identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03879A36FF80FFA91F90F889D0E3FE78.text	03879A36FF80FFA91F90F889D0E3FE78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips Karny 1912	<div><p>Bactrothrips Karny</p><p>Bactrothrips Karny, 1912: 131 . Type-species: Bactrothrips longiventris Karny, by monotypy.</p><p>The genus Bactrothrips Karny was originally erected for B. longiventris as the type-species from Rio Muni, Spanish Guinea (= Republic Equatorial Guinea), and is closely related to both Idolothrips Haliday and Meiothrips Priesner (Mound &amp; Palmer 1983). It currently contains 53 species and is distributed mainly in the warmer parts of the Old World. The largest number of species has been described from Africa, with 11 from Asia, six from Australia, and one each from Europe, New Guinea and North America (ThripsWiki 2023). Of the 11 species distributed in Asia, seven have been described from Japan, two from China, and one each from Malaysia and India. However, many species described in the first half of the 20th century, especially from Africa, are confusing taxonomically and need to be reexamined. Most of them have been described based on a single specimen without a sufficient understanding of the characteristics of this genus. All six species distributed in Australia are quite different from the species known from Africa and Asia (Mound &amp; Tree 2011). For instance, four species, aliceae, houstoni, nativus and purplexus, have the prothoracic epimeral sutures complete or almost complete, and three species, aliceae, kranzae and perplexus, have rather long maxillary stylets. These species do not fit into some of the characteristics of the genus Bactrothrips that have been defined so far. That is, it raises the issue of not being able to apply the previous genus-level classification. This may be the result of their unique evolution after a long period of isolation, but it cannot be ruled out that they may comprise different genera. In particular, four species, excepting B. aliceae and B. nativus, are known only from a few or even a single specimen. Therefore, future continued investigations are needed to determine their exact taxonomic status.</p><p>There are several characteristics of this genus that we must understand, but of particular taxonomic importance is the intraspecific variation. There are sexual dimorphism and size related variation, as well as geographic variation. The presence of such intraspecific variations make the classification of this genus very difficult. Moreover, sometimes two or more species coexist on the same dead leafy branches. For instance, in the evergreen forest zone of Honshu, Japan, sometimes three or more species, five species maximum, can be observed from the same dead leafy branches. These difficult tasks can probably only be solved by closely examining a sufficient number of specimens from various regions. Research using molecules may be necessary, but it is unclear whether a clear conclusion can be reached by this alone. Under these circumstances, Haga (1975) and Haga and Okajima (1989) have suggested that the structural pattern of the Bournier’s Apparatus present in the female reproductive organ of Bactrothrips shows species-specificity and can be applied to species classification, at least in seven species from Japan. Subsequently, Okajima (2006) illustrated this apparatus in all seven Bactrothrips species from Japan (Figs 3–9) and showed that those had distinct species-specificity. This organ is a structure found near the aperture of the spermathecal duct into the vagina and was probably first described by Alexandre Bournier (1962). This structure was described in morphological detail based on four Bactrothrips species from Japan by Ueda and Haga (1987). In that study, however, the image identified as the Bournier’s Apparatus of B. honoris (see Fig. 2B in Ueda &amp; Haga) was incorrect—it was actually that of B. pictipes . Conversely, the image identified as the Bournier’s Apparatus of unidentified ‘ Bactrothrips sp. J’ (see Fig. 2C in Ueda &amp; Haga) was that of the true B. honoris . This mistake occurred because Bactrothrips species from Japan were not accurately classified at that time. As can be seen from this, B. honoris and B. pictipes are very similar in general appearance, but they can easily be accurately distinguished by comparing the female Bournier’s Apparatus. This organ is located beneath abdominal tergite IX (sometimes tergite VIII) and sometimes can be observed in well-depigmented specimens, but can be reliably as well as clearly observed by dissection (Figs 55 &amp; 78 are images obtained by dissection, other images, e.g. Figs 66 &amp; 88, were observed in well-depigmented specimens). It consists of a tufted area and hilt (cf. Figs 55 &amp; 78), and can be found by tracing the spermathecal duct.</p><p>On the other hand, Haga and Okajima (1989) also suggested that the shape of the male subgenital plate (this is probably homologous with the semilunar plate) is somewhat useful for identification of Bactrothrips species from Japan (cf. Figs 10–12). For example, the subgenital plate of B. brevitubus is elongate and tie-shaped (Fig. 10), thus easily distinguished from those of other species, and that of B. montanus is very wide (Fig. 12), and readily distinguishable from those of other species. Thus, in these two structures, the female Bournier’s Apparatus and the male subgenital plate, can be used to more easily and accurately classify Bactrothrips species. This study also found that this is at least useful for classifying all Bactrothrips species distributed in the Oriental region, but it is currently unclear whether this character state can be applied to African and Australian species. However, there is a major drawback that these structures can only be observed in reasonably prepared specimens in good condition, and not in unmacerated specimens. Therefore, it would be extremely difficult to observe with many older specimens including old type specimens.