identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FE2943FFA9B939FF3801EDFACDDBEC.text	03FE2943FFA9B939FF3801EDFACDDBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laogarra Kottelat 2025	<div><p>Laogarra gen. nov.</p><p>Type species. Laogarra heokheei sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. The name is formed from the country-name Laos and the generic name Garra . Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Laogarra belongs to the Semilabeoina subtribe (see below) of the tribe Labeonini of Cyprinidae . Laogarra is distinguished from most garras in having the pulvinus margined posteriorly by an almost complete postpulvinal groove, except for a very short median interruption (Fig. 2). The only other labeonine genera with a distinct postpulvinal groove are Supradiscus and Sinigarra .</p><p>Laogarra is additionally distinguished from Supradiscus in having the toral groove without intercalate tissues (vs. with tissues separated from torus and intercalate between torus and pulvinus in the toral groove; Fig. 3) and the posterior edge of the labrum without a posterior median notch (vs. with a notch). Laogarra is distinguished from Sinigarra by the presence (vs. absence) of the torus, the presence (vs. absence) of papillae on the labrum and labella, and the posterior margin of the labrum without a posterior median notch (vs. with a notch reaching forwards to the pulvinus).</p><p>Other diagnostic characters (none of them unique to Laogarra) are as follows. No rostral lobe. No proboscis. No large tubercles on head. Three enlarged scales at caudal-fin base (Fig. 4). Rostral cap covered by papillae, with crenulated edge. Upper lip as a small string of papillae along edge of upper jaw. Jaws transverse, almost straight. Torus strongly curved, covered by papillae; at extremities rounded backwards around sides of pulvinus. Toral groove curved at extremities around sides of pulvinus. Pulvinus roughly triangular, entirely devoid of papillae, with two wrinkles orientated obliquely more or less parallel to lateral edges of pulvinus. Labrum wide, width about half of sagittal length of pulvinus; covered by papillae, about same size as anterior papillae of torus. Labellum weakly marked in holotype, continuous with labrum in paratype. Mandibular barbel at lateral extremity of rostral cap.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2943FFA9B939FF3801EDFACDDBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kottelat, Maurice	Kottelat, Maurice (2025): Laogarra heokheei, a new genus and species of ' garra' from north-eastern Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 5666 (3): 389-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03FE2943FFA8B93DFF3801EDFBD4DA53.text	03FE2943FFA8B93DFF3801EDFBD4DA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laogarra heokheei Kottelat 2025	<div><p>Laogarra heokheei sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 5–7)</p><p>Holotype. MHNG 2797.028, 62.7 mm SL; Laos: Xiangkhouang Province: Nam Mo watershed; Nam Ngiem at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.973335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.01389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.973335/lat 19.01389)">Ban Nam Ngiem</a> [Ban Tamxôy]; 775 masl; 19°00'50"N 103°58'24"E; M. Kottelat &amp; T. Phommavong, 9 May 2023.</p><p>Paratypes. CMK 28985, 2, 23.0– 65.5 mm SL; same data as holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. Laogarra heokheei is distinguished from all other garras by the combination of characters mentioned in the above diagnosis of the genus.</p><p>Description. See Table 1 for morphometric data of holotype and largest paratype. Body moderately elongate, compressed. Dorsal body profile convex from snout to dorsal fin, straight behind dorsal-fin base; ventral profile slightly convex (less arched than dorsal profile). No hump at nape. Head longer than deep, slightly depressed, dorsal profile convex, more so than ventral profile, snout rounded. Interorbital space slightly convex. Caudal peduncle 1.5–1.7 times as long as deep.</p><p>See details of mouth and disc under generic diagnosis. Maxillary barbel short, less than half eye diameter, inserted at anterior extremity of rostral cap; mandibular barbel very short, at lateral extremity of rostral cap (Fig. 2). A few small tubercles on tip of snout and rostral cap.