identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03ED093D501DFFE1FFAB793FFA4BF94C.text	03ED093D501DFFE1FFAB793FFA4BF94C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus H. A. Thomsen emend. Archontikis & Jer. R. Young	<div><p>Genus Ericiolus H.A. Thomsen emend. Archontikis &amp; Jer. R. Young</p><p>= Mercedesia H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard (2015, p. 157)</p><p>EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic and monothecate bearing triradiate or triangular nannoliths. The base of the nannolith is formed of three rays, which bifurcate in some species. A distally directed process is present in the centre of the nannolith in most species, with a triradiate calyx in some species.</p><p>TYPE SPECIES: Ericiolus spiculiger H.A. Thomsen in Thomsen et al. (1995).</p><p>REMARKS: All known species form small monomorphic coccospheres (2–7 µ m) consisting of numerous very small (&lt;1.3 µ m) nannoliths.All polar species are known to be motile with two flagella and a well-developed haptonema; equivalent observations are not available for the subtropical LPZ species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D501DFFE1FFAB793FFA4BF94C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D501DFFE0FCEB7969FBC5FCFA.text	03ED093D501DFFE0FCEB7969FBC5FCFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus bendifii Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus bendifii Archontikis, J.G. Millán, A. Winter &amp; Jer. R. Young sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 8–15</p><p>SYNONYMY: Ericiolus ? sp. sensu Young et al. (2003, p. 85, pl. 39, fig. 14).</p><p>DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere shape unknown, possibly subspherical or saddle-shaped but found collapsed. It consists of c. 50–70 triradiate, star-shaped nannoliths probably forming a single-layered cover. Nannoliths with three coplanar bifurcate rays. The rays are symmetrically arranged (120° angle between them) and bifurcate near the centre of the nannolith with the bifurcations directed radially. The bifurcations are parallel-sided, and tips of each bifurcation are directed distally. On the distal side of the nannolith, there is an elongate central spine with a robust terminal knob. On the proximal side of the nannolith, axial grooves run along the rays from the bifurcations to the centre where they meet to form a small central pore (Fig. 12).</p><p>DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter 2.5–4.5 μ m; nannoliths 0.3–0.6 μ m long and wide. Ray 0.1–0.3 μ m long.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: Stub no. 302/2 deposited at the facilities of NHM, UK (PM NF 4663 193–64). Specimen shown in Fig. 8.</p><p>PARATYPE: Stub no. 459/2 deposited at NHM, UK (PM NF 4814 275–53). Specimen shown in Fig. 9 .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: North-western Mediterranean and Alboran Seas (37° 25.8 ʹ N, 0°25.3 ʹ W, depth 42.5 m (DCM), October 1999, MATER-II Cruise, Station 69–11).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical low-photic waters.</p><p>NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: 16.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: After Professor El Mahdi Bendif (Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski), in recognition of his contributions to the field of extant coccolithophore genetics.</p><p>REMARKS: Young et al. (2003) previously reported the holotype when examining plankton assemblages of Mediterranean waters and identified via SEM the possession of bifurcate rays in its nannoliths. The authors argued that this specimen (their p. 85, pl. 39, fig. 14, labelled as ‘ Ericiolus ? sp.’) was reminiscent of Ericiolus, and although its morphology was incompatible with the generic description, the form probably represented a closely related taxon. This is now confirmed via our morphologic and biometric findings and therefore, it is established as a discrete morphospecies. The species differs in possessing nannoliths with three bifurcated rays, vertically directed ray-tips and an elongate central spine with a terminal knob. The bifurcation occurs near the nannolith centre.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D501DFFE0FCEB7969FBC5FCFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D501CFFE0FC957DDCFA2DF840.text	03ED093D501CFFE0FC957DDCFA2DF840.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus mattioliae Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus mattioliae Archontikis, J.G. Millán, A. Winter &amp; Jer.R. Young sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 16–20</p><p>DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere shape unknown, possibly subspherical or saddle-shaped but found collapsed, and with 30–60 nannoliths. Nannoliths with three coplanar rays, equally positioned, with delicate bifurcations near their tips; the bifurcations are short and have short, upturned tips. On the distal side, laths extend vertically up from each ray, developing from the centre of the nannolith to about two-thirds of the length of the ray. The laths are slightly higher at the centre giving a curved profile, and are slightly thickened along their distal edge. On the proximal side of the nannolith, grooves run along the rays from the bifurcation to the centre of the nannolith, where they unite to form a small central pore (Fig. 18, upper arrow).