identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F31F1934538117FF72FB5BFE39FA88.text	03F31F1934538117FF72FB5BFE39FA88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdiidae Sars 1888	<div><p>Family  BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1888</p><p>Form genus “  BAIRDIA ”</p><p>Not  Bairdia M’Coy, 1844</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F1934538117FF72FB5BFE39FA88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F193453810FFF72FA7BFB42F864.text	03F31F193453810FFF72FA7BFB42F864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdia bradyi van den Bold - Llano 1957	<div><p>Bairdia bradyi Bold, 1957</p><p>Not 1852  Bairdia foveolata Bosquet [=  Cuneocythere (Monsmirabilia) foveolata (Bosquet, 1852) Keij, 1957].</p><p>1868A  Bairdia foveolata Brady sp. nov.: 56, Pl. 7, figs. 4–6 [homonym of  Bairdia foveolata Bosquet, 1852 .]</p><p>1912  Nesidea sp. –Müller, p. 249.</p><p>1957  Bairdia bradyi Bold, new name: p. 236 [replacement name; not Pl. 1, fig. 5, which is a Miocene species from Trinidad]. 2024  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brandão et al. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=503997</p><p>? 1890  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brady, p. 493.</p><p>? 1965  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Benson, p. 400.</p><p>? 1986  Paranesidea sp. 2 aff. fracticorallicola Maddocks, 1969 –Cabioche et al., p. 25, Pl. 7, fig. 7.? 2002  Paranesidea cf. fracticorallica [sic] Maddocks–Hoibian et al., Table 12, Pl. 1, fig. 17.</p><p>Not 1868B  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brady, Part 1, Ch. 14, p. 61.</p><p>Not 1869A  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brady, Part 1, Ch. 17, p. 83.</p><p>Not 1869F  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brady, Part 1, Ch. 33, p. 161.</p><p>Not 1870C  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brady, Part 2, Ch. 14, p. 240.</p><p>Not 1880  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Brady, p. 55, pl. 8, figs. 1a–f, 2a–f.</p><p>Not 1901  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Egger, p. 426, Pl. 2, figs. 1–4.</p><p>Not 1928  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Chapman &amp; Crespin, p. 169.</p><p>Not 1957  Bairdia bradyi Bold –Pl. 1, fig. 5 only.</p><p>Not 1960  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Puri, Table 1.</p><p>Not 1960  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Puri, p. 130.</p><p>Not 1963  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Bold, p. 365.</p><p>Not 1963  Bairdia cf.  B. bradyi Bold–Benson &amp; Coleman, p. 18, Pl. 2, figs. 1–3, Text-fig. 7.</p><p>Not 1966  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Bold, p. 45, Pl. 5, figs. 5a–c.</p><p>Not 1966  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Morales, p. 28, Pl. 1, figs. 4a–d.</p><p>Not 1966  Bairdia cf.  B. bradyi Bold–Baker &amp; Hulings, Pl. 3, fig. 17.</p><p>Not 1967  Bairdia cf.  B. bradyi Bold–Hulings, p. 87, Table 1.</p><p>Not 1967  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Swain, p. 36, Pl. 7, fig. 4.</p><p>Not 1969  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Bold, p. 121, Pl. 1, fig. 6.</p><p>Not 1971  Bairdia bradyi (Bold) [sic]–Puri, p. 168.</p><p>Not 1976  Bairdoppilata sp. aff.  B. bradyi (Bold) –Holden, p. F17, Pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; Pl. 9, figs. 20, 21.</p><p>Not 1978  Paranesidea sp. cf.  P. bradyi (Bold) –Kontrovitz, p. 139, Pl. 1, fig. 6</p><p>Not 1978  Bairdia foveolata Brady–Llano (fide Llano, 1982, p. 77).</p><p>Not 1980  Bairdia sp. aff.  B. bradyi Bold–Fithian, p. 100, Pl. 2, figs. 3a–b.</p><p>Not 1980  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) –Hanai et al., p. 111.</p><p>Not 1982  Bairdia bradyi van den Bold–Llano, p. 77, pl. 2, fig. D13.</p><p>Not 1988B  Paranesidea bradyi Bold–Bold, Table 3.</p><p>Not 1989  Bairdia sp. A –Machain-Castillo, Table 1.</p><p>Not 1991  Bairdia bradyi Bold –Machain-Castillo &amp; Gío-Argáez, Table 4.</p><p>Not 1994  Bairdia bradyi Bold –Machain-Castillo &amp; Gío-Argáez, Table 1.</p><p>Not 2002  Bairdia bradyi Bold –Gio-Argáez et al., p. 256, Table 2.</p><p>Not 2024  Bairdia bradyi Bold–Brandão et al. [On this WoRMS web page the status is stated to be “unaccepted (superseded original combination).” There is no notation of the fact that it was proposed as a replacement name for  Bairdia foveolata Brady, 1868 . The species is erroneously stated to be fossil only. The accepted name is stated to be  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) . The reclassification in  Neonesidea by Hanai et al. (1980) is accepted.] https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=460018</p><p>Not 2024  Bairdoppilata bradyi (Bold) –Brandão et al. [On this WoRMS web page, the status is stated to be “unaccepted (superseded recombination.)” The accepted name is stated to be  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) . The species is stated to be fossil only. The author of this combination (Holden, 1976) is not mentioned.] https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=799603</p><p>Not 2024  Paranesidea bradyi (Bold) –Brandão et al. [On this WoRMS web page the status is stated to be “unaccepted (superseded recombination).” The accepted name is stated to be  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) . The author of this combination (Kontrovitz, 1978) is not mentioned.] https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=460077</p><p>Not 2024  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) –Brandão et al. [On this WoRMS web page the status is stated to be “accepted.” The authors for the new combination are given (Hanai et al., 1980). Synonymised names include  Bairdia bradyi Bold, 1957;  Bairdoppilata bradyi (Bold, 1957); and  Paranesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) .] https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=460077</p><p>Material Examined: None.</p><p>Dimensions: Brady (1868A) stated the length as 0.0015 but did not specify the units.</p><p>Nomenclatural Remarks:</p><p>Bairdia foveolata Brady, 1868 A was described from harbour sediment collected at Nouméa, New Caledonia. The species name is a junior primary homonym of  Bairdia foveolata Bosquet, 1852 . Bold (1957, p. 236) recognized this and proposed the replacement name  Bairdia bradyi for it: “As the name  Bairdia foveolata BRADY, 1868, is preoccupied by  Bairdia foveolata BOSQUET, 1852 (=  Monsmirabilia foveolata (Bosquet)), the name  Bairdia bradyi is proposed here.”</p><p>It is clear that Bold (1957, p. 236) proposed  Bairdia bradyi as a “new name,” not as a new species. As a Substitute Name (ICZN, 1961, 1999, Article 60), the name  B. bradyi applies first of all, and perhaps only, to Brady’s material from New Caledonia. Although Bold’s publication concerned Miocene assemblages of Trinidad, the new name applies only to Brady’s species. Later, Bold (1963, p. 361; 1966, p. 44) alluded to having examined some of Brady’s Fonds material, but he did not state which species were examined, provided no details about his observations, and did not mention fixation of any lectotype.</p><p>The G.S. Brady Ostracod Collection, formerly in the Hancock Museum in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is now kept in the Great  North Museum Resource Centre at the Discovery Museum in the same city. Catalogue numbers are prefixed by NEWHM  .</p><p>http://greatnorthmuseum.org.uk</p><p>https://collectionssearchtwmuseums.org.uk/#browse=enarratives.17433</p><p>There are five listings for  Bairdia foveolata at the online website for the G. S. Brady Collection at the Hancock Museum (http://greatnorthmuseum.org.uk) (NEWHM: 2.05.43, 2.06.25, 2.08.23, 2.08.25, 2.09.33), but none of the listed slides contains material from Nouméa, from which the selection of a lectotype would be permitted. Two catalog entries are for specimens subsequently identified from other locations in later chapters of Les Fonds de la Mer (Mauritius and New Providence, Bahamas). Three catalog entries represent specimens subsequently identified in  Challenger collections (East Moncoeur Island; Bass Strait; and Nares Harbour, Manus Island, Admiralty Islands).</p><p>There are five listings for  Bairdia bradyi in the Online Catalog of the H.V. Howe Collection of the Louisiana Museum of Natural Science (http://appl103.lsu.edu/natsci%5CCollections%5Cnatscicolsearch.nsf/OpenSearchPag e?openagent&amp;ID=1052). Two entries (HVH 8242, HVH8772) are for specimens reported by W.A. van den Bold in later publications (1966, Recent from Colon Harbour, Panama; 1969, from the Miocene Ponce Formation of Puerto Rico). Two entries (HVH 8118, HVH8119) are for specimens identified and illustrated by Morales (1966, from the Laguna de Terminos, Mexico). One entry is an unattributed, unpublished identification (from the Atlantic Ocean off Trinidad), which might be the basis for the statement by Bold (1957, p. 236) that the species “still occurs in the seas around Trinidad.” There are no entries in the online catalog for the combinations  Bairdia foveolata,  Bairdoppilata bradyi, or  Paranesidea bradyi .</p><p>Kornicker (1961, p. 62, in comparative remarks for  Bairdia gigacantha)   erroneously referred to Bold’s illustrated specimen as a “ holotype ” (1957, Pl. 1, fig. 3, from the Miocene of Trinidad). Because  B. bradyi was proposed as a Substitute Name, not a new species, the holotype specimen (if it can be located) is still Brady’s (1868A) carapace from Nouméa Harbour  .</p><p>Holden (1976, p. 17) describing late Cenozoic fossil assemblages of Midway Island, reported a species of  Bairdoppilata in open nomenclature as “  Bairdoppilata sp. aff.  B. bradyi (Bold) .” There was no discussion of the generic reclassification, nor was it flagged as deliberate by “nov. comb.” or similar words (ICZN Recommendation 16A). Holden’s discussion is confusing, because first he commended Bold’s (1957) global synonymy for  B. bradyi, and then he stated that the “ foveolata-bradyi complex” includes multiple species. His use of “aff.” implied uncertainty about the identification of the specimen, leaning toward a probability that it was not  B. bradyi but a different, unnamed species (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016).</p><p>Kontrovitz (1978, p. 139, Pl. 1, fig. 6) reported  Paranesidea sp. cf.  P. bradyi (Bold) from the Pleistocene of South Florida. He did not discuss the generic re-assignment, nor was it flagged as a deliberate recombination by the use of “nov. comb.” or similar words (ICZN Recommendation 16A). The use of “cf.” implied that the identification of the specimen was uncertain or provisional (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016).</p><p>Hanai et al. (1980) published the new combination  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) in a regional checklist without any taxonomic discussion or illustration. There was no discussion of the generic reclassification, nor was it flagged as deliberate by the use of “nov. comb.” or similar words (ICZN Recommendation 16A). They cited just two of the subsequent records of  B. foveolata by Brady (1868B, from Java; 1880, from Hong Kong Harbour). Their synonymy omitted the original record by Brady (1868A) from New Caledonia, as well as numerous subsequent identifications from other parts of the world. They did cite “  Nesidea sp. ” of Müller (1912, p. 249), who considered that all of the subsequent reports of  B. foveolata represented misidentifications. They also added the note: “Misidentification possible according to Benson (1964, p. 400)” [sic, for Benson (1965)]This generic combination is designated as “accepted” by Brandão et al. (2024) in the World  Ostracoda Database and WoRMS, from which it has migrated into other databases (BISMaL, COPEPEDIA, GBIF).</p><p>Kempf (1986A) accepted all three of these citations [in  Bairdoppilata by Holden (1976), in  Paranesidea by Kontrovitz (1978), and in  Neonesidea by Hanai et al. (1980)] as nomenclatural New Combinations and generic reclassifications of  B. bradyi, even though two of the identifications were in open nomenclature.</p><p>Kempf (1986B, Volume 2 only, Index B, p. 101, line 24517) listed  Bairdia bradyi a second time and attributed it to Triebel (1948). This second entry applies to a different species, which belongs to the Genus  Triebelina . The original name,  Bairdia truncata Brady, 1890, is a junior secondary homonym of  Bairdia truncata Kirkby, 1858, for which Triebel (1948, p. 18) proposed the substitute binomen  Triebelina truncata . Triebel did not explicitly mention the binomen  Bairdia bradyi .</p><p>Bold (1988B, Table 2) cited  Paranesidea bradyi from Alacran Reef on the Yucatan shelf, without discussion or mention of an authority.</p><p>Brandão et al. (2024) designated  Bairdia foveolata Brady, 1868 as “accepted.” On this page no mention is made of the fact that it is a junior homonym of  Bairdia foveolata Bosquet, 1852, or that the substitute name  Bairdia bradyi was proposed for it by Bold (1957).</p><p>Brandão et al. (2024) designated  Bairdia bradyi Bold, 1957 as “unaccepted combination, superseded.”</p><p>Brandao et al. (2024) designated  Bairdoppilata bradyi as “unaccepted, superseded recombination,” crediting the combination to Holden (1976).Actually, Holden identified the species from Midway Island in open nomenclature as “  Bairdoppilata sp. aff.  B. bradyi (Bold) .” His use of “aff.” implied uncertainty about the identification of the specimen, leaning toward the probability that it was not  B. bradyi but a different, unnamed species (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016).