identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CD3A4FFFD86E16FF1BFAB0FD44FC63.text	03CD3A4FFFD86E16FF1BFAB0FD44FC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gnomognathus dhoni Sudhakaran & Kuruvila 2025	<div><p>Gnomognathus dhoni sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1A, 2, 3, 4</p><p>Type material. Holotype: Male (ZSIK Reg. No. ZSI/WGRC/I.R.-INV.28938), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.620384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.865933" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.620384/lat 10.865933)">Dhoni</a> (10°51.956’N, 76°37.223’E), approximately 15 km away from Palakkad town, Palakkad District, Kerala State, India, 140 m a.s.l., near stream close to the teak plantations hidden inside soil, 30 August 2024, hand-collected by Nikhila Sudhakaran . Paratypes: 3 males, 3 females (RDZ-ACP-SS201), and 1 female (ZSIK Reg. No. ZSI/WGRC/I.R.-INV.28499), same locality, hand-collected from leaf debris .</p><p>Etymology. The species epithet dhoni, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality of the species: the Dhoni Reserve Forest in Palakkad District of Kerala, India.</p><p>Diagnosis. The anterior coxal fold (AC) of G. dhoni sp. nov. (Figs 2A, 4A) is most similar to G. nanus (Carl, 1941) (Fig. 9A) in overall shape but differs from it mainly by the semicircular transverse ridge (tr) on AC surface and the indentation followed by the baso-lateral process (blpAC) on lateral margin, both of which are absent in G. nanus . Structure of the telopodite (Figs 3, 4D, E) of G. dhoni sp. nov. is closely similar to congeners in the tricolor group ( G. tricolor, G. eremitus, and G. vicarius) (Fig. 10A–C) in that the telopodite terminates in the palette with xyrochaetae (xc) and serrated border (sb) on either side, and a smaller marginal lobe (ml) is present basal to the palette, but differs from them specifically by the shape and position of the two tibial spines on the telopodite: a short tibial spine 1 (ts1) and a long tibial spine 2 (ts2), placed on the outer surface of the telopodite. Telopodite of G. dhoni sp. nov. is also similar to G. helicogonus (Carl, 1941) (Fig. 10D) but differs by being non-spiraled and having a femoral spine (fs); the apical part with a serrated border (sb) on the palette and a marginal lobe (ml). In G. helicogonus, telopodite is spirally twisted, without a femoral spine; the apical part is without additional lobes but bears additional spines along with xyrochaetae.</p><p>G. dhoni sp. nov. differs from G. minusculus, G. interfectus, and G. macracanthus (Fig. 9B, D, E) mainly by its wider anterior coxal fold (AC) and varied structure of the mesal process (mp) and antero-lateral process (alp). It further differs from them by the presence of the indentation and baso-lateral process (blpAC) and a transverse ridge (tr) on the anterior coxal fold; both absent in these three species. Apical part of the telopodite of G. dhoni sp. nov. being similar to that of the tricolor group lacks any additional spines and is unbranched, with lobes of unequal size. In G. minusculus apical part is branched, as it is in G. interfectus and G. macracanthus, with additional spines and lobes of almost equal size in latter two (apical part not lobed or branched in G. macracanthus Form A) (further comparison in Table 1).</p><p>Description. Color . Live specimens mostly brown (Fig. 1A). In alcohol, prozonites grey. Anterior metazonites brownish black, and posterior metazonites orange red with a thin golden posterior margin. A diffused orange red spot runs across the dorsal side up to the epiproct. Anterior end of the specimens comparatively darker. Ventral side, near to legs, orange-red.</p><p>Body. Males with 58 podous rings and telson, length ca. 59 mm, width ca. 2.5–3 mm. Females with 58–60 podous rings and telson, length ca. 55–61 mm, width ca. 3–3.5 mm. Head smooth. Ommatidia ca. 35–36, arranged in five rows. Females with ommatidia ca. 30–31 arranged in 5–6 rows. Head smooth and shiny. Interocular groove shallow; barely visible in female. Labrum teeth: 3; 6–8 labral setae. Five setiferous foveolae; 4–5 in females. Circular antennal cavity. Antennae laterally compressed, reaching the middle of second body ring. Female antennae shorter and laterally compressed, almost reaching the posterior edge of collum.</p><p>Gnathochilarium normal type. Mentum smooth. Stipites with single seta placed on distal bump, proximally with a line of 5–6 setae adjacent to mentum; female stipites without distal bump, only setae present. Lamellae linguales with two distal setae, one middle seta, and proximally with 2–3 on the left and six setae on the right lamella linguales repectively. Mandibular stipites proximally rounded, laterally flat, and distally drawn inward into a hook; in females not hooked, distally with two obscure tips.</p><p>Collum laterally sub-rectangular, antero-lateral edges thickened; female antero-lateral corner more rounded.</p><p>Anterior prozonites with fine transverse striations reaching up to the ventral sides; posterior prozonites smooth; transverse suture visible between them. Metazonites with deep longitudinal striations on lateral and ventral sides; striations not surpassing the ozopores. Ozopores situated laterally in the center of metazonites. Sternites with five transverse striations, last three more prominent, groove-like.