</p><p>Dorsal fin with 4 simple and 8½ branched rays; first branched ray longest; distal edge concave; origin in front of pelvic-fin base; dorso-hypural distance almost reaching tip of snout when reported forward from dorsal-fin origin. Pectoral fin rounded, with 1 unbranched and 13* or 14 branched rays, reaching posteriorly halfway to pelvic-fin base. Pelvic fin rounded, posterior margin straight, with 1 unbranched and 8 branched rays; reaching slightly beyond anus; origin at vertical through base of branched dorsal-fin rays 2 to 3, closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin; axillary scale reaching beyond base of last ray of fin. Anal fin with 3 unbranched and 5½ branched rays; first branched ray longest; distance between tips of first and last branched rays (stretched out) smaller than depth of caudal peduncle. Caudal fin with 9+8* or 8+7 branched rays, forked, lobes pointed, subequal; length of median rays 1.5–1.7 times in length of upper lobe.</p><p>Lateral line complete, with 38+2* or 40+2 pored scales. ½5 scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line row; 6½ scale rows between lateral line row and ventral midline (counted at level of 2 scales in front of pelvic-fin base); 3 scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin; 4* or 4½ scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin; ½3/1/2½ scale rows on caudal peduncle (at narrowest point, elsewhere ½3/1/3½); 14 predorsal scales. Three scales between anus and anal-fin origin. Base of caudal fin with only 3 prominent scales, much larger than scales immediately in front (Fig. 4).</p><p>Coloration. After 1 month in 10% formalin (Figs. 5, 6a). Dorsal half of head and body dark brown, ventral half pale (holotype has darker body and darker pigments extending lower on flank). A darker mid-dorsal stripe. On dark part of body, each scale with a broad margin of densely set pigments, including large scales at caudal-fin base. Some scales entirely covered by dense pigment, appearing almost black.</p><p>Dorsal fin membranes hyaline, with black pigments on proximal part of rays; then along edges of rays and between segments, with pale grey patches between branches. Caudal fin hyaline, with pigments along rays and between segments; upper and lower principal unbranched rays and adjacent 1 or 2 branched rays more densely pigmented and appearing as a dark grey edge. Anal fin hyaline. Pelvic fin hyaline, with small melanophores on dorsal face of all rays, denser on rays 1 and 2. Pectoral fin hyaline, with small melanophores on dorsal face of all rays, denser on rays 1–4.</p><p>Juvenile (Fig. 7): body yellowish grey. Scales with broad band of pigmentation along posterior edge; on lateral-line scales, band of pigments appearing as divided into a pair of spots, above and below line.</p><p>In life and immediately after fixation (Fig. 6b): As for preserved specimens except as follows: head and body greenish brown; scales with black margin. Belly whitish. All fins orange.</p><p>Distribution. Laogarra heokheei is presently known only from the type locality in the Nam Ngiem, in Nam Mo watershed in Laos. The Nam Mo joins the Nam Neun, which becomes the Nam Ka on the Lao-Vietnamese border, and Song Ca in Vietnam, which becomes Song Lam, going on to flow eastwards to the Gulf of Tonkin in Vinh.</p><p>Habitat. At the place of sampling, the Nam Ngiem is a small stream with a high-gradient flow over stones and boulders (Fig. 8). The exact microhabitat was not observed in the field. Other highly rheophilic fish species collected at this locality include: Ageneiogarra cyclostomata, Scaphiodonichthys sp., Vanmanenia sp., Schistura pervagata, and two species of Oreoglanis .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named in honour of Ng Heok Hee, in appreciation for his work on Asian catfishes and our long collaboration in the study of species from Laos. A noun in the genitive case.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2943FFA8B93DFF3801EDFBD4DA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kottelat, Maurice	Kottelat, Maurice (2025): Laogarra heokheei, a new genus and species of ' garra' from north-eastern Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 5666 (3): 389-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03FE2943FFACB93CFF3801A5FDDBDE40.text	03FE2943FFACB93CFF3801A5FDDBDE40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garra	<div><p>On Garra, 'Garra' and garras, and names</p><p>A number of labeonine fishes share the presence of a complex structure that has variously been referred to as a 'sucking disc', 'suctorial disc', 'mental disc', 'lower lip', 'disc on lower lip', 'oromandibular disc', 'orostructure', etc. These fishes have usually been placed in the genus Garra . Here, this structure is simply referred to as a 'disc', without adjective qualifying its position, ontogeny, structure or supposed function. These fishes will be called here under the collective vernacular name 'garra' (plural garras).