</p><p>Brandão et al. (2024) designated  Paranesidea bradyi as “unaccepted, superseded combination,” crediting it to Kontrovitz (1978). Actually, Kontrovitz (1978, p. 139, Pl. 1, fig. 6) reported it in open nomenclature as “  Paranesidea sp. cf.  P. bradyi (Bold) . “ The use of “cf.” implied that the identification of the specimen was uncertain or provisional (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016).</p><p>Brandão et al. (2024) designated  Neonesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) as “accepted,” crediting the combination to Hanai et al. (1980). The associated taxonomic species was erroneously stated to be fossil only (Miocene of Trinidad). This designation has migrated from World  Ostracoda Database and WoRMS into other databases (BISMaL, COPEPEDIA, GBIF).</p><p>Taxonomic Remarks:  Bairdia bradyi in New Caledonia</p><p>From 1867 to 1887 the Marquis de Folin conducted an ambitious private program of collecting and describing coastal marine sediments worldwide, including the shells contained in them. The sediment samples were collected by officers of merchant vessels and citizens residing at the ports visited by the ships. On the recommendation of M.A. Milne-Edwards, de Folin invited G. S. Brady to describe the ostracods. Apart from one early paper (1866), until this time most of Brady’s experience had been with British faunas.</p><p>The descriptions were published in a private serial, Les Fonds de la Mer, of which de Folin was the editor and chief author. It was issued in parts to subscribers, one signature at a time, approximately four parts per year. The series is rare, and only four sets are known to exist in libraries, of which most are incomplete. Reconstruction of the dates of issue of the parts was formerly a matter of some uncertainty (Winkworth 1941; Winkworth &amp; Fischer 1946; Rehder 1946; Howe 1955, 1962; Dolan 2020). Apparently, there is only one copy in North America, in the Smithsonian. It is likely that all North American taxonomists, and many elsewhere, depend on a photocopy or digital image of this set, which is now available online through Biodiversity Heritage Library, https://www. biodiversitylibrary.org. Both W.A. van den Bold (1957, p. 247; 1963, p. 31) and Richard H. Benson (in Benson &amp; Coleman 1963) mentioned having consulted the Fonds. Harbans S. Puri (1960) cited Brady’s publications in the Fonds collectively, but he did not state explicitly whether he examined the volumes.</p><p>Brady (1868A, p. 56, Pl. 7, figs. 4–6)   described  Bairdia foveolata from harbor sediment collected at  Nouméa, Grand Terre, New Caledonia (22 o 18’S, 166 o 48’E), mentioning a rounded dorsum and surface pitting, as well as conspicuous blunt spines on the anterior and posterior margins. Brady’s figures (two of which are reproduced here as Figures 1A–B) show a dorsally arched, punctate carapace. The low-set, narrowly extended anteroventral margin is furnished with about 8–10 unusually prominent, robust marginal spines. The subtle caudal process of Brady’s figure is set rather low, at about one-quarter of height. The valve contact, as represented for both the dorsal and anterior views, is curiously sinuous. The dorsal view (his Pl. 7, fig. 5) may be upside-down, according to the valve overreach. No information was provided concerning supplemental dentition (if present), patch pattern, and soft anatomy. The information provided is not sufficient to establish the generic affinity of Brady’s species  .</p><p>In three more chapters of Les Fonds de la Mer, Brady (1868B, 1869A, 1870C) identified (but did not illustrate)  B. foveolata at the following additional localities: Coast of Java (Brady 1868B, Part 1, Ch. 14, p. 61), Mauritius (Brady 1869A, Part 1, Ch. 17, p. 83), and Ȋles Lucayes (New Providence, Bahamas, second visit; Brady 1870C, Part 2, Ch. 14, p. 240). In the last of these chapters (Brady 1870C, Part 2, Ch. 14, p. 240), one finds the memorable comment about the difficulty of identifying species of  Bairdia, with which all taxonomists can sympathize:</p><p>“Les espèces du genre  Bairdia présentent des transitions si faibles, qu’il est souvent difficile de les déterminer sûrement, á moins d’avoir sous les yeux de bonnes séries d’échantillons vivants. M. Brady attribue en conséquence, sous toutes réserves, au  Bairdia foveolata, certains spécimens des I’les Lucayes plus grands que les types de Noumea et d’une ornamentation plus variable.” [Comment relayed by the Marquis de Folin, p. 240–241]</p><p>“The species of the genus  Bairdia present such slight transitions, that it is often difficult to determine them with certainty, without having under the eyes a good series of living examples. In consequence, M. Brady attributes to  Bairdia foveolata, with reservations, certain specimens from the Iles Lucayes [that are] larger than the types from Nouméa and of more variable ornamentation.” [Translation by the author.]</p><p>In other chapters of the Fonds there was no mention of  B. foveolata, although additional species of  Bairdia were described or identified. It is noteworthy that  B. foveolata was not included in Brady’s species lists for the following six Fond s localities, which are of interest for Caribbean taxonomy: (1) New Providence, Bahamas, first visit (Brady 1869B, Part 1, Ch. 26, p. 122); (2) Saint-Vincent Harbor of Cape Verde Islands, first visit (Brady 1869D, Part 1, Ch. 28, p. 138); (3) Colon-Aspinwall, Panama (Brady 1869E, Part 1, Ch. 30, p. 152); (4) Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Brady 1869E, Part 1, Ch. 32, p. 160; 2, Ch. 3, p. 192.); (5) Santiago Harbour, Cuba (Brady 1870B, Part 2, Ch 13, p. 238); and (6) Vera Cruz and Carmen, Mexico, Gulf of Mexico (Brady 1870D, Part 2, Ch. 15, p. 243).</p><p>The H.M.S.  Challenger did not visit New Caledonia. Brady (1880, p. 55, pl. 8, figs. 1a–f, 2a–f; here reproduced as Figures 1C–L) identified  B. foveolata at six  Challenger stations: off Bermuda; off St. Vincent Island of the Cape Verde Islands; off East Moncoeur Island in Bass Strait, Australia; off Booby Island, Torres Strait, Australia; in Hong-Kong Harbour; and from Nares Harbour in the Admiralty Islands. Those reports probably apply to other species. Brady, himself, complained about the heterogeneity of outline and surface ornament among the material that he referred to this species. He illustrated two varieties and mentioned that both of them lack the conspicuous marginal spines of the Nouméa specimen, but he did not specify the localities from which those illustrated specimens were collected. As Müller (1912) pointed out, it is likely that multiple species were represented in Brady’s (1880) material, and that none of them were conspecific with the population from the type locality (Nouméa). Brady’s dimensions (L 1.1 mm) exceed those of the Caribbean species of the  Ba. fithianae species group described here.</p><p>Brady (1890, p. 493) reported but did not illustrate  Bairdia foveolata from Nouméa and from six other collections in the Southwest Pacific (Fiji and Samoa). Those identifications would be plausible, because of their proximity to New Caledonia, but they require verification.</p><p>Taxonomic literature for New Caledonia is sparse, and Brady’s species has been ignored by subsequent authors. The compilation by Maddocks (2007) is the only publication to include Brady’s (1868A) paper in the References. The name  Bairdia foveolata was not included in the Species Checklist of that publication, however, because it is a primary homonym. The replacement name  Bairdia bradyi van den Bold was omitted from that list, because the species was considered to be unrecognizable from Brady’s illustrations.</p><p>Benson (1965, p. 400) listed  Bairdia foveolata Brady in a species list for the Indo-Pacific Realm in his “Catalog of Pacific Ostracode species and their environments,” adding the note “Variable, misidentifications possible.” His checklist was compiled chiefly from identifications by Brady (1868A, 1880, 1890).</p><p>Apostolescu (1967) illustrated exteriors of four bairdiid species from Baie Saint-Vincent in New Caledonia, without dimensions or taxonomic descriptions. Most were designated as “aff.” species described by Brady (1880), although the  Challenger Expedition did not visit New Caledonia. His illustration (Pl.1, figs. 4–5) of “  Bairdia aff. victrix (Brady) ” shows a high-domed carapace with conspicuous posteroventral spines.</p><p>Cabioche et al. (1986) listed species of  Neonesidea,  Paranesidea, and  Triebelina from the fringing reefs of New Caledonia. The LV exterior figured in their Pl. 7, fig. 7 (identified as “  Paranesidea sp. 2 aff. fracticorallicola Maddocks, 1969 ”) shows similarities to Brady’s drawing of  B. foveolata (subtriangular outline, coarse punctation, exuberant marginal spinosity), but the internal characters were not documented.</p><p>Babinot &amp; Degaugue-Michalski (1996) reported species of  Neonesidea,  Paranesidea, and  Triebelina from the Chesterfield Islands and northern New Caledonia, without taxonomic discussion or illustrations.</p><p>Hoibian et al. (2002, Pl. 1, fig. 17) illustrated the exterior of a RV with unusually long marginal spines from Roche Percée Bay (about 160 km north of Nouméa), which they identified as  Paranesidea cf. fracticorallica [sic]. It may be, perhaps, the same species reported by Cabioche et al. (1986).</p><p>In summary, the identity of Brady’s New Caledonia species, to which the replacement name  B. bradyi applies, remains uncertain. The original description is vague, Brady’s drawings are suggestive but problematic, and the internal features of the carapace and soft anatomy are unknown. Without internal information, it is unclear whether this species should be classified in  Paranesidea,  Bairdoppilata, or another genus. Brady’s later reports of this species from distant localities are heterogeneous and unlikely. To establish its validity the species should be redescribed from topotypic material. Until  B. bradyi can be verified as a valid species at its type locality, it will not be possible to recognize it at other locations.</p><p>Taxonomic Remarks:  Bairdia bradyi as identified by W. A. van den Bold</p><p>It is difficult to determine W.A. van den Bold’s conception of  Bairdia bradyi, because his published identifications were heterogenous, and many were not accompanied by illustrations.</p><p>Bold (1957, p. 236) proposed the name  Bairdia bradyi as a new name (not a new species), explaining that it was intended as a replacement name for a junior homonym: “As the name  Bairdia foveolata BRADY, 1868, is preoccupied by  Bairdia foveolata BOSQUET, 1852 (=  Monsmirabilia foveolata (Bosquet)), the name  Bairdia bradyi is proposed here.”</p><p>He then stated that  B. bradyi “still occurs in the seas around Trinidad,” from which it may be inferred that he accepted Brady’s global range for the living species. This assumption was followed uncritically by later authors. In his synonymy he accepted the subsequent identifications by Brady (1880), querying only the Cretaceous records by Chapman &amp; Crespin (1928). The only illustration (Pl. 1, fig. 5; reproduced here as Figure 1M) was an outline sketch of an entire carapace with high-arched, inflated contours, collected from the St. Croix Limestone (Miocene) of Trinidad. It is not caudate; there is no indication of punctation, opaque patch pattern, marginal spines, or supplemental dentition (if present); and there are no evident points of resemblance either to Brady’s (1868A) illustration of the Nouméa specimen or to the Caribbean species identified under this name by later authors.</p><p>Bold (1963, faunal list on p. 365, and Table 2 on p. 366) reported that  B. bradyi is living in the recent shallow-water fauna of the Gulf of Paria, between Trinidad and the east coast of Venezuela, but he provided no description or illustrations to support this identification. He stated (p. 361) that he obtained a loan of material from Brady’s Fonds collections, but he did not say which species were included in that loan. He offered comparative remarks only for two species of Cytheroidea.</p><p>Bold (1966, p. 45, Pl. 1, figs. 5a–c; reproduced here as Figures 1V–X) illustrated a much different species from Colon Harbour, Panama, which he identified as  Bairdia bradyi . He referenced Brady’s (1869D, p. 152) report on the ostracode fauna of Colon-Aspinwall, although Brady did not mention  B. foveolata in his faunal list for that Fonds locality. No description or taxonomic discussion was provided for this interesting form. It might be identifiable as  Ba. fimbriata,  sp. nov., which is described below, from Belize and Roatan. He mentioned (p. 44) that he had access to part of Brady’s Fonds material, but he did not say whether  B. foveolata was included or make any comparative observations.</p><p>Bold (1969, p. 121, Pl. 1, fig. 6; reproduced here as Figure 1Z) reported  B. bradyi from the Miocene Ponce Formation of Puerto Rico, stating that the species is “widespread in Miocene-Recent sediments of the Caribbean.” His illustration presents a nearly featureless carapace without caudal process or marginal denticles, which does not resemble Brady’s species from New Caledonia, the specimen recorded from the Miocene of Trinidad by Bold (1957), the specimens illustrated from Colon Harbor by Bold (1966), or any of the Caribbean species of the  Ba. fithianae species-group described below.