identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D56A04F110AB4CFF1FF9375B207AA6.text	03D56A04F110AB4CFF1FF9375B207AA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Copamyntis alectryonura Meyrick 1932	<div><p>Copamyntis alectryonura Meyrick ( Pyralidae)</p><p>This species was identified by comparing external morphological characters of the adults (Figs. 1a, b) with those presented by Beccaloni et al. (2005) and Shivakumara et al. (2023). Some publications refer to this species as “ Copamyntis obliquifasciella ” (Mathew 2006) . The characteristic features of this pest, based on morphological</p><p>Adult characteristics (Figs. 1a, b): Head brown with fine scales, vertex with a raised tuft of pale brown scales; prominent compound eyes; conspicuous; antennae filiform, long, covered with greyish black scales; proboscis scaled at the base and prominent. Thorax stout, dorsally covered with flattened smooth, deep grey scales interspersed with light brown scales, ventrally with fine pale brown scales, patagia prominently conspicuous with dark. greyscales basally and light brown scales distally, forewings subtriangular, wingspan 8–10 mm, with the fuscous greyish black ground colour (but varieties in intensity), an antemedian line extending from costal margin to hind margin as a whitish band, a slightly curved dark grey ridge, deep grey fringes along the apical margin, hind wings plain, hyaline, with dark grey veins, dark grey fringes along entire wing margin.</p><p>Larva polypodous, light greenish with slightly dark green shade dorsally, with a prominent black mid-dorsal line traversing from anterior till posterior, not reaching terminal abdominal segment (Fig. 1d). Late instar larvae are approximately 19.5–21.5 mm long.</p><p>Pupa brownish, with cremaster of six short anal setae. Pupation often occurs within leaf folds in a thin silken coocon, 10.0– 10.5 mm long (Fig. 1e).</p><p>Damage symptoms: Larvae of C. alectryonura only eat the leaf surface (Fig. 1d) as skeletonizers. The larvae weave the leaves together to form a nest where they hide inside. The larvae move to a new feeding site at night. Larvae pull the host materials into the case and consume it while remaining largely hidden from view. When larval density is high, larvae consume all the tree's foliage and then move to adjacent trees. Heavily infested trees show foliage that appears to have dried out. This pest was recorded in all of the four locations studied. Damaged C. fistula trees have ragged foliage and are unsightly.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56A04F110AB4CFF1FF9375B207AA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tra, Tran Thi Le;Phuong, Tran Thi;Truong, Pham Xuan;Khai, Tran Quang;Chi, Nguyen Minh	Tra, Tran Thi Le, Phuong, Tran Thi, Truong, Pham Xuan, Khai, Tran Quang, Chi, Nguyen Minh (2025): Insect pests damaging Cassia fistula trees (Fabaceae) in Vietnam. Ecologica Montenegrina 81: 108-118, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.81.15, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.81.15
03D56A04F113AB4DFF1FF8A85EEA7B2F.text	03D56A04F113AB4DFF1FF8A85EEA7B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurema hecabe Linnaeus	<div><p>Eurema hecabe Linnaeus ( Pieridae)</p><p>Based on the external morphological characters of the adults (Figs. 2a, b) from this study and compared with those previously given by Yata (1995) and Azrizal-Wahid et al. (2015), the pest infesting C. fistula leaves in Vietnam was confirmed as Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758 ( Lepidoptera: Pieridae), subspecies Eurema hecabe hecabe . The characteristic features of this pest, based on morphological examination of 23 specimens, are as follows:</p><p>Male adults are yellow. Apex and termen of forewing deep black, narrowly along the costal margin to base of wing. The inner margin of the black area oblique and irregular, between veins 2 and 4 excavated on the inner side, and this excavation outwardly rounded between the veins and inwardly toothed on vein 3. Below vein 2 the black area is suddenly dilated into a square spot. Terminal margin of hindwing has a narrow black band which is attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly.</p><p>Female adults are similar to that of the male but without the sex-mark; the black areas on both forewings and hindwings slightly broader, with the inner edge of the black terminal band on the hindwing often diffuse.</p><p>Eggs are nearly diamond-shaped, white, 1.2–1.4 mm long. The surface texture is smooth. The eggs are in clusters on the underside of young leaves.</p><p>Larva is green with black head (Fig. 2c). Late instar larvae are approximately 28.5–30.5 mm long. The larvae are gregarious at all stages of growth.</p><p>Pupa has a lopsided octagonal shape, green at first two days, then brown, 18.5–22.5 mm long (Fig. 2d).