taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F687969879FFC2FF4BF9C3B06E4A34.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 1.0 (0.8 – 1.3) cm diameter, branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths 12.4 (10.7 – 14.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles length not recorded; rachises 35.5 cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins diverging; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 3 per side of rachis; middle pinna 18.3 (16.5 – 20.0) cm long, 5.2 (5.0 – 5.4) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles length not recorded, not wooly tomentose; rachises 3.7 cm long; rachillae 5, 9.5 cm long, 1.8 (1.5 – 2.1) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts elongate, acuminate, densely tomentose at apex; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 4.0 – 5.0 mm long with pointed apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 8.1 mm long, 6.3 mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, color not recorded; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969879FFC2FF4BF9C3B06E4A34.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Indonesia (East and South Kalimantan), habitat not recorded, at 30 m elevation (Fig. 7). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura australis is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. borneensis. It is characterized by its diverging leaf veins and elongate, acuminate rachilla bracts that are densely tomentose at the apices. Kiew (1976) described I. australis (under I. borneensis) as having “ distinctly trapezoid segments ”, and the two specimens (Winkler 2782, Kostermans 6479) are here scored as having diverging venation. These are the only two specimens and are from widely separate localities, an unusual situation in Iguanura. The type specimen (Winkler 2782) is from southeastern Borneo and the second (Kostermans 6479) from eastern Borneo, about 400 km away.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796987FFFC3FF4BFF17B64A4BB9.taxon	description	Stems 1.1 (0.5 – 2.0) m long, 1.5 (0.9 – 2.0) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.3 (8.5 – 15.5) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 9.2 (3.5 – 15.0) cm long; rachises 54.1 (44.0 – 78.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, less often undivided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 3 (1 – 5) per side of rachis; middle pinna 30.8 (26.0 – 41.0) cm long, 6.8 (4.1 – 10.7) cm wide. Inflorescences spicate or branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 40.3 (22.4 – 50.5) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 0.7 (0.0 – 5.8) cm long; rachillae 1 – 3, 27.1 (14.2 – 48.5) cm long, 2.6 (1.6 – 3.3) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae with markedly distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose or glabrous; staminate flowers 4.0 – 5.0 mm long with pointed apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 10.7 (8.7 – 13.0) mm long, 6.0 (5.2 – 7.2) mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, white, whitish-yellow, pinkish, red, reddish, red-orange, orange, or purplish; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796987FFFC3FF4BFF17B64A4BB9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (western Sarawak) in mixed Dipterocarp forest or limestone forest at 106 (20 – 300) m elevation (Fig. 7). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura beccarii is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. macrostachya. It is characterized by its long staminate flowers and smooth fruit surfaces. Subspecific variation: — See notes under I. elegans.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796987FFFC3FF4BFC53B0164039.taxon	description	Stems 1.5 m long, 0.7 (0.5 – 1.0) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.0 (8.0 – 15.5) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas scarcely developed; petioles 13.9 (5.8 – 21.5) cm long; rachises 38.1 (24.0 – 53.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins diverging; adaxial leaf veins not prominent, triangular in cross-section; pinnae 5 (2 – 8) per side of rachis; middle pinna 15.1 (12.8 – 19.7) cm long, 5.9 (3.5 – 9.5) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted close together at base of peduncle and both early deciduous before anthesis; peduncles 2.5 (1.0 – 4.7) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 2.5 (0.5 – 6.0) cm long; rachillae 6 (3 – 12), 9.8 (5.5 – 17.0) cm long, 1.4 (0.9 – 2.2) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles scarcely developed or absent; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not undulate; fruits 12.1 (9.9 – 14.0) mm long, 5.7 (4.8 – 6.8) mm diameter, obovoid, bilobed at apex, not ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, red or white; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796987FFFC3FF4BFC53B0164039.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Southern Peninsular Thailand and northwestern Peninsular Malaysia in evergreen forest or hill Dipterocarp forest at 809 (210 – 1,300) m elevation (Fig. 7). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura bicornis was polymorphic for one variable (stem branching). This was treated as a trait. It then had a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its fruits that are bilobed at the apices (Plate 2). It has densely reddish-brown tomentose stems, at least when first exposed from the leaf sheath, and this distinguishes sterile specimens from the sympatric I. polymorpha. Saw (2023) included Burkill 6299 in I. bicornis, but the immature fruits do not appear lobed, and the inflorescence appears more like those of I. polymorpha, where it is here placed. Subspecific variation: — Specimens of I. bicornis are from three, separate areas (Fig. 7). There are two specimens from Peninsular Thailand, near the northwestern Thailand-Malaysia border. These do not appear to differ from the second group of specimens, from the central region of the Thailand-Malaysia border. The third group is from Bukit Larut in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. These specimens are from higher elevations and are noticeably smaller than the others. They have narrower leaf blades with fewer pinnae and less diverging veins, with the distalmost pair of pinnae wider than the others. One specimen (Mhd. Haniff SFN 9090) at SING has two leaves, one undivided and the other with three pinnae per side of the rachis. This third group of specimens is from the same locality as I. brevipes.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969862FFDEFF4BFF17B47D4B9D.taxon	description	Stems length, diameter, and branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths 10.0 cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 12.5 cm long; rachises 30.0 cm long; leaf blades undivided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 1 per side of rachis. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 12.0 cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 1.0 cm long; rachillae 4, 8.0 cm long, 2.3 mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts elongate, acuminate, densely tomentose at apex; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose; staminate flowers 4.0 – 5.0 mm long with pointed apices; anther margins not recorded; fruits not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969862FFDEFF4BFF17B47D4B9D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Indonesia (West Kalimantan), habitat and elevation not recorded (Fig. 7). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura borneensis was polymorphic for six variables. Three of these (leaf division, rachillae tomentum, pit tomentum) were treated as traits, and the other three (leaf venation, rachilla bracts, staminate flowers) were used to split preliminary species I. borneensis into three phylogenetic species, I. borneensis, I. australis, and I. bruneiensis. Iguanura borneensis is characterized by its parallel leaf venation and rachilla bracts that are elongate, acuminate, and densely tomentose at the apex. Kiew (1979) determined one specimen (Clemens 20708) from Sarawak as I. borneensis. It is here determined as I. sarawakensis.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969862FFDFFF4BFC3FB45E49CC.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Northwestern Peninsular Malaysia in high forest, primary forest, lower montane forest, or montane forest at 1,038 (600 – 1,294) m elevation (Fig. 8). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura divergens was polymorphic for nine variables (stem branching, leaf sheaths, ocreas, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, rachillae thickness, distal triad bracteole, flower pit tomentum, fruit shape). Much of this polymorphism was based on several aberrant specimens which are here considered to be part of I. polymorpha (see notes under that species). With these excluded, eight variables were polymorphic (leaf sheaths, ocreas, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, rachillae thickness, distal triad bracteole, flower pit tomentum, fruit shape). Six of these were treated as traits, and the other two (leaf sheaths, rachillae thickness) were used to split preliminary species I. divergens into two phylogenetic species, I. brevipes and I. tenuis. The name I. brevipes is used here, rather than I. divergens. Saw (2023) included the type of I. brevipes in his I. polymorpha. However, this type, along with many other specimens from the type locality (included by Saw in I. divergens), clearly belong together here. Iguanura brevipes is characterized by its scarcely developed ocreas and narrowly ovoid fruits. It also has a high elevation habitat. All specimens are from Gunung Bubu or Bukit Larut in Perak. Iguanura brevipes is part of a group of morphologically similar and taxonomically difficult species. Saw (2022) considered that five of the species he recognized were part of an I. polymorpha species complex: I. bicornis, I. divergens (including I. belumensis, I. brevipes, I perdana, and I. tenuis), I. mirabilis, I. parvula (including I. speciosa), and I. polymorpha (including I. corniculata and I. thalangensis). Saw considered this complex to be highly polymorphic and thus species delimitation difficult. Here, these are recognized as follows: I. bicornis, I. brevipes, I. mirabilis, I. parvula (including I. speciosa), I. polymorpha (including I. corniculata, I. belumensis, I. divergens), I. tenuis, and I. thalangensis.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969863FFDDFF4BF8F1B16B4AC1.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 0.9 cm diameter, branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths 12.0 cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 20.0 cm long; rachises 30.5 cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 3 per side of rachis; middle pinna 15.7 cm long, 5.2 cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles length not recorded, not wooly tomentose; rachises 1.0 cm long; rachillae 4, 7.0 cm long, 1.4 mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not recorded; fruits 9.4 mm long, 6.6 mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, white; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969863FFDDFF4BF8F1B16B4AC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Brunei in swampy, secondary forest at 7 m elevation (Fig. 8). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura bruneiensis is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. borneensis. It is characterized by its tubular, mostly closed, cleanly falling sheaths, non-filiform rachillae, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, and ridged fruits with the surfaces drying pebbled.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969861FFDDFF4BFC8BB6B44ED1.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 1.9 cm diameter, solitary. Leaf sheaths 16.6 (15.5 – 18.0) cm long, open and more or less persistent, not cleanly falling, initially covered with dense, woolly indumentum; ocreas scarcely developed; petioles 4.9 (1.0 – 9.5) cm long; rachises 91.7 (80.0 – 114.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 18 (14 – 27) per side of rachis; middle pinna 33.0 (24.0 – 41.5) cm long, 2.5 (2.1 – 2.8) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 80.3 (66.0 – 104.0) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 18.3 (12.0 – 25.0) cm long; rachillae 26 (18 – 35), 18.3 (12.0 – 23.0) cm long, 0.6 (0.5 – 0.7) mm diameter, not diverging from rachis, the proximal, adaxial rachilla surfaces flat, lying close to the flat rachis surface, proximal part of rachillae with markedly distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, filiform with superficial, distantly spaced triads; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 8.7 mm long, 5.7 mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, white or whitish-yellow; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969861FFDDFF4BFC8BB6B44ED1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in hill Dipterocarp forest, riparian forest, or sub-montane forest at 748 (500 – 1,120) m elevation (Fig. 8). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura chaiana had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its rachillae that do not diverge from the rachis, the proximal, adaxial rachilla surfaces flat, lying close to the flat rachis surface, and filiform rachillae with superficial, distantly spaced triads. It is notable for its short petiole, long rachis with 14 – 27 pinnae per side (more than any other species), inflorescence with numerous rachillae, and flower pits with a dense tuft of hairs distally. The staminate flowers are so small it is difficult to see whether the anthers are undulate or not. They were reported by Kiew (1979) to be non-undulate. On the specimen (Julaihi S. 77542) with the most mature staminate flowers they appear to be slightly undulate, and are so scored. Kiew (1979) described the fruits as not ridged, but the fruits of the isotype, possibly not seen by Kiew, and of other specimens, are clearly ridged.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969861FFDAFF4BF97BB6F64BC5.taxon	description	Stems 1.2 (0.4 – 2.0) m long, 1.1 (0.7 – 1.4) cm diameter, clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.3 (7.0 – 15.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 21.6 (6.8 – 41.0) cm long; rachises 33.9 (19.0 – 42.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins diverging; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 3 (2 – 5) per side of rachis; middle pinna 18.7 (12.5 – 28.0) cm long, 5.0 (2.9 – 7.4) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 or 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 12.5 cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 3.5 (0.0 – 7.5) cm long; rachillae 6 (2 – 12), 15.4 (8.0 – 34.0) cm long, 1.5 (0.9 – 2.2) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose or glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 16.7 (16.0 – 17.4) mm long, 6.0 (4.9 – 7.2) mm diameter, narrowly ovoid, curved, sometimes curved over at apex, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, red or white; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969861FFDAFF4BF97BB6F64BC5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah) in mixed Dipterocarp forest or alluvial forest at 508 (55 – 900) m elevation (Fig. 8). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura curvata was polymorphic for 10 variables (stem branching, sheaths, sheath indumentum, ocreas, leaf venation, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, pit tomentum, fruit surfaces, endocarp shape). Four of these were treated as traits, and the other six (sheaths, sheath indumentum, ocreas, leaf venation, fruit surfaces, endocarp shape) were used to split preliminary species I. curvata into three phylogenetic species, I. curvata, I. lunata, and I. grandis. Iguanura curvata is characterized by its well-developed ocreas and narrowly ovoid, curved, ridged fruits. Two specimens (Abg. Mokhtar S. 44728, S. Lai S. 74135) were excluded. They are from within the range of I. curvata, but have densely indumentose leaf sheaths. They lack fruits and remain unidentified. Subspecific variation: — Iguanura curvata is widespread and unusually variable. At one extreme is a specimen (Purseglove P. 5278) that has small leaves with only two pinnae per side of the 19.0 cm long rachis, and inflorescences with two rachillae that are relatively short (the SING duplicate has only one rachilla). This specimen was determined by Kiew (1976) as I. polymorpha. At the other extreme, a specimen (P. Ashton S. 17623) has large leaves with four pinnae per side of the 42.0 cm long rachis, and four, 34.0 cm long rachillae. However, the curved fruits appear quite uniform in all specimens, with three prominent ridges on the dorsal side.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969866FFD8FF4BFC77B6394A7D.taxon	description	July 1865, O. Beccari 163 (lectotype FI- 008390!, FI- 014151!, isolectotypes K- 000207983!, K- 000207984!, K- 000207985!, SING- 0249887!). Plate 2.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969866FFD8FF4BFC77B6394A7D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (western Sarawak) in kerangas forest, limestone forest, peat swamp forest, lowland rainforest, mixed Dipterocarp forest, or primary forest at 72 (20 – 160) m elevation (Fig. 9). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura elegans was polymorphic for 11 variables (stem branching, sheaths, ocreas, leaf division, leaf shape, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae divergence, proximal triad spacing, rachillae tomentum, pit tomentum, staminate flowers). Much of this polymorphism was from a group of nine specimens that are here considered to be hybrids, as discussed below. Excluding these specimens, preliminary species I. elegans was polymorphic for five variables (stem branching, leaf division, orders of inflorescences branching, rachillae tomentum, pit tomentum). These were treated as traits, and then preliminary species I. elegans had a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. Another preliminary species I. sanderiana had the same combination of character states and is included here. Iguanura elegans is characterized by its leaf blades that are rounded at the apex with a shallow or absent apical split. Kiew (1976) reported that staminate flowers of I. sanderiana were 2.0 mm long, but those of the type specimen are 3.9 mm long and are scored as long. Another specimen (Yii Puan Ching Sk. 45951) also has long staminate flowers. Kiew (1976) included I. ridleyana as a synonym of I. elegans, and this is followed here. Subspecific variation: — There is considerable, confusing variation in this species, particularly in leaf shape and the depth of the apical split, and orders of inflorescence branching. Without fruits, specimens of I. elegans with spicate inflorescences are difficult to distinguish from specimens of I. beccarii with undivided leaves. Iguanura elegans has a more northerly distribution in western Sarawak, and I. beccarii a more southerly one. The two species overlap in the Jambusan region, and here there appear to be hybrids between the two. Some specimens (e. g., Rena George S. 38297, Sie S. 43890) of I. elegans have leaves with a relatively deep apical split (Plate 2), and some (e. g., Julaihi S. 74703) have spicate inflorescences, like I. beccarii. Similarly, some specimens (Dransfield 5888, Jugah S. 67493, Lee S. 38621, Meekiong SBC 1966, Othman S. 37456, Patsipun S. 79913, Rantai Jawa S. 70022, Yii Puan Ching 50310) of I. beccarii with undivided leaves approach those of I. elegans in shape, and two of these (Meekiong SBC 1966, Othman S. 37456) have branched inflorescences. These specimens are all from the Jambusan region, an area with numerous limestone outcrops, and may be hybrids between the two species. A few other specimens are problematic. Three specimens (KP 32 / 19, Kuteh 97 / 38, Ridley s. n.) resemble I. elegans in their leaves but appear to have short staminate flowers. Four specimens (G. Connie SBC 2813, Patsipun S. 79981, Ridley 11814, 0249885), one of which was determined as I. elegans by Kiew (1976), have divided leaves unlike those of I. elegans, one with a deep apical split. These are also from the Jambusan region and appear be hybrids with I. beccarii. Kiew (1976) determined two specimens (Brunig 31, 34) from Bako National Park as I. sanderiana. They have considerably larger leaves than other specimens of I. elegans, with the rachis up to 100 cm long, with a distinct apical split and large inflorescences. Brunig 31 has a spicate inflorescence with a 45 cm long rachilla. They lack staminate flowers and fruits and remain unidentified, but it seems likely they represent an undescribed species. There is a more typical-sized specimen (Brunig 4) of I. elegans from the same area.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969864FFD8FF4BFD1FB1154D94.taxon	description	Stems 1.0 m long, 0.8 (0.6 – 1.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaf sheaths 9.0 cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 9.6 cm long; rachises 21.8 (18.0 – 28.5) cm long; leaf blades undivided or divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 2 (1 – 4) per side of rachis. Inflorescences spicate; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles length not recorded, not wooly tomentose; rachises 0.0 cm long; rachillae 1, 22.8 (22.5 – 23.0) cm long, 1.6 (1.5 – 1.8) mm diameter, proximal part of rachilla with markedly distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not recorded; fruits 9.1 mm long, 4.8 mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, pink, red, or bright red; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969864FFD8FF4BFD1FB1154D94.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Indonesia (West Kalimantan) in primary Dipterocarp forest at 390 (150 – 1,200) m elevation (Fig. 9). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura exilis is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. macrostachya. It is characterized by its tubular leaf sheaths that are mostly closed opposite the petiole, proximal part of the rachilla with markedly distantly spaced triads, fruit surfaces drying pebbled, and endocarps polygonal in cross-section. One specimen (J. Mogea 3834) comes from an unusually high elevation, 1,200 m.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969864FFD4FF4BFA27B00A4931.taxon	description	Without locality, no date, W. Griffith s. n. (holotype K- 000207993!, K 000207994!, isotypes BR n. v., BR image!, P- 00725238 n. v. P image!).	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969864FFD4FF4BFA27B00A4931.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra in primary, lowland Dipterocarp forest or swamp forest at 264 (20 – 1,000) m elevation (Fig. 10). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura geonomiformis was polymorphic for five variables (stem branching, leaf division, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, pit tomentum). These were treated as traits and then preliminary species I. geonomiformis had a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its rachillae, on branched inflorescences, not diverging from rachis, with the proximal, adaxial rachilla surfaces flat, lying close to the flat rachis surface, the proximal part of rachillae with markedly distantly spaced triads, and ruminate endosperm. Three other preliminary species, I. humilis, I. kelantanensis, and I. ruthiae, had the same combination of character states and are included.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969864FFD4FF4BFA27B00A4931.taxon	description	Saw (2023) recognized six species. For Kiew’s subsp. malaccensis, Saw recognized four species (I. geonomiformis, I. humilis, I. ruthiae, I. kelantanensis). For Kiew’s subsp. wallichiana he recognized two species (I. wallichiana, I. asli), with I. wallichiana divided into two varieties. Note that Saw (2023) considered I. kelantanensis allied to I. geonomiformis, while Lim (1998 a) considered it allied to I. wallichiana. Whitmore (1998) considered I. geonomiformis almost always had white fruits and I. wallichiana commonly red. Variation within the two species is complex. Here various morphotypes of I. geonomiformis are recognized. Subspecific variation: — The geonomiformis morphotype (based on I. geonomiformis, I. malaccensis, I. wallichiana subsp. malaccensis var. malaccensis, I. wallichiana subsp. malaccensis var. elatior, I. geonomiformis var. ramosa) occurs in the southern, mostly western part of Peninsular Malaysia and in Singapore. This morphotype has mostly divided leaves and inflorescences with one or a few, narrowly diverging rachillae. The rachillae tend to be relatively thick and are usually densely tomentose. There appear to be three separate populations of the geonomiformis morphotype, a southern, central, and northern one. There are few differences between them, although inflorescences differ slightly amongst the three populations. The humilis morphotype (based on I. wallichiana subsp. malaccensis var. humilis) occurs in northern Peninsular Malaysia. It has mostly small, undivided leaves and spicate (rarely bifurcate) inflorescences. There appear to be at least three different populations of this morphotype, western, central, and eastern, each one slightly different from the others, indicating that they have probably arisen independently and are not necessarily closely related. The western population, from Bukit Larut in Perak, occurs at the highest elevations and has undivided leaves with a distinctive, triangular shape and smooth margins, at least proximally. In the central part of the Peninsula, specimens from Kelantan and Pahang have undivided or divided leaves and the margins are praemorse. The eastern population in Terengganu occurs at the lowest elevations and specimens have broad or narrow undivided, less often divided, leaves. A few specimens have bifurcate inflorescences and divided or undivided leaves, and are thus indistinguishable from the geonomiformis morphotype. Some specimens from Sungai Kajang in Terengganu have distinctive, long, narrow, undivided leaves. The kelantanensis morphotype (based on I. kelantanensis) occurs in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia, mostly in Kelantan State. Saw (2023) reported it to be similar to I. geonomiformis but differing in its inflorescences often branching to two orders and more, slender rachillae (7 – 27 rachillae 1.0 – 2.5 mm diameter recorded here). However, leaves are very variable. The label of one specimen (T. Whitmore FRI 15253) states that it comes from “ a huge, diffuse, polymorphic population ”. The ruthiae morphotype (based on I. ruthiae) occurs in the central part of Peninsular Malaysia, in Pahang state (and overlaps with the northern population of the geonomiformis morphotype and with I. wallichiana). Specimens have divided leaves and relatively thin, scarcely tomentose rachillae with more loosely spaced triads. There is one particularly unusual specimen (Dransfield 2623) from Jambi in Sumatra, the sumatra morphotype. This has short stems, a large leaf with 10 pinnae per side of the rachis, and a small inflorescence with an exceptionally short peduncle. In this it is similar to the asli morphotype of I. wallichiana. However, rachillae are scored as for I. geonomiformis. All other Sumatra specimens are considered to belong to the I. wallichiana species complex.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969868FFD4FF4BFEDBB5B34C0D.taxon	description	Stems length, diameter, and branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths 10.7 (7.0 – 13.5) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas scarcely developed; petioles not recorded; rachises not recorded; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae number not recorded; middle pinna 29.0 cm long, 10.0 cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts not recorded; peduncles length not recorded, not wooly tomentose; rachises not recorded; rachillae number not recorded, 34.0 cm long, 2.4 mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers not recorded; fruits 14.8 mm long, 5.3 mm diameter, narrowly ovoid, curved, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, white; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969868FFD4FF4BFEDBB5B34C0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in primary forest, elevation not recorded (Fig. 9). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura grandis is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. curvata. It is characterized by its scarcely developed ocreas and narrowly ovoid, curved, ridged fruits. The type specimen (G. Smith S. 27712) was cited by Kiew (1979) as I. curvata. However, apart from the scarcely developed ocreas, it differs in its much larger size. Middle pinnae are 29.0 cm long and 10.0 cm wide, and rachillae are 34.0 cm long and 2.4 mm diameter.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969868FFD2FF4BFBCFB40C495D.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 0.6 cm diameter, branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths 9.8 (9.6 – 10.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 10.7 (9.2 – 12.2) cm long; rachises 28.7 (27.8 – 30.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins diverging; adaxial leaf veins not prominent, triangular in cross-section; pinnae 4 per side of rachis; middle pinna 17.7 (17.0 – 18.4) cm long, 5.3 (5.0 – 5.9) cm wide. Inflorescences spicate; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 9.5 cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 0 cm long; rachillae 1, 8.5 cm long, 1.7 mm diameter, proximal part not with distantly spaced triads, densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose; staminate flowers 4.0 – 5.0 mm long with pointed apices; anther margins not recorded; fruits not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969868FFD2FF4BFBCFB40C495D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Sumatra, habitat and elevation not recorded. No distribution map is given because of the uncertain locality of the few specimens, as discussed below. Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura leucocarpa had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its adaxial leaf veins not prominent, triangular in cross-section, and long staminate flowers with pointed apices. Kiew (1976) indicated that the type of Iguanura leucocarpa was at BO, but according to Dr. Himmah Rustiami it is not there. The lectotype at L comprises a single, fertile sheet, annotated as lectotype by Harold Moore in 1956. The label says Sumatra without any other information except for an indecipherable, abbreviated name that is possibly that of Praetorius. Kiew (1976), for unknown reasons, considered that the type was collected by Korthals in Padang. There are two other specimens at L determined as I. leucocarpa. One (L- 1407303) is sterile and the label states only ‘ Pinanga’; the other (L- 1407404) is supposedly from Sumatra with a packet with staminate flowers. None of the three L specimens has the collector unambiguously written on the label, although Blume (1843) implied they were collected in Sumatra, by Praetorius in Palembang and Korthals in Padang. Palembang and Padang are more than 500 km apart, implying that Iguanura leucocarpa has a wide distribution. However, no more recent specimens have been seen from Sumatra, despite the areas around Palembang and Padang being relatively well collected. PLATE 5. Holotype of Iguanura grandis. Kiew (1976) described the anthers as lobed, but this does not appear to be the case, based on Blume (1843, tab. 117). Kiew described the fruits as: “ Fruits (from illustrations in Rumphia) olive-shaped, not ridged nor ribbed ”. However, no fruits were illustrated by Blume (1843, tab. 117), nor are they present on any specimen. One specimen with fruits, at FI from a cultivated plant from Bogor, and determined by Harold Moore as I. leucocarpa, appears to be I. geonomiformis.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986EFFD2FF4BFEFFB6AD4C28.taxon	description	Stems length, diameter, and branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths 13.7 cm long, open and more or less persistent, not cleanly falling, initially covered with dense, woolly indumentum; ocreas not recorded; petioles 48.5 cm long; rachises 46.0 cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 5 per side of rachis; middle pinna 26.0 cm long, 5.8 cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 40.0 cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 15.0 cm long; rachillae 20, 17.0 cm long, 0.9 mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not recorded; fruits 14.6 mm long, 6.9 mm diameter, narrowly ovoid, curved, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, pinkish-red; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986EFFD2FF4BFEFFB6AD4C28.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in periodically flooded, semi-riverine forest at 150 m elevation (Fig. 9). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura lunata is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. curvata. It is characterized by its narrowly ovoid, curved, ridged fruits with the surfaces drying pebbled. The type specimen (P. Chai 37566) was cited by Kiew (1979) as I. curvata. However, it differs from that species by its pebbled fruit surfaces and polygonal cross-section of the endocarp. The rachillae are densely tomentose.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986EFFD0FF4BFBE3B14D4ECB.taxon	description	October 1867, O. Beccari 3851 (FI- 008391!).	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986EFFD0FF4BFBE3B14D4ECB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (West, Central, East, and South Kalimantan) in hill, lowland, or mixed Dipterocarp forest, or riverside forest on alluvial flats at 179 (20 – 1,200) m elevation (Fig. 11). There is a single record from Sarawak, the type, collected by Beccari in 1867 on the ‘ Colline del Sakarran’. Based on Beccari (1986) this locality is likely to be near the headwaters of the Sekarang River, where it is here mapped. Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura macrostachya was polymorphic for nine variables (stem branching, sheaths, sheath indumentum, leaf division, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, pit tomentum, staminate flowers, fruit surfaces). Five of these were treated as traits and the other four (sheaths, sheath indumentum, staminate flowers, fruit surfaces) were used to split preliminary species I. macrostachya into three phylogenetic species, I. macrostachya, I. beccarii, and I. exilis. Iguanura macrostachya is characterized by its open and more or less persistent sheaths that are covered with a thin layer of indumentum, and endocarp polygonal in cross-section. Another preliminary species, I. prolifera, had the same combination of character states as I. macrostachya and is included here. PLATE 6. Holotype of Iguanura lunata. Anther margins are scored as undulate. However, in bud the anthers appear non-undulate, it is only when the anthers dehisce that the margins appear undulate. Kiew (1976) cited two specimens of I. prolifera, the type and Meijer 503. She stated that the anthers were not undulate. Staminate flowers from these specimens have not been examined, but those of other specimens (A. Kostermans 10481, E. de Vogel 2184) have undulate anthers. One specimen (J. Dransfield 1596) has a bifurcate inflorescence, all others are spicate. One specimen (J. Mogea 3872) comes from an unusually high elevation, 1,200 m. FIGURE 11. Distribution of Iguanura macrostachya, I. magna, I. melinauensis, and I. minor.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986CFFD1FF4BF885B7724B55.taxon	description	Stems 0.7 (0.4 – 1.0) m long, 0.9 (0.7 – 1.4) cm diameter, clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.0 (8.0 – 14.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas scarcely developed; petioles 23.2 (14.5 – 42.0) cm long; rachises 37.8 (29.0 – 51.5) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 5 (3 – 6) per side of rachis; middle pinna 15.6 (12.0 – 19.5) cm long, 3.7 (2.5 – 5.0) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 or 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 19.0 (9.7 – 33.5) cm long, densely reddish-brown, wooly tomentose; rachises 7.6 (4.0 – 14.4) cm long; rachillae 13 (8 – 18), 11.4 (6.5 – 15.5) cm long, 0.8 (0.6 – 1.0) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, filiform with superficial, distantly spaced triads; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 12.3 (11.2 – 14.3) mm long, 6.5 (5.8 – 7.7) mm diameter, oblong, apiculate, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, white, white to pink, or red; endocarp semicircular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986CFFD1FF4BF885B7724B55.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in mixed Dipterocarp forest or peat swamp forest, at 219 (4 – 610) m elevation (Fig. 11). One specimen (Yii Puan Ching S. 41111) is recorded from an elevation of 1,450 m, although it is not clear if this refers to the elevation of the collecting locality or, more likely, to the summit of the Klingkang Range. Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura magna is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under Iguanura palmuncula. It is characterized by its scarcely developed ocreas, filiform rachillae, and oblong, apiculate fruits. Although the ocrea is scored as absent, some specimens have a row of brown, fused hairs along the upper sheath margins. One specimen (Jamree S. 75823) has staminate flowers that are 3.5 mm long, but is otherwise similar to I. magna. It lacks fruits and is here unidentified.