taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D487A9C957FFE6FCA8102B12AA279D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — A genus of c. 13 species, in SE Asia from Sri Lanka to Hainan to Australia. Eight species are recognised for Malesia.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C951FFE1FFE7153811FE27DD.taxon	description	Dimorphocalyx denticulatus Merr. (1909) 278; Pax & K. Hoffm. (1912) 285; Merr. (1923) 455; Airy Shaw (1975) 96; (1983) 20. — Type: FB (Whitford & Hutchinson) 9033 (holo PNH †; iso K, US), Philippines, Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Port Banga.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C951FFE1FFE7153811FE27DD.taxon	description	(Under) shrubs to trees, to 20 m high, dbh to 20 cm; flowering branches 1 – 2.5 mm thick, round, slightly striate, often strongly lenticellate, hairy when young, persistent at nodes. Indumentum of light yellow hairs, present on most parts. Outer bark green to pale white to greyish to grey-brown to light brown, smooth to deeply fissured to scaly, thin to 4 mm thick, soft (to hard); inner bark 0.3 ‒ 0.5 cm, pale yellowish to pink to red to red-brown to (pale) brown, fibrous, (soft to) hard; exudate red; sapwood creamy white and dull ochre, c. 2 cm thick; heartwood light red-brown. Stipules ovate, 3 ‒ 5 by 2.2 ‒ 3.8 mm, outside (glabrous to) hairy, glabrescent, inside glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 ‒ 10 mm long (see note 2), 1 – 3.1 mm diam, completely pulvinate, usually slightly hairy; blade elliptic, widest in ± middle, 7.9 – 30 by 3.3 – 12 cm, 1.8 – 3.2 times as long as wide, rather coriaceous, base rounded to cuneate, margin serrulate to serrate, revolute, apex (acuminate to) cuspidate to caudate, upper surface seldom with few hairs, dull dark green, lower surface often with few hairs, light green to glaucous, venation slightly raised to slightly sunken above, raised below, secondary veins 8 – 17 pairs, intercalary veins present, tertiary nerves and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences axillary, cymose to thyrsoid, usually short, to 5 cm long, round to flattened and angular, (sparsely) hairy; staminate flowers in groups per node, pistillate flowers single per node and often single per inflorescence; bracts in various shapes, very broad and short to long, narrow and sharply folded to leaf-like, triangular to ovate to elliptic, 1.8 – 8 by 1.3 – 4 mm, margins thinner, with lighter colour when dry, outside (very) hairy, inside glabrous. Staminate flowers 10 – 13 mm diam, white; pedicel to 10 mm long above basal abscission zone, round, (slightly) hairy; calyx lobes often unequal, 4.3 – 5 mm deep, lobes ovate, 2.4 – 3 by 1.9 – 2.6, apex slightly emarginate to rounded, outside (glabrous to) hairy, inside glabrous (to basally slightly hairy); petals oblong to obovate, 5.3 – 7.3 by 2.6 – 3.6 mm, usually outside slightly hairy, apex rounded; disc glands rather thick, zig-zagging around stamens, hairy; stamens 16 – 18, the outer ones with (nearly) free filaments of c. 2 mm long, the inner ones diverging in two layers from an up to 2 mm long androphore, free part of filaments c. 1.5 mm long, anthers c. 0.7 by 0.7 mm. Pistillate flowers 12 – 22 mm diam; pedicel c. 9 mm long, round, hairy; sepals connate at base, lobes enlarging directly after opening (see note 3), obovate, c. 8.2 by 4.2 mm, green, outside hairy, inside glabrous, apex rounded; petals elliptic to oblong, 4.8 – 9 by 3 – 6 mm, usually shorter than calyx lobes, white, hairy outside, glabrous inside, apex rounded; disc a flat ring, hairy, cream; ovary 2.5 – 4 by 2 – 4 mm, hairy (to perhaps seldom glabrous), glabrescent, green, stigmas 3 – 7 mm long of which upper 0.9 – 5 mm split, thick, broad, hairy below, green to yellow. Fruits 1.3 – 1.7 by 1 – 1.3 cm, smooth, hairy, glabrescent, green to slightly brownish green to greenish blue to purple, also cream mentioned; wall woody, 1 – 1.2 mm thick, exocarp often separating; pedicel elongating up to 25 mm; sepals enlarged to 12.8 by 5 mm (see note 3); columella 7 – 12 mm long. Seeds 8 – 12 by 6.5 – 10.5 by 5.5 – 9 mm. Distribution — Malay Peninsula (Johore), W and Central Borneo, Philippines. Habitat & Ecology — Mixed dipterocarp lowland forest to logged over areas on hillsides, ridges and along rivers; soil blackish sand to sandy clay to loam to sandstone shale; bedrock igneous intrusive. Altitude: sea level to 700 m. Flowering: March to