</p><p>Damage symptoms: Larvae of E. hecabe consume the entire leaf (Fig. 2c). The larvae often reside on the underside of intact or partially consumed leaves. Larvae move to new feeding sites at night or evening. Prior to pupation, mature larvae attach their bodies with silk to leaf petioles where the pupae will be suspended (Fig. 2d). When larval density is high, larvae consume all the tree's foliage before moving to adjacent trees. This pest was recorded in all of the four locations studied.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56A04F113AB4DFF1FF8A85EEA7B2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tra, Tran Thi Le;Phuong, Tran Thi;Truong, Pham Xuan;Khai, Tran Quang;Chi, Nguyen Minh	Tra, Tran Thi Le, Phuong, Tran Thi, Truong, Pham Xuan, Khai, Tran Quang, Chi, Nguyen Minh (2025): Insect pests damaging Cassia fistula trees (Fabaceae) in Vietnam. Ecologica Montenegrina 81: 108-118, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.81.15, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.81.15
03D56A04F112AB4AFF1FF95F5E227AA6.text	03D56A04F112AB4AFF1FF95F5E227AA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower	<div><p>Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower ( Tortricidae)</p><p>Based on the external morphological characters of the adults (Figs. 3a, b) from this study and compared with those previously given by Lower (1898), the pest infesting C. fistula truits in Vietnam was confirmed as Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower, 1898 ( Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). The characteristic features of this pest, based on morphological examination of 21 specimens, are as follows:</p><p>Adults are reddish brown with a dark-brown pre-tornal spot that is more pronounced in females. Males have sex scales on the hindwing, hind tibia, and abdomen. Female with forewing length 20.5– 24.5 mm, body size 8.4–10.1 mm long (Fig. 3a). Male with forewing length 17.5–20.5 mm, body size 8.0– 9.2 mm long (Fig. 3b).</p><p>Eggs are scale-like, creamy white, and then gradually turn yellow, nearly round in shape, 1.0– 1.2 mm in diameter.</p><p>Late instar larvae are approximately 18.5–22.5 mm long. The abdomen is yellowish, turning reddish in the final instar. The head is dark brown, turning yellowish brown in the final instar (Fig. 3c).</p><p>Pupae are light brown at first, then darken, 10.2–12.8 mm long, 2.0– 2.9 mm wide (Fig. 3d), male pupae are smaller than female pupae.</p><p>Damage symptoms: C. ombrodelta was associated with damage to dry fruit. Infested C. fistula fruits have circular holes with a diameter of 0.32–0.41 cm. Frass is mixed with larval silk around the holes on the fruits. Droppings are discrete, semi-circular and dark yellow or brown (Fig. 3d). The tunnels go straight into the fruits and then vertically to the centre of the fruit. The tunnels are circular, 0.35–0.45 cm in diameter, 12.1–21.3 cm long. The larvae and pupae live inside the fruits. Before the adult emerges, the pupa will move and stick part of its body out of the hole (Fig. 3e). Severely damaged fruits can have 2– 3 larvae inside. This species was recorded in Son La and Yen Bai provinces.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56A04F112AB4AFF1FF95F5E227AA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tra, Tran Thi Le;Phuong, Tran Thi;Truong, Pham Xuan;Khai, Tran Quang;Chi, Nguyen Minh	Tra, Tran Thi Le, Phuong, Tran Thi, Truong, Pham Xuan, Khai, Tran Quang, Chi, Nguyen Minh (2025): Insect pests damaging Cassia fistula trees (Fabaceae) in Vietnam. Ecologica Montenegrina 81: 108-118, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.81.15, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.81.15
03D56A04F115AB44FF1FF8F45E9C7A1E.text	03D56A04F115AB44FF1FF8F45E9C7A1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurozerra conferta Walker 1856	<div><p>Neurozerra conferta Walker ( Cossidae)</p><p>Based on the external morphological characters of the adults (Figs. 4a, b) from this study and compared with those previously given by Yakovlev (2011), the pest infesting C. fistula trees in Vietnam was confirmed as Neurozerra conferta Walker, 1856 ( Lepidoptera: Cossidae). The characteristic features of this pest, based on morphological examination of 16 specimens, are as follows:</p><p>Adults are whitish, head and thorax covered with dark grey hairs; thorax with six black dots. Abdomen has three rows of black dots. Forewing consists of sparsely grey lines and streaks on the light areas; hindwing white with black spots. Males have forewing lengths of 30.5–40.5 mm, body size is 22.3–24.8 mm long, 4.0– 4.5 mm wide. Male antennae setaceous, light brown in basal part, filiform, brown at the top (Fig. 4b). Females have forewing length of 36.5–68.1 mm, body size 28.6–31.2 mm long, 4.5–7.1 mm wide. Female antennae filiform, brown (Fig. 4a).</p><p>Eggs creamy white or light yellow, cylindrical, 1.6–1.7 mm long, 0.6–0.7 mm wide.</p><p>Larvae reddish brown, cylindrical. Last instar body 25.3–31.2 mm long, 5.1–5.9 mm wide, segments have brown dots along the sides of the body; head dark brown (Fig. 4d).</p><p>Pupae light brown, 25.5–40.5 mm long, 5.0– 8.1 mm wide (Fig. 4e), male pupae smaller than female pupae.