</p><p>DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter c. 4.5 μ m; nannoliths 0.6–1.3 μ m long and wide. Ray 0.4–0.6 μ m long. Laths 0.3–0.6 μ m long.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: Stub no. 704/2 deposited at the facilities of NHM, UK (PM NF 5517 285–33). Specimen shown in Fig. 16.</p><p>PARATYPE: Stub no. 704/2 deposited at NHM, UK (PM NF 5517 285–31). Specimen shown in Fig. 17 .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: 32°10.74 ʹ S, 29°49.56 ʹ W, depth 72 m, 2 November 2008, AMT18 Cruise, Station CTD089 .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical low-photic waters.</p><p>NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: 4.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: After Professor Emanuela Mattioli (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1) in recognition of her contributions to the field of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous coccolithophore palaeoceanography.</p><p>REMARKS: The species differs in showing three coplanar rays with a small bifurcation occurring near the tips of the rays.In addition, the nannoliths bear delicate laths that form a calyx distally and they develop from the nannolith central spine towards the tips of the rays by becoming progressively shorter. The laths are also seen to develop along the nannolith rays, across their axis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D501CFFE0FC957DDCFA2DF840	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5013FFEFFBCA788FFAB0F84F.text	03ED093D5013FFEFFBCA788FFAB0F84F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus bendifii Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus cf. bendifii</p><p>Figs 30–33</p><p>REMARKS: Three of our specimens appear similar to E. bendifii sp. nov., and E. sheldoniae sp. nov., but the nannoliths have only a short central spine rather than a long spine with a terminal knob or calyx. These most obviously resemble E. bendifii sp. nov., but may alternatively be incompletely formed or broken specimens of E. sheldoniae sp. nov., as they occurred in the same sample from the BIOSOPE cruise, and the calyces appear to be only weakly attached in that species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5013FFEFFBCA788FFAB0F84F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5013FFEFFFAB7A99FAD1F912.text	03ED093D5013FFEFFFAB7A99FAD1F912.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus sheldoniae Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus sheldoniae Archontikis, J.G. Millán, A. Winter &amp; Jer. R. Young sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 21–29</p><p>DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere shape unknown, possibly saddle-shaped or sub-spherical but seen collapsed. It shows 30–60 star-shaped triradiate nannoliths with three coplanar bifurcate rays, equally positioned and angled. The rays are symmetrically arranged (120° angle between them) and bifurcate near the centre of the nannolith. The bifurcations are parallel-sided and directed radially, and show upturned tips that are directed distally. On the distal side of the nannolith, laths extend vertically down from the centre of the nannolith, in between the rays (Fig. 23) and to about one-quarter from their tips. The laths form a calyx that is slightly thickened along its distal edge. On the proximal side of the nannolith, axial grooves run along the rays from the bifurcation to the nannolith centre where they unite to form a small central pore (Fig. 22); laths are usually seen collapsed in proximal view.</p><p>DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter 3.0–5.3 μ m; nannoliths 0.4–0.8 μ m long and wide. Ray 0.2–0.4 μ m long. Laths 0.2–0.3 μ m long.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: Stub no. AB2019 80m, deposited at the Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium (US Alg. Coll. – 238319). Specimen shown in Fig. 21.</p><p>PARATYPE: Stub no. AB2019 140m, deposited at the Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium (US Alg. Coll. – 238322). Specimen shown in Fig. 24 .</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY: 32°12.72 ʹ N, 64°31.5 ʹ W, depth 80 m, 22 November 2022, BATS Cruise, Hydrostation ‘S’.</p><p>NUMBER OF SPECIMENS STUDIED: 17.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Subtropical low-photic waters.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: After Dr. Emma Sheldon (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland) in recognition of her contributions to the field of Cretaceous coccolithophore biostratigraphy.