</p><p>With time, a number of genera were recognized within garras, based mainly on the morphology of the disc. With the advent of molecular analyses, it became apparent that the garras do not constitute a monophyletic lineage, but that they belong to two distinct clades, nested in the subtribes Garraina and Semilabeoina, in each together with species/genera lacking a disc (Yang et al., 2012; Li et al., 2024).</p><p>The names 'Semilabeoina' and 'Osteochilina' have been used since Yang et al. (2012) as informal names for two clades for which no family-group names are available. Since then, these names have been used by several authors without, however, making them formally available. There is no reason that this situation should perdure with a mix of valid names and informal names. I here formally establish the two names. I treat them as subtribes of tribe Labeonini (as had been done by Yang et al. (2012)), but the ranking is subjective and they could just as well be tribes Semilabeoini and Osteochilini of subfamily Labeoninae .</p><p>Semilabeoina, new subtribe . Type genus Semilabeo Peters, 1881 . Diagnosis: this subtribe was informally called 'Semilabeoina' by Yang et al. (2012: 368) who distinguished it as a "robustly supported clade" within the tribe Labeonini . Besides the molecular characters supporting Yang et al.'s tree, a number of morphological characters are shared by the members of the Semilabeoina, but not all are present together in all genera. Most genera have most of the following characters: lower lip and/or gular area thick and fleshy, often elevated, often entirely or partly covered by papillae, in various shapes including disc, lobe, or swelling; lower lip partly or completely missing, leaving anterior edge of lower jaw exposed, sharp; upper lip present or absent; upper lip and upper jaw mostly covered by fleshy rostral fold, which in most genera is covered by papillae, or has a crenulated or fimbriate edge. Limited observations of juveniles suggest that the structures in the gular area might result from the medial confluence of tissues originating from either side of the throat.</p><p>Osteochilina, new subtribe . Type genus Osteochilus Günther, 1868 . Diagnosis: this subtribe was informally called 'Osteochilina' by Yang et al. (2012: 368) who distinguished it as a "robustly supported clade" within the tribe Labeonini . Besides the molecular characters supporting Yang et al.'s tree, a number of morphological characters are shared by members of the Osteochilina, but none can really be used alone to diagnose the whole subtribe. Most genera have the upper lip separated from the rostral cap by a deep groove, smooth, papillated, or crenulated; the rostral cap covers part of or the whole of the upper lip, its margin is smooth, notched, crenulated or papillated; the lower lip is present; there is no spinous ray in the dorsal and anal fins.</p><p>Admittedly, these diagnoses are not perfect and do not apply exactly to all genera and species included in the subtribes. Nevertheless, the names satisfy all the criteria of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, art. 13.1 and are now available for formal use.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2943FFACB93CFF3801A5FDDBDE40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kottelat, Maurice	Kottelat, Maurice (2025): Laogarra heokheei, a new genus and species of ' garra' from north-eastern Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 5666 (3): 389-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03FE2943FFACB931FF380721FECADEF7.text	03FE2943FFACB931FF380721FECADEF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laogarra Kottelat 2025	<div><p>Laogarra and the genera of Semilabeoina</p><p>It is noteworthy that the elements of the disc are not homologous in the different garras. This was to be expected as some garras are presently placed in the subtribe Garraina and others in the subtribe Semilabeoina . Complete developmental series are missing for almost all species, but Kottelat (2020: 166, figs. 15–16) showed, however, that in Garra (subtribe Garraina) the disc forms from tissues of the central gular area, while in Ageneiogarra (subtribe Semilabeoina) it forms by the median fusion of tissues from the sides of the gular area, being notched in juveniles. The single available juvenile of L. heokheei suggests that the situation in Laogarra could be identical to that in Ageneiogarra (Fig. 2c). In some adult specimens of Ageneiogarra the posterior edge of the labrum is slightly concave. A short notch is also present in Supradiscus and Vinagarra (which too, are in Semilabeoina), which suggests the hypothesis that all garras in the Semilabeoina share a similar ontogeny.