November; fruiting: February, March, May to August, October to December. Vernacular names — Borneo: Kalimantan Barat: Buronte girek; Sabah: Alag alag, putat putat (Tidong); Binsuon, Parumpong (Dusun Kinabatangan). Philippines: Dagongdong, Pagangdong (Tagbanua). Notes — 1. The type of D. denticulatus resembles the specimens of D. pauciflorus of Borneo. However, D. pauciflorus has echinate fruits, and the presence of spines on the ovary of D. denticulatus was not described by Merrill (1909). In habit the type of D. denticulatus resembles other Philippines specimens identified as D. murinus Elmer (serrulate leaf margin, short petioles). Therefore, the latter, younger name is synonymised with D. denticulatus. 2. Dimorphocalyx loheri is tentatively placed in the synonymy here. Airy Shaw (1983) suggested “ Genus uncertain, probably not Dimorphocalyx, but available material insufficient ”. However, according to the description by Merrill (1925; “ unfortunately flowering isotypes are absent and the holotype is lost ”) this species is more like D. murinus, because of the hairy floral parts, than D. denticulatus; names which are here considered as conspecific. 3. SFN (Corner) 37248 from Johore, Malay Peninsula, has pistillate sepals that do not directly enlarge when the flower opens, similar to a specimen with unknown collector and origin (L, barcode L 0158646). The latter also has exceptionally long petioles (up to 16 mm long), but still has the typical D. murinus hairy disc.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C950FFE2FCA811D6135F2330.taxon	description	Map 3 Distribution of Dimorphocalyx ixoroides (C. B. Rob.) Airy Shaw («) and D. muricatus (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw (l). mm long; wall woody, c. 0.5 mm thick; columella c. 8 mm long. Seeds c. 8 by 6 mm. Distribution — Philippines (endemic on Luzon). Habitat & Ecology — On slopes in forest. Altitude: c. 435 m. Flowering: January, February, May, June, October, November; fruiting: January to March, May, June, December.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C953FFE3FFE7100E10E8206D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Thailand (Peninsular), Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines. Habitat & Ecology — In primary and lowland evergreen to deciduous forest, on slopes, sandstone cliffs, among limestone outcrops. Altitude: 100 – 500 m. Flowering: January to May, September; fruiting: February to June. Note — Dimorphocalyx luzoniensis and D. bulusanensis do not differ in any characters from each other and both are also very similar to D. malayanus and, therefore, synonymised with the latter. There are some geographical differences: leaf blades are generally larger in Borneo and the Philippines (‘ D. luzoniensis ’, ‘ D. bulusanensis ’) than in S Thailand and Malay Peninsula (typical D. malayanus), staminate flowers of typical D. malayanus generally have a visible abscission zone, not basal, and they are smaller with acute, very short calyx lobes (basal abscission zone and larger, with bigger, rounded calyx lobes in typical ‘ D. luzoniensis / bulusanensis ’), the pistillate sepals in S Thailand and Malay Peninsula are generally more rounded / acute and always have a subapical extrafloral nectary at the outside, while on Borneo and in the Philippines the pistillate sepals are emarginate and often lack the glands, the style and disc are more distinct in S Thailand and Malay Peninsula than in the Philippines.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C952FFE3FFE71330108325AF.taxon	description	Dimorphocalyx cf. muricatus auct. non (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw: Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 16. Resembles D. denticulatus most closely in the hairy disc and petals and D. muricatus in the long inflorescences, but differs from both in having leaves larger, with relatively long petiole and at most an acuminate apex; and staminate flowers smaller. — Type: De Vogel 3134 (holo L), Indonesia, N Moluccas, Halmahera, Ekor, side of Gunung Panjang. Trees to 12 m high, dbh to 28 cm, one specimen fluted, flutes c. 4 m high, c. 2 m out and c. 5 cm wide; flowering branches 2.5 – 3 mm thick, round, glabrous. Indumentum of light yellow hairs, most parts glabrous. Outer bark brownish grey, not fissured, c. 0.2 mm thick; inner bark red, c. 3 mm thick, without exudate; sapwood pale yellow tinged violet, gradually passing into the darker yellow