</p><p>Bold (1988B, p. 155, Table 1, Table 2, Appendix) listed  Paranesidea bradyi (Bold, 1957) at Alacran Reef on the Yucatan platform and characterized its distribution as Caribbean. There was no accompanying illustration, taxonomic discussion, or explanation of the generic reclassification. In some comments published earlier, Bold (1974, p. 31) had minimized the taxonomic significance of bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition, considering it a labile character that may be subject to convergence. Instead, he mentioned that he preferred to enlarge the taxonomic concept of the Genus  Paranesidea to encompass bairdiid species having punctate ornament and marginal spines.</p><p>In his comprehensive compilation of Cenozoic ostracod faunas for the Dominican Republic, Bold (1988A) listed seven species of  Bairdiidae (three of  Bairdia, one of  Bairdoppilata, and three of  Paranesidea) but did not mention  B. bradyi .</p><p>Taxonomic Remarks:  Bairdia bradyi as identified by subsequent authors</p><p>Puri (1960, p. 130) reported  Bairdia bradyi Bold in Florida Bay at his stations 3, 6 and 7 (off Crane Key, Molasses Reef off Tavernier, and Key Largo, in the Florida Keys), although in his Table 1 he listed it under the older name  B. foveolata Brady. Puri did not describe or illustrate  B. bradyi, however, and he did not provide dimensions or a catalog number for a plesiotype specimen. Therefore, it is unclear which species, of several living in Florida waters, he intended to identify by that name.</p><p>In the same paper and at the same stations, Puri (1960, p. 131, Pl. 6, figs. 14, 15, Table 1) described and illustrated  Bairdia milne-edwardsi 1 Brady, 1869C, including dimensions (L 0.811 mm, H 0.473 mm) and a catalog number for a plesiotype specimen. He stated that his Florida specimens were closer to the “more typical” form of the two forms subsequently illustrated under this name by Brady (1880). Puri did not provide distinguishing remarks for  B. bradyi and  B. milneedwardsi, and it is possible that these are inconsistent appellations for what he considered to be a single species. Bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition was not mentioned for either one. His dimensions (L 0.811 mm, H 0.473 mm) would plot within the lower part of the LV cluster for the population of  Ba. fithianae,  sp. nov., from Florida (Graph 3). Puri’s drawings (Pl. 6, figs. 14, 15) show points of resemblance to  Ba. fithianae: the moderate LV&gt;RV dorsal overreach, the high-arched but asymmetrical dorsal margin, the nearly level ventral margin, the slightly swollen but not ridged caudal process, and the crisply punctate surface.</p><p>Benson &amp; Coleman (1963, p. 18, Pl. 2, figs. 1–3; Text-Fig. 7) reported  Bairdia sp. cf.  B. bradyi Bold, 1957 from the West Coast of Florida and Florida Bay, but their assemblages included multiple species (Maddocks, unpublished observations). Most of the traits listed in the description are not diagnostic at the species level, and supplemental bairdoppilatan dentition was not mentioned. The dimensions provided are rather small: L 0.71 mm, H 0.47 mm, W 0.39 mm. Their photographs (Pl. 2, figs. 1–3; here reproduced as Figures 1O–Q) show a species of  Paranesidea that is common throughout the Florida Keys, the Flower Gardens, and perhaps Laguna de Terminos, Mexico. Benson &amp; Coleman compared  B. bradyi to  Bairdia victrix Brady, 1869 D (p. 142, Pl. 18, figs. 17–18) but their photographs of  B. victrix (Pl. 2, figs. 4–10) belong to a second species of  Paranesidea . The specimen illustrated in their Text-fig. 7 (reproduced here as Figure 1N) represents a third species, which was later described from the Belize platform as  Paranesidea bensoni by Teeter (1975, p. 417, Figures 3b–d, 4b). Teeter mentioned that he had seen it also in Florida assemblages. Anatomical details (Maddocks, unpublished) confirm its distinct generic status.</p><p>Baker &amp; Hulings (1966, Pl. 3, fig. 17; here reproduced as Figure 1U) reported  Bairdia cf.  B. bradyi in their Assemblage C on the south coast of Puerto Rico. Their figure shows a large closed carapace with angular outlines, which may be a species of  Paranesidea or  Triebelina .</p><p>Morales (1966, p. 28, Pl. 1, figs. 4a–d; here reproduced as Figures 1R–T) reported  Bairdia bradyi from Laguna de Terminos on the Bay of Campeche. Its occurrence was restricted to sands of the tidal delta of Boca de Paso Real, just inside the pass, suggesting inward transport from the Yucatan shelf and Bay of Campeche. The stated dimensions for adults (L 0.70–0.83 mm, H 0.40–0.45 mm, W 0.40 mm) are smaller than those of species of the  Ba. fithianae group. The photographs show a subovate lateral outline and an indistinctly mottled patch pattern. There was no mention of bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition (if present). This is probably a small species of  Paranesidea .</p><p>Hulings (1967, Table 1) listed  Bairdia cf. bradyi Bold in the Gulf of Mexico, citing as authorities Benson &amp; Coleman (1963) and Morales (1966).</p><p>Swain (1967, p. 36, Pl. 7, fig. 4; here reproduced as Figure 1Y) reported  B. bradyi from the Gulf of California on the basis of a single juvenile RV, with a crisply punctate surface and a rather extended caudal process. An exaggerated caudal process is a feature of juveniles in several species of  Bairdoppilata, and the species identification must be regarded as insufficiently supported.</p><p>Puri (1971) listed  Bairdia bradyi (Bold) [sic] in a species list for the North Atlantic. This entry is probably based on Brady’s (1880) identification of  B. foveolata at Bermuda.</p><p>Holden (1976, p. F17, Pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, Pl. 9, figs. 20–21) identified late Cenozoic fossils of “  Bairdoppilata sp. aff.  B. bradyi (Bold) ” from drillholes on Midway Island. The use of “aff.” implied uncertainty about the identification</p><p>1 [ Bairdia milneedwardsi had been named by Brady (1869C, p. 139, Pl. 17, figs. 3–4) from São Vicente Island in the Cape Verde archipelago of the North Atlantic Ocean. Brady’s drawing presents an angulate, subtriangular to subrhomboidal lateral outline (LV), which lacks the posterodorsal concavity and caudal process of the Florida species identified under this name by Puri (1960). The internal characters are unknown. The length was given as 0.008 (units not specified). The original description is vague, and there is insufficient information to establish the identity of this species or its generic classification. The  Ostracoda of the Cape Verde Islands are poorly known, and clarification of  B. milneedwardsi must await redescription of topotypic material. Until the species is recognizable at its type locality, credence cannot be given to reports from other localities. The subsequent record of  B. milneedwardsi by Baker &amp; Hulings (1966, Pl. 2, fig. 16) on the south coast of Puerto Rico might apply to a species of  Paranesidea .]</p><p>of the specimen, with the probability that it was not  B. bradyi but a new, unnamed species (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016). Holden’s discussion is contradictory, because first he commended Bold’s (1957) global synonymy for  B. bradyi . Then he stated that several species are included in this “ foveolata-bradyi complex,” and the Midway specimens are more like those described from the Pacific than the Caribbean.</p><p>Kontrovitz (1978, p. 139, Pl. 1, fig. 6; here reproduced as Figure 1 AA) reported  Paranesidea sp. cf.  P. bradyi (Bold) from the Pleistocene of South Florida and illustrated the exterior of a RV. The use of “cf.” implied uncertainty about the identification (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016). He did not mention any reason for the generic re-assignment. The dimensions (L 0.85 mm, H 0.54 mm, W 0.45 mm) show H:L proportions that would be rather high for the RV of most species in the  Ba. fithianae species group. The SEM photo shows characteristics that are often associated with species of  Paranesidea: upright posture, punctate surface, and small, low-set caudal process.</p><p>Fithian (1980, p. 100, Pl. 2, figs. 3a–b; here reproduced as Figures 1 BB–CC; unpublished dissertation) reported  Bairdia sp. aff.  B. bradyi Bold to be common in coarse sediments on the Paria-Trinidad-Orinoco Shelf. The use of “aff.” signaled uncertainty about the identification, leaning to the probability that it was not the same but perhaps a related species (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016). She remarked on the presence of bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition, which, she said, distinguishes it from “the nominate species” [ B. bradyi], and which had not been mentioned by previous authors. Nevertheless, she classified the species in  Bairdia rather than  Bairdoppilata . She also noted similarities to and distinctions from two other species,  Bairdia teeteri Allison &amp; Holden, 1971 and  Paranesidea bensoni Teeter, 1975 . Fithian illustrated the interior and exterior of a RV, but RV are less diagnostic than LV, and coating for SEM obscures the opaque patch pattern. The lateral outline shows some correspondence to  Ba. fithianae . The dimensions (RV L 0.83 mm, H 0.45 mm) would be acceptable for  Ba. fithianae (Graph 3).</p><p>Llano (1982) reported  Bairdia bradyi as uncommon in the Bay of Cartagena, Colombia, in water depths less than 10 m. The illustrated specimen (Pl. 2, fig. D–13; here reproduced as Figure 1 DD) might be a species of  Paranesidea .</p><p>Machain-Castillo &amp; Gío-Argáez (1991, p. 41, Table 4) listed  Bairdia bradyi in the Laguna de Terminos but not in coastal samples of the Bay of Campeche. It was not included in their subsequent list for the west shelf of the Yucatan peninsula (Machain-Castillo &amp; Gío-Argáez 1992, Appendix 1). Machain-Castillo &amp; Gío-Argáez (1994, p. 256, Table 1) listed  Bairdia bradyi Bold from the Bay of Campeche, citing Morales (1966), Bold (1988B), and Machain-Castillo (1989, as “  Bairdia sp. A ”) as authorities. Gío-Argáez et al. (2002, Table 2) listed  Bairdia bradyi Bold from the eastern part of the Bay of Campeche. These publications compiled lists of species that had been previously identified from Mexican waters, without taxonomic discussion or illustrations.</p><p>Parada Ruffinatti &amp; Reyes de Carvajal (1999)   listed one specimen of “  Bairdia foveolata ” from  Los Vasquez lagoon, Isla  Baru, on the Caribbean coast of Columbia, but it was omitted from the assemblage reported by Reyes de Carvajal (1999) for this location  .</p><p>From a negative perspective, it is noteworthy that Teeter (1975) did not report  Bairdia bradyi from the Belize platform, and it was not listed from Bermuda by Keyser &amp; Schöning (2000). It was not included in the checklists for the Gulf of Mexico by Maddocks (2005) and Maddocks et al. (2009).</p><p>Genus  BAIRDOPPILATA Coryell, Sample &amp; Jennings, 1935</p><p>1935  Bairdoppilata Coryell, Sample &amp; Jennings: 3.</p><p>1963  Bairdia M’Coy—Morkhoven, p. 32 [part].</p><p>1969  Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata) Coryell, Sample &amp; Jennings—Maddocks, p. 66.</p><p>1995  Bairdoppilata Coryell, Sample &amp; Jennings—Maddocks, p. 215.</p><p>2022  Bairdoppilata Coryell, Sample &amp; Jennings—Maddocks, p. 309.</p><p>Type species:  Bairdoppilata martyni Coryell, Sample &amp; Jennings, 1935 was described from the Chickasawhay Formation of Mississippi (Oligocene). Photographs of a topotype specimen were published by Maddocks (2022, p. 325, figs 15J–L) to supplement the drawing accompanying the original description.</p><p>Species Included: The soft anatomy of  Bairdoppilata has been described, at least in part, for at least 18 named species (16 species listed by Maddocks 2022, Table 2;  Bairdoppilata japonica Horikoshi et al., 2019; plus fragments of  Bairdoppilata magnafasciata illustrated by Maddocks &amp; Horne 2024). Many other species have been designated from fossil and dry specimens. Kempf (1986A, 1995) listed 97 nominal species of living and fossil  Bairdoppilata, and 29 living species are tabulated in WoRMS (Brandão et al. 2024). The genus is ancient, being well represented in Cretaceous assemblages of North America, Africa and elsewhere.</p><p>In the northern and central Caribbean, the most common bairdiid species is  Ba. cushmani (Tressler, 1949) . Occasionally, it may be the second, third or fourth most abundant species of  Bairdiidae in a shallow-water assemblage (Maddocks 2022), although it is usually surpassed by species of  Neonesidea and  Paranesidea . Two other species,  Ba. magnafasciata and  Ba. parvafasciata, are distinctive but less numerous (Maddocks &amp; Horne 2024). Collectively, the new species described here are widely distributed, but each individual species occurs at fewer localities and is less abundant, uncommon, or rare in local assemblages.</p><p>Soft Anatomy: It is well established for living species of  Bairdoppilata and  Glyptobairdia that the diagnostic supplemental dentition of the valves is consistently accompanied by distinctive anatomical traits of the soft body. These useful indicators include the scissors-like distal claws of the A2, the nearly smooth fused claw of the A2, the four segregated setae of the vibratory plate of the fifth limb, the relative length of all seven setae of the furca, the multiple distal appendages of the hemipenis, and the uniformly dentate plate of the esophageal valve (Brandão 2008; Hartmann 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980; Horikoshi et al. 2019; Kornicker 1961; Maddocks 1969, 2015, 2018, 2022; Rome 1960). At the species level, a few details of appendage and genital anatomy may be useful for identification, especially the hemipenis and the distal claws of the A2.