</p><p>The shape of the mouth, lips, disc and gular area shows a much greater diversity in Semilabeoina than in Garraina . Contrary to the situation in the Garraina of Southwest Asia, authors have recognised several molecular lineages and morphological structures supporting the recognition of different genera among semilabeonine garras, but not always in unambiguous ways, in part because of the problems in naming the different features of the disc, lips and gular area. The naming issue was compounded by the use (at least in English) of a complex terminology inimical to convenient comprehension. Worse, different schools have used different terminologies (e.g., Zhang, 2005; Zhang et al., 2002: 209; Zhang &amp; Zhou, 2012: 18; Nebeshwar &amp; Vishwanath, 2017; Kullander &amp; Fang, 2004: 258). Further, part of this terminology was anatomically incorrect, starting with the denomination of the disc, which is neither mental, nor mandibular, nor oral, but mainly composed of tissues from the gular region (as postulated as early as Hora, 1921b; Rauther, 1928; Minzenmay, 1933). Kottelat (2020) attempted to establish some standardization by using a much simpler terminology, by replacing the confusing multi-word names of the components (e.g., anteromedian fold, anterolateral lobe, lateroposterior flap, central callous pad, etc.) by a single name for each structure. As mentioned above, he also showed that in at least two lineages the ontogeny of the disc differs: the elements are apparently not all homologous between and within Garraina and Semilabeoina .</p><p>Recently, Li et al. (2024) described differences in the components of the disc, but still using the 'old' complex terminology, resulting in a text difficult to follow and understand. Besides, the text in their table 1 cannot be deciphered because of the microscopic font used by the journal, in addition to which it is not possible to extract information from their figure 4, in which the symbols cannot be distinguished, and it is not possible to discern differences between colours. Nevertheless, their conclusions seem to be justified and I largely follow them here, but adopting the terminology of Kottelat (2020).</p><p>As recognized by Li et al. (2024), the Southeast and East Asian garras belong to 10 genera. Eight belong to the subtribe Semilabeoina: Ageneiogarra (known from middle and upper Salween and Mekong drainages, northern Vietnam and southern China), Discocheilus (Pearl River drainage), Discogobio (Red, Pearl and Yangtze drainages), Placocheilus (two species P. caudofasciatus and P. robustus, from the upper Black and Red River drainages), Pseudoplacocheilus (a single species, P. cryptonemus, in the upper Salween drainage), Sinigarra (a single species, S. napoensis, from the Pearl River drainage), Supradiscus (two species in the upper Red and Pearl River drainages) and Vinigarra (four nominal species in the Black River drainage of China and Vietnam). The remaining two genera belong to the subtribe Garraina: Garra (all river drainages from East Asia to Africa), and Ceratogarra (Mekong, Chao Phraya and Mae Khlong drainages, Malay Peninsula).</p><p>Some structures of the disc are possibly only analogous, not homologous. See below for comments on Supradiscus, Discocheilus, Discogobio . A number of other genera have modified lower lip and gular structures but have not been treated as garras. Unfortunately, no material is available for examination of the genera Cophecheilus, Hongshuia, Parasinilabeo and Pseudogyrinocheilus . Published illustrations (e.g. Zhang, Yue &amp; Chen, in Yue, 2000; Gan et al., 2017) suggest that, although they have no disc as such, they could have oral and gular structures with similarities to structures in the same position or location in garras. Detailed descriptions of the morphology of the disc, as well as its ontogeny, are needed for most species of semilabeonine garras.</p><p>According to Li et al. (2024: [9]), Supradiscus includes two species known from upper tributaries of the Red River ( S. micropulvinus; Zhou et al., 2005) and Pearl River drainages ( S. incisorbis; Zheng et al., 2016). They are distinguished in having the "central callous pad [pulvinus] composed of multiple stacked parts", the "antero-median fold [torus] with a pocket opening backwards"; the posterior margin [labrum] of the "lower lip" [disc] with a median notch.