identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F1AD5D4C79FFE2FF40FA9BFAEBF9C1.text	03F1AD5D4C79FFE2FF40FA9BFAEBF9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Praeanchodemus Will 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Praeanchodemus gen. n.</p>
            <p> Type species.  
Praeanchodemus punctaticeps 
Sp. n., foSSil SpecieS from the Eocene Baltic amber. </p>
            <p>Description. AS the new genuS iS monotypic and baSed on a Single Specimen, neither the interSpecific nor intraSpecific variability of characterS iS known. Herein, we deScribe the new taxon in detail under the genuS deScription and only include colour and dimenSionS of the body partS in the SpecieS’ deScription below.</p>
            <p> Body length: Rather Small compared with average in  Platynini : 5.4 mm in type Specimen. </p>
            <p>MicroSculpture: On head markedly contraSting with microSculpture patternS on pronotum and elytra: DorSal Surface of head with large and deeply engraved lineS forming iSodiametric SculpticellS; pronotum and elytra with much Smaller SculpticellS that are diStinct only on SideS, near baSe of pronotum, and within elytral Striae; pronotal diSc and elytral intervalS without viSible microSculpture even at magnification 100x.</p>
            <p> Head: Size and proportionS averaged for  Platynini , in dorSal view not conStricted towardS neck. DiSc convex, throughout with deep coarSe punctureS (FigS 1, 5, 18). MandibleS (FigS 6–7) Slender, with Scrobe aSetoSe. Labrum 6-SetoSe, clypeuS with a Single Seta each Side. EyeS moderately large, moderately protruded (Fig. 5); templeS rather long (Fig. 15), 0.3 timeS of eye length, weakly wrinkled to neck; Supraorbital furrow indiStinct, two Supraorbital Setae preSent (Fig. 5). Apical tooth of mentum Simple; Setae near mentum tooth Small, inSerted very cloSe together, immediately baSad of mentum tooth, Submentum with two pairS of lateral Setae, outer pair diStinctly Smaller (FigS 6–7). StipeS with a large Seta externally near baSe; penultimate article of maxillary palpuS medially biSetoSe; ligular Sclerite with two Setae near apical margin. Antennae Slender, pubeScent from fourth antennomere onwardS, Scape not markedly enlarged, Same length aS third antennomere, with one Seta on dorSal Side; pedicel 0.6 timeS aS long aS Scape, with a primary apical Seta on ventral Side and a finer apical Seta each on dorSal and ventral SideS; third antennomere without Setae in addition to normal ring of apical Setae. </p>
            <p>Prothorax: In dorSal view Subcordate-Subquadrate, moderately tranSverSe, broadeSt in middle, with baSal margin Slightly broader than apical margin; SideS evenly rounded in anterior 7/8 and Slightly concave near laterobaSal angleS (Fig. 5). Anterior margin moderately concave with front angleS diStinctly protruded, Shortly rounded; baSal bead fine, interrupted in middle. PoSterior margin Straight in middle, with external Sixth markedly bent anteriad; laterobaSal angleS markedly Shifted anteriad, obtuSe, not protruded laterally; baSal bead broadly interrupted in middle. DiSc convex, Slightly but diStinctly rugoSe; baSe coarSely rugoSe, without punctureS. Median longitudinal impreSSion moderately deep in middle, diSappearing near apex and baSe; both anterior and poSterior tranSverSe impreSSionS indiStinct. Lateral gutter narrow throughout, very Slightly widened towardS baSe; laterobaSal depreSSionS rather Shallow. Both lateral and laterobaSal Setae preSent, with laterobaSal Setae located beSide lateral gutter at anterior 1/3 of pronotal length, and laterobaSal Setae located on margin (Fig. 5). ProSternum and proepiSternum Smooth, proSternal proceSS not marginated (Fig. 12); anterior coxal cavitieS cloSed poSteriorly.</p>