</p><p>Regrettably, only two specimens yielded dry fragments of the soft anatomy (Figures 20N–P; 28C–D). Those fragments conform to the Genus  Bairdoppilata but do not provide diagnostic information for the species. It has been necessary to rely solely on features of the carapace to distinguish the species described below.</p><p>Remarks: In his comments regarding the Genus  Bairdoppilata, Hartmann (1974, p. 253 –254) emphasized the “finely toothed” nature of the hinge, probably referring to the ligamental striations of the contact surfaces of the hinge-proper in both valves. The species described here display conspicuous ligamental striation.</p><p>Hartmann (1974, p. 253–254) also pointed out that the valve margins have small spines in some species of  Bairdoppilata, but in others they are smooth. He suggested that a revised diagnosis of the genus is needed, which should give explicit attention to these marginal details.</p><p>In the Caribbean species described below, marginal spines are usually present in juveniles, and the number of spines increases from instar A–3 to A–1. They are developed most commonly along the posteroventral margin of the LV, less commonly on the anteroventral margin of the LV, occasionally along the posteroventral margin of the RV, but not on the RV anteroventral margin. Rarely and inconsistently, these marginal spines may persist into the adult stage, but they are more usually replaced by a smooth edge.</p><p>Likewise, in these Caribbean species the marginal frills are narrow (5–20 µm) and common on juvenile valves but absent in adults. Instead of a true frill, as developed in other bairdiid genera, adults of the species described below have smooth anteroventral and posteroventral valve margins, or else they have a narrow, scalloped or irregular edging, which lacks the sharply incised, parallel fluting of a true frill. This narrow edging is actually an overgrowth of the surface puncta and muri beyond the valve edge, which in exaggerated form produces a velum. Exuberant growth of the surface layer of punctate ornament forms a curved canopy or awning, which projects beyond the valve margin. The edge of the velum is thickened and scalloped, resembling a piecrust edge.</p><p>The homologies and ontogenetic development of these marginal structures require more systematic examination. Unfortunately, until the morphogenetic relationships of marginal spines, frills, and vela are better understood, it will be difficult to formulate a diagnosis for the Genus  Bairdoppilata on the basis of these features, as Hartmann desired.</p><p>Bairdoppilata fithianae species group: Six of the new species described below are very similar in general aspect, and they are here referred to as the  Bairdoppilata fithianae group:  Ba. fithianae sp. nov.,  Ba. fimbriata sp. nov.,  Ba. floreana sp. nov.,  Ba. hypsiliformis sp. nov.,  Ba. sima sp. nov., and  Ba. thyreoides sp. nov. The nominal species,  Ba. fithianae, is the most widely distributed and, in some ways, the least distinctive.  Ba. sima and  Ba fimbriata have rather exaggerated morphologic traits, which render them identifiable at a glance: the RV of  Ba. sima has flaring marginal flanges, and the LV of  Ba. fimbriata has a posteroventral fringe of blunt spines, although the opposing valves are less distinctive.  Ba. hypsiliforms,  Ba. floreana, and  Ba. thyreoides have less extreme characteristics and more restricted geographic occurrences.</p><p>The other two new species stand somewhat apart.  Ba. diatreta,  sp. nov., and  Ba. collaevata,  sp. nov., occur along the northern Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico and share a distinctive, filigree patch pattern.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F193453810FFF72FA7BFB42F864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F19344C8109FF72FF4AFC6CF828.text	03F31F19344C8109FF72FF4AFC6CF828.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata collaevata Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata collaevata,  sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 1, 6; Figures 2A–B; 3E–S; 4A–B, G–H, K; 5E–K, N–P; 6K–Z; 32 AA–CC; 33CC–DD)</p><p>1974  Bairdoppilata sp. —Maddocks, p. 209 (part; not Pl. 2, figs. 4–7, 18 =  Ba. floreana).</p><p>Derivation of Name: Collaevatus, -a, -um, adjectival past participle of the Latin verb collaevo, collaevare: to make entirely smooth, to quell; referring to the almost smooth surface with inconspicuous puncta.</p><p>Material Examined: 20 specimens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4169 LV, USNM 1751239 .  Paratype specimens 4168R, USNM 1751240; 4192Car, 1751241; illustrated specimens1751242–1751245 .</p><p>Type Locality: Stetson Bank, UH 2019, on the continental shelf of Texas, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, about 80 miles south by east of  Galveston, Texas ; 28 o 10’N, 94 o 18’W, water depth 90 m.</p><p>Occurrence: Cuba, the Flower Gardens, Stetson Bank (Table 1).</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4169 LV, L 0.985 mm, H 0.640 mm .  Paratype specimen 4168 RV, L 0.929 mm, H 0.528 mm . Paratype specimen 4192Car, L 1.054 mm, W 0.523 mm. Also see Graph 1.</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace long, high, medially inflated, with curved flanks in dorsal outline; surface weakly punctate to nearly smooth; opaque patch pattern filigreed with lobose central patch.</p><p>Description: Carapace broadly and symmetrically domed; greatest height just anterior to mid-length; substantial dorsal overreach; evenly arched dorsal margin, steep anterodorsal and posterodorsal slopes, level to gently convex ventral margin, and bluntly rounded, weakly caudate posterior end (Figure 5J). Caudal process short, thick, bluntly terminated; swollen but not ridged (Figure 6R–S). Diamond-shaped with curved lateral margins in dorsal and ventral outline, tapering to narrowly rounded anterior and acutely pointed posterior ends (Figure 5N–O). Surface minutely dimpled to almost smooth with delicate leathery texture (Figures 5H, J–K; 6X–Z). Slightly swollen anterior angle and caudal process, which in combination with marginal opaque spots give illusion of rippled marginal band (Figure 6T–W).</p><p>Opaque patch pattern filigreed, complex, variable, consisting of swirls and lobes outlining circular transparent fields; approximately symmetrical in both valves (Figures 3E–I; 5I–J). Central patch an inverted triangle with irregular edges, anterodorsal lobe, and higher posterodorsal lobe; connected to dark dorsal surface by broad, irregular stripe, which may enclose circular transparent area. Anterior and posterior spots circular, not ventrally extended; separate marginal opaque spots at mid-anteroventral, mid-ventral, and mid-posteroventral locations; smaller opaque streaks and loops in anterolateral and posterolateral fields, of variable shapes but sharply outlined, which may enclose transparent circles; total effect as if large transparent circles were cut out of formerly continuous opaque regions.</p><p>Hinge with well-developed ligamental striation (Figure 6M–O). Supplemental dentition sharply executed, conspicuous (Figure 6I–L, P–Q). ZC broad, vestibules narrow or non-existent; selvages gently curved, subparallel to valve edge, edged with chitin thread; nodular zones of narrow to moderate width (Figures 3E–F; 5P; 6N–O). LV anterior margin smooth; LV posteroventral margin smooth or with small, irregular marginal nodes or spines; RV anterior margin smooth or with narrow irregular edging; RV posterior margin smooth or with nodular spines (Figures 3J–O, R–S; 5J; 6O, R–S).</p><p>Juvenile A-1 instars with dense, crisply incised puncta and reduced transparency (Figure 4A–B). Opaque patch pattern filigreed, as in adults; with two end spots and three peripheral spots along ventral margin. Juvenile A-1 LV anteroventral and posteroventral margins smooth; RV with anteroventral frill and posteroventral nodular spines (Figure 4A–B).</p><p>Remarks:  Ba. collaevata is similar to  Ba. diatreta in shape and opaque patch pattern; it differs in its larger size and nearly smooth surface with a leathery texture. The population is variable, and a few specimens approach  Ba. diatreta in size and punctate texture. In a few specimens, the honeycomb structure underlying the punctate texture is a barely visible relict pattern, as if the puncta were filled by a mosaic of small crystallites. The patch pattern has the same design as in  Ba. diatreta, but it is more lobose with thicker connecting bands.</p><p>The narrow, irregular to nodular edging on the anteroventral and posteroventral margins margin of some adult RV and LV (Figures 3D, J–N; 6O, R–S) does not display the sharply incised, transverse fluting of a frill. It might represent a slight overgrowth of the exterior layer of punctate surface ornamentation beyond the valve edge, although not to such extent as to be termed a velum. The juvenile A-1 RV has a more characteristic, striate frill on the anteroventral margin and nodular spines on the posteroventral margin (Figure 4A). How the juvenile condition transforms into (or is replaced by) the adult condition after the final molt is a mystery that requires more investigation.</p><p>In Graph 1, the LV cluster is offset (up and to the right) relative to the RV cluster (down and to the left), by the usual magnitude. The RV cluster overlaps with the RV cluster for  Ba. diatreta, but there is no overlap of the LV clusters. Because of the small number of specimens at each locality (Table 1), it is difficult to assess sexual dimorphism.</p><p>Maddocks (1974) reported  Bairdoppilata sp. from the Flower Gardens, but four species were included in the material:  Ba. collaevata,  Ba. diatreta,  Ba. fithianae, and  Ba. floreana . The illustrations are of  Ba. floreana . The statement that the species is living in Bermuda applies only to  Ba. fithianae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F19344C8109FF72FF4AFC6CF828	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F1934438107FF72FF4AFC6CF8DC.text	03F31F1934438107FF72FF4AFC6CF8DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata diatreta Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata diatreta sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 1, 6; Figures 2C–D; 3A–D; 4C–F, I–J, L; 5A–D, L–M; 6A–J; 21O–Q; 32Y–Z; 33 AA–BB)</p><p>1974  Bairdoppilata sp. —Maddocks, p. 209 (part; not Pl. 2, figs. 4–7, 18 =  Ba. floreana).</p><p>Derivation of Name: from the Latin adjective diatretus, -a, -um; pierced with holes, filigreed, carved, embossed; to describe the patch pattern.</p><p>Material Examined: 20 specimens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4158 LV, USNM 1751246;  Paratype specimen 4157 RV, USNM 1751248;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751248–1751253 .</p><p>Type Locality: Florida, UH 1294, Biscayne Bay, off Virginia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.15/lat 25.733334)">Key</a>, opposite marine station, water depth 1 m, January 1958. 25 o 44’N, 80 o 09’W  .</p><p>Occurrence: Florida (Biscayne Bay only), East and West Flower Gardens, and  Gyre station 7.</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4163 LV, L 0.881 mm, H 0.546 mm .  Paratype specimen 4162 RV, L 0.871 mm, H 0.484 mm . Paratype specimen 4156Car, L 0.914 mm, W 0.425 mm. See also Graph 1.</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace of moderate length, relatively high, diamond-shaped in dorsal outline; surface densely punctate; opaque patch pattern filigreed with narrow streaks.</p><p>Description: Carapace narrowly domed, nearly symmetrical; greatest height near mid-length, moderate dorsal overreach, nearly straight anterodorsal and posterodorsal slopes, level ventral margin; blunt caudal process, slightly swollen but not ridged; no swelling at anterior angle (Figures 3B–D; 5A). Dorsal outline only slightly inflated, diamond-shaped, thickest just anterior to mid-length, with straight anterolateral and posterolateral margins tapering symmetrically to narrow ends (Figure 5L–M). Surface densely punctate.</p><p>Opaque patch pattern filigreed, consisting of swirls and lobes surrounding circular transparent fields, approximately symmetrical in LV and RV (Figures 2C–D; 3A–D). Central opaque patch inverted triangular with rounded edges, with lobate anterodorsal and higher posterodorsal extensions. Irregular, sigmoid stripe connects central spot to dark dorsal surface. Anterior and posterior opaque spots circular, not ventrally extended. Separate marginal opaque spots at mid-anteroventral, mid-ventral, and mid-posteroventral locations. Smaller, lobate spots and curved streaks occupy anterolateral and posterolateral fields, variable in shape but sharply contrasting with transparent regions; in effect, as if large transparent circles had been cut out of formerly continuous opaque regions.</p><p>Hinge with well-developed ligamental striation; supplemental dentition sharply executed (Figure 6E–J). ZC broad, vestibules very narrow; selvages straight to weakly curved, nodular zones of flange narrow to moderately wide (Figures 3D; 6A–B). Aligned pores of RPC visible within gape in ventral view (Figure 5M). LV and RV anteroventral and posteroventral margins smooth or with remnants of frill; (Figures 3C–D; 6C).</p><p>Juvenile A–1 RV anteroventral margin smooth, posteroventral margin with uneven frill; with dense punctation and opaque patch pattern similar to adult (Figure 4C–F).</p><p>Remarks:  Ba. diatreta is similar to  Ba. collaevata, but smaller, with more conspicuous punctation, and the opaque patch pattern is more delicate.