taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F387E55320DF06FF2A0C33FE8B6021.taxon	discussion	Comments. The genus Indophanes was revised by Zheng & Liu (2023) based on the morphological characteristics of the adults. Two new species and the characteristics of the 3 rd instar larva were also described from China. During the revision, the taxonomic status of the previously synonymized genus (Stange 2004) was restored, and differential characteristics from the genus Indoleon Banks, 1913 were reported in the generic diagnosis. We agree with Zheng & Liu (2023) that the genera known from the Oriental area (e. g. Delgadus Navás, 1914, Indoleon Banks, 1913, Indophanes Banks, 1940, Negrokus Navás, 1930, Paraglenurus van der Weele, 1909, Yunleon Yang, 1986, and Thaumatoleon Esben-Petersen, 1921) need further revision, and the generic characteristics should be further investigated.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55323DF03FF2A0A4DFE9B67DD.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 4).	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55323DF03FF2A0A4DFE9B67DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂ INDIA, Kerala, Palakkad, Silent Valley National Park, Sairandhri; 11 ° 05 ′ 33.36 ″ N, 76 ° 26 ′ 44.06 ″ E; 1042 m a. s. l.; 11 Mar. 2023; T. B. Suryanarayanan leg.; sweep net; ZSI / WGRC / IR / INV 30032. Paratypes 1 ♀ INDIA, same collection data as for holotype except 12 Mar. 2023; SERLNR 358. 2 ♂♂ INDIA, Kerala, Palakkad, Siruvani; 10 ° 58 ′ 46.85 ″ N, 76 ° 36 ′ 33.72 ″ E; 860 m a. s. l.; 13 Mar. 2023; T. B. Suryanarayanan leg.; sweep net; ZSI / WGRC / IR / INV 30033, SERLNR 362. 1 ♀, INDIA, Kerala, Palakkad, Siruvani; 10 ° 58 ′ 46.85 ″ N, 76 ° 36 ′ 33.72 ″ E; 860 m a. s. l.; 23 Apr. 2023; T. B. Suryanarayanan and S. Subin leg.; light trap; SERLNR 392. 2 ♀♀ INDIA, Kerala, Idukki, Pampadum Shola National Park; 10 ° 07 ′ 35.86 ″ N, 77 ° 15 ′ 29.41 ″ E; 1930 m a. s. l.; 30 May 2023; T. B. Suryanarayanan leg.; light trap; SERLNR 426, SERLNR 427.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55323DF03FF2A0A4DFE9B67DD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Male (length of body: 28 mm) slightly smaller than female (length of body: 30 mm). Pronotum slightly longer than wide, with a clearly visible, wide yellow medial band and two longitudinal dark brown stripes dorso-laterally. Mesonotum and metanotum with only two lateral brown bands. In forewing, radius sector originates before meeting point of Cua 2 and Cup + A 1; number of cross-veins before origin of radius is less than ten. Membrane is transparent with dark brown spots along Cup + A 1; a brown curved line from confluence Cup + A 1 and Cua 2 curved apically, and many spots form parallel markings with hind margin in cubital and radial areas. A 2 and A 3 variable in anal area. The new species can be easily distinguished from the morphologically similar species, I. barbara, based on the pattern of the notum and forewing (Figs. 1 A – B). More information is included in the key to the species.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55323DF03FF2A0A4DFE9B67DD.taxon	description	Description Measurements. Holotype ♂: Length of body: 28 mm. Forewing length 35 mm, width 8 mm; hindwing length 36 mm, width 7 mm. Paratypes ♂♂ (n = 2) Length of body: 27 – 28 mm. Forewing, length 34 – 35 mm, width 8 mm; hindwing, length 35 – 36 mm, width 7 mm. ♀♀ (n = 3) Length of body: 30 – 31 mm. Forewing, length 40 – 41 mm, width 9 mm; hindwing, length 40 – 41 mm, width 8 mm. Head (Figs. 2 A – B). Vertex dominantly yellow, with a wide, dull black cross-brand on dorsal side, sparsely covered with black setae. Frons pale yellow, covered with sparse white setae, shiny dark brown transversal stripes below and above scapus, inter-antennal marking distinct, shiny black, anterior tentorial pits yellow without setae. Gena brown in upper part, yellow in lower part, hairless. Eyes large, wider than half of head width. Clypeus pale yellow, covered with sparse brown hairs; labrum pale yellow; maxillary and labial palps yellow; base of mandible yellow with dark brown apices and inner side. Antenna longer than length of head and prothorax combined; scape and pedicel dark brown with pale brown annulations distally; flagellomeres annulated with wide brown and narrow pale yellow rings. Proximal half of club yellow, distal half brown, with dark brown bristles on last segment. Thorax (Fig. 2 B). Pronotum slightly longer than wide, yellow, brown dotted anteriorly, and two longitudinal dark brown stripes, stretching dorsally from transversal furrow to posterior margin, covered with short black hairs. Mesonotum and metanotum yellow, with black markings on lateral sides, sparsely covered with black hairs on distal margin. Wings (Fig. 2 C). Forewing, slightly shorter than hindwing. Wing tips subacute and nearly straight below, forewing tapering basally, anal area sharply obtuse, anal margin slightly concave, venation dense. Membrane almost completely transparent, but with dark brown shading along posterior margin. Venation covered with short, sparse, dark brown setae. Costa yellow with short, dense, dark brown setae. Cells longer than wide in costal area. Cross-veins simple, excepting 2 – 3 bifurcated ones in front of pterostigma, both ends brown. Pterostigma indistinct white with 9 – 10 cross-veins, all veins bifurcated anteriorly, and simple distally. Subcosta and radius yellow, alternating pale brown at cross-veins. 