</p><p>REMARKS: The species shows similarities to both E. bendifii sp. nov. and E. mattioliae sp. nov. The presence of three coplanar rays with bifurcation near the nannolith centre is more reminiscent of E. bendifii sp. nov., but instead of having a spine that is terminated by a knob, the species bears a calyx of three laths. The laths nearly extend to the nannolith rays but unlike in E. mattioliae sp. nov., they do not rise from them. In addition, whilst the bifurcations are long and similar to E. bendifii sp. nov., the ray tip extensions are short as shown in E. mattioliae sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5013FFEFFFAB7A99FAD1F912	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5011FFEDFF477BF0FF55F9C3.text	03ED093D5011FFEDFF477BF0FF55F9C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus aspiphorus (H. A. Thomsen & J. B. Ostergaard) Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus aspiphorus (H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard) Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young comb. nov.</p><p>Fig. 34</p><p>BASIONYM: Mercedesia aspiphora H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard in Thomsen &amp; Østergaard 2015, Acta Protozoologica 54, p. 157, figs 3–8.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5011FFEDFF477BF0FF55F9C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5011FFEDFF5478DBFC67F98C.text	03ED093D5011FFEDFF5478DBFC67F98C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus multistellatus (H. A. Thomsen & J. B. Ostergaard) Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus multistellatus (H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard) Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 35, 36</p><p>BASIONYM: Mercedesia multistellata H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard in Thomsen &amp; Østergaard 2015, Acta Protozoologica 54, p. 159, figs 9, 10, 14, 15.</p><p>REMARKS: Thomsen &amp; Østergaard (2015) note that “a cluster of nannoliths reminiscent of M. multistellata have been observed from tropical waters (Phuket, Thailand)”. We have found another three such clusters (two of them shown in Figs 35, 36) from the LPZ of the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean and Sargasso Sea. This seems to confirm that the species occurs both in the surface waters of the Arctic and the LPZ of the sub-tropics. This pattern is also shown by other living coccolithophores, such as Algirosphaera robusta (Lohmann) R.E. Norris and Calciopappus caudatus Gaarder &amp; Ramsfjell.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5011FFEDFF5478DBFC67F98C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5011FFECFCB57806FDF0F960.text	03ED093D5011FFECFCB57806FDF0F960.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ericiolus pusillus (H. A. Thomsen & J. B. Ostergaard) Archontikis & Millán & Winter & Young 2023	<div><p>Ericiolus pusillus (H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard) Archontikis &amp; Jer.R. Young comb. nov.</p><p>BASIONYM: Mercedesia pusilla H.A. Thomsen &amp; J.B. Østergaard in Thomsen &amp; Østergaard 2015, Acta Protozoologica 54, p. 159, figs 11–13.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Very little information can currently be extracted in relation to the ecology of Ericiolus bendifii sp. nov., E. sheldoniae sp. nov., E. mattioliae sp. nov. and Ericiolus cf. bendifii, other than that our specimens have been obtained from the LPZ layers (within or close to the DCM) of subtropical to tropical waters. Our records, however, expand the findings of Thomsen et al. (1995) and Thomsen &amp; Østergaard (2015), who noted occurrences of star-like nannolith-bearing species in the surface waters (10–40 m) of high latitude environments, namely the Arctic, Danish, Antarctic and Weddell Seas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5011FFECFCB57806FDF0F960	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7ED9FEBAFC0A.text	03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7ED9FEBAFC0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alisphaeraceae	<div><p>ALISPHAERACEAE – POLYCRATER PHASE</p><p>The Alisphaeraceae are a group of heterococcoliths, which, in their alternate life cycle phase, produce aragonitic nannoliths that were formerly placed in the genus Polycrater Manton &amp; Oates (Cros et al. 2000; Cros &amp; Fortuño 2002; Šupraha et al. 2018). Well-developed nannoliths of the ‘ Polycrater ’ phase are monomorphic and form monothecate coccospheres but, unlike Ericiolus, they are typically asymmetrical and four-sided, i.e. they are seen as quadrate in plan view and with an hour-glass shape in side view. The nannolith long axes are directed equatorially, and the nannoliths are seen to embrace the cell in regular meridian rows. The size of the nannoliths (c. 0.4–1.0 μ m) is similar to that observed in Ericiolus . A range of different analogues (e.g. forms with holes, tubercles, ladle-like or petal-like forms) to the ray structures of Ericiolus have previously been documented (Cros &amp; Fortuño 2002; Young et al. 2003), and these also partially resemble the more skeletal Polycrater - type species; however, the basic four-fold symmetry seems to be a significant difference between these and the Ericiolus forms. In addition, it is still unclear whether Ericiolus nannoliths are calcitic or aragonitic, although the presence of calcium in the periplast has been confirmed (Thomsen et al. 1988). Therefore, it would be useful to determine if Ericiolus nannoliths were formed of aragonite or calcite and, if aragonitic, then affinity