</p><p>In the two examined specimens of Supradiscus micropulvinus (CMK 18394, 90.8 and 92.6 mm SL; Fig. 3) the organisation of the disc is in fact more complex. The posterior edge of the labrum has a median notch extending across about ¼ of its width. The torus is wide, with an anterior fold along its whole length (subtoral fold?). The torus is entirely covered by papillae, those along the posterior edge being more elongated than the others, and somewhat digitiform. The toral groove is very deep and extends slightly under the pulvinus. At both extremities of the groove, intercalated between the torus and the pulvinus, there are flaps of tissue connected to the torus, ending with a single or a few digitiform papillae, identical to those of the torus, with some appearing as if detached from the torus (Fig. 3b). The pulvinus is made up of an anterior element covered by low papillae and margined posteriorly by a medially interrupted groove. The area between this groove and the postpulvinal groove is smooth and appears continuous with the torus.</p><p>Discocheilus is distinguished from all semilabeonine garras by the wide torus, margined by a deep toral groove forming a pocket under the torus. It is also the only genus with the rostral cap not crenulated. The disc has some superficial similarity with that of Garra variabilis from Orontes, Tigris and Euphrates (see Kottelat, 2020: fig. 25).</p><p>Discogobio has a horseshoe-shaped torus that completely circles the pulvinus and is in direct contact with the labrum; all elements, including the pulvinus, are densely papillated (Fig. 9a). The torus and pulvinus are clearly narrower than the mouth gape in the species I examined ( D. tetrabarbatus, Fig. 9a; D . yunnanensis) and those figured in the literature (e.g. Zhang, Yue &amp; Chen, in Yue, 2000).</p><p>Vinagarra too, has a horseshoe-shaped torus not in contact with the labrum (Li et al., 2008: fig. 2a; indistinct on pictures in Endruweit, 2014: figs. 7–8). In addition, there is a notch in the labrum reaching forward to the pulvinus. Vinagarra is geographically quite close to Laogarra . It includes four nominal species, all described from the Black River watershed: V. findolabium from China with a usable description (Li et al., 2008) and three others from Lai Chau Province in Vietnam: V. laichowensis (the type species), V. elongata and V. tamduongensis . Li et al. (2024: [11]) had some doubts whether there exist three species of the same genus in such a small area and I concur with their doubts.</p><p>Vinagarra was created by Nguyen &amp; Bui (2009) to include V. laichowensis . The diagnosis of the new genus is somewhat obscure and the figures are uninformative: no detail of the disc can be discerned. The original description of V. laichowensis is hardly more informative (paper reproduced in Kottelat, 2001 and translated in Nguyen &amp; Doan (2007); the original description did not include the figure, which was later printed in Nguyen &amp; Doan (2007: 81, fig. 9) and in Nguyen &amp; Ngo (2001: 543, fig. 277)). The description provides no information on the disc but the figure shows a notched labrum and this notch is mentioned in Mai (1978: 52, 54; translated in Kottelat, 2001: 80).</p><p>Li et al. (2008) described Garra findolabium . Based on photographs of G. laichowensis, they distinguished the two species by the absence of barbels in G. findolabium (vs. 2 pairs in G. laichowensis), caudal fin with a dark patch extending to 50 % of the length of the fin (vs. no dark patch), "posterior edge of [...] disc with a median fissure and dividing it into two lamellae" (vs. "with a median notch and not divide [...] into two lamellae") and various small differences in morphometric and meristic characters). Subsequently, the two species were placed in Vinagarra (Endruweit, 2014) . Li et al. (2024: [11]) treated V. laichowensis as congeneric with V. findolabium .</p><p>Nguyen &amp; Bui (2010) described V. elongata and V. tamduongensis, some specimens of which were collected together at the same locality, and which Li et al. (2024: [11]) could not place in their system and even doubted the validity of. The pictures are uninformative (completely distorted), in addition to which the disc is not illustrated. Endruweit (2014) figured some types of the three nominal species of Vinagarra in Vietnam. He described the disc of V. laichowensis as "The mandibular possesses a horseshoe-shaped distal formation anteriorly and is laterally separated by a shallow depression from the central mental disk [...]. The posterior mandibular margin is deeply notched creating two lateroposterior flaps [...]