11 – 12 branches in radial sector, 13 – 14 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Mp, Mp 1 and Cua, Cua 1 also pale yellow, alternating dark brown at cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown and slightly shaded in basal medio-cubital area. Cubital fork ca. 30 °, acute enough. A 1, A 2 and A 3 yellow basally and brown distally, A 1, A 3 simple, A 2 bifurcated distally. Hindwing narrower than forewing. Costa yellow with short, dense, and dark brown setae. Cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma, but some bifurcated, both ends brown. Pterostigma indistinct, with 7 – 8 bifurcated veins. Subcosta and radius pale alternating dark brown at cross-veins. 13 branches in radial sector, one cross-vein in front of origin of Rs. Mp 1, Mp 2, and Cua predominantly pale yellow, but small dark brown sections at meeting points with cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown basally, yellow distally in medio-cubital area. Membrane almost completely transparent, but with dark brown marks at rhegma and distal cross-vein of hypostigmatic cell, and with light brown shadow along distal margin of radial area. Legs (Figs. 2 D – E). Long and slim, yellow with dark brown spots. Coxae yellowish-brown, densely covered with long yellowish-white setae; trochanters yellow; Femora yellow with dark brown dots at base of bristles and hairs, covered with short dark brown hairs and upstanding long black bristles in two rows laterally. Dark brown ring at distal joints. Femora slightly shorter than tibiae. Tibiae generally yellow, with dark brown dots and half rings on proximal and distal ends, covered with long stiff and black bristles and small black setae; Hind tibia pale yellow, with dispersed dark brown dots at setal bases, covered with black setae. Tibial spurs almost straight, reddish-brown, as long as tarsomeres 1 – 3 in foreleg, and as long as tarsomeres 1 – 2 in hindleg; tarsi yellow covered with black setae; distal half of tarsal segment 5 dark brown. In foreleg, tarsal segment 1 shorter than tarsal segments 2 – 4 together; tarsal segment 5 longer than segment 1. In hindleg, tarsal segment 1 as long as tarsal segment 5. Claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, half as long as tarsal segment 5. Abdomen. Slim, brownish-black, shorter than hindwing, covered with short black setae; posterior margin of each tergite with yellow marks and with pale brown longitudinal line. Sternites dark brown, with black setae. Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 3 A – C). In lateral view, T 9 nearly quadrate; S 9 subquadrate, brown with a yellow caudal margin. Ectoproct oval plate, covered with black bristles, becoming slightly longer ventrally, with white setae along lateral margin. In ventral view, sternite 9 triangular-shaped, covered with long black hairs on caudal margin. Genitalia complex as in Fig. 3 C in ventral view. Paratype female terminalia (Figs. 3 D – E). Sexual dimorphism insignificant. Abdomen shorter than hindwing. In lateral view, T 8 and T 9 quadrate shape; ectoproct ovoid, covered with black setae in lateral view. In ventral view, gonocoxite 8 (gx 8) long, covered with long black hairs; gonocoxite 9 (gx 9) club-shaped, caudally covered with black bristles; gonophysal plate caudally covered with strong, curved black bristles. Variability. There is no significant difference between males and females of I. keralaensis Suryanarayanan, Bijoy & Ábrahám sp. nov. except for size. In the anal area of forewing, there are large differences in connection and branching of A 2 and A 3, not only between specimens, but also between two forewings of a specimen. Almost all types of variation are found in the anal area, namely A 2 simple and A 3 bifurcated, A 2 bifurcated or trifurcated and A 3 simple, both veins bifurcated, etc. There is a similar variation in origin of cross-veins connecting A 2 + A 3, A 2 and Cup + A 1 veins. However, the intensity of pattern on wing is less variable.