            <p>Pterothorax: Elytra markedly convex on diSc (Fig. 16), flattened towardS baSe, elongate-ovate in dorSal view, with ShoulderS moderately broad, humeral angleS and apex Shortly rounded (FigS 10–11). BaSal margin concave, protruded towardS Scutellum and humeruS aS well. All Striae deeply impreSSed, impunctate (Fig. 10); paraScutellar Stria moderately long, not connected to firSt Stria; firSt Stria complete to baSe; intervalS moderately convex; fifth interval not impreSSed at apex. ParaScutellar Seta at baSe of firSt Striae, three diScal Seta on third interval, and Subapical Seta near end of Seventh Stria preSent (FigS 9, 11), with anterior diScal Seta located between anterior fifth to Sixth of elytral length, adjoined to third Stria, middle Seta located Slightly behind elytral middle, adjoined to third Stria, and poSterior Seta located at poSterior elytral Seventh, adjoined to Second Stria; diScal Setae not Set in foSSae. Umbilicate SerieS conSiStS of 15 Setae adjoining eighth Stria, with diStance between 6th and 7th Seta Slightly larger (Fig. 16). MetepiSternum Smooth, Short, with outer margin Slightly longer than anterior margin (FigS 12, 16). Hind wingS reduced to Short StubS.</p>
            <p>LegS: Rather Short. All trochanterS with a Single Seta on external Surface. MeSocoxa with a Single ridge Seta (Fig. 12); metacoxa biSetoSe, without Seta near internal margin (Fig. 13); anterior metacoxal SulcuS Straight. Profemur with a Single Seta on ventral Surface and with two rowS of Six Short Setae on anterior Surface; meSofemur with two Setae on ventral Surface and with two rowS of nine Short Setae on anterior Surface; metafemur with two Setae on ventral Surface (Fig. 13), with dorSal Surface Smooth even near apex. Protibia not modified, with external Surface Smooth. FirSt and Second tarSomereS each with a pair of dorSoapical Setae, latter lacking on diStal tarSomereS; fourth tarSomereS of all legS Simple, with ventro-apical lobeS very Short, with pair of lateroapical Setae preSent and without dorSoapical Setae; ventral SurfaceS of fifth tarSomereS Smooth; clawS Simple. PreSence of lateral longitudinal grooveS on dorSal SurfaceS of tarSomereS could not be confirmed.</p>
            <p>Abdomen: Abdominal SterniteS Smooth beSide normal Setation; V–VI with one, VII with two (female) pairS of Setae near apical margin (Fig. 14).</p>
            <p> Female genitalia: Form of gonocoxiteS aS typical of moSt  Platynini (Fig. 17); baSal gonocoxiteS moderately Stout, apical gonocoxiteS Slender cone-Shaped, very Slightly bent outwardly, with Subapical SetoSe organ preSent; chaetotaxy and internal genital tract could not be Seen nor viSualized. </p>
            <p> Etymology. A compound word, baSed on the Latin prefix “prae-“ and the name of the platynine taxon  Anchodemus MotSchulSky, 1864. The name of the new genuS particularly referS to the externally Similar taxon  Paranchodemus Habu, 1978 , which waS deScribed aS SubgenuS of  Anchodemus and elevated to genuS level by Liebherr (1989a). </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis and relationships. A Small repreSentative of  Platynini with rather Short legS, which iS eaSily diStinguiShed from all other genera of that tribe by the following combination of external characterS: </p>
            <p>1) Setae near mentum tooth inSerted cloSe together, immediately baSad of mentum tooth.</p>
            <p>2) DiSc of head throughout with deep coarSe punctureS.</p>
            <p>3) Head lacking diStinct neck conStriction.</p>
            <p>4) MicroSculpture patternS markedly contraSting on different body partS, with large and deeply engraved lineS</p>
            <p>forming iSodiametric SculpticellS on head and very indiStinct SculpticellS on pronotal and elytral diScS.</p>
            <p>5) Pronotal lateral gutter narrow throughout, laterobaSal depreSSionS Shallow.</p>
            <p>6) Metacoxa biSetoSe, without Seta near internal margin.</p>
            <p>7) Profemur with a Single Seta, meSofemur with only two Setae on ventral Surface.</p>
            <p>8) Metafemur dorSally without apical Setae.</p>
            <p>9) All legS with fourth tarSomere dorSoapical Setae lacking.</p>
            <p>10) All legS with fifth tarSomere Smooth on ventral Surface.</p>