</p><p>Legs. Prefemur of first pair of legs extended outward into a rounded lobe. From the second pair, legs padded on postfemur and tibia; padding weak and incomplete, limited to lining the lateral margins. Femur of walking legs with a longitudinal depression on ventral side. Female legs without pads or longitudinal depression. Anal valves rough with well-developed lips; valves wider in males than in females. Preanal process short, blunt, and not extending beyond the anal valves; shorter in females. Anal scale small, straight.</p><p>Gonopods. Anterior coxal fold (AC) basally slender and rounded, expanding towards the apex after a constriction, distally wide, laterally weakly curved backward (Figs 2A, 4A). Distal margin with three processes: mesal process (mp) well developed, curved inward, beaked, and spiny at the end; paramedian process (pp) reduced, only a minute and inconspicuous protuberance on distal margin; antero-lateral process (alp) rounded and extending backward, pointed in anterior view. A semicircular transverse ridge (tr) originates between the latter two processes. Below the ridge, a channel formed, extending up to the tip of alp (Figs 2A, 4A). Lateral margin of AC with strong indentation followed by a prominent, thick, rectangular baso-lateral process (blpAC) with rounded corners extending backward, lying adjacent to and intersecting with baso-lateral process (blpPC) of posterior coxal fold (Figs 2B, C, 4C). Posterior coxal fold (PC) with a rounded postero-lateral process (plp) and a conical blpPC bending inward, with a groove inside (Figs 2C, 4C). plp keeps the femoral spine from extending mesad, and blpPC clasps the telopodite in place. Telopodite base with single twist (Fig. 3A). Single femoral spine (fs) pointed and S-shaped. Free part of the telopodite bending and projected laterad, forming an incomplete circle (Figs 2B, 4B); with two tibial spines. Tibial spine 1 (ts1) short, curved, and pointed, positioned near outer edge; tibial spine 2 (ts2) long, straight, and pointed, located centrally on outer surface above ts1 (Figs 3B, 4E). Seminal groove (sg) on outer surface of telopodite, ending on palette. Apical part of the telopodite terminates in the palette. One side of palette with a row of nine xyrochaetae (xc) arranged close to the seminal groove (sg); other side thinner, translucent with an apical serrated border (sb). Base of palette with small, rounded marginal lobe (ml) folded inward (Figs 3, 4D, E).</p><p>Note. blpAC slightly bilobed in one male. A male with a broken femoral spine was also found. Xyrochaetae varies in number, as some seem to be broken off.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD3A4FFFD86E16FF1BFAB0FD44FC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sudhakaran, Nikhila;Kuruvila, Manju Elizabeth	Sudhakaran, Nikhila, Kuruvila, Manju Elizabeth (2025): A new millipede species of the genus Gnomognathus Attems, 1942 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Harpagophoridae) from South India. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 335-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.2
03CD3A4FFFDD6E18FF1BFB68FC21F85B.text	03CD3A4FFFDD6E18FF1BFB68FC21F85B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gnomognathus interfectus (Carl 1941)	<div><p>Gnomognathus interfectus (Carl, 1941)</p><p>Figs 5, 6, 9D</p><p>Material examined. 1 male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.606&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.16685" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.606/lat 10.16685)">Paniyeli Poru</a> (10°10.011’N, 76°36.360’E), Ernakulam, Kerala, 11 December 2024 ; 1 female, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.83442&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.95635" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.83442/lat 9.95635)">Thommankuthu</a> (09°57.381’N, 76°50.065’E), Idukki, Kerala, 6 December 2024 ; 1 female, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.53275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.184834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.53275/lat 10.184834)">Mulamkuzhy</a> (10°11.090’N, 76°31.965’E), Ernakulam, Kerala, 18 December 2024; hand-collected by Nikhila Sudhakaran (RDZ-ACP-SS207).</p><p>Diagnosis. The gonopods of G. interfectus (Figs 5, 6, 9D) are most similar to those of G. macracanthus Form B (Fig. 9C) in that the anterior coxal fold (AC) of both species is with a hook-like mesal process (mp) and backwardbent antero-lateral process (alp); telopodite without femoral spine, with strong tibial spines (ts) on a projection and apical part branched and lobed with additional spines but G. interfectus differs from Form B by the broad, platelike AC; AC with a slightly twisted and backward-curved hook-like mp, a narrow and elongated alp, and without any additional processes on the lateral margin; telopodite with three short tibial spines (ts) on a hemispherical projection; palette (pa) broad and with small additional spines (as) (in G. macracanthus Form B mesal process is strong, lamellate, and hook-like, and the antero-lateral process appears short; telopodite with two tibial spines on an elbow-shaped projection, palette narrow and tapering, and additional spines longer and placed on a bulge on the apical part close to the palette). Species with a diameter ≤ 2 mm.