." His figure 6 apparently shows the same disc construction as V. findolabium figured by Li et al. (2008: fig. 2a); however, Li et al. described a 'fissure' which is more appropriate to describe the condition illustrated in their figure of V. findolabium, than a notch as figured for V. laichowensis . Endruweit (2014: 148, figs. 7–8) discussed and figured a paratype of V. elongata and the holotype of V. tamduongensis, which he considered a valid species of Vinagarra . This should be confirmed by the examination of fresh, well preserved topotypes.</p><p>Placogobio too(also described from the Red River drainage in Vietnam)seems to be a garra(Nguyen &amp; Ngo, 2001: 555). The poor photograph in the original description of the type species ( P. nahangensis) seems to show a notched labrum. There is no postpulvinal groove. Two species were included, P. nahangensis and P. bacmeensis . Placogobio nahangensis reportedly has 46–48 lateral-line scales (including scales on caudal fin) while P. bacmeensis has 37– 38, which excludes them from possibly being synonyms of Laogarra heokheei . Garroides (sometimes misspelled Garraoides), also described from northern Vietnam, with two included species ( G. binhluensis, G. banthangenis) is another genus from the Red River drainage (Nguyen &amp; Vu, 2014). I cannot extract usable information from the original description and the poor figures, except that the general body shape appears unlike that of Laogarra, with a deeper body and a higher cheek; elements of the disc cannot be discerned.</p><p>Li et al. (2024) recognised two species in Placocheilus . They diagnosed the genus, among others, by having the torus not connected to the labellum, by the absence of a groove between the pulvinus and the labrum, and by a colour pattern including a black longitudinal stripe on the dorsal fin in addition to a black semicircular band on each lobe of the caudal fin. Two species are now placed in Placocheilus: the type species P. caudofasciatus from the Black River drainage, and P. robustus from the Red River drainage.</p><p>Placocheilus bibarbatus and P. imbarbatus, described together from the same locality in the Black River drainage, are poorly described and with uninformative illustrations (Nguyen &amp; Ngo, 2001: 552–555). Li et al. (2024: [10]) could not even decide their generic allocation. It is noteworthy, however, that this locality is close to those of Vinigarra tamduongensis and V. elongata .</p><p>Pseudoplacocheilus includes a single species, Ps. cryptonemus, from the middle Salween drainage. It was originally placed in Placocheilus but moved to a distinct genus by Li et al. (2024). Garra dulongensis, from the upper Irrawaddy drainage, was also originally placed in Placocheilus and transferred to Garra by Kottelat (2020).</p><p>Ageneiogarra presently includes about six valid species from northern Indochina and South China. The genus was revalidated by Yang et al. (2012: 370) analysis. These are large garras, relatively slender, with a wide depressed head, without large tubercles on the snout, and without barbels. They have 43–50 + 2–3 lateral line scales; the snout has neither a transverse lobe nor conspicuous tubercles (though minute horny projections may be present); the anus is positioned very close to the pelvic-fin base (about at mid-length of the posterior ray); the torus is separated from the pulvinus by a deep groove extending laterally and posteriorly along the sides of the pulvinus as a narrow strip of tissue, separated from the labrum by a deep groove (Fig. 9b; Kottelat, 2020: fig. 17). The narrow strip from the torus along the pulvinus is also observed in Laogarra .</p><p>Sinigarra is distinguished by the deeply notched labrum, the absence of the torus and the absence of papillae on the whole disc. It has been compared with other garras but it is not clear how closely it is related to them. I have not been able to examine material, but the published illustrations of the type species, S. napoensis (Zhang &amp; Zhou, 2012: fig. 3; Gan et al., 2017: 206; Li et al., 2024: fig. 1a), seem to show the pulvinus and labrum as thicker than in the other garras, in addition to which the homology of these elements needs further examination (for example the description of an ontogenetic series to eliminate the hypothesis that the disc is possibly a modified lower lip rather than gular tissue).