</p><p>In Graph 1, the LV cluster is offset (up and to the right) relative to the RV cluster (down and to the left), by the usual magnitude for bairdiids. The RV cluster overlaps with the RV cluster for  Ba. collaevata, but there is no overlap of the LV clusters. LV from the Flower Gardens and the  Gyre station are distinctly higher, relative to length, than those from Florida. At any one locality, it is likely that the larger individuals are females, but it is difficult to assess sexual dimorphism because of the small number of specimens (Table 1).</p><p>Maddocks (1974) reported  Bairdoppilata sp. from the Flower Gardens, but four species were included in the material:  Ba. collaevata,  Ba. diatreta, Ba,  fithianae, and  Ba. floreana . The illustrations are of  Ba. floreana . The statement that the species is living in Bermuda applies only to  Ba. fithianae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F1934438107FF72FF4AFC6CF8DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F193443813DFF72F88CFE0FF9D8.text	03F31F193443813DFF72F88CFE0FF9D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata fimbriata Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata fimbriata sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 2, 6; Figures 2E–F; 7A–O; 8A–Y; 9A–S; 10A –AA; 32R–V; 33S–X)</p><p>? 1966  Bairdia bradyi Bold.–Bold, p. 45, Pl. 1, figs. 5a–c. Derivation of name: Latin adjective fimbriatus, -a, -um, meaning fringed; in reference to the prominent posteroventral comb of spines on the LV.</p><p>Material Examined: 59 specimens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4174Car, USNM 1751254;  Paratype specimens 4147 LV, USNM 1751255;  4148 RV, USNM 1751261;  4149 RV, USNM 1751262;  4238Car, USNM 1751263;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751256– 1751260, 1751264–1751265 .</p><p>Type Locality: UH 2962, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.45/lat 16.35)">Roatan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.45/lat 16.35)">Bay Islands</a>, Honduras. Big and Little French Keys area. 16 o 21’N, 86 o 27’W, water depth 5 feet  .</p><p>Occurrence: Belize, Roatan (Table 1).</p><p>Dimensions: Holotype 4174Car, L 0.848 mm, H 0.487 mm.  Paratype specimen 4147 LV, LV L 0.846 mm, LV H 0.482 mm .  Paratype specimen 4148 RV, RV L 0.886 mm, RV H 0.462 mm . Paratype specimen 4238Car, L 0.834 mm, W 0.473 mm. See also Graph 2.</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace short, relatively low; normal overreach (LV&gt;RV); LV with prolonged posteroventral marginal region, carrying a comb of up to 9 long, thick, blunt spines; mid-lateral surface inflated, marginal region somewhat abruptly compressed.</p><p>Description: LV broadly and almost symmetrically arched, greatest height anterior to mid-length, moderate dorsal overreach, no posterodorsal break in slope, anteroventral margin weakly curved to nearly straight; mid-ventral margin level, between projecting anteroventral lip and posteroventral fringe of LV; posteroventral margin broadly extended with fringe of thick spines; (Figures 7B–C, E–F, H–I; 9B, D, F–G). LV somewhat abruptly swollen centrally in AMS region; RV less inflated, more nearly flat; compressed marginal brim with rounded edges (Figures 7A–I; 9A–G). Caudal process extended, bluntly terminated, slightly swollen but not ridged; thin edge penetrated by 6 or more hair-thin, diverging RPC (Figures 7A–K; 8A, C, E, H, J–K, N, R, S, V; 9H, K–L). Posteroventral marginal region of LV flat, projecting conspicuously; edged by comb of up to 9 thick, straight, blunt spines, separated by U-shaped spaces of equal width; spines arise distal to nodular zone, are hollow at base but not tip, not penetrated by RPC, and have no associated sensilla; spines extend along posteroventral margin just to (but not along) caudal process (Figures 7B–C, E–F, H–I; 8H, J, N, P, V; 9B, D, K–L). Slender in dorsal view, only slightly swollen centrally; anterior end tapering evenly, posterior end more abruptly constricted; with moderate overreach by LV (Figure 9R–S).</p><p>Opaque patch pattern similar in both valves; consisting of darker central spot, surrounded by broad, lighter circular area, which narrows anterodorsally, then widens to join cloudy dorsal region; no anterior or posterior spot (Figure 7A–K).</p><p>Hinge with ligamental striation; valve wall with granular texture, well-developed supplemental dentition (Figure 10A–E, M–U, X –AA). ZC broad, vestibules of variable depth; selvages nearly straight, nodular zones of moderate width (Figures 7A–K; 8A–V; 10F–L). LV anteroventral margin smooth or with remnants of velum (Figure 8G, I, M, O, Q, U); LV posteroventral margin with long blunt spines, or eroded bases of spines (Figures 8H, J, N, P, R, V; 9G, K–L; 10A, D–E, I–O). RV anteroventral margin smooth or with remnants of velum (Figures 8B, D, F, L, T; 9I; 10G–H); RV posteroventral margin has narrow, nodular velum resembling piecrust edging, or eroded remnants (Figures 8A, C, E, K, S; 9H; 10T–U).</p><p>A–1 instar more angular in outline than adult, with more extended, narrowly pointed caudal process; opaque patch pattern consists of central cloudy region with sinuous contours, resembling adult, which occupies much of central area and merges with dorsal streak; no anterior or posterior spots (Figure 7M–Q). Juvenile A–1 LV has anteroventral margin with frill; posteroventral margin with broken bases of spines (Figure 7M, O–Q). Juvenile A–1 RV with smooth anteroventral and posteroventral margins (Figure 7N, R).</p><p>Remarks: Bold (1966, Pl. 1, figs. 5a–c) illustrated a species from a sediment core in Colon Harbour, Panama, which he identified as  Bairdia bradyi, without any taxonomic discussion, description, or measurements. The LV illustrated in his Figure 5a (reproduced here as Figure 1W) has a spinose posteroventral fringe, resembling that of  Ba. fimbriata, although the spines are eroded or perhaps merged at their bases. That valve is rather high in proportion to length (perhaps female), and it has a nodular or spinose anterior edging that has not been seen in  Ba. fimbriata . The LV and RV illustrated in his Figures 5b–c (reproduced here as Figures 1V, X) are more elongate (perhaps male), with a conspicuously extended, tapering caudal process, a broad anteroventral edging on the RV, and only eroded stubs of posteroventral spines on the LV.</p><p>Ba. fimbriata shows some resemblance to  Ba. sima in general outline, carapace inflation, and densely punctate surface. Ideally,  Ba. fimbriata is easily distinguished by the spinose posteroventral extension of the LV, whereas  Ba. sima is characterized by the subtly flaring sima and the exaggerated anteroventral and posteroventral vela of the RV. Isolated RV of  Ba. fimbriata and LV of  Ba. sima are less remarkable and not as easy to assign, however. The RV of  Ba. fimbriata lacks the exaggerated anterior and posteroventral overreach of  Ba. sima, which is visible in dorsal, ventral, and right-lateral views. Although the LV of  Ba. sima may have a narrow posteroventral velum, it lacks any indication of the blunt spines of  Ba. fimbriata .</p><p>In  Ba. fimbriata the LV is abruptly inflated centrally, and many specimens have a rather compressed marginal brim; whereas the RV appears to be less convex. In both valves of  Ba. sima the lateral curvature merges more gradually into the compressed marginal zone, and the posteroventral margin is weakly reflexed (up-curved) to form a shallow channel, or sima.</p><p>LV of  Ba. fimbriata tend to be higher in proportion to length than is the case for  Ba. sima, whereas no clear distinction is apparent in the H:L proportions of RV for the two species (Graphs 2, 6). The LV cluster for  Ba. fimbriata is remarkably compact, and it is not offset (to the right, relative to the RV cluster), as much as is usual for bairdiids. The RV cluster is longer (because of variability in width of the anterior velum), and it extends beyond the LV cluster at either end. Within each cluster, it is likely that the longer, higher specimens are females, and shorter, lower specimens are males, as usual in bairdiids, but there is no distinct separation. Specimens from Belize and Roatan show no difference in size (completely overlapping clusters). This is to be expected, because of their geographic proximity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F193443813DFF72F88CFE0FF9D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F1934798135FF72F990FB4EFBA1.text	03F31F1934798135FF72F990FB4EFBA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata fithianae Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata fithianae,  sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 3, 6; Figures 2G–H; 11A–S; 12A–X; 13A–G; 14A–Y; 15A–S; 16A –HH; 32A–H; 33A–I)</p><p>? 1880  Bairdia foveolata Brady—Brady, p. 55, pl. 8, figs. 1a–f, 2a–f (part).</p><p>? 1960  Bairdia milne-edwardsi Brady—Puri, p. 131, Pl. 6, figs. 14–15.</p><p>1974  Bairdoppilata sp. —Maddocks, p. 209 (part; not Pl. 2, figs. 4–7, 18 =  Ba. floreana).</p><p>? 1980  Bairdia sp. aff.  B. bradyi van den Bold—Fithian, p. 100, Pl. 2, figs. 3a–b. (Unpublished dissertation)</p><p>Derivation of Name: For Patricia A. Fithian, who first recognized bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition in this species group.</p><p>Material Examined: 169 specimens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4151 LV, USNM 1751266 .  Paratype specimens 4152 LV, USNM 1751267;  4181 RV, USNM 1751268;  4186Car, USNM 1751269;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751270-1751295 .</p><p>Type Locality: UH 2376. Bahamas, off Harbour Lodge Beach, Hope Town, Atlantic Ocean side (east). 26 o 32’N, 76 o 57’W. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.95/lat 26.533333)">On Elbow Cay</a>, east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.95/lat 26.533333)">Great</a> Abaco <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.95/lat 26.533333)">Island</a>, coral reef, water depth 30–35 feet; 100 yards offshore, sandy bottom, non-turbid, within living reef growing on large limestone blocks  .</p><p>Occurrence: Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, Florida, Flower Gardens, Grand Cayman, Jamaica (Table 1).</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4151 LV, L 0.879 mm, H 0.510 mm .  Paratype specimen 4152 LV, L 0.907 mm, H 0.519 mm .  Paratype specimen 4181 RV, L 0.813 mm, H 0.453 mm . Paratype specimen 4186Car, L 0.845 mm, W 0.394 mm. Paratype specimen 4187Car, L 0.782 mm, W 0.343 mm. See also Graph 3.</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace medium-sized, relatively high; dorsally arched, nearly symmetrical lateral outline, stubby caudal process; opaque patch pattern with oblong central spot and small, circular anterior and posterior spots.</p><p>Description: Carapace nearly symmetrical in right-lateral view with moderate dorsal overreach; broadly arched dorsal margin, steeply sloping anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins, gently curved anteroventral margin, and level ventral margin (Figure 15G, K, M–O). Caudal process distinct, thick, bluntly terminated, somewhat swollen but not ridged; subtle, perhaps illusory swelling may be present at anterior angle (Figures 12A, C, E, F, I, L, N, P, R, U, X; 15A–S; 16R–V). Slender in dorsal and ventral view, only slightly swollen medially, with evenly curving lateral margins, acutely tapering anterior end, and more constricted posterior end (Figure 16A–J).</p><p>LV opaque patch pattern includes dense central spot and two dorsal spots, either separate and diffuse or distinct and connected to central spot by lighter streaks to suggest Y-shape; RV has more oblong central spot and more diffuse dorsal spots; anterior and posterior spots circular, not extended vertically (Figure 11A–S).</p><p>Ligamental striation on hinge surfaces; well-developed supplemental dentition (Figure 16P–R, X –AA, DD– HH). Duplicature wide, vestibules narrow or absent (Figures 11A–S; 12A–S, U, W–X; 15J–L). Selvages nearly straight, edged by brown thread of chitin; flange narrow (Figures 12S–V; 15J–L; 16P–Q). LV anteroventral and posteroventral margins smooth, or punctate surface ornament may overrun edge as a narrow, scalloped edging; RV anteroventral and posteroventral margins smooth, thickened, very slightly out-turned (Figures 12A–X; 16S).</p><p>Juvenile instars with more extended caudal process (Figure 14A–J). Opaque pattern of juvenile A-1 instar a broad vertical streak in the LV, with two separate dorsal spots in Y-shape; but broad vertical streak of RV is continuous from ventral to dorsal margin; small anterior and posterior spots (Figure 14A–B, F–G). In A-2 instar, central streak narrower, not as dark, with cloudiness in dorsal region of LV but not RV; anterior and posterior spots faint (Figure 14C–D, H–I). In A–3 instar, central streak smaller, lighter; anterior and posterior spots missing (Figure 14E, J, S).</p><p>Juvenile A–1 LV anteroventral and posteroventral margins smooth; RV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin with tiny spines (Figure 14A–B, F–G, L). Juvenile A–2 LV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin with sharp spines; RV anteroventral and posteroventral margins with uncalcified edge-strip (Figure 14C–D, H–I, M–P). Juvenile A–3 LV anteroventral margin with frill; posteroventral margin with sharp, triangular spines (Figure 14E, J, Q–T).</p><p>Remarks:  Ba. fithianae is the most widely distributed species in the present collections. Morphologically it is the most central and least distinctive of the six species in the  Ba. fithianae species group. Nevertheless, it is recognizable by its arched, nearly symmetrical lateral outline, stubby caudal process, and opaque patch pattern with circular anterior and posterior spots. Small differences are evident in size and opaque patch pattern between specimens at different localities, which are considered to represent intraspecific variation (Figure 11A–S).