            <p> The poSition of mentum Setae iS conSidered an important indication for SpecieS-group relationShipS (Schmidt 2001a). By far, moSt lineageS of platynine ground beetleS have a Single pair of Setae inSerted caudally of the deep, apical inciSionS of the mentum, laterally of the apical tooth, and thuS, the inSertion pointS of the mentum Setae are located rather diStant from each other (See Schmidt 2001a: FigS 12, 14, 16). In contraSt, the character State obServed in the foSSil  Praeanchodemus gen. n. (character State 1) iS preSent in only Six terminal  Platynini lineageS, and iS conSidered apomorphic. However, given the current State of knowledge, there iS no evidence for cloSe relationShipS of theSe lineageS (Schmidt 2000, 2001a). It iS thuS likely that the adjacent poSition of the mentum Setae evolved within the tribe two or more timeS independently. In the following, the Six relevant lineageS are diScuSSed in more detail and compared with the new foSSil taxon. </p>
            <p> Limodromus MotSchulSky, 1850 : Occurrence of thiS genuS in the foSSil fauna of the Eocene Baltic amber foreStS waS confirmed recently (Schmidt 2015). Monophyly of  Limodromus iS well Supported by highly derived morphology of the aedeagal median lobe that iS unique within  Platynini (Schmidt 2000, 2005). BecauSe deScription of  Praeanchodemus gen. n. iS baSed on a female Specimen the relevant character StateS have not been examined. However, in external characterS, repreSentativeS of  Limodromus are eaSily diStinguiShed from  Praeanchodemus gen. n. by the head, which iS diStinctly conStricted towardS neck, and by the pronotum, which iS large, cordate, and haS lateral gutter and laterobaSal grooveS very broadly developed. WhereaS in  Praeanchodemus gen. n. a baSal conStriction of the head capSule iS lacking, the pronotal lateral gutter iS markedly Small and the laterobaSal depreSSionS are Shallow (See character StateS 3 and 5). In addition, patternS of micro- and macroSculpture of the dorSal Surface of the body are very differently developed in  Limodromus with reSpect to  Praeanchodemus gen. n. (See character StateS 2 and 4) and, in  Limodromus SpecieS the metafemurS bear dorSoapical Setae that repreSent the pleSiomorphic character State, which are completely reduced in  Praeanchodemus gen. n. (See character State 8). ConSequently, due to the lack of apparent SynapomorphieS a cloSe relationShip of  Limodromus and the  Praeanchodemus gen. n. appear unlikely. </p>
            <p> Anchomenus clade sensu Liebherr (1991; compriSing the genera  Anchomenus Bonelli, 1810 (sensu lato),  Elliptoleus BateS, 1882,  Sericoda Kirby, 1837 ,  Tetraleucus CaSey, 1920 ): The hypotheSiS of monophyly for thiS diverSe clade iS baSed on derived character StateS of the female internal genital tract. ThiS part of the tract, however, iS not preServed in the foSSil Specimen. Within the  Anchomenus clade an adjacent poSition of mentum Setae aS developed in  Praeanchodemus gen. n. (character State 1) probably evolved independently Several timeS becauSe it iS obServed in the weStern Palearctic SpecieS of  Anchomenus (  A. cyaneus Dejean, 1828 ,  A. dorsalis Pontoppidan, 1763 ,  A. kurnakovi KryzhanovSkij, 1983 , and the  A. dohrnii SpecieS group sensu Schmidt 2014), aS well aS in Some SpecieS of  Elliptoleus BateS, 1882, and  Sericoda Kirby, 1837 . SpecieS of theSe groupS, however, differ by their leg chaetotaxy: pro- and meSofemur with additional Setae on ventral SurfaceS, metafemur dorSally with apical Setae developed, and all legS with the fifth tarSomere SetoSe on ventral Surface; the pleSiomorphic (character State 7) and reSpectively derived character StateS (8, 10) aS developed in  Praeanchodemus gen. n .. In addition, in the  Anchomenus clade, patternS of micro- and macroSculpture of the dorSal Surface of the body are remarkably different from thoSe of  Praeanchodemus gen. n. In three SpecieS,  Anchomenus virescens MotSchulSky, 1864 from Middle ASia,  A. leucopus BateS, 1873 from Far EaSt ASia, and  A. yukihikoi Habu, 1962 from Japan, a faint denSe puncturing iS developed on head and pronotum (in  A. virescens on whole body Surface) that iS aSSociated with +/- diStinct microSetation. However, thiS puncturing doeS not appear to be homologouS to the diSSimilar, coarSe and irregularly arranged punctureS, which iS not aSSociated with Setation, on diSc of head found in the foSSil  Praeanchodemus gen. n. ConSequently, there iS no certain evidence for cloSe relationShipS of the  Anchomenus clade and  Praeanchodemus gen. n.</p>