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986DFFD1FF4BFCE7B6F34F19.taxon	description	Stems 1.5 m long, 0.9 (0.7 – 1.3) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.8 (7.5 – 14.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 11.4 (4.5 – 16.0) cm long; rachises 35.0 (24.0 – 58.5) cm long; leaf blades divided, less often undivided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 2 (1 – 4) per side of rachis; middle pinna 22.4 (13.7 – 26.0) cm long, 5.6 (3.6 – 8.5) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 31.0 (26.0 – 36.0) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 3.7 (1.7 – 6.0) cm long; rachillae 5 (4 – 7), 13.8 (10.0 – 18.0) cm long, 0.9 (0.5 – 1.3) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, filiform with superficial, distantly spaced triads; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 10.6 (9.1 – 12.8) mm long, 6.5 (5.7 – 7.0) mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, white or pinkish-red; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986DFFD1FF4BFCE7B6F34F19.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in forest on limestone, limestone scree, alluvial forest, or transition from kerangas to alluvial forest, at 89 (30 – 150) m elevation (Fig. 11). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura melinauensis was polymorphic for two variables (stem branching, leaf division). These were treated as traits, and then it had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its tubular, mostly closed sheaths, well-developed ocreas, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, filiform rachillae, and ellipsoid fruits. The leaves are notable in having the distalmost pinna much wider than the others, and a few specimens have undivided leaves. The K duplicate of one specimen (J. Anderson S. 31831) has inflorescences with five rachillae, and is so scored. However, another duplicate at L has spicate inflorescences.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986DFFEEFF4BF8B3B6124B1A.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 0.9 (0.7 – 1.1) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.6 (10.5 – 14.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 7.5 (3.5 – 12.0) cm long; rachises 39.0 (34.0 – 47.0) cm long; leaf blades divided or undivided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 4 (1 – 6) per side of rachis; middle pinna 21.7 (19.5 – 25.5) cm long, 2.3 (1.3 – 4.0) cm wide. Inflorescences spicate; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles length not recorded, not wooly tomentose; rachises absent; rachillae 1, 18.8 (14.0 – 26.0) cm long, 2.2 (1.5 – 2.8) mm diameter, proximal part of rachillae with markedly distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 12.5 mm long, 6.8 mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, yellow; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796986DFFEEFF4BF8B3B6124B1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) on Gunung Pueh and Gunung Gading in hill Dipterocarp forest, lower montane forest, kerangas forest, or sub-montane forest at 1,034 (650 – 1,370) m elevation (Fig. 11). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura minor was polymorphic for three variables (stem branching, leaf division, rachillae tomentum). These were treated as traits, and then it had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its tubular leaf sheaths, proximal part of rachillae with distantly spaced triads, pebbled fruits, and endocarp circular in cross-section. It also comes from a high elevation habitat. Kiew (1976) considered that I. minor was closely related to I. wallichiana but this does not appear to be the case. Kiew stated that the fruits were not ridged but the fruits of J. Dransfield 6002 are clearly ridged, and those of F. Foxyworthy 242 appear ridged, even though they are immature.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969852FFEEFF4BFCB2B6A84E00.taxon	description	Stems 2.3 (1.0 – 3.0) m long, 1.1 (0.8 – 1.3) cm diameter, clustered. Leaf sheaths 10.3 (9.0 – 13.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 2.1 (1.7 – 2.5) cm long; rachises 45.1 (27.0 – 55.0) cm long; leaf blades undivided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 1 per side of rachis. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 9.7 (9.5 – 10.0) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 1.7 (0.5 – 3.0) cm long; rachillae 4 (3 – 5), 13.7 (11.5 – 16.5) cm long, 2.3 (1.8 – 3.0) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose or glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not undulate; fruits 17.8 (16.3 – 19.2) mm long, 5.3 (4.7 – 5.9) mm diameter, narrowly ovoid, often curved, not ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, white; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969852FFEEFF4BFCB2B6A84E00.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia in hill or lowland Dipterocarp forest, or swamp forest, at 81 (41 – 120) m elevation (Fig. 12). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura mirabilis was polymorphic for one variable (pit tomentum). This was treated as a trait, and then preliminary species I. mirabilis had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its parallel leaf venation, raised veins, and curved, non-ridged fruits. It is notable for its short petioles and undivided leaves (Plate 2).	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969852FFECFF4BF9C8B04F4EDE.taxon	description	Stems length and diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaf sheaths length not recorded, initially covered with dense, woolly indumentum; ocreas not recorded; petioles 12.5 cm long; rachises 57.0 cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 10 per side of rachis; middle pinna 43.0 cm long, 3.5 (3.0 – 4.0) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 55.5 (44.0 – 67.0) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 5.3 (3.0 – 7.5) cm long; rachillae 7 (5 – 8), 20.0 (16.0 – 24.0) cm long, 1.7 (1.6 – 1.7) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not recorded; fruits length and diameter not recorded, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, white; endocarp not recorded; endosperm not recorded. PLATE 7. Holotype of Iguanura mogeae. FIGURE 12. Distribution of Iguanura mirabilis, I. mogeae, I. montana, and I. namsabiensis.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969852FFECFF4BF9C8B04F4EDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Indonesia (West Kalimantan) in submontane forest at 1,100 m elevation (Fig. 12). Taxonomic notes: — It was not possible to identify the two specimens to a preliminary species. They had a unique combination of character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species, Iguanura mogeae. This is characterized by its sheaths covered with dense, woolly indumentum, non-filiform rachillae, short staminate flowers, and ellipsoid, pebbled fruits. It also has a high elevation habitat. One of the two known specimens lacks locality data.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969850FFEAFF4BF970B0C94B54.taxon	description	Stems 0.2 m long, 1.3 (1.2 – 1.5) cm diameter, solitary. Leaf sheaths 8.8 (8.0 – 9.5) cm long, open and more or less persistent, not cleanly falling, initially covered with dense, woolly indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 24.0 (17.0 – 31.0) cm long; rachises 33.3 (26.5 – 40.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular PLATE 8. Isotype of Iguanura montana. in cross-section; pinnae 7 (2 – 14) per side of rachis; middle pinna 23.8 (20.3 – 30.0) cm long, 3.5 (1.8 – 5.5) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 or 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles length not recorded, densely reddish-brown, wooly tomentose; rachises 5.0 (3.0 – 7.0) cm long; rachillae 8 (5 – 13), 10.0 (8.0 – 12.0) cm long, 0.9 (0.8 – 1.0) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, densely tomentose, filiform with superficial, distantly spaced triads; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 12.9 (11.7 – 13.5) mm long, 6.6 (5.3 – 7.2) mm diameter, oblong, apiculate, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, pink or reddish-pink; endocarp semicircular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969850FFEAFF4BF970B0C94B54.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in hill Dipterocarp forest or mixed Dipterocarp forest at 518 (181 – 700) m elevation (Fig. 12). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura montana is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. palmuncula. It is characterized by its sheaths covered with dense, woolly indumentum, filiform rachillae, and oblong, apiculate fruits. Subspecific variation: — There are two specimens (J. Dransfield 6109, P. Chai S. 36754) from Gunung Buri at 530 – 700 m elevation. They appear to be short-stemmed or acaulescent palms and have small leaves with 2 – 4 pinnae per side of the rachis. These are isolated geographically from the two other specimens (L. Julaihi S. 83536, S. Nilla S. 105351 A) from the hills south and east of Gunung Buri at 181 – 660 m elevation. These also appear to be short-stemmed palms but have much larger leaves with numerous pinnae per side of the rachis, 14 in L. Julaihi S. 83536.