</p><p>Descriptive notes (male). Overall color in alcohol dark grey with golden yellow, dorsally with a dull orange diffused line. Length ca. 29 mm, width ca. 1.5 mm, body rings 54 podous + telson. Five supralabral foveolae. Mandibular stipites without hook-like ends. Legs without longitudinal depressions on prefemur and femur. Weak pads on postfemur and tibia restricted to legs towards the anterior end. Preanal process curved downward and pointed.</p><p>Gonocoxite very similar to the illustrations of Carl (1941). AC with three processes: mp hook-like, curved backward with a slight twist, paramedian process (pp) with longitudinal triangular ridge (tr) on the posterior surface, and alp narrow, elongated, and bent backward. PC with triangular postero-lateral process (plp) and baso-lateral process (blpPC) (Figs 5A, B, 6, 9D).</p><p>Telopodite shows some variations from the illustrations of Carl (1941). Free part of the telopodite short, transparent, and expanded distally; three ts, one long and two short, placed inside a groove on the margin of a hemispherical projection.Apical part of telopodite split into two branches: pa with a reduced number of xyrochaetae (11) and as (2), palette continuous with the hemispherical projection; the second branch consists of two lamellate lobes (ll), almost equally sized, joined along their length, and parallel to each other. The ll adjacent to pa with a dense covering of fine setae and translucent, spine-like marginal projections (also with setae) (Figs 5C, D, 6).</p><p>Descriptive notes (female). Length ca. 30–34 mm, width ca. 1.5–2 mm, body rings 51–52 podous rings + telson.</p><p>Notes. A transparent region is present on the anterior coxal fold.</p><p>Remarks. The main difference from the original illustration is the presence of lamellate lobes and the setae and spine-like projections on one of them. But this may be a detail that Carl (1941) could have overlooked, as the transparent nature of the lobes makes them difficult to distinguish (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD3A4FFFDD6E18FF1BFB68FC21F85B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sudhakaran, Nikhila;Kuruvila, Manju Elizabeth	Sudhakaran, Nikhila, Kuruvila, Manju Elizabeth (2025): A new millipede species of the genus Gnomognathus Attems, 1942 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Harpagophoridae) from South India. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 335-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.2
03CD3A4FFFD06E1DFF1BFF79FDFAFDEF.text	03CD3A4FFFD06E1DFF1BFF79FDFAFDEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gnomognathus macracanthus (Carl 1941)	<div><p>Gnomognathus macracanthus (Carl, 1941)</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Material examined. 1 male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.76017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.7989" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.76017/lat 10.7989)">Dhoni</a> (10°47.934’N, 76°45.610’E), Palakkad, Kerala, 02 September 2024, hand-collected by Nikhila Sudhakaran (RDZ-ACP-SS206) .</p><p>Diagnosis. The anterior coxal fold (AC) of G. macracanthus (Fig. 7A, B) is most similar to that of G. minusculus (Fig. 9B) in overall shape but differs from it mainly by the small mesal process (mp), a triangular ridge on the posterior surface along paramedian process (pp), and a long, distally rounded antero-lateral process. Posterior coxal fold (PC) with a downward-directed sub-distal mesal spine (in G. minusculus anterior coxal fold with a well-developed mesal process spiny at the end, triangular ridge on posterior surface absent, and antero-lateral process long but tapering and spiny; mesal spine on posterior coxal fold absent). Telopodite differs from all the congeners by the presence of lamellate lobes (ll) and the translucent, spine-like projections and a dense covering of fine setae on one of them. Telopodite is most similar to that of G. interfectus (Fig. 9D) by the absence of femoral spine, presence of tibial spines (ts) placed on a projection, and apical part branched and lobed with a broad palette. Differs from G. interfectus in that four stout tibial spines (ts) are on a bulge-like projection, additional spines absent, and the second branch consists of two lamellate lobes (in G. interfectus, three curved tibial spines present on a hemispherical projection, additional spines present on palette, and the second branch not lobed).