            <p> Clade of  Agonum Bonelli, 1810 +  Agonidium Jeannel, 1948 : For thiS clade, an adjacent poSition of mentum Setae iS conSidered a pleSiomorphic character State with multiple tranSformationS to a more lateral poSition (Liebherr &amp; Schmidt 2004). SpecieS of thiS clade Share the Shape of the head, with an indiStinct neck conStriction, with  Praeanchodemus gen. n. (character State 3), however, they differ from the latter by the more derived Shape of pronotum with more rounded hind angleS. DeSpite of the pro- and meSofemoral Setation in Some SpecieS, in the  Agonum +  Agonidium clade chaetotaxy patternS of legS are pleSiomorphic to what iS obServed in  Praeanchodemus gen. n. Although a few SpecieS Share one or two of the above liSted derived character StateS 6 and 8-10 together with  Praeanchodemus gen. n. , thiS iS moSt likely the reSult of convergent evolution. AlSo in the  Agonum +  Agonidium clade patternS of micro- and macroSculpture of the dorSal SurfaceS of the body are very differently developed from thoSe of  Praeanchodemus gen. n. ConSequently, there iS no clear evidence for SynapomorphieS and thuS cloSe relationShipS of the  Agonum -  Agonidium clade and  Praeanchodemus gen. n.</p>
            <p> Platynus Bonelli, 1810 in SenSe of Schmidt (2000) (= the hypolithos group in SenSe of Liebherr 1989b): Monophyly of  Platynus iS well Supported by the highly derived Shape and the Sclerotization patternS of the Spermatheca and the endophalluS, reSpectively. TheSe character StateS are unique within  Platynini (Liebherr 1989b) . However, while the foSSil Specimen iS a female, itS genital tract iS not Sufficiently preServed and So genital characterS cannot be conSidered here. Externally, SpecieS of  Platynus are characterized by a pair of reddiSh brown SpotS on neck which are probably baSed on different Sclerotization patternS of the head capSule (Schmidt 2000). ThiS character State iS not realized in  Praeanchodemus gen. n. Platynus additionally differS from the foSSil SpecieS by having the head with a diStinct neck conStriction, with the pronotum having the lateral gutter and laterobaSal grooveS broadly developed, by a more pleSiomorphic chaetotaxy of the legS, and by different patternS of micro- and macroSculpture of the dorSal SurfaceS of the body. A cloSe relationShip of  Praeanchodemus gen. n. and  Platynus iS thuS very unlikely. </p>
            <p> Paranchodemus Habu, 1978 and the  Rhadine -  Tanystoma lineage sensu Liebherr (1985, 1986, 1989b): Monophyly of the EaSt ASian  Paranchodemus iS well Supported by Several SynapomorphieS of the SpecieS (Liebherr 1989a). The author aSSumeS cloSe relationShipS of  Paranchodemus with the North American genera  Rhadine LeConte, 1848 and  Tanystoma MotSchulSky, 1865 baSed on propoSed SynapomorphieS of the female genital tract (broad duct of the Spermathecal) and tarSal chaetotaxy (fourth tarSomere with dorSoapical Setae lacking). The latter character iS alSo obServed in  Praeanchodemus gen. n. (character State 9). Remarkably, the foSSil taxon haS three additional derived characterS in common with  Paranchodemus which, however, are not developed in the  Rhadine -  Tanystoma lineage: neck punctate (character State 2); pronotal lateral gutter narrow (character State 5); all legS with tarSomere 5 Smooth on ventral Surface (character State 10). One additional derived character  Praeanchodemus gen. n. ShareS together with  Paranchodemus and  Tanystoma , but not with  Rhadine : metafemur dorSally without apical Setae (character State 8). It thuS appearS poSSible that  Praeanchodemus gen. n. iS SiSter group of  Paranchodemus , and both theSe taxa together with  Tanystoma form a monophyletic group. However, the phylogenetic Signal of the character StateS mentioned above iS unknown or weak, Since all but one (the punctate neck) were independently developed in other  Platynini lineageS. In addition,  Paranchodemus differS markedly from the foSSil  Praeanchodemus gen. n. by a large Set of external characterS, e.g., much larger body Size, preSence of a diStinct neck conStriction, finely impreSSed SculpticellS of microSculpture on diSc of head, bifid mentum tooth, lack of the outer pair of Setae at Submentum, lack of Setae at pronotal laterobaSal angleS, preSence of additional Setae at apex of the Seventh elytral Stria, preSence of additional Setae near apical marginS of abdominal SegmentS V- VII, and by the Shape of the apical gonocoxite which iS markedly broad and Stout.  Tanystoma differS markedly by Short mandibleS, Stout mentum tooth, wide pronotal lateral gutter, triSetoSe metacoxa, preSence of additional Setae on ventral Surface of pro- and meSocoxae, SetoSe ventral Surface of fifth tarSomere, and preSence of microSetation on body Surface. </p>