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969856FFEAFF4BFCE7B13A4E21.taxon	description	Stems length, diameter, and branching not recorded. Leaf sheaths not recorded; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 14.0 cm long; rachises 89.0 cm long; leaf blades divided, deeply bifid at the apices; leaf veins diverging; adaxial leaf veins not prominent adaxially, triangular in cross-section; pinnae number not recorded; middle pinna 31.7 cm long, 4.3 cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted close together at base of peduncle and both early deciduous before anthesis; peduncles 2.2 cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises length not recorded; rachillae 9, 23.2 cm long, 2.3 mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles scarcely developed or absent; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers not recorded; anther margins not recorded; fruits size not recorded, ellipsoid, not ridged, with a pebbled surface, color not recorded; endocarp not recorded; endosperm not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969856FFEAFF4BFCE7B13A4E21.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Northern Myanmar in primary forest at 155 m elevation (Fig. 12). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura namsabiensis had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted close together at base of peduncle and both early deciduous before anthesis, and ellipsoid fruits.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969856FFE8FF4BF9EBB6264B55.taxon	description	1867, O. Beccari 3957 (FI- 008393!).	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969856FFE8FF4BF9EBB6264B55.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in upper hill Dipterocarp forest, riparian forest, submontane forest, or montane forest on Gunung Serapi (Mount Matang) at 668 (500 – 750) m elevation (Fig. 13). FIGURE 13. Distribution of Iguanura palmuncula, I. parvula, I. polymorpha, and I. remotiflora. Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura palmuncula was polymorphic for 12 variables (stem branching, sheaths, sheath indumentum, ocreas, leaf division, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, rachillae diameter, pit tomentum, fruit shape, fruit surfaces, endocarp). Five of these were treated as traits, and the other seven (sheaths, sheath indumentum, ocreas, rachillae diameter, fruit shape, fruit surfaces, endocarp) were used to split preliminary species I. palmuncula into four phylogenetic species, I. palmuncula, I. magna, I. montana, and I. tomentosa. Iguanura palmuncula is characterized by its sheaths initially covered with dense, woolly indumentum, scarcely developed ocreas, and non-filiform rachillae. Another preliminary species, I. ambigua, had the same combination of character states as I. palmuncula and is included here. Kiew (1976) cited four specimens of I. ambigua, the type (Beccari 1308) and three others (Hewitt 35, Ridley 1903, 11816). All are from Mount Matang, with the possible exception of Hewitt 35, which lacks locality data (although Hewitt is known to have collected on Mount Matang (van Steenis 1950 )). Kiew wrote that none of these specimens had ripe fruits, although Ridley 11816 was said to have immature fruits with “ the dorsal ridge somewhat extended ”. However, the K duplicate of Hewitt 35 has mature fruits and these are typically oblong apiculate. Kiew illustrated I. ambigua as having ovoid fruits (her Fig. 3 a) but it is unclear whose collection this is (although it is probably the immature fruits of Ridley 11816). The type of I. palmuncula var. angustisecta is exactly like other specimens of I. palmuncula, and this is included here. Kiew (1976) reported that I. wallichiana subsp. malaccensis var. malaccensis occurred on Mount Matang, based on J. Dransfield 768. However, this appears to be an error, and the KEP duplicate of this specimen is here determined as I. palmuncula. Subspecific variation: — Two specimens have undivided leaves, the type of Iguanura ambigua and one other; all others have divided leaves. Iguanura palmuncula is scored as having rachillae that are not filiform, with the triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits. However, several specimens are difficult to score, and there is considerable range in the thickness of rachillae. One specimen, Hewitt 35, has two inflorescences, one spicate with relatively thin rachillae and one with two, much thicker rachillae.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969854FFE8FF4BFCE7B1E04039.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Southeastern Peninsular Thailand and northwestern Peninsular Malaysia in hill forest or primary tropical rainforest at 396 (67 – 790) m elevation (Fig. 13). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura parvula was polymorphic for three variables (stem branching, leaf division, rachillae tomentum). These were treated as traits, and then I. parvula had a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its parallel leaf venation and leaf veins that are not prominent adaxially. However, recognition of I. parvula as a phylogenetic species is somewhat problematic. All but one specimen (Damahuri FRI 36713) have undivided leaves. One specimen (Wan Syafiq FRI 90233) of I. polymorpha is remarkably similar to I. parvula, and has both divided and undivided leaves. It was included in I. parvula by Saw (2023). Iguanura parvula occurs in two, separate populations, here recognized as morphotypes.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969854FFE8FF4BFCE7B1E04039.taxon	description	Subspecific variation: — The parvula morphotype (based on I. parvula) occurs in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, in Perak. It has small, usually undivided, oblong-shaped leaves and inflorescences with few, short rachillae. One specimen (Damahuri FRI 36713) from a slightly different area than the others, has divided leaves, with three pinnae per side of the rachis. The speciosa morphotype (based on I. speciosa) occurs in southeastern Peninsular Thailand, about 125 km from the parvula locality. It is like the parvula morphotype in its small, undivided, oblong-shaped leaves and inflorescences with few, short rachillae, but it has slightly larger leaves and fewer rachillae (2 – 3 versus 4 – 6).	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969855FFE7FF4BFF17B78D4AC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Southern Peninsular Thailand and northern Peninsular Malaysia in lowland Dipterocarp forest, tropical lowland evergreen forest, or wet forest at 275 (30 – 1,125) m elevation (Fig. 13). Kiew (1976) considered I. polymorpha to be present in Borneo. The specimen (Purseglove P. 5278) on which this was based is from central Sarawak (Bukit Mersing, Tau Range). It has ellipsoid, curved fruits with ridges, and is here considered to represent I. curvata. However, Dr. Saw Leng Guan (pers. comm.) has photographed a living plant in the Semenggoh Arboretum in Sarawak that appears to be I. polymorpha, and the fruits appear non-ridged (perhaps because fresh fruits do not show the ridging present in dried fruits). The question of I. polymorpha in Borneo is unresolved. Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura polymorpha was polymorphic for eight variables (stem branching, leaf sheaths, leaf venation, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, distal triad bracteoles, pit tomentum, and fruit shape). Seven of these were treated as traits, and the other (leaf sheaths) was used to split preliminary species I. polymorpha into two phylogenetic species, I. polymorpha and I. thalangensis. Iguanura polymorpha is characterized by its well-developed ocreas, non-prominent adaxial leaf veins, and narrowly ovoid, often curved fruits. Kiew (1976) reported seeds of I. polymorpha to be weakly ruminate. However, all the seeds examined here have homogeneous endosperm.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F687969855FFE7FF4BFF17B78D4AC1.taxon	description	Subspecific variation: — The kelantan morphotype occurs in the south-central part of Kelantan state in Peninsular Malaysia, often at the base of limestone hills. It is also somewhat morphologically separate. Its leaves are oblong-shaped, as in the parvula and speciosa morphotypes of I. parvula, but are usually divided with 2 – 3 pinnae per side of the rachis, and the distal pinna is much wider than the others. One specimen (Wan Syafiq FRI 90233) has both divided and undivided leaves. Specimens are scored as having diverging leaf venation, although this is difficult to score. It almost appears as if the narrower, proximal pinna could be scored as having diverging venation and the wider, distal one as parallel. Inflorescences have 1 – 3 rachillae. Saw placed specimens of the kelantan morphotype, with one exception, in I. polymorpha. The exception (Wan Syafiq FRI 90233) was placed in I. parvula. These placements reflect the intermediate appearance of the leaves of the kelantan morphotype. They have the small size and shape of the parvula and speciosa morphotypes but are divided as in I. polymorpha. This is an example of the difficulty of scoring characters and delimiting taxa in Iguanura. PLATE 9. A. Iguanura polymorpha, habit, Thailand (image by R. Vatcharakorn). B. Iguanura tenuis, habit, Thailand. C. Iguanura thalangensis, habit, Thailand. D. Iguanura