laciniate; tonguelets between ventral and lateral collar lobes present. Thoracic membranes long, forming ventral apron across anterior abdominal segments. Collar chaetae absent; collar region with girdle of reddish ocelli.  Apomatus chaetae absent. All uncini sub-rectangular, rasp-shaped with&gt; 20 teeth in profile, and up to 8 small teeth in a row; anterior peg wide, flat, bluntly truncate, almost rectangular. Thoracic triangular depression absent. Abdominal chaetae true trumpet-shaped, with distal hollow triangular blade, abruptly bent. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Long posterior capillary chaetae may be present. Posterior glandular pad absent. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Placostegus and  Vitreotubus (see below) are the only two serpulins with an entirely vitreous tube.  Placostegus has one evident diagnostic autapomorphy – the belt of bright red ocelli in the region where in other genera collar chaetae are found (ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009, fig. 1F). </p>
            <p> Unexpectedly, despite clear morphological similarities and identifiable synapomorphies, the genus was not recovered as a monophyletic clade in this study. However, because this phylogenetic position based on 18S sequence data alone contradicts monophyly of the genus  Placostegus demonstrated in the multigene analysis of  Serpulidae in Kupriyanova et al., 2023, here we did not change the nomenclature until further molecular data on  Placostegus spp. become available. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF9153645FDF49A5FE76FA23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF9153655FC14CF6FB17F967.text	03CF5E32FF9153655FC14CF6FB17F967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Placostegus leslieharrisae Kupriyanova & Flaxman 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Placostegus leslieharrisae n. sp.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 798078AA-27D5-4880-969B-48E9235440F5</p>
            <p>Fig. 13A–E</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype: W.54407 (LK311), Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.187225/lat -13.168334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.187225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.168334">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°10'06"S, 96°11'14"E), depth 271–311 m, 22/10/2022 (photo, DNA and SEM)  .   Paratype: W.54410, Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.1475/lat -13.186945)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.1475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.186945">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°11'13"S, 96°08'51"E), depth 367 m, 23/10/2022 (1 empty tube)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Tubes: triangular in cross section, thick-walled, nearly transparent (Fig. 13, A, a; smaller empty white tubes unidentifiable). Tube attached to substrate for most of its length, only distal-most part free, tube mouth rounded, lacking any denticles.</p>
            <p>Radiolar crown: 22 radioles not connected by inter-radiolar membrane at base.</p>
            <p>Peduncle: smooth cylindrical, only slightly wider than normal radioles (Fig. 13A, a, B), inserted medio-dorsally at base of radiolar lobe.</p>
            <p>Collar and thoracic membranes: collar trilobed, long, covering radiolar lobes and proximal part of radioles. Lobes approximately of same length, dorsal lobe wider than lateral lobes. Collar margin smooth. Collar chaetae absent.</p>
            <p>Operculum: elongated inverted cone covered with a slightly concave brown chitinous endplate (Fig. 13A, a, B). Constriction between operculum and peduncle present (Fig. 13A, a, B).</p>
            <p> Thorax: short, compact, thoracic notopodia positioned close to each other, along mid-lateral line of thorax, triangular depression absent. Collar segment with girdle of redpigmented ocelli (Fig. 13b). Thoracic membranes continuing to end of thorax forming short apron ventrally. Thoracic chaetae (Fig. 13C) simple limbate of two sizes,  Apomatus chaetae absent. Thoracic uncini (Fig. 13D) rasp-shaped, with over 200 small teeth in profile view and up to 10 teeth per row, anterior peg wide with rounded edges. </p>
            <p>Abdomen: chaetae with long shafts (Fig. 13E) and distal tips with 2–3 rows of small denticles (Fig. 13e). Chaetae of posterior abdominal segments slightly longer than more anterior ones. Abdominal uncini similar to thoracic uncini. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone present. Long posterior capillary chaetae present. Posterior glandular pad absent.</p>