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55323DF03FF2A0A4DFE9B67DD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the species ‘ keralaensis’ is derived from the Indian state of Kerala, where the Western Ghats, occupying most of its territory, are one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots. Flight period and habitat. Sairandhri forest (holotype locality) is known for its pristine, untouched rainforest and is a key part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve associated with the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala, India. Adults normally active at night are attracted to artificial light. In the daytime, it rests on dry twigs in the branches of trees (Figs. 4 A-B). The habitat is surrounded by thick forest above 800 m as well as 1400 m, which come under mid and high-altitude regions in Kerala. [According to the Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department (https: // forest. kerala. gov. in / index. php / about-us / 2022 - 11 - 29 - 07 - 11 - 17 / forest-types), the localities of Kerala are classified into different altitude regions like low (0 - 800 m), medium (800 - 1450 m) and high (1450 - 2000 m)]. The adult flight period of I. keralaensis sp. nov. is mainly observed in March, April, and May based on the fieldwork in Kerala.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55323DF03FF2A0A4DFE9B67DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only in India: Kerala: Palakkad (Sairandhri, Siruvani), Idukki (Pampadum Shola National Park) (Fig. 9).	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55329DF08FF2A0BB9FDAA6685.taxon	description	(Figs. 5 – 8).	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55329DF08FF2A0BB9FDAA6685.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂ INDIA, Kerala, Wayanad, Thirunelly; 11 ° 54 ′ 47.97 ″ N, 75 ° 59 ′ 38.75 ″ E; 896 m a. s. l.; 2 Apr. 2023; T. B. Suryanarayanan leg.; sweep net; ZSI / WGRC / IR / INV 30030. Paratypes 3 ♂♂, INDIA, same collection data as for holotype with ZSI / WGRC / IR / INV 30031, SERLNR 375, SERLNR 376. 3 ♀♀ INDIA, Kerala, Wayanad, Pakshipathalam; 11 ° 56 ′ 16.94 ″ N, 75 ° 57 ′ 41.91 ″ E; 1050 m a. s. l.; 22 Mar. 2022; T. B. Suryanarayanan leg.; sweep net; SERLNR 272, SERLNR 273, SERLNR 274. 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ INDIA, Kerala, Palakkad, Siruvani; 10 ° 58 ′ 46.85 ″ N, 76 ° 36 ′ 33.72 ″ E; 860 m a. s. l.; 29 Mar. 2023; 23 Apr. 2024; T. B. Suryanarayanan & S. Subin leg.; light trap; SERLNR 368, SERLNR 471, SERLNR 472. 1 ♀ INDIA, Kerala, Kasaragod, Ranipuram; 12 ° 24 ′ 58.61 ″ N, 75 ° 21 ′ 50.28 ″ E; 774 m a. s. l.; 07 Apr. 2023; T. B. Suryanarayanan leg.; sweep net; SERLNR 379.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55329DF08FF2A0BB9FDAA6685.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Vertex dominantly brown, distal end with two pale yellow spots sparsely covered with white setae. Pronotum brown with a longitudinal, narrow yellow stripe dorso-medially. Wings generally transparent. Forewing radial area and rhegma with dark brown shading; cubital area basally with an oblique dark brown stripe; 8 – 9 presectoral cross-veins present. The new species can be easily distinguished from the morphologically similar species I. barbara based on the pattern of the notum and forewing. It has a broad yellow band and two lateral brown bands visible on the pronotum in dorsal view (Figs. 5 A – B). More information is included in the key to the species.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55329DF08FF2A0BB9FDAA6685.taxon	description	Description Measurements. Holotype ♂: Length of body: 19 mm. Forewing, length 26 mm, width 6 mm; hindwing, length 27 mm, width 4.5 mm. Paratypes ♂♂ (n = 4) Length of body: 19 – 20 mm. Forewing, length 25 – 26 mm, width 6 mm; hindwing, length 26 – 27 mm, width 4.5 mm. ♀♀ (n = 6) Length of body: 21 – 22 mm. Forewing, length 28 – 29 mm, width 6 mm; hindwing, length 29 – 30 mm, width 5 mm. Head (Figs. 6 A – B). Vertex dominantly brown, sparsely covered with white setae. Frons pale yellow with a dark brown transversal stripe below and a dull dark brown to brown stripe above scapus, inter-antennal marking distinct dark brown. Anterior tentorial pits brown. Gena yellow. Clypeus yellow, covered with small brown setae. Labrum dark brown dorsally and yellow basally. Maxillary and labial palps yellow. Base of mandible yellow with dark brown apices on inner side. Compound eyes larger than half of head width, blackish-grey. Antenna clavate, longer than length of head and prothorax combined; scape and pedicel generally dark brown with yellow annulations; flagellomeres annulated with brown and light-yellow rings. Club thicker at apex than at base, bristle brown on last segment. Thorax (Figs. 6 B). Pronotum brown with a longitudinal narrow yellow stripe dorso-medially and two small oval-shaped marks laterally, densely covered with black setae and sparsely covered with white setae except median portion. Mesonotum dominantly dark brown, with yellow markings at lateral margins. Metanotum dark brown, covered with long yellow setae. Traces of narrow, yellow, dorso-medial stripe visible on meso- and metanotum. Wings (Fig. 6 C). Forewing slightly shorter than hindwing. Wing tip acute and straight below, wing tapering basally, anal area obtuse. Venation dense with short, sparse, dark brown setae. Membrane almost completely transparent with an oblique brown stripe in cubital area, and with brown shadows at cross-veins of hypostigmatic cell, at rhegma, and on both sides of gradate veins in radial and postcostal areas. Costa light yellow, covered with short, dense and dark brown setae. Costal area with single rows of cells, cells longer than wide. Cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma, both ends brown. Pterostigma with 9 – 10 veins, 5 veins bifurcated and 4 – 5 simple veins, dominantly dark brown. Subcosta and radius pale yellow alternating dark brown at cross-veins. 