</p><p>On some specimens, the anteroventral and posteroventral edges may be thickened and slightly elevated or out-turned, producing a short reversal of curvature near the margin. In a few specimens, the minutely punctate surface ornamentation overruns the anteroventral and posteroventral margins to form a narrow, scalloped edging. These features resemble the sima and velum of  Ba. sima, but they are inconsistently expressed and much less strongly developed. Overreach of the anterior and posteroventral margins in lateral, dorsal and ventral silhouette is normal (LV&gt;RV).</p><p>One rather small specimen (4183RV from Jamaica) is considered to be a juvenile A-1 instar, although it has a weakly calcified inner lamella, which is almost as broad as that of the adults (Figure 14U–Y). A narrow, thickened rim wraps around all edges of the inner lamella, from the inner margin to the line of concrescence. This specimen is interpreted to be a juvenile that had not yet molted. During molting, the carapace splits along the groove outside this rim (ecdysial suture), and this crescentic plate of weakly calcified inner lamella then separates as an isolated fragment, too fragile to be preserved. These phenomena were discussed briefly by Maddocks (2022, p. 305) for other species of  Bairdoppilata .</p><p>Brady (1880) reported and illustrated two “varieties” of  B. foveolata from a dredging off Bermuda, but on the basis of his drawings, neither of them can be identified with  Ba. fithianae .</p><p>Puri (1960) reported  Bairdia milne-edwardsi Brady, 1869 C, from three stations in Florida Bay, comparing his specimens to the “more typical” of the two forms subsequently illustrated under this name by Brady (1880) from Bermuda. Puri did not provide distinguishing remarks for  B. foveolata (mentioned only in his Table 1) and  B. milneedwardsi, and it is possible that these are inconsistent appellations for what he considered to be a single species. Bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition was not mentioned. His dimensions (L 0.811 mm, H 0.473 mm) would plot within the lower part of the LV cluster for the population of  Ba. fithianae,  sp. nov., from Florida (Graph 3). Puri’s drawings (Pl. 6, figs. 14, 15) show points of resemblance to  Ba. fithianae,  sp. nov.: the moderate LV&gt;RV dorsal overreach, the high-arched but asymmetrical dorsal margin, the nearly level ventral margin, the slightly swollen but not ridged caudal process, and the crisply punctate surface.</p><p>Maddocks (1974) reported  Bairdoppilata sp. from the Flower Gardens, but specimens of four species were included in the material:  Ba. collaevata,  Ba. diatreta, Ba,  fithianae, and  Ba. floreana . The illustrations show  Ba. floreana . The statement that “the species is also living on the Bermuda platform” applies only to  Ba. fithianae .</p><p>Fithian (1980) illustrated the exterior and interior of a RV identified as  Bairdia sp. aff.  B. bradyi van den Bold. She remarked on the presence of bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition, which (she said) distinguishes this species from  Bairdia bradyi and had not been mentioned previously by Bold (1957) and other authors. She also noted similarities to and distinctions from two other species,  Bairdia teeteri Allison &amp; Holden, 1971 and  Paranesidea bensoni Teeter, 1975 . The lateral outline of the illustrated RV and the dimensions (L 0.83 mm, H 0.45 mm) would be acceptable for  Ba. fithianae, although RV are not as easily identifiable as LV, and coating for SEM obscures the opaque patch pattern. She stated that it occurs in coarse sediments around northeastern Trinidad.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F1934798135FF72F990FB4EFBA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F1934718133FF72FB17FB15F9D0.text	03F31F1934718133FF72FB17FB15F9D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata floreana Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata floreana,  sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 4, 6; Figures 2I–J; 17A–N; 18A–Q; 19A–T; 20A–P; 21A–N; 32L–N; 33L–O)</p><p>1974  Bairdoppilata sp. —Maddocks, p. 209 (part), Pl. 2, figs. 4–7, 18).</p><p>Material Studied: 60 specimens.</p><p>Derivation of Name: Loosely based on the Latin adjective floreus, -a, -um, flowery; for the Flower Gardens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4223Car, USNM 1751296 .  Paratype specimens 990Car, USNM 1751297;  4224Car, USNM 1751298;  4227Car, USNM 175199;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751300–1751310 .</p><p>Type Locality: Flower Gardens, UH 1613, East Flower Garden Bank, Gulf of Mexico. 27 o 55’N, 93 o 36’W. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.6/lat 27.916666)">Recent</a> sand, water depth 70 feet  .</p><p>Occurrence: Flower Gardens,  Gyre st. 7.</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4223Car, LV L 0.860mm, LV H 0.508 mm, RV L 0.865 mm, RV H 0.450 mm .  Paratype specimen 900Car, LV L 0.926 mm, LV H 0.532 mm, RV L 0.932 mm, RV H 0.477 mm . Paratype specimen 4224Car, L 0.973 mm, W 0.427 mm. Paratype specimen 4227Car, L 0.857 mm, W 0.366 mm. See also Graph 4.</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace streamlined, relatively long, low, and thin, with prolonged caudal process; oblong central opaque patch but no dorsal, anterior or posterior spots.</p><p>Description: Carapace high-arched, slightly asymmetrical, with substantial dorsal overreach and level to slightly convex ventral margin; caudal process prolonged, low-set, slightly swollen but not ridged; anterodorsal corner not swollen (Figures 17A–G; 19A, F, H–I, Q–T; 21J–L). Dorsal outline elongate, diamond-shaped with curved margins, tapering anterior end and more produced posterior end (Figures 19C–D, J–K; 21C).</p><p>Opaque patch pattern in both valves consists of dark central streak, tapering above and below, not quite reaching ventral or dorsal margin; no discrete dorsal spots, no anterior and posterior spots (Figure 17A–G).</p><p>Hinge with fine, sharp-edged ligamental striation on both valves, accommodation groove on LV; supplemental dentition present, but RV denticles difficult to discriminate from granular valve edge, and LV locules shallow and narrow (Figures 19G; 20A–I, L–M; 21G–I). Duplicature wide, vestibules moderately deep (Figures 17A–L; 20A–C, J–L). LV anteroventral margin smooth or with wide frill, posteroventral margin smooth or with row of small spines; RV anteroventral margin smooth or with wide frill; posteroventral margin smooth or with row of nodular spines (Figures 17H–L; 19H–I; 20A–D, G, J–L; 21B, D, J–L).</p><p>Surface punctation and honeycomb structure clearly expressed in juveniles (Figure 18F, M). Juvenile A–1 LV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin with 12 tiny spines; RV anteroventral margin with remnants of frill, posteroventral margin with narrow frill (Figure 18A–B, F–G, K–L, N–O). Juvenile A–2 LV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin with 10 sharp spines; RV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin with needle-shaped spines (Figure 18C–D, H–I). Juvenile A–3 RV anteroventral margin has a frill; posteroventral margin has a row of 8 conical spines (Figure 18E, J).</p><p>Remarks: The reduced opaque patch pattern, sinuous outlines, and low-set, prolonged caudal process separate this species from others of the  Ba. fithianae group.</p><p>One damaged fragment of A2 shows a rather short distal claw and the socket where an enlarged anterodistal claw was formerly inserted (Figure 20N). The posterior margin of the plate of the esophageal valve has a regular row of about 14 small, rounded teeth, with the end teeth set apart from the others by a gap (Figure 20O–P). Both of these attributes are characteristic for the Genus  Bairdoppilata (Maddocks 2018, 2022). The remaining body parts are fragmentary and insufficient for identification of the species.</p><p>Maddocks (1974, p. 209) identified  Bairdoppilata sp. from the West Flower Garden, but specimens of  Ba. collaevata,  Ba. diatreta, and  Ba. fithianae were also included in that material. The illustrations show  Ba. floreana . The comment that “it is also living on the Bermuda platform” applies only to  Ba. fithianae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F1934718133FF72FB17FB15F9D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F193477812FFF72F983FB40F85D.text	03F31F193477812FFF72F983FB40F85D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata hypsiliformis Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata hypsiliformis sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 5, 6; Figure 2K; 22A–L; 23A–R; 24A–U; 32O–Q; 33P–R)</p><p>Derivation of Name: from ύψιλον, or upsilon, the 20 th letter of the Greek alphabet, plus the Latin suffix formis, -is, -e, having the shape of; in reference to the Y-shaped opaque patch pattern of the LV.</p><p>Material Examined: 47 specimens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4173Car, USNM 1751311 .  Paratype specimens 4092 RV, USNM 1751312;  4171 LV, USNM 1751313;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751314–1751322 .</p><p>Type Locality: UH 2743. Belize, near Caye Chappel. 17 o 42’N, 88 o 03’W. 500–600 feet  from shore, windward side of island, outside of barrier reef.  Water depth 80 feet  .</p><p>Occurrence: Belize, Roatan (Table 1).</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4173Car, LV L 0.909 mm, LV H 0.567 mm, RV L 0.896 mm, RV H 0.495 mm .  Paratype 4171 LV, LV L 0.831 mm, LV H 0.490 mm.  Paratype 4092 RV, RV L 0.808 mm, RV H 0.421 mm. Paratype specimen 4189Car, L 0.816 mm, W 0.472 mm.  Paratype specimen 4239 Car, L 0.815 mm, W 0.355 mm. See also Graph 5. LV are significantly longer and higher than RV. Presumed females are longer and have more posterodorsal expansion than males .</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace medium-sized in all proportions, broadly arched with indistinct posterodorsal angle; Yshaped opaque patch pattern, anterior and posterior opaque spots broad and vertically extended.</p><p>Description: Carapace in right-lateral view broadly and asymmetrically arched, with substantial overreach, greatest height located slightly anterior to mid-length; with break in slope at indistinct posterodorsal angle; ventral margin approximately level or weakly convex; caudal process short, thick and bluntly terminated, only slightly swollen and not ridged (Figure 24D–H). Dorsal and ventral outlines slender, thickest at mid-length, sinuously tapering toward narrowly and nearly equally rounded ends (Figure 24P–T).</p><p>Opaque patch pattern Y-shaped in LV, consisting of broad vertical streak, tapering to ventral margin, which joins two thick, divergent dorsal branches; fork between dorsal branches clear, cloudy, or dark (Figures 22A–F; 24A–C). RV with broad, continuous opaque streak, slightly thicker centrally, which extends from ventral margin to dorsal region. Anterior and posterior spots very broad, triangular, extended both dorsally and ventrally in both valves.</p><p>Well-developed supplemental dentition. Valve edges broadly beveled or eroded (Figures 22G–J; 24K–O). ZC broad, with shallow to non-existent vestibules (Figure 22A–F). LV selvages curved, set close to margins; RV flange has broad nodular zone (Figures 22G–H; 24K, O). All margins of LV and RV smooth (Figures 22G–J; 24F, U).</p><p>Surface of A–1 instar glossy, punctate, resembling adult (Figure 23A–F). LV opaque patch in A–1 instar a broad vertical streak of variable intensity and irregular contours, which extends from ventral to dorsal margin; dorsal spots separate or merged as dark streak; anterior and posterior spots thick and high, extended both vertically and horizontally (Figure 23A–B, I, K–R).</p><p>Juvenile A–1 LV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin has spines or broken nubs; RV anteroventral margin with frill, posteroventral margin has fragmentary spines (Figure 23A–R).</p><p>Remarks:  Ba. hypsiliformis resembles  Ba. thyreoides in lateral outline and opaque patch pattern, but most specimens show less transparency in the lateral fields.  Ba. hypsiliformis tends to be smaller than  Ba. thyreoides, although there is some overlap between the LV and RV clusters for both species (Graph 5). The posterodorsal region of  Ba. hypsiliformis may be slightly expanded, producing a loaf-shaped or broad-shouldered lateral silhouette in supposed females, whereas in  Ba. thyreoides the posterodorsal corner is lower and less distinct, and the dorsal margin slopes more steeply. The Y-shaped opaque pattern is densely developed in both valves of  Ba. hypsiliformis, whereas  Ba. thyreoides generally has only an oblong central spot and no dorsal spots in the RV.</p><p>For  Ba. hypsiliformis, the LV cluster is offset (up and to the right) with respect to the RV cluster, which is the usual relationship in  Bairdiidae . Two non-overlapping size clusters are evident for both LV and RV in Graph 5, which may represent males (smaller) and females (larger). With some uncertainty, one juvenile instar is recognized. There are no significant differences in size or appearance between populations from Roatan Island (Honduras) and the Belize platform.</p><p>Teeter (1975) did not illustrate this or any similar species in his survey of the Belize fauna.