            <p> ConSequently, although we point to Some evidence from external morphology that  Praeanchodemus gen. n. could be part of a lineage compriSing the recent genera  Paranchodemus ,  Rhadine , and  Tanystoma , certain SynapomorphieS were not found and thuS, the actual relationShipS of the foSSil taxon remainS unSettled. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F1AD5D4C79FFE2FF40FA9BFAEBF9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Will, Kipling	Will, Kipling (2017): Description of the first flightless platynine ground beetle preserved in Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 4318 (1): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.1.4
03F1AD5D4C7CFFE3FF40F9F1FEE1FD03.text	03F1AD5D4C7CFFE3FF40F9F1FEE1FD03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Praeanchodemus punctaticeps Sp.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Praeanchodemus punctaticeps 
sp. n. </p>
            <p>FigS. 1-18.</p>
            <p>  Holotype. Female in Baltic amber;  Size of amber piece 14.0 x 7.0 x 6.5 mm, with collection number BB-1752-K in StaatlicheS  MuSeum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany (Fig. 4). </p>
            <p> Preservation status. The amber piece iS clear and in a good conServation State, however, the embedded  Platynini foSSil iS only partly viSible uSing light microScopy due to Several flowlineS adjoining the beetle body (FigS 1-3). Six (left antenna) reSpectively three (right antenna) apical antennomereS are loSt. The hind coxa iS covered by milky coating. The left elytron appearS artificially inflated. The foSSilized exoSkeleton of the Specimen iS in partS markedly Shrunken and thuS diSSociated from the incluSion wall (FigS. 8-11). However, moSt detailS of diagnoStic importance of the external morphology could be reconStructed baSed on both, the remainS of the foSSilized exoSkeleton and the negative imprint of the beetle body on the incluSion wall, uSing micro-CT (FigS. 5- 17). </p>
            <p>Syninclusions. No SynincluSionS except for a few dirt particleS.</p>
            <p>Description. See diagnoSiS and deScription chapterS of the monotypic genuS above.</p>
            <p>MeaSurementS: Body length 5.4 mm; length of head (from tip of half-opened mandible to cervical collar) 1.1 mm; width of head between eyeS 0.9 mm; length of pronotum along midline 1.05 mm; width of pronotum 1.3 mm; length of right elytron (from baSe of Scutellum to apex) 3.3 mm; maximum width of right elytron 0.9 mm. ConSequently, the maximum width of elytra Should be approximately 1.5 mm; the inflated left elytron waS not meaSured.</p>
            <p>ProportionS: Width of pronotum/width of head = 1.43; width/length of pronotum = 1.23; width of pronotum/ width of pronotal baSe between laterobaSal angleS = 1.22; length/width of elytra uSing two timeS width of right elytron = 1.64; width of pronotum/ width of elytra uSing two timeS width of right elytron = 1.40.</p>
            <p>Colour: Unicoloured dark and Shiny, probably Slightly metallic, however, not clearly diStinguiShable in the foSSil Specimen.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The SpecieS epithet referS to the markedly punctate head which iS a conSpicuouS character of the new taxon.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F1AD5D4C7CFFE3FF40F9F1FEE1FD03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Will, Kipling	Will, Kipling (2017): Description of the first flightless platynine ground beetle preserved in Baltic amber (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 4318 (1): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.1.4