9 branches in radial sector, 8 – 9 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Cubital fork ca. 30 °, acute enough. A 1, A 2 and A 3 yellow basally and brown distally. A 3 simple, A 2 bifurcated distally. In hindwing, costa yellow with short, dense dark brown setae. Cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma. Pterostigma with 3 – 4 bifurcated veins, poorly pigmented. Subcosta and radius pale yellow, alternating dark brown at cross-veins. 10 branches in radial sector, 1 cross-vein in front of origin of Rs. Mp 1, Mp 2 and Cua dominantly pale yellow, but have small dark brown sections at meeting points with cross-veins. Membrane almost completely transparent, but with barely noticeable light brown shading on both sides of gradate veins in radial area, and at ends of bifurcated radial veins in apical area. Legs (Figs. 6 D – E). Long and slender. Foreleg yellow with dark brown dots in setal bases, hairy; coxa light brown, sparsely covered with small white and black setae. Trochanter yellow. Femur covered with dense black hairs and long sensory hairs. Femur longer than tibia. Tibia yellow with brown spots and half rings anteriorly, and a ring on distal ends, covered with long, small, and black setae. Tibial spurs reddish-brown, as long as tarsomeres 1 – 3 together; tarsal segment 1 twice longer than tarsal segment 2, segments 2 – 4 equal. Tarsal segment 5 as long as tarsal segments 1 – 4 together, tarsi pale, covered with dense and black setae; tarsal claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, half as long as distal tarsomere. Midleg similar to foreleg. In hindleg, femur and tibia pale with dark brown longitudinal markings on dorsal side covered with dense and black setose and long, rigid and black bristles. Tibial spurs slightly longer than tarsal segment 1. Abdomen. Slim, blackish-brown with alternate light-yellow circular marks at middle portion of each segment dorsally, covered with short black and white setae. Posterior margin of each abdominal tergum with a yellow longitudinal stripe medially. Sternites yellow, with long black and small white setae. Male terminalia and genitalia (Fig. 7 A – C). Tergum 9 quadrate in lateral view; sternum 9 quadrate in lateral view and covered with long black and a few short white setae; ectoproct ovoid plate, covered with black setae, and white setae along lateral margins. Shape of genitalia complex (gonocoxite 9 and gonocoxite 11 = gonarcus-parameres complex) as in Fig. 7 C in ventral view. Paratype female terminalia (Figs. 7 D – E). Tergum 8 quadrate in lateral view; gonocoxite 8 long, covered with long, black setae; tergum 9 quadrate in shape; gonocoxite 9 rod-shaped, posteriorly covered with long black setae; ectoprocts ovoid, covered with stout, black setae.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55329DF08FF2A0BB9FDAA6685.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name sahyadriensis refers to the Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri, a mountain range that stretches 1,600 km (990 mi) along the western coast of the Indian peninsula, with native habitats of the antlions. Flight period and habitat. Thirunelly forest (holotype locality) is surrounded by evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, as well as shola grasslands at higher altitudes. The adults of I. sahyadriensis Suryanarayanan, Bijoy & Ábrahám sp. nov. are more active at night and are attracted by artificial light. During the day, they rest on the back of leaves or on twigs or branches of trees, which allows them to hide from the environment (Fig. 8 A-B). The habitat is surrounded by dense, undisturbed forest on laterite soil, at an altitude of about 800 m, which covering low and mid-altitude areas in Kerala. Like other Indophanes species, the larvae of this species do not build pits. The adult flight period and seasonality of the new species are mainly observed in March and April, based on the fieldwork done in Kerala.	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
03F387E55329DF08FF2A0BB9FDAA6685.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only in India: Kerala: Palakkad (Siruvani), Wayanad (Pakshipathalam, Thirunelly), Kasaragod (Ranipuram) (Fig. 9).	en	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2025): Description of two new species of Indophanes Banks, 1940 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5696 (1): 83-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.1.5