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F193477812FFF72F983FB40F85D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F19346C8126FF72FF4AFD02FC79.text	03F31F19346C8126FF72FF4AFD02FC79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata sima Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata sima sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 2, 6; Figures 2L–M; 25A–T; 26A–L; 27A–V; 28A–S; 29A–I; 32W–X; 33Y–Z)</p><p>Derivation of name: Latin adjective simus, -a, -um; meaning upturned, splayed; from the Greek σῑμός, meaning bent upwards. In architecture, the sima is the up-turned edge of a roof or eave, which functions as a gutter.</p><p>Material Examined: 36 specimens.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4104Car, USNM 1751323;  Paratype specimens 4150 RV, USNM 175124;  4165 LV, USNM 1751325;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751326–1751330 .</p><p>Type Locality: UH 2638, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-17.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -17.916666/lat 18.466667)">Montego Bay</a>, Jamaica. 18 o 28’N, 17 o 55’W. Sand from back-reef, water depth 20 feet  (6 m) .</p><p>Occurrence: Jamaica, Roatan, U.S. Virgin Islands.</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4104Car, LV L 0.846 mm, LV H 0.448 mm, RV L 846, RV H 424 .  Paratype specimen 4165 LV, L 0.816 mm, H 0.457 mm .  Paratype specimen 4150 RV, L 0.891 mm, H 0.472 mm .  Paratype specimen 4105 Car, L 0.859 mm, W 0.379 mm. See also Graph 2. In Graph 2, the LV cluster is relatively compact, but the RV cluster is more drawn out. Some RV may even be longer than LV, because of the extended anteroventral flange .</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace short and low; edges of both valves subtly flared to form sima; lateral surface not abruptly compressed marginally; LV posteroventral region not prolonged, without spines; RV may reach or overreach LV anteriorly and posteroventrally, because of exaggerated width of flanges.</p><p>Description: Carapace broadly and nearly symmetrically arched in right-lateral view, highest anterior to mid-length, with moderate dorsal overreach; anterodorsal angle distinct, anteroventral margins unequally curved, not matching; RV anteroventral velum projecting beyond LV, posteroventral velum sagging below LV (Figures 25A– B, M–N; 27A–M, P–Q; 29B, D, G). Caudal process prominent, slightly up-turned, thick, swollen but not ridged (Figures 25A–B, D, E, G, J–K, M; 27A–I, K–L; 29C, I). Marginal region of both valves compressed, with edge flaring or subtly up-curved, forming shallow concavity or marginal channel (sima) (Figure 27J–M). Dorsal and ventral outlines elongate, thickest near mid-length, with gently curved flanks, tapering smoothly to anterior end and more acutely produced posterior end; valve overreach reversed (RV&gt;LV) in some specimens because of expanded RV flanges; edges not meeting because of flared margins (sima), nodular openings of RPC visible in gape (Figure 27N–S).</p><p>Opaque patch pattern symmetrical in both valves, large, circular, diffuse, occupying much of central area, continuing dorsally as narrower stripe; no anterior or posterior spots (Figure 25A–B, M–N). In juveniles, central stripe narrower, lighter (Figure 26A–D).</p><p>Hinges with well-developed ligamentary striation; conspicuous supplemental dentition (Figure 28A–B, E–O, Q–S). ZC wide, with vestibules of shallow to moderate depth (Figures 25A–T; 28A–B, E–F). Anteroventral and posteroventral selvages sinuous to straight in both valves (Figures 25C, F, H–I, L, M; 28A–B; 29A–B). Anterior and posteroventral vela very deep, especially in RV, with wide nodular zone at base of selvage (Figures 25E–I, K–L, Q–R; 28G–H, Q; 29A–G, I).</p><p>Both LV and RV of the juvenile instar A–1 have smooth anteroventral and posteroventral margins (Figure 26A–H).</p><p>Remarks:  Ba. sima resembles  Ba. fimbriata in general outline, carapace inflation, and densely punctate surface. Ideally,  Ba. fimbriata is distinguished by the spinose posteroventral projection of the LV; whereas  Ba. sima is distinguished by the flared edges and submarginal sima of both valves, and the conspicuously sagging posteroventral velum of the RV. RV of  Ba. fimbriata and LV of  Ba. sima are less remarkable, however, and isolated or abraded specimens are not as easy to assign.</p><p>In Graph 2, both the LV and RV clusters of  Ba. sima are rather compact, and there is insufficient evidence to distinguish hypothetical sexual dimorphism. LV of  Ba. sima are not as high in proportion to length as  Ba. fimbriata, but RV of the two species show no clear distinction in H:L proportions. The single RV from Roatan and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not differ in size from the Jamaica population.</p><p>In dorsal and right-lateral views of  Ba.sima there may be reversed overreach, both anteriorly and posteroventrally, because of the exaggerated RV vela; whereas  Ba. fimbriata shows little if any departure from normal bairdian overreach (LV&gt;RV). In  Ba. sima the curvature of the lateral flanks is gradual, without abrupt marginal constriction; the valve edge is weakly recurved to form a shallow concavity (sima), and a gap may be evident between posteroventral valve edges in ventral view. In  Ba. fimbriata the LV is more abruptly inflated centrally, with a surrounding, more compressed marginal brim.</p><p>Compared to  Ba. fithianae,  Ba. sima is not as high, relative to length. The caudal process of  Ba. sima tends to be less inflated than in  Ba. fithianae . The anteroventral and posteroventral flanges of the RV are of variable width in  Ba. sima, from moderately to extremely wide, but they are of narrow to moderate width in  Ba. fithianae .</p><p>Ba. sima differs from most species of  Bairdoppilata by the exaggerated RV vela. A somewhat comparable but less extreme feature was illustrated for the RV of  Ba. japonica by Horikoshi et al. (2019, p. 457, Figs. 4C–D, 6B, 7–9), but it does not protrude beyond or hang below the margins of the LV.  Ba. japonica has posteroventral marginal denticles in the LV and striate anteroventral and posteroventral frills in the RV, but  Ba. sima lacks marginal denticles. Overall,  Ba. japonica does not resemble  Ba. sima, being non-caudate and much less elongate, and the valve margins are not flared to form a sima.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F19346C8126FF72FF4AFD02FC79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F1934628123FF72FC2BFD4EFC5D.text	03F31F1934628123FF72FC2BFD4EFC5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata thyreoides Maddocks 2025	<div><p>Bairdoppilata thyreoides sp. nov.</p><p>(Graphs 5, 6; Figures 2N–O; 30A–T; 31A–S; 32I–K; 33J–K)</p><p>Material Studied: 45 specimens.</p><p>Derivation of Name: New Latin  thyreoides, third-declension, one-termination adjective; from ancient Greek θυρεοειδής, shield-shaped; in reference to the shape of the central opaque patch.</p><p>Types:  Holotype specimen 4180 LV, USNM 1751331 .  Paratype specimens 4153 RV, USNM 1751332;  4154 RV, USNM 1751333;  4179 LV, USNM 1751334;  illustrated specimens USNM 1751335–1751338 .</p><p>Type Locality: Bahamas, UH 2376. Off Harbour Lodge Beach, Hope Town, Atlantic Ocean side (east side). 26 o 32’N, 76 o 57’W. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.95/lat 26.533333)">On Elbow Cay</a>, east side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.95/lat 26.533333)">Great</a> Abaco <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.95/lat 26.533333)">Island</a>, coral reef, water depth 30–35 feet; 100 yards offshore, sandy bottom, non-turbid, within living reef growing on large limestone blocks  .</p><p>Occurrence: Bahamas.</p><p>Dimensions:  Holotype specimen 4180 LV, LV L 0.972mm, LV H 0.567 mm .  Paratype specimen 4179 LV, LV L 0.891 mm, LV H 0.509 mm .  Paratype specimen 4153 RV, RV L 0.876 mm, RV H 0.468 mm .  Paratype specimen 4154 RV, RV L 0.914 mm, RVH 0.493 . Paratype specimen 4184Car, L 0.833 mm, W 0.356 mm. Paratype specimen 4185Car, L 0.872 mm, W 0.386 mm. See also Graph 5.</p><p>Diagnosis: Carapace long, moderately high; LV with shield-shaped central opaque spot, dorsal spots separate or connected to central spot; anterior and posterior opaque spots very wide and vertically extended; lateral fields moderately transparent.</p><p>Description: Carapace outline elongate-oval, with high, nearly symmetrically domed dorsal margin, moderate overreach, steep anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins, level ventral margin, and obliquely curved anteroventral and posteroventral margins (Figures 29B–C; 30F–G). Caudal process conspicuous, straight, slightly swollen but not ridged, and set at about one-third height (Figures 29A–E; 30P). Dorsal and ventral outlines slender, with curved contours, tapering to narrow anterior angle, and abruptly constricted, especially in LV, just in front of narrowly produced posterior end (Figure 30A–D). Valve edges tightly compressed at anterior and posterior ends, not flared.</p><p>Opaque patch pattern shows intense contrast (Figure 29A–E); shield-shaped central streak of LV has symmetrically sloping dorsal edges, tapers downward to ventral margin; two large dorsal spots connected in Ypattern or separated by cloudy region. Lozenge-shaped central spot of RV narrows downward, almost to ventral margin; thinner streak may connect to dorsal margin. Anterior and posterior spots large and dense, triangular, broad and tall, extended dorsally, ventrally, and horizontally.</p><p>Hinge unremarkable (Figure 30J). Bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition present, but RV denticles tiny, hard to see (Figure 30N–O). ZC wide with shallow vestibules (Figure 29A–M). Selvages curved, close to margins; flanges narrow (Figure 29H–N). LV anteroventral margin smooth or with fragments of a frill, posteroventral margin smooth; RV anteroventral and posteroventral margins smooth (Figures 29F–N; 30F–M).</p><p>Juvenile A–1 LV anteroventral margin with fragments of a frill; posteroventral margin smooth (Figure 29P– R).</p><p>Remarks: In shape and opaque patch pattern,  Ba. thyreoides resembles  Ba. hypsiliformis . In side by side comparison of specimens, it differs by the shape of the central opaque spot and the less strongly etched punctation, so that the mid-lateral fields are almost smooth and more transparent than in  Ba. hypsiliformis .  Ba. thyreoides tends to be larger than  Ba. hypsiliformis, although there is some overlap between the LV and RV clusters for both species (Graph 5). In  Ba. thyreoides the posterodorsal corner is lower and less distinct than in  Ba. hypsiliformis, and the posterodorsal margin slopes more continuously.  Ba. thyreoides generally has only an oblong central spot and indistinct or no dorsal spots in the RV, whereas the Y-shaped opaque pattern is densely developed in both valves of  Ba. hypsiliformis . In the samples studied,  Ba. thyreoides occurs only in the Bahamas, and  Ba. hypsiliformis only in Belize and Roatan (Table 1). On the preponderance of available evidence, they are considered here to be separate species.</p><p>In Graph 5, the LV cluster is strongly offset (up and to the right) relative to the RV cluster, which is the normal valve asymmetry in  Bairdiidae . Both LV and RV clusters suggest sexual dimorphism, with the larger individuals likely to be females. One A–1 instar is recognized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F1934628123FF72FC2BFD4EFC5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F193467815CFF72FBC7FA17FCE5.text	03F31F193467815CFF72FBC7FA17FCE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdia bradyi	<div><p>Bairdia bradyi and The Illusory Truth Effect</p><p>Cognitive psychologists warn us of the Illusory Truth Effect: The perceived truthfulness of a statement increases as a logarithmic function of the number of repetitions (Hasher et al. 1977; Brashier et al. 2020; Hassan &amp; Barber 2021). Politicians and writers of advertising slogans profit by exploiting this tendency. But, repetition of an assertion does not make it true. In the case of species identifications, caution is necessary in the compilation of regional species lists. Even if a name was originally applied with reservations or uncertainty, its repetition in regional checklists, secondary compilations, and electronic databases tends to confer incremental authority to that identification.</p><p>The supposed occurrence of  B. bradyi in the New World derives from the influence of two eminent authorities, G.S. Brady and W.A. van den Bold. For Caribbean researchers of the mid-20 th Century, Brady’s (1880) identification of  B. foveolata at Bermuda and at five other locations around the globe was considered credible, in spite of his expressed reservations and the numerous discrepancies of the drawings. W.A. van den Bold and his students reported  B. bradyi throughout the Caribbean, although the species to which this name was applied were heterogeneous.</p><p>Three generic re-combinations have been proposed for  B. bradyi: Holden (1976) identified late Cenozoic fossils of  Bairdoppilata sp. aff.  B. bradyi (Bold) from drillholes on Midway Island but did not discuss the reclassification. Kontrovitz (1978) reported  Paranesidea sp. cf.  P. bradyi (Bold) from the Pleistocene of South Florida but did not mention any reason for the generic re-assignment. The brevity of accompanying taxonomic discussion suggests that both Holden and Kontrovitz considered only the material under examination (from Midway and Florida), not the nominotypical population of  B. bradyi in New Caledonia. In a regional checklist, Hanai et al. (1980) accepted Brady’s (1880) subsequent misidentifications of  B. foveolata from Java and Hong Kong. They re-assigned the species to  Neonesidea, without taxonomic discussion, and without citing the original description from the type locality in New Caledonia.