            <p>Size: total body length of holotype 16.9 mm, including up to 5.2 mm long radioles, up to 1.6 mm long thorax, 10.1 mm long abdomen, width of thorax 0.7 mm. External tube diameter in holotype 1.3 mm, corresponding lumen diameter 1.1 mm.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic remarks. According to WoRMS (Read &amp; Fauchald, 2024), six species are currently considered valid in the genus  Placostegus . The best known species  Placostegus tridentatus originally described from Northern Europe is recognisable by its transparent triangular tube with keels extended into three denticles at the mouth and radially symmetrical operculum. The species has been widely reported not only from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, but also from the Indo-West Pacific, an unlikely distribution for a shallow-water species. However, the only record from Japan was reported by Imajima (1978), who stressed that he referred his material to  P. tridentatus only tentatively and that a revision of the genus is needed. </p>
            <p> Placostegus assimilis McIntosh, 1885 fromtheBermudas has a radially symmetrical operculum and tube with a denticulate mouth, according to the original illustration, but the tube mouth of  P. assimilis has more than three main denticles unlike that of  P. tridentatus . Both  Placostegus langerhansi Marenzeller, 1893 from Madeira and  Placostegus californicus Hartman, 1969 from California have distinctly zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) opercula and tubes with tri-denticulate mouths, but apparently these species differ by the collar having seven lobes in the former and three lobes in the latter.  Placostegus crystallinus (non-Scacchi, 1837) sensu Zibrowius, 1968 (likely an undescribed species) has a recognisable tube with numerous rounded transverse ridges and somewhat similar ridges in the posterior part of the tube have been reported for  Placostegus incomptus Ehlers, 1887 . </p>
            <p> The new species is distinct from all described species of the genus because of the combination of radially symmetrical operculum and the tube with a rounded mouth lacking any denticles. In this respect the new species resembles  Placostegus sp. from Lizard Island, Qld, Australia (Kupriyanova et al., 2015, fig. 14B, C). Also, abdominal chaetae in  P. leslieharrisae n. sp. are similar to the abdominal chaetae found in some  Hyalopomatus spp. (see above) in having distal tips with 2–3 rows of small denticles. The tips (Fig. 13E) are not hollow and are very different from the almost rectangular angle of the true trumpet-shaped chaetae as illustrated in ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009, fig. 34C) for  P. tridentatus . This is the first newly described species of the genus in which a detailed illustrated description is accompanied by the molecular sequence data from the type specimen. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The species was named in honour of Leslie Harris (Senior Collection Manager, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA, USA) for her remarkable dedication to studies of polychaetes and her important contributions to the field of polychaete taxonomy.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known from Muirfield Seamount, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, 271– 367 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF9153655FC14CF6FB17F967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF9053665C7B4FCCFC3AFE61.text	03CF5E32FF9053665C7B4FCCFC3AFE61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vitreotubus Zibrowius 1979	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Vitreotubus Zibrowius, 1979</p>
            <p> Type species.  Vitreotubus digeronimoi Zibrowius, 1979</p>
            <p> Generic diagnosis (from ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009). Tube entirely vitreous, more or less quadrangular in cross-section by its two large undulating lateral keels, and with a median keel made of a row of teeth. Operculum inverse conical with chitinous diabolo-like endplate. Peduncle smooth, cylindrical, merging gradually into operculum, without wings, inserted as first radiole. Pseudoperculum absent. Arrangement of radioles short pectinate, up to 11 per lobe. Inter-radiolar membrane and stylodes absent. Radiolar eyes not observed. Mouth palps present. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar trilobed. Medial lobe of collar with scalloped edge and lateral projections, separated from lateral lobes by deep incision (tonguelets absent), latter continuous with thoracic membranes extending all along thorax, but narrow in posterior segments, forming ventral apron. Collar chaetae  Spirobranchus - type and simple limbate.  Apomatus chaetae absent. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped with 6–7 teeth above pointed fang. Triangular depression present.Abdominal chaetae true trumpet-shaped, with two rows of pointed teeth bordering hollow groove and extended into a long lateral spine. Abdominal uncini saw-shaped with about 6 teeth anteriorly, rasp-shaped with about 10 teeth in profile, 3–4 teeth in a row posteriorly. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Posterior capillary chaetae absent, but geniculate chaetae long at end of abdomen. Posterior glandular pad absent. </p>