wallichiana, habit, Thailand. There are a few, somewhat aberrant specimens, previously included in I. belumensis and I. divergens. Lim (1998 a) considered Iguanura belumensis to be similar to I. polymorpha. The type specimen, from Belum Forest Reserve, has large inflorescences branching to two orders and filiform rachillae, but another specimen (Dransfield 7342), also from the type locality, does not have filiform rachillae. Lim also included another specimen (Mhd. Shah MS 3369) from Bujang Melaka. This and two other specimens (Avé 132, Ridley 9803) from the same locality are here considered to be possible hybrids between I. polymorpha and I. wallichiana. Two specimens (Whitmore FRI 0633, F. Ng FRI 6134) from Gunung Bubu are here considered to be I. brevipes. Excluding these, I. belumensis is represented by the two specimens from the type locality, and these are here considered to be hybrids between I. polymorpha and I. wallichiana. Hodel (1997 b) considered I. divergens to be very similar to I. wallichiana, and I. polymorpha is also known from this region. The type specimen of I. divergens is here considered to be a possible hybrid between I. polymorpha and I. wallichiana. Four other specimens (Siti Munirah FRI 76439, Wan Syafiq FRI 93747, B. Perumal FRI 41681, Mhd. Shah 3369), included by Saw (2023) in I. divergens, are problematic. They tend to have longer, narrower rachillae than typical I. polymorpha. They occur sympatrically with I. wallichiana and their morphology suggests they are also hybrids. From the distribution of these potential hybrids, there may be a hybrid zone between I. polymorpha and I. wallichiana in northern-central Peninsula Malaysia.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985BFFE7FF4BFC8BB75D4F41.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 0.9 (0.6 – 1.4) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 9.5 (7.0 – 12.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas scarcely developed; petioles 11.6 (8.5 – 15.0) cm long; rachises 32.6 (22.4 – 43.5) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 2 – 3 per side of rachis; middle pinna 20.7 (10.0 – 26.0) cm long, 5.2 (2.1 – 6.8) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 or 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 23.1 (11.0 – 31.5) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 9.3 (0.0 – 20.0) cm long; rachillae 6 (2 – 11), 16.1 (9.0 – 32.0) cm long, 0.9 (0.7 – 1.1) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae with markedly distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, filiform with superficial, distantly spaced triads; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 11.6 (11.5 – 11.8) mm long, 7.4 (6.5 – 8.2) mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, white, orange, or reddish-orange; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985BFFE7FF4BFC8BB75D4F41.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) in limestone forest at 273 (40 – 750) m elevation (Fig. 13). Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura remotiflora was polymorphic for two variables (stem branching, orders of inflorescence branching). These were treated as traits, and then preliminary species I. remotiflora had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its scarcely developed ocreas, filiform rachillae, and ellipsoid fruits with the surfaces drying smooth. Another specimen, the type of I. myochodoides, had the same combination of character states as I. remotiflora and is here included as a synonym. Iguanura remotiflora occurs just to the north of the following species, I. sarawakensis, but their ranges do not overlap. The two species appear similar, the only differences being the filiform rachillae with markedly distantly spaced triads proximally of I. remotiflora. However, whether the rachillae are filiform or not is sometimes difficult to judge, and the two species, I. remotiflora and I. sarawakensis, are doubtfully distinct. Iguanura remotiflora has shorter peduncules, longer rachises, and thinner rachillae, and occurs at lower elevations (40 – 750 m). Iguanura sarawakensis occurs at higher elevations (730 – 1,200 m). Two specimens (M. Jacobs 5024, Yii Puan Ching S. 61307) have ocreas that are larger than the others, and could almost be scored as well-developed.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985BFFE2FF4BF80BB75E49E9.taxon	description	Stems length not recorded, 1.1 (0.8 – 1.3) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 11.8 (8.0 – 14.0) cm long, tubular, mostly closed opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas scarcely developed; petioles 11.4 (7.5 – 15.5) cm long; rachises 41.5 (29.0 – 63.5) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 3 – 5 per side of rachis; middle pinna 21.9 (18.0 – 33.0) cm long, 4.3 (2.1 – 6.3) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 or 2 orders, rarely spicate; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 41.8 (24.5 – 61.0) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 3.0 (0.0 – 9.0) cm long; rachillae 5 (1 – 13), 15.5 (8.0 – 25.0) cm long, 1.3 (0.9 – 2.1) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 10.7 (8.5 – 13.9) mm long, 6.4 (5.6 – 7.4) mm diameter, ellipsoid, ridged, the surfaces drying smooth, white, white to red, or orange; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985BFFE2FF4BF80BB75E49E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (western Sarawak) in submontane mossy forest, montane rainforest, or forest on sandstone at 1,038 (730 – 1,200) m elevation (Fig. 14). FIGURE 14. Distribution of Iguanura sarawakensis, I. tenuis, I. thalangensis, and I. tomentosa. PLATE 10. Isotype of Iguanura sarawakensis.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985BFFE2FF4BF80BB75E49E9.taxon	description	Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura myochodoides was polymorphic for four variables (stem branching, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae diameter, pit tomentum). Three of these were treated as traits, and the fourth (rachillae diameter) was used to split preliminary species I. myochodoides into two groups. One of these was represented by a single specimen, the type of I. myochodoides. This had the same combination of characters as I. remotiflora, and is included there. The second group is recognized as a phylogenetic species, I. sarawakensis. It is characterized by its scarcely developed ocreas, non-filiform rachillae, and ellipsoid fruits. One specimen (Jamree S. 75873) has a loose packet containing staminate flowers that are 3.5 mm long. They probably do not belong to this specimen, possibly to Jamree S. 75823 (here unidentified, see notes under I. magna). Three specimens (Croat 53166, Jamree 73736, 75867) from the Serian region have spicate inflorescences and are somewhat tentatively included here.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985EFFE2FF4BFDA3B1A24DF9.taxon	description	Hodel & P. & R. Vatcharakorn 1727 (holotype BK n. v.). Plate 9.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985EFFE2FF4BFDA3B1A24DF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Western Peninsular Thailand in primary, wet, evergreen forest, hill Dipterocarp forest, or evergreen, gallery forest at 320 (100 – 900) m elevation (Fig. 14). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura tenuis is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. brevipes. It is characterized by its swollen leaf sheaths and filiform rachillae. Hodel (1997 b) considered I. tenuis to be similar to I. polymorpha, differing in its leaf sheaths. He described sheaths as being “ tubular, persistent, marcescent, not forming a crownshaft. ” Although the type specimen has not been seen, there are several specimens from at or near the type locality. From these it can be seen that the leaf sheaths are swollen, mostly open opposite the petiole, and cleanly falling. Lim (1998 b) described a new variety of I. tenuis, var. khaosokensis, based on its solitary (versus clustered) stems. This difference is not considered here to have any taxonomic significance. Iguanura tenuis was included by Saw (2023) as a synonym of I. divergens.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985EFFE3FF4BF993B7BC4984.taxon	description	Stems 1.3 m long, 0.7 (0.6 – 0.9) cm diameter, solitary. Leaf sheaths 6.4 (5.5 – 7.5) cm long, swollen, mostly open opposite the petiole, cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 4.5 (1.0 – 7.5) cm long; rachises 43.9 (22.5 – 80.0) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins diverging; adaxial leaf veins not prominent, triangular in cross-section; pinnae 5 (4 – 8) per side of rachis; middle pinna 18.8 (12.5 – 25.0) cm long, 4.2 (1.2 – 7.7) cm wide. Inflorescences spicate or branched to 1 order; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 16.0 (12.0 – 22.0) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 0.6 (0.0 – 2.5) cm long; rachillae 2 (1 – 4), 22.1 (15.5 – 29.0) cm long, 2.4 (1.8 – 2.9) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not undulate; fruits 13.6 (12.2 – 13.9) mm long, 7.1 (6.2 – 8.3) mm diameter, ellipsoid, not ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, purplish; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985EFFE3FF4BF993B7BC4984.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Western Peninsular Thailand in hill Dipterocarp forest or evergreen forest at 584 (37 – 1,200) m elevation (Fig. 14). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura thalangensis is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. polymorpha. It is characterized by its swollen leaf sheaths and non-filiform rachillae. Iguanura thalangensis was included by Saw (2023) as a synonym of I. polymorpha.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFE3FF4BFE37B06A4CBD.taxon	description	Stems 0.9 m long, 1.5 (1.4 – 1.7) cm diameter, solitary. Leaf sheaths 10.8 (7.5 – 15.0) cm long, open and more or less persistent, not cleanly falling, initially covered with dense, woolly indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 48.9 (25.5 – 73.5) cm long; rachises 53.0 (47.5 – 60.5) cm long; leaf blades divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent, rectangular in cross-section; pinnae 4 – 5 per side of rachis; middle pinna 23.3 (22.0 – 24.5) cm long, 5.1 (4.7 – 5.3) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 21.3 cm long, densely reddish-brown, wooly tomentose; rachises 5.8 (2.5 – 9.0) cm long; rachillae 8 (4 – 15), 16.2 (7.0 – 21.5) cm long, 0.9 (0.7 – 1.3) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, filiform with superficial, distantly spaced triads; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose or glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins undulate; fruits 10.8 (10.2 – 11.4) mm long, 6.5 (5.5 – 7.5) mm diameter, oblong, apiculate, ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, pink or red; endocarp polygonal in cross-section; endosperm not recorded.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFE3FF4BFE37B06A4CBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Malaysia (Sarawak) and Indonesia (West Kalimantan) in mixed Dipterocarp forest at 283 (220 – 330) m elevation (Fig. 14). Taxonomic notes: — Iguanura tomentosa is recognized as a phylogenetic species — see notes under I. palmuncula. It is characterized by its well-developed ocreas, filiform rachillae, and pebbled fruit surfaces. Fruits are scored as oblong, apiculate. However, fruits of the three specimens scored are immature, but appear to be apiculate.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFFEFF4BFB5FB6544FEB.taxon	description	178). Iguanura wallichiana subsp. wallichiana var. wallichiana (Martius) Kiew (1976: 221). Lectotype (designated by Saw 2023): — MALAYSIA. Penang, no date, G. Porter 8600 (holotype K- 000207987!). Plate 9.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFFEFF4BFB5FB6544FEB.taxon	description	Stems 1.4 (0.4 – 3.0) m long, 1.7 (0.9 – 2.6) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaf sheaths 17.0 (9.5 – 31.0) cm long, open and more or less persistent, not cleanly falling, covered with a thin layer of indumentum; ocreas well-developed, separating early into fibers and disintegrating; petioles 25.2 (2.5 – 150.0) cm long; rachises 68.6 (32.0 – 160.0) cm long; leaf blades undivided or divided, not rounded at the apex, with a deep split; leaf veins parallel; adaxial leaf veins prominent adaxially and rectangular in cross-section, rarely not prominent, triangular in cross-section; pinnae 5 (1 – 20) per side of rachis; middle pinna 33.8 (20.5 – 49.0) cm long, 4.9 (0.7 – 9.5) cm wide. Inflorescences branched to 1 or 2 orders; prophylls and peduncular bracts inserted some distance apart, more or less persistent; peduncles 33.8 (8.0 – 96.5) cm long, not wooly tomentose; rachises 6.1 (0.0 – 21.2) cm long; rachillae 7 (2 – 17), 20.0 (7.5 – 43.0) cm long, 2.0 (0.9 – 3.6) mm diameter, widely diverging from the rachis, proximal part of rachillae not with distantly spaced triads, glabrous or sparsely to densely tomentose, not filiform with triads sunken in shallow, more or less closely spaced pits; rachilla bracts not elongate; distal triad bracteoles well-developed; distal part of flower pits densely tomentose or glabrous; staminate flowers 2.0 – 2.5 mm long with blunt apices; anther margins not undulate; fruits 12.1 (7.7 – 16.9) mm long, 8.0 (6.2 – 11.2) mm diameter, ellipsoid, not ridged, the surfaces drying pebbled, cream, white, light yellow, yellowish, pink, red, or purplish-red; endocarp circular in cross-section; endosperm ruminate, rarely homogeneous.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFFEFF4BFB5FB6544FEB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra in lowland Dipterocarp forest, hill forest, swamp forest, or wet forest at 313 (38 – 1,265) m elevation (Fig. 15). Kiew (1976) considered I. wallichiana to be present in Borneo, based on Dransfield 768 from Sarawak. This specimen is here determined as I. palmuncula, and I. wallichiana does not occur in Borneo. Taxonomic notes: — Preliminary species Iguanura wallichiana was polymorphic for eight variables (stem branching, leaf division, adaxial veins, orders of inflorescence branching, rachillae tomentum, distal bracteole, pit tomentum, and endosperm). These were treated as traits (see discussion below). Then preliminary species Iguanura wallichiana had a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is characterized by its rachillae diverging from rachis, and the proximal part of rachillae without markedly distantly spaced triads. Two other preliminary species, I. asli and I. cemurung, had the same combination of character states and are included. Iguanura walllichiana is closely related to I. geonomiformis (see notes under that species), and both are widespread and variable. Both appear to be classic examples of ochlospecies. Some of the more obvious morphotypes are discussed here, although there appear to be several others.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFFEFF4BFB5FB6544FEB.taxon	description	Subspecific variation: — The wallichiana morphotype (based on I. wallichiana, I. wallichiana var. minor, I. wallichiana var. rosea) occurs in the southern part of Peninsular Thailand (Plate 9) and continues into the northwestern and central-western part of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. It has undivided or divided leaves and inflorescences with several rachillae. The rachillae tend to be relatively thin and less tomentose. There are a few aberrant specimens from scattered localities. These were determined by Saw (2023) as I. geonomiformis but are here considered to be I. wallichiana, although their inflorescences are admittedly difficult to score (and may be a result of the way the specimens were pressed). Some of these are from areas of overlap between I. geonomiformis and I. wallichiana and are possible hybrids. In the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia there is a distinctive morphotype with large, usually undivided leaves, the major morphotype (based on I. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana var. major). Although the wallichiana morphotype usually has undivided leaves or blades divided into a few pinnae, in a few localities, both in Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, specimens have leaf blades divided into numerous (up to 20), narrow pinnae. These forms have been described as I. diffusa and I. multifida and are here referred to as the diffusa morphotype. These forms appear to have arisen independently in different places.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
03F68796985FFFFEFF4BFB5FB6544FEB.taxon	description	Lim (1998 a) described I. piahensis as close to I. wallichiana but differing in its thin leaf blade with a “ silky glabrous sheen ”. Saw (2023) included it as a synonym of I. wallichiana. Here it is scored as having the adaxial leaf veins not prominent and triangular in cross-section, and thus different from other specimens of I. wallichiana. Leaf shape is remarkably similar to that of I. parvula, although the distribution of the two species does not overlap. It seems possible that the two specimens of I. piahensis are hybrids between I. wallichiana and I. polymorpha. The two specimens are from some distance apart; the coordinates of the second specimen (L. Wray 3628) are taken from the specimen label, where they are penciled in. Saw (2023) placed I. perdana as a synonym of I. divergens. It is known from the type specimen and two other specimens, all from the same locality in Perak State. Lim (1998 a) illustrated two forms of leaves, one having 15 – 17 pinnae per side of the rachis with parallel veins and one having six pinnae with diverging veins. He described the fruits as like those of I. bicornis but with a flat top. Lim noted that I. perdana grew together with I. wallichiana and I. bicornis. Based on its unusual morphology, it could be a hybrid between these two species. Note that Ferreira et al. (in prep.) resolved I. perdana in the same clade as I. wallichiana. In Sumatra, most specimens appear to be of the wallichiana morphotype, although there is some variation. Several specimens have undivided leaves, and one specimen (Jochanns 3193) from Batang Serangan has a note attached by J. Dransfield saying “ This is identical to the populations of large, entire leaved Iguanura ……. named by Ridley I. spectabilis ” (i. e., like the major morphotype). The southernmost specimen in Sumatra (Grashoff 643) has an inflorescence with only two rachillae. FIGURE 15. Distribution of morphotypes of Iguanura wallichiana.	en	Henderson, Andrew (2025): A revision of Iguanura (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Areceae). Phytotaxa 690 (2): 135-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.690.2.1