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2943FFACB931FF380721FECADEF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kottelat, Maurice	Kottelat, Maurice (2025): Laogarra heokheei, a new genus and species of ' garra' from north-eastern Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 5666 (3): 389-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03FE2943FFA1B930FF380675FC61DD47.text	03FE2943FFA1B930FF380675FC61DD47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laogarra Kottelat 2025	<div><p>Laogarra and Oriental genera of Garraina</p><p>All the above genera, including Laogarra, are in the Semilabeoina subtribe. As presently recognised, the South, Southeast and East Asian species of the subtribe Garraina that possess a gular disc are placed in only two genera: Garra and Ceratogarra. Species of Parapsilorhynchus have been reported as having a disc, which is not correct (see below). Garra includes a large number of species, apparently representing several lineages (genera; see above). Compared to Laogarra, Oriental species may have a transverse lobe on the snout and/or a proboscis and/or a complex pattern of tubercles on the head. In species of Garra, the torus is arched, not continuous with the labellum; the toral groove is present, not or only slightly extending to the sides of the pulvinus; there is no postpulvinal groove; there are no papillae on the pulvinus; the posterior margin of the labrum is not notched (Fig. 1). The snout and disc structures of the Indian species of Garra are discussed and figured by Nebeshwar &amp; Vishwanath (2017).</p><p>Ceratogarra is distinguished from Laogarra by a pair of large, laterally directed tubercles at the tip of the snout (other, smaller tubercles may be present); a conspicuous broad midlateral stripe that remains distinct also in preserved specimens (other species of garras often have a midlateral stripe, less contrasted, that disappears after preservation); a reddish to black stripe on the outer margin of each caudal-fin lobe. The pulvinus is flatter and thinner than in most other garras and expands forward as a short 'blade' that covers the posterior edge of the torus (Kottelat, 2020: fig. 14a).</p><p>Li et al. (2024: table 1) qualify the torus of Ceratogarra as horseshoe-shaped, but this is not evident from their figure 1d. In my opinion, the torus appears markedly arched but not horseshoe-shaped (Fig. 10); see Kottelat (2020: fig. 5). In fact, in the smallest available specimens ( C. cambodgiensis, CMK 27964, 34.4 mm SL [Fig. 11a]; C. fasciacauda, CMK 16094, 37.4 mm SL [Fig. 11b]), the torus is greatly arched and also continuous with the labrum, encircling the pulvinus. Papillae are present on torus, labrum, labella, anterior edge of pulvinus and on posterior part of pulvinus. With increasing size, the labrum appears narrower and the papillae on the labrum and posterior part of the pulvinus become less distinct or disappear altogether.</p><p>The genus Parapsilorhynchus includes seven species from Peninsular India (Jadhav et al., 2020). The genus was tentatively placed in synonymy of Garra by Roberts (1989: 40). It was treated as valid by Kottelat (2020: 172), though without conclusive discussion, for lack of material or usable figures. Additionally, he overlooked the description of an additional species by Baliarsingh &amp; Kosygin (2017). Kottelat commented that the oral and gular elements were reminiscent of Paracrossochilus vittatus and that possibly not all species were closely related. Jadhav et al. (2020) and Patil et al. (2018) published molecular analyses totalling four species of Parapsilorhynchus; both found them forming a monophyletic lineage, a sister-group to a lineage of Garra . This is, however, of limited use to a discussion of relationships within Garra s.l. as, added up together, the two studies included only five species of Garra ( G. bicornuta, G. gotyla, G. hughi, G. mullya and an unidentified species), none from outside India. Jadhav et al. (2020) included photographs of the mouth of six species of Parapsilorhynchus . Despite comments by earlier authors that there is "indication of or a rudimentary disc" (Hora, 1921a), "rudimentary disc or callous pad" (e.g. Baliarsingh &amp; Kosygin, 2017: 44; Jadhav et al., 2020: 563), none of the figures in Jadhav et al. shows a gular disc. There is no structure like a torus, a pulvinus, labella or a labrum. A wider study of Garraina including material of Ceratogarra and Paracrossochilus might show their closer relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE2943FFA1B930FF380675FC61DD47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kottelat, Maurice	Kottelat, Maurice (2025): Laogarra heokheei, a new genus and species of ' garra' from north-eastern Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 5666 (3): 389-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5666.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