</p><p>Both Holden and Kontrovitz deliberately recorded uncertainty about the species identification by their use of open nomenclature. “Cf.” suggests that critical information is missing, perhaps by reason of poor preservation, whereas “aff.” leans toward the probability that the material does not truly belong to that species but to a different, unnamed species (Bengston 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016). Taxonomists understand these conventions and depend on them for recording uncertainty about species identifications. Species synonymies, secondary taxonomic compilations, and regional species lists that are published in books and journals generally repeat the species identification exactly as given by an author, including cf. or aff., thus ensuring that the doubts of the original author remain a matter of record. In the Caribbean region, 5 of the 16 misidentifications of  B. bradyi were recorded with uncertainty, using cf. or aff.</p><p>The ICZN (1961, 1999) has made no Rule or Recommendation concerning Open Nomenclature. Likewise, it does not require that generic recombinations be justified, or even intentional, because the Rules explicitly refrain from restricting taxonomic decisions. In the case of  B. bradyi, two of the three generic recombinations were applied to uncertain identifications in open nomenclature, while the third was based on a probable misidentification. None of them considered the New Caledonian population.</p><p>With the emergence of electronic databases and search engines, there is a tendency toward the “rounding up” of such untidy designations as cf. and aff. This tends to distort taxonomic communication, giving the appearance of certainty where originally there was none. With a single click, a mistake (such as misunderstanding  B. bradyi to be a sp. nov., rather than a nom. nov. for an existing species) can effectively transfer the application of a name to a different species in a different part of the world. The option to select one generic recombination as “accepted” (WoRMS instructions to editors, https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=manual) encourages a taxonomic decision by an editor, perhaps without new or sufficient information. With each click on a database entry, the recorded mis-information takes on more apparent authority. As databases multiply and draw their data from other databases, inconsistencies propagate and become difficult to correct. If databases become the primary resources for future researchers, subtlety will evaporate, allowing AI to extract the desired, though perhaps spurious, consensus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F193467815CFF72FBC7FA17FCE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
03F31F193418815EFF72FC56FE55FC15.text	03F31F193418815EFF72FC56FE55FC15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bairdoppilata fithianae Maddocks 2025	<div><p>The  Bairdoppilata fithianae Species Group</p><p>The term species group is used here as an informal designation for a group of similar species inhabiting a geographic region. Unlike more precisely defined terms, such as species complex and superspecies, it carries no implications concerning monophyly, recency of divergence, allopatry, hybridization, or hierarchical level in a classification. Because there is no information concerning the soft-body anatomy, genetics, reproductive behavior, and stratigraphic record of these eight species of  Bairdoppilata, the term species group should be understood as a descriptive generalization rather than a statement about evolutionary relationships.</p><p>Six of the eight species described here are quite similar. Of these, the most widely distributed and the most central morphologically is  Ba. fithianae sp. nov. Ba. hypsiliformis sp. nov. and  Ba. thyreoides sp. nov. have variable populations, which display some overlap in size, shape and patch patterns. It is suggestive that these two morphotypes have restricted distributions,  Ba. thyreoides sp. nov. only in the Bahamas and  Ba. hypsiliformis sp. nov. only on the Belize-Honduras coast.  Ba. floreana sp. nov. is distinguished by its sinuous shape,  Ba. fimbriata sp. nov. by the comb of blunt spines on the posteroventral flange of the LV, and  Ba. sima sp. nov. by the recurved edges of both valves and the exaggerated flanges of the RV.</p><p>Ba. diatreta sp. nov. and  Ba. collaevata sp. nov. stand somewhat aside from the group. Both are variable, and their plotted dimensions show partial overlap. They share a distinctive, filigree opaque patch pattern, which is sharply etched in  Ba. diatreta sp. nov. but blurred in  Ba collaevata sp. nov. Ba. diatreta sp. nov. is densely punctate, but  Ba. collaevata sp. nov. tends to be more nearly smooth.</p><p>Two other species groups have been demonstrated for  Bairdiidae in the northern Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico (Maddocks 2021). One group includes  Neonesidea longisetosa (Brady, 1902),  N. gerda (Benson &amp; Coleman, 1963),  N. caraionae (Maddocks, 2021), and  N. omnivaga Maddocks, 1986 in Maddocks &amp; Iliffe (1986). Another group includes  Neonesidea dinochelata (Kornicker, 1961),  N. florea Maddocks, 2021, and N. sp. aff.  N. dinochelata of Maddocks (2021).</p><p>Coral reefs, lagoons, and carbonate platforms are discontinuously distributed along the mainland coasts of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, the islands of the Antilles and Bahamas, and far Bermuda. Over this distance (more than 960 nm, 1780 km), dispersal is facilitated by the Antilles Current, Caribbean Current, Loop Current, and the Gulf Stream. It is apparent that the geography of this archipelago provides both dispersion and sufficient isolation to encourage speciation in these swarms of bairdiids.</p><p>Other Tropical Atlantic Species of  Bairdoppilata</p><p>Hartmann (1974) described five species of  Bairdoppilata from the littoral zone of tropical West Africa. None have the caudate outline and crisply punctate exterior that are characteristic of the  Ba. fithianae species group.  Ba. angolaensis Hartmann, 1974 was collected on algae-encrusted rocks at Luanda and Lobito, Angola. The carapace is large (L= 0.91–0.94 mm), finely punctate, steeply arched, and not caudate, resembling  Bairdoppilata sp. 2 of Morais &amp; Coimbra (2017) (see also Maddocks 2022). The anterior and posterior opaque spots extend dorsally and ventrally in the RV, and in the LV they merge with a continuous band around the ventral margin.  Ba. cytheraeformis Hartmann, 1974 was collected on a sandy beach south of Moçamedes, Angola. It shows affinities to the Caribbean species  Ba. magnafasciata and  Ba. parvafasciata Maddocks &amp; Horne, 2024 .  Ba. mocamedesensis Hartmann, 1974 was collected from algae on the rocky coast of Moçamedes, Angola. It is very small (L = 0.62–0.70 mm) and smooth, with a lateral outline resembling  Bairdoppilata ? sp. 2 of Maddocks (1975) (L = 0.55 mm) from Ascension Island. Ba. sp. 32 of Hartmann (1974) is a large (L = 1.00 mm), weakly caudate species collected in a rock pool at Moçamedes, Angola. Ba. sp. 44 of Hartmann (1974) is a very large (L = 1.37 mm), non-caudate species, said to resemble  Ba. angolaensis but more weakly sculptured. It has a central opaque spot connected to a dorsal spot, but no anterior and posterior spots. It was collected at Lüderitzbucht in Southwest Africa (Namibia).</p><p>Maddocks (1975) identified two species of  Bairdoppilata in open nomenclature from Ascension Island, neither of which is similar to the  Ba. fithianae species group described here from the Caribbean.</p><p>Witte (1993, p. 20, Pl. 1, Figs. 1–8) described  Paranesidea multiforma from the coast of Gambia and Senegal. It is likely that two different species were represented among the illustrated specimens. The assignment to  Paranesidea was based on “the muscle scar configuration and carapace morphology,” and bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition was not mentioned. The lateral outlines of the illustrated valves resemble those of the  Ba. fithianae species group. Another illustrated form,  Paranesidea sp. A (p. 21, Pl. 1, Figs. 22–25), has an exaggerated caudal process, which is a common feature in juveniles of  Bairdoppilata .</p><p>From the equatorial shelf of Brazil, Coimbra &amp; Carreno (2002) reported two species of  Bairdoppilata . Both are smooth, high-arched, and non-caudate, unlike the Caribbean species described here. Coimbra et al. (2006) illustrated a RV of  Bairdoppilata sp. from Imarui Lagoon, southern Brazil. Morais &amp; Coimbra (2017) illustrated two species of  Bairdoppilata in open nomenclature from algae of the rocky infralittoral in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, but neither can be identified with any of the Caribbean species described here. Machado et al. (2020, figs. 5G–J) illustrated two species of  Bairdoppilata from the shelf of northeastern and eastern Brazil, neither of which resembles the  Ba. fithianae species group of the Caribbean. Of 131 total species on the northeastern and eastern shelf of Brazil, they reported only 15 species in common with the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico (2  Bairdiidae, no  Bairdoppilata).</p><p>Maddocks (2022) redescribed  Ba.cushmani (Tressler, 1949) from the Bahamas, Belize, Cozumel, Cuba, Florida, Grand Cayman Island, Honduras, and Jamaica, where it is usually the most abundant species of  Bairdoppilata in these assemblages.</p><p>Maddocks &amp; Horne (2024) described  Ba. magnafasciata and  Ba. parvafasciata from the central and northern Caribbean, Bahamas, and Florida. The former may have been identified as  Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870 A by Teeter (1975) from the Belize platform.</p><p>No species of  Bairdoppilata have been reported from other volcanic islands of the Atlantic Ocean: Madeira, the Canary Islands, the Azores, the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago of Brazil, Rocas Atoll of Brazil, or Trindade Island of Brazil [see summary by Maddocks &amp; Horne (2024)].</p><p>Subfossil Morphotypes and Diversity</p><p>Identifications based on subfossil assemblages have both deficiencies (no soft-anatomical information, no ecological parameters) and strengths (comparability to fossil assemblages). The taxa presented here are morphotypes, characterized by shared attributes of the carapace and interpreted as biological species. Figures 32 and 33 provide a visual summary of this swarm. Probable males, females, and juvenile instars have been recognized for each species and delineated on the Graphs 1–5. The geographic distributions (Table 1, Appendix 1) demonstrate both allopatry and occasional sympatry, which support the interpretation as species. Some variability is observable for populations at different localities, but in the absence of ecological data, it is not possible to assess potential environmental influences.</p><p>There is no evidence of gross taphonomic distortion: Of the total 456 specimens for all species pooled (Table 1), 77 (17%) are carapaces, 131 (29%) are LV, and 145 (32%) are RV (approximately equal). Juveniles are only 25% of the total, because of bias in picking and because they are less strongly calcified: Carj 11 (2%), LVj 62 (14%), RVj 41 (9%) .</p><p>In the subfossil assemblages from which these species are described, the most abundant bairdiid species is usually  Neonesidea longisetosa (Brady, 1902) . Other abundant bairdiids include  Ba. cushmani (Tressler, 1949) and several species of  Paranesidea . Species with moderate frequencies include  Ba. magnafasciata Maddocks &amp; Horne, 2024,  Ba. parvafasciata Maddocks &amp; Horne, 2024, and several species of  Neonesidea . By comparison, the species of  Bairdoppilata described here are generally less abundant to uncommon (Table 1, Appendix 1). Even so, it is puzzling that only three of these new species ( Ba. fithianae sp. nov.,  Ba. fimbriata sp. nov.,  Ba. floreana sp. nov.) are potentially recognizable in the illustrations from earlier faunal monographs.</p><p>It is noteworthy that Teeter (1975) did not report  B. bradyi from the Belize platform, nor did he illustrate any species that can be identified with the two described here from Belize ( Ba. hypsiliformis sp. nov. and  Ba. fimbriata sp. nov.).  B. bradyi was not reported from the east and northeast coast of the Yucatan peninsula (Palacios-Fest et al. 1983; Krutak &amp; Gío-Argáez 1994). Krutak (1982) did not report  B. bradyi or any species of  Bairdoppilata from Vera Cruz. Neither  B. bradyi nor any species of  Bairdoppilata was listed from Bermuda by Keyser &amp; Schöning (2000).</p><p>No faunal list is ever complete, and it has never been customary to list species that were expected but did not occur in the samples. Nevertheless, the deliberate notation of absences might have potential value: to evaluate collecting methods, to delineate species ranges, to detect environmental deterioration, and to evaluate the stochastic nature of species dispersion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31F193418815EFF72FC56FE55FC15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maddocks, Rosalie F.	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2025): “ By any other name ”: The saga of Bairdia bradyi van den Bold, 1957 in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with eight new species of Bairdoppilata (Ostracoda, Podocopida). Zootaxa 5628 (1): 1-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5628.1.1