</p><p>Damage symptoms: N. conferta was associated with tree damage and branch breakage. Infested C. fistula trees have circular holes with a diameter of 0.63–0.91 cm in the boles or branches, located 20– 300 cm above ground. There is much frass around the base of the damaged trees. Frass is discrete, semi-circular and dark yellow or brown (Fig. 4c). The tunnels go straight into the boles or branches and then vertically up the centre of the stem or branch. The tunnels are circular, 0.65–0.85 cm in diameter, 15.5– 33.5 cm long. Severely damaged trees can have 8– 10 larvae in the bole and branches, and branches can break in the wind. This pest was recorded in Son La province.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>This is the first record of Eurema hecabe and Neurozerra conferta damaging C. fistula trees; and is the first record of Copamyntis alectryonura and Cryptophlebia ombrodelta damaging C. fistula trees in Vietnam. Copamyntis alectryonura (with synonym Copamyntis obliquifasciella and sometimes spelled as “alectroneura”) has been recorded in China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan (Beccaloni et al. 2005; Mathew 2006; Shivakumara et al. 2023). It has been reported as a pest on C. fistula trees in India (Shivakumara et al. 2023).</p><p>The common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe is distributed from the Oriental tropics through subtropical to temperate zones (Kato 2000). It has been widely recorded in Asia, Africa, and Australia (Lee et al. 2023), India (Ramana et al. 2003), Japan (Kato 2000), and Vietnam (Tuyen 2012). It has previously been recorded as a serious pest of Cassia siamea trees (Tuyen 2012), C. tora trees (Ramana et al. 2003) and Acacia stenophylla seedlings in India (Khan and Sahito 2012). The damage symptoms of these pests in India were very similar to those recorded in the present study.</p><p>Cryptophlebia ombrodelta is found in Hawaii (Jones 1995), Australia (Waite 1986), China (Zhao et al. 2013), India (Patel et al. 2023), and Vietnam (Brown et al. 2019). It causes serious damage in macadamia and litchi trees in Asia and Australia, and on imported trees in the US (Sinclair 1975; Waite 1986; Jones 1995; Gupta et al. 2017; Brown et al. 2019). This species is seen as a pest on a wide range of host plants such as Acacia spp., Adenanthera pavonia, Aegle marmelos, Bauhinia spp., Cassia spp., Cocoloba uvifera, Erythrophleum fordii, Filicium decipiens, Parkinsonia aculeata, Nephelium litchi, Sesbania spp., Phaseolus lunatus, Pithecellobium dulce, Poinciana pulcherrima, Prosopis juliflora, Senna occidentalis, and Tamarindus indica (Zhao et al. 2013; Gupta et al. 2017; Nguyen et al. 2023; Patel et al. 2023). This pest has been recorded on C. fistula in India (Patel et al. 2023), but its damage on host trees remains unknown. In this study, the species was identified as a fruit borer on C. fistula that is present in very high densities. Besides providing seeds, C. fistula fruits are rarely used for other purposes in Vietnam. This damage is less serious, but C. fistula is an intermediate host and will be a source of pest spread to other host plants. In addition, C. ombrodelta has been identified as a economically significant and common shoot borer on E. fordii trees (Nguyen et al. 2023). The management of this pest has faced numerous challenges in planted forests lately, likely due to its propagation from C. fistula, as it hides in various host trees.</p><p>Neurozerra conferta is distributed in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam (Arora 1971; Baksha and Islam 1999; Yakovlev 2011). The broad range of host plants include the families Avicenniaceae, Bombacaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Lecythidaceae, Lythraceae, Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Rhizophoracaea, Rubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Zingiberaceae (Toxopeus 1948; Baksha and Islam 1999; Robinson et al. 2001). This is an economically significant polyphagous stem borer (Syazwan et al. 2019; Chi et al. 2022b; Rishi et al. 2022) that often bores broad tunnels resulting in windthrow (Chi et al. 2022b) and causes serious damage on Aquilaria spp., Gyrinops spp. in Malaysia (Syazwan et al. 2019), A. malaccensis in India (Rishi et al. 2022), and Melaleuca spp. in Vietnam (Chi et al. 2022b). In this study, damage caused by this stem borer was associated with some broken branches. This pest is a particular concern for Aquilaria plantation owners (Syazwan et al. 2019; Rishi et al. 2022). Furthermore, records of new host plants have shown its potential danger for C. fistula trees in Vietnam.</p><p>Many studies have shown that substances extracted from C. fistula have the ability to inhibit or kill pests (Chauhan et al. 2011; Raman Ibrahim et al. 2021). For example, ethanol extracts of C. fistula had high toxicity to larval Spodoptera litura (Chauhan et al. 2011) . Leaf extract can also work against mosquitoes (Govindarajan et al. 2008) and solvent residues against Callosobruchus maculatus (Raja et al. 2000) . Seed of the trees contain a trypsin inhibitor, which was recorded as an antibiosis agent for Helicoverpa armigera (Pandey et al. 2016) . However, as evidenced by the present study, this plant is still damaged by some pests. Insect pests that can withstand host plant toxins are often highly resistant to pesticides and are very difficult to control (Alyokhin and Chen 2017).