with Polycrater nannoliths would be indicated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7ED9FEBAFC0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5016FFEAFCEB7FCEFB57FAB9.text	03ED093D5016FFEAFCEB7FCEFB57FAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Discoaster	<div><p>DISCOASTER</p><p>Discoaster is an important genus of nannofossils that were abundant through most of the Cenozoic, especially in warm oligotrophic waters. The last two species, D. brouweri S.H. Tan and D. triradiatus S.H. Tan went extinct 1.8 million years ago, in the Early Quaternary. Like Ericiolus, Discoaster nannoliths have radial symmetry, being formed of rays that grow from a central axis, rather than a proto-coccolith ring as in heterococcoliths (Young et al. 1999). This radial growth pattern, however, is characteristic of not only Discoaster but several other major extinct Cenozoic nannofossil groups, notably Fasciculithus Bramlette &amp; F.R. Sullivan, Heliolithus Bramlette &amp; F.R. Sullivan and Sphenolithus Deflandre, which are now grouped together as the Discoasterales W.W. Hay emend. Bown (Bown 2010) . Moreover, the last Discoaster species show three- or six-fold symmetry and have deflected ray tips. Of the eight species of Ericiolus, Ericiolus bendifii sp. nov., is, in particular, remarkably reminiscent of a miniature D. brouweri or D. surculus E. Martini &amp; Bramlette. Meier et al. (2014) noted that the crystallographic origin of the elements in Pileolosphaera was the same as that in Discoaster, with the c-axes vertical/ parallel to the axis of rotational symmetry of the nannolith. Unfortunately, Ericiolus is too small to determine crystallographic orientation optically and we do not have suitable samples for X-ray diffraction studies. Nonetheless, this type of analyses would be an interesting test, as would molecular genetics, to confirm whether Ericiolus is instead related to another group of extant coccolithophores.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5016FFEAFCEB7FCEFB57FAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7D8CFD90FA7E.text	03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7D8CFD90FA7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Papposphaeraceae Jordan & Young 1990	<div><p>PAPPOSPHAERACEAE</p><p>The family Papposphaeraceae includes a wide range of small coccolithophores, which, like Ericiolus, occur sporadically in both polar waters and in the LPZ of the tropics and subtropics. Indeed, our key samples with common Ericiolus specimens also contained various members of the Papposphaeraceae . However, unlike Ericiolus, this group is characterized by predominantly dimorphic coccospheres with unambiguous heterococcoliths that are both made by R- and V-units, not monomorphic nannoliths. The heterococcoliths predominantly show four-fold symmetry and display narrow murolith rims (see Andruleit &amp; Young 2010 for extended discussion), whereas Ericiolus is characterized by a three-fold symmetry pattern and a rim is absent; instead, a narrow ray base is always seen. Therefore, affinity with the Papposphaeraceae seems unlikely.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7D8CFD90FA7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7850FC24FEC3.text	03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7850FC24FEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pileolosphaera	<div><p>PILEOLOSPHAERA</p><p>The extant nannolith-bearing species Pileolosphaera longistirpes K.J.S. Meier, Kinkel &amp; Jer.R. Young, which is the type species of the genus Pileolosphaera, is composed of about six to eight circular shield-like nannoliths. The nannoliths are formed exclusively of V-units (Meier et al. 2014) showing on the coccosphere, radially oriented calcite axes under light microscopy (Meier et al. 2014). The nannoliths possess three radial segments with a central triradiate process. Light microscopy observations indicate that all three elements are formed of crystal units with their c-axes vertical relative to the nannolith, and therefore, radial relative to the coccosphere (Meier et al. 2014). Pileolosphaera shares with Ericiolus the key features of triradiate symmetry and radial growth of the elements from the centre, rather than around a rim. There are, however, notable differences between the two taxa: 1) Pileolosphaera coccospheres have far fewer nannoliths than those of Ericiolus (6–8 vs 30–70); and 2) the Pileolosphaera nannoliths are considerably larger than those of Ericiolus (3.0–4.0 μ m vs 0.2–1.3 μ m). Despite these quantitative differences, Pileolosphaera nannoliths are structurally the closest extant forms to Ericiolus, and affinity between the two genera remains likely.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED093D5016FFEAFFAB7850FC24FEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Archontikis, Odysseas A.;Millán, Josué G.;Winter, Amos;Young, Jeremy R.	Archontikis, Odysseas A., Millán, Josué G., Winter, Amos, Young, Jeremy R. (2023): Taxonomic re-evaluation of Ericiolus and Mercedesia (Prymnesiophyceae) and description of three new species. Phycologia 62 (2): 179-193, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2023.2172841