            <p>Remarks. The monotypic genus was originally described from fossil records and Recent material collected in the bathyal zone off the Azores and in the Indian Ocean (Zibrowius, 1979), more recent records are given by ten Hove (1994).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF9053665C7B4FCCFC3AFE61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
03CF5E32FF9353675CB748DFFC55F831.text	03CF5E32FF9353675CB748DFFC55F831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vitreotubus digeronimoi Zibrowius 1979	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vitreotubus digeronimoi Zibrowius, 1979</p>
            <p>Figs. 14A–C, 15A–E</p>
            <p> Vitreotubus digeronimoi Zibrowius, 1979: 184 , figs 1–2. </p>
            <p> Vitreotubus digeronimoi – ten Hove 1994:113 (Seychelles, </p>
            <p>empty tubes only); Vinn, 2005: 262–262, fig. 5 (tube ultrastructure); ten Hove &amp; Kupriyanova, 2009: 103–104, fig. 50 (SEM of chaetae).</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined: W.54402,   Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.23722/lat -13.174445)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.23722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.174445">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°10'28"S, 96°14'14"E), depth 528 m, 21/10/2022 (1 tube); W.54409 (LK295)  ,   Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.23722/lat -13.174445)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.23722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.174445">Territory</a>
                 , Muirfield Seamount (13°10'28"S, 96°14'14"E), depth 528 m, 21/10/2022 (1 spec); W.55301 (LK317), same locality (1 spec. prepared for SEM)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Species diagnosis. Tube entirely vitreous (Fig. 14A, C), more or less quadrangular in cross-section, by its two large undulating (Fig. 14C) or distinctly denticulate lateral keels (Fig. 14C), and with a median keel made of a row of short teeth. Operculum inverse conical with chitinous diabolo-like endplate (Fig. 14B, 15A). Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar trilobed. (Fig. 14B, 15A).  Apomatus chaetae absent (Fig. 15B). Thoracic uncini saw-shaped with 6–7 teeth above pointed fang (Fig. 15C). Abdominal chaetae true trumpet-shaped, with two rows of pointed teeth bordering hollow groove and extended into a long lateral spine (Fig. 15D). Abdominal uncini saw-shaped with about 6 teeth anteriorly (Fig. 15E). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The species has a very characteristically shaped transparent tube. Not surprisingly, the irregular spherulitic prismatic tube ultrastructure of  Vitreotubus closely resembles that of  Placostegus tridentatus , a species with similarly transparent tube (Vinn, 2005). </p>
            <p>
                  Zibrowius (1979) designated the station 229/ 9.11.1971 of RV “ Jean Charcot ”  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Campagne Biaçores</a>
                 collected NW of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Santa Maria</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Azores</a>
                 (37°01.5'N, 25°14'W, 600 m) as the type locality of  V. digeronimoi , but his additional material came from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Northern</a>
                 (off  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Kuria Muria Islands</a>
                 off Oman coast) and  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Southern</a>
                 (Mayotte)  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Indian Ocean</a>
                 localities.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">The</a>
                 depth range reported for the species is 500–1415 m.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.233334/lat 37.025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.025">Here</a>
                 we provide a new record from Southern Indian Ocean (Muirfield Seamount) of this poorly known, but apparently widely distributed bathyal species and, more importantly, we provide the first DNA sequence data for this species  . 
            </p>
            <p>Distribution. Central Atlantic and Indian Ocean; bathyal (500–1415 m).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF5E32FF9353675CB748DFFC55F831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kupriyanova, Elena K.;Flaxman, Beth	Kupriyanova, Elena K., Flaxman, Beth (2024): Serpulidae (Annelida) of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories. Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 76 (4): 211-242, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.76.2024.1901