heartwood. Stipules triangular, 4 – 4.5 by c. 3.5 mm, thick, margins thinner, outside glabrous to hairy, inside glabrous, caducous. Leaves: petiole 0.8 – 2 cm long, 1.5 – 3 mm diam, above flat to furrowed, glabrous to few hairs, completely pulvinate; lamina elliptic to oblong, widest in ± middle, 10.5 – 24.5 by 5.8 – 12.8 cm, 1.8 – 1.9 times as long as wide, (rather) coriaceous, base rounded to attenuate, margin laxly serrulate, with glands in the teeth abaxially, recurved, apex acute to acuminate, mainly glabrous, venation slightly raised above and beneath, secondary veins 13 – 15 pairs, higher order veins reticulate. Staminate inflorescences terminal and axillary on apical nodes, several close together, thyrsoid to slightly paniculate with short side branches, to 11.3 cm long, angular to flattened, hairy, quickly glabrescent; bracts ovate, 2.7 – 4 by 1.7 – 3 mm to elliptic, c. 5 by 1 mm, outside usually hairy, inside glabrous. Staminate flowers c. 8 mm diam, white, unpleasant smell; pedicel 4.5 – 5.5 mm long above abscission zone, round to slightly flattened, with few hairs, abscission zone well-visible, not hidden by bracts; calyx 3 – 3.3 mm high, lobes ovate, 1.7 – 2.3 by 2 – 2.5 mm, thickest in middle, thinnest at margins, margin and often base outside hairy, apex emarginate to rounded; petals ovate to obovate, 4.2 – 5.5 by 3.3 – 6 mm, apex rounded, few hairs outside; disc glands rectangular (not zig-zagging around stamens), 0.3 – 1 by 0.3 – 0.8 mm, thick, apex hairy; stamens 11 – 12, 5 outer free or base adnate to androphore, filaments c. 4.5 mm long, central 6 – 7 partly united in an androphore of c. 4 mm long, free part of filaments c. 1.5 mm, anther elliptic, 0.6 – 1 by 0.8 – 1 mm. Pistillate flowers, fruits and seeds unknown. Distribution — Endemic in the N Moluccas (Bacan, Halmahera). Habitat & Ecology — Rather dense primary forest to secondary forest on deep clayey soil. Altitude: sea level to 15 m. Flowering: August, September.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C952FFECFCA811D6103E206D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Thailand (Peninsular: Narathiwat Prov.), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Habitat & Ecology — Evergreen forest, primary and (logged) secondary (Dipterocarp) forest, often on ridges and along rivers and swamps; soil varying from yellow clay to sandy clay to sandstone with clay to loam. Altitude: sea level up to 1000 m. Flowering: March to October; fruiting: whole year through. Vernacular names — Sumatra: Batin batin delok alafai, Batin batin silafai; Kajoe si saram. Borneo: Brunei: Asah anak unyong; Kalimantan: Kupang parawa (Dayak); Sarawak: Bantas (Iban); Marok (Kayan )).	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C95DFFECFFE7133011B62A23.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Endemic in W Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak). Habitat & Ecology — Primary lowland dipterocarp forest to secondary forest, usually on hill slopes and ridges; soil: sandy clay to sandstone and shale. Altitude: 20 – 400 m. Flowering: April, May, August, September; fruiting: January, April, June, August to October. Uses — Roots are boiled together with roots of Psychotria cf. crassifolia Miq. (Rubiaceae), mixture is drunk and known as the medicine ‘ Ubat sara’. Note — This species, formerly united with D. denticulatus, is here reinstated. It only occurs locally in NW Borneo and differs from the typical D. denticulatus. Typical are the echinate fruits and the sepals that are only slightly hairy along the margin and generally show a round glandular thickening on every sepal lobe.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
03D487A9C95DFFECFCA911D6158B26C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Borneo (endemic in Sarawak). Habitat & Ecology — At base of limestone hill on limestone rocks with intervening igneous derived soil. Altitude: c. 100 m. Fruiting: April. Note — Only known from the type, which is very distinct by its very large leaves, rather long petioles, hairy, enlarging sepals, hairy fruits and glabrous discs. Because of its distinctiveness this taxon is raised to species level.	en	Welzen, P. C. van, Oostrum, A. F. van (2015): Revision of the Malesian species of Dimorphocalyx (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 59 (3): 191-201, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687903, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687903