</p><p>AC of G. macracanthus (Fig. 7A, B) is also similar to that of G. nanus (Fig. 9A) in overall shape but differs from it in the same ways it differs from G. minusculus (in G. nanus anterior coxal fold with a pointed mesal process, triangular ridge on the posterior surface absent, and antero-lateral process not long but folded forward; mesal spine on posterior coxal fold absent).The apical part of telopodite like G. nanus is trilobed, but the telopodite is without a femoral spine and apical part branched; in G. nanus telopodite with a femoral spine and an unbranched apical part. Differs from the tricolor group ( G. tricolor, G. eremitus, and G. vicarius) (Fig. 10A–C) and G. helicogonus (Fig. 10D) mainly by the absence of a well-developed mesal process, presence of a triangular ridge on posterior surface, long antero-lateral process, and absence of the indentation and baso-lateral process on the lateral margin of AC (in tricolor group and G. helicogonus anterior coxal fold with a well-developed mesal process, triangular ridge absent on posterior surface, antero-lateral process comparatively not developed, and the lateral margin with deep indentation followed by a baso-lateral process; presence of the indentation and baso-lateral process not definite in G. nanus (Fig. 10B)). Telopodite differs from that of the tricolor group by the absence of a femoral spine and presence of four tibial spines (ts) on a bulge-like projection; apical part branched, and palette (pa) without a serrated border (in the tricolor group, a femoral spine present, and two tibial spines present, placed on the telopodite inner and outer surfaces in G. tricolor and on the outer surface in G. eremitus (Fig. 10A, C), or tibial spines completely absent as in G. nanus; apical part simple, terminating in the palette with a serrated border). Telopodite differs from that of G. helicogonus by the branched and lobed apical part without any additional spines; in G. helicogonus apical part neither branched nor lobed, and palette with additional spines.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Color in alcohol overall light grey with yellowish-brown margin and yellow dorsal mesal spot; toward the ventral side, body dull white. Length ca. 58.5 mm, width ca. 2.5 mm, body rings 51 podous rings + telson. Five supralabral foveolae. Mandibular stipites without hook-like ends. Legs without longitudinal depressions on prefemur and femur. Weak pads on postfemur and tibia restricted to legs towards the anterior end. Preanal process curved downward and pointed.</p><p>Gonopods. Anterior coxal fold (AC) with three processes: mesal process (mp) small, paramedian process (pp) with a longitudinal triangular ridge on the posterior surface, and antero-lateral process (alp) long and curved backward. Posterior coxal fold (PC) with a sub-distal mesal spine directed downward; triangular postero-lateral process (plp) and baso-lateral process (blpPC) present (Fig. 7A–C). Telopodite without femoral spine. Free part of the telopodite short and complex, with four stout tibial spines (ts) on a bulge-like projection that continues with the palette (pa). Apical part split into two branches: pa bulged outward, with a row of xyrochaetae (xc) (ca. 16), of which few are bifurcated; the second branch with two lamellate lobes (ll). The larger ll is closer to the pa with a dense covering of fine setae and translucent, spine-like marginal projections (also with setae). Smaller ll attached to the larger ll and appears smooth (Fig. 7D, E).</p><p>Notes. A transparent region is present on the anterior coxal fold.</p><p>Remarks. This new specimen may represent a third form of G. macracanthus, as Carl (1941) had suggested. All three forms of G. macracanthus are each described based on a single specimen. The anterior coxal fold (AC) of the new specimen (Fig. 7A, B) differs from both Form A (Fig. 9E) and Form B (Fig. 9C) of G. macracanthus by the presence of a downward-directed sub-distal mesal spine, a longitudinal triangular ridge (tr) on the posterior surface of the paramedian process (pp), long antero-lateral process (alp), and the absence of any additional process on the lateral margin (both forms with an additional lateral process). Telopodite (Fig. 7D, E) is similar to that of both forms by the presence of tibial spines (ts) on a projection. Differs from both forms in that the four ts are placed together on a bulge-like projection and additional spines (as) are absent; in both forms, the two tibial spines are placed on an elbow-like projection and additional spines present. The apical part of telopodite, like Form B, is lobed and consists of lamellate lobes (ll) with a dense covering of fine setae and translucent, spine-like marginal projections on one of the lobes; it differs from Form B in that the palette (pa) is broader and not narrow and tapering like Form B, and the number of ll is two and not three as in Form B. Further sampling is needed to confirm whether differences represent consistent morphological forms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD3A4FFFD06E1DFF1BFF79FDFAFDEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sudhakaran, Nikhila;Kuruvila, Manju Elizabeth	Sudhakaran, Nikhila, Kuruvila, Manju Elizabeth (2025): A new millipede species of the genus Gnomognathus Attems, 1942 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Harpagophoridae) from South India. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 335-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.2