</p><p>The sginficant economic damage to forest trees has been recorded in Vietnam for a range of pests such as Euwallacea spp. on Acacia plantations (Hung et al. 2022), Zeuzera multistrigata on Eucalyptus and Glyptostrobus pensilis plantations (Chi et al. 2022a; Thanh et al. 2024), Orientozeuzera rhabdota on Manglietia conifera and Michelia mediocris (Chi et al. 2023), and Endoclita spp. on Eucalyptus hybrid (Buchsbaum et al. 2022; Pham et al. 2024). In addition, serious damage from some pests and diseases has also been recorded on urban trees in Vietnam such as Achaea serva on Pouteria obovata (Hinh et al. 2024), Kamalia priapus on Homalium ceylanicum (Danh et al. 2024), and Ceratocystis fimbriata on Cinnamomum cassia, E. fordii, Khaya senegalensis, and Senna siamea (Thu et al. 2024) .</p><p>However, studies on the control of the two borer pests, C. ombrodelta and N. conferta, and leaf-feeder ( E. hecabe and Ceracris kiangsu) have been carried out with positive results when using some biological agents (Tuyen 2012; Griffin 2021; Chi et al. 2022b; Chi et al. 2025), which will be important data for pest management on C. fistula trees. The damage by the four insects with high intensity is detrimental to environmental and economic functions. Further research needs to focus on monitoring activities and selecting effective management techniques for these pests in Vietnam.</p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>The authors would like to thank the local governments for their support in collecting samples in Dak Lak, Hanoi, Son La and Yen Bai provinces. We would like to thank Dr. John Heppner for his confirmation of the pests and English language editing .</p><p>Conflict of interest On behalf of the authors, there are no conflicts of interest.</p><p>References</p><p>Ali, M.A. (2014) Cassia fistula Linn: a review of phytochemical and pharmacological studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5 (6), 2125-2130.</p><p>Alyokhin, A., Chen, Y.H. (2017) Adaptation to toxic hosts as a factor in the evolution of insecticide resistance. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 21, 33-38.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.006</p><p>Arora, G.S. (1971) A taxonomic revision of the Indian species of the family Cossidae (Lepidoptera). Records of the zoological Survey of India, 69 (1- 4), 1-160.</p><p>Azrizal-Wahid, N., Sofian-Azirun, M., Rizman-Idid, M. (2015) A review on morphological characterization, variation and distribution pattern of Eurema butterflies of peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Biodiversity Environmental Sciences, 6 (3), 359-372.</p><p>Baksha, M.W., Islam, M.R. (1999) Infestation intensity of Zeuzera conferta Walker (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) in Sonneratia apetala plantations of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science, 28 (1), 75-81.</p><p>Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B. (2005) " Copamyntis obliquifasciella ". The global lepidoptera names index.</p><p>http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/index.html. Retrieved March 20, 2024.</p><p>Brown, J.W., Basset, Y., Panmeng, M., Putnaul, S., Miller, S.E. 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Florida: Fact Sheet ST-127, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, 4.</p><p>Govindarajan, M., Jebanesan, A., Pushpanathan, T. (2008) Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes. Parasitology Research, 102 (2), 289-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0761-y</p><p>Griffin, K. (2021) Macadamia nut borer: Know thy enemy. MacGroup presentation, Australian Macadamia Society</p><p>Gupta, A.K., Mukherjee, S.C., Nag, A. (2017) New record of Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) on tamarind, Tamarindus indica in Bastar Plateau zone of Chhattisgarh India. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations Research, 5 (5), 694-696.</p><p>Hinh, T.X., Chi, N.M., Han, H.L., Phong, L.V., Thien, V.V., Tuan, B.T., Thuy, P.T.T., Pham, D.L. (2024) First report of Achaea serva (F.) defoliating Pouteria obovata in Vietnam. 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See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tra, Tran Thi Le;Phuong, Tran Thi;Truong, Pham Xuan;Khai, Tran Quang;Chi, Nguyen Minh	Tra, Tran Thi Le, Phuong, Tran Thi, Truong, Pham Xuan, Khai, Tran Quang, Chi, Nguyen Minh (2025): Insect pests damaging Cassia fistula trees (Fabaceae) in Vietnam. Ecologica Montenegrina 81: 108-118, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.81.15, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.81.15