</p><p>Dang and Qiao (2012) recorded seven Bactrothrips species from China based on morphological and molecular data, including two new species. However, there are some problems with the content of that study. Especially, they classify these insect species by comparing relatively variable and unstable characteristics, such as the length of the prominent cephalic setae and the color of tibiae. In addition, the number of examined specimens is not sufficient for understanding the size relation and geographic variations. For instance, the length of four pairs of cephalic prominent setae is usually somewhat variable, and it sometimes differs greatly between the left and right side in the same individual. Moreover, despite the suggestion by Haga and Okajima (1989) and Okajima (2006), they did not examine female Bournier’s Apparatus and the male subgenital plate at all. Therefore, the two species newly described, B. elongatus and B. furvescrus, are not well defined and their actual taxonomic status is not clear. In particular, in this paper, it became clear that B. elongatus is a synonym of B. honoris (see below under B. honoris). However, the status of B. furvescrus still cannot be confirmed because there is only a little information in the original description, but it seems to be somewhat similar to B. luteus . The setae on the surface of the tube are shorter in males than in females in furvescrus (see Figs 23 &amp; 24 in Dang et al., 2012), but these characteristics are very similar to luteus . In addition, they divided B. brevitubus and B. quadrituberculatus based on the difference in the length of postocellar setae in their key (key couplet 6), but there are many individuals that cannot be accurately divided by this key due to intraspecific variation. If they had observed the female Bournier’s Apparatus and the male subgenital plate of these two species, they would have been able to distinguish them easily and more accurately. Moreover, they determined Fig. 38 in their study as the male abdominal segments VI–VIII of brevitubus, but the lateral tubercles on the tergite VI are rather thick and curved outwards. Those are very similar to the tubercles of quadrituberculatus, unlike those of brevitubus . On the contrary, in the same study, they determined Fig. 41 as quadrituberculatus, but the tubercles on the tergite VI are slender and curved inwards, and very similar to those of large males of brevitubus . However, it is unclear whether this is an error in the identification of the species or simply due to misplaced images.</p><p>In this article, 10 species are recognized from Asia excluding Japan.</p><p>Key to Bactrothrips species from Asia between India and Taiwan</p><p>[Excluding B. furvescrus Dang &amp; Qiao. *: B. serraticornis is based on specimens from Java, Indonesia.]</p><p>1. Compound eyes prolonged posteriorly on ventral surface............................................. flectoventris</p><p>-. Compound eyes not prolonged posteriorly on ventral surface................................................... 2</p><p>2. Reticles on pelta with different patterns in anterior and posterior portions (Figs 22–25); female Bournier’s Apparatus small, tufted area vestigial (Figs 6, 42 &amp; 43); antennal segment III relatively short (Figs 17–21), about half the length of head; male tubercles on tergite VI curved outwards (Fig. 26) at least in large individuals; abdominal tergite VII without distinct tubercles even in large male (Fig. 26)........................................................................ honoris</p><p>-. Reticles on pelta with a similar pattern in anterior and posterior portions (cf. Figs 62 &amp; 63); female Bournier’s Apparatus large, tufted area well-developed (cf. Figs 55 &amp; 78); antennal segment III relatively long (cf. Figs 45 &amp; 70), usually longer than 0.55 times as long as head; male tubercles on tergite VI variable in shape; abdominal tergite VII with distinct tubercles at least in medium to large male (cf. Figs 61 &amp; 75), but without tubercles in pictipes ........................................ 3</p><p>3. Abdominal tergites II–VII (or VIII) each with a pair of lateral ‘faded windows’ (cf. Fig. 39); male tubercles on tergite VI largely yellowish with dark base, almost straight, inner margin almost smooth (cf. Fig. 61)................................. 4</p><p>-. Abdominal tergites without lateral ‘faded windows’; male tubercles on tergite VI largely brown, not straight, curved inwards (cf. Figs 48 &amp; 75) or outwards at least medium to large individuals.............................................. 5</p><p>4. Antennal segment III usually longer than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.58–0.65 times in female, 0.63–0.67 times in male; head 2.02–2.22 times as long as wide in both sexes; setae on tube short and sparsely scattered in male (Fig. 65), usually shorter than 50µm, but longer in female (Fig. 64); female Bournier’ Apparatus with stout hilt (Fig. 66)........................ luteus</p><p>-. Antennal segment III shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.54–0.57 times in female, 0.56–0.59 times in male; head 2.26– 2.34 times as long as wide in female, 2.31–2.40 times in male; setae on tube long and closely scattered in both sexes, usually longer than 70µm; female Bournier’s Apparatus with slender hilt (Fig. 8).................................... pictipes</p><p>5. Postocellar setae minute, usually almost as long as a diameter of posterior ocellus; male tubercles on tergite VI stout, distinctly curved outwards at least in medium to large sized individuals; male sub-genital plate tongue-shaped; female Bournier’s Apparatus well developed, irregularly funnel-shaped with stout hilt (Fig. 9)........................ quadrituberculatus</p><p>-. Postocellar setae elongate, usually much longer than a diameter of posterior ocellus; male tubercles on tergite VI rather slender, curved inwards at least in medium to large sized individuals; male sub-genital plate slender, tie-shaped (cf. Fig. 56) ( idolomorphus -group).................................................................................. 6</p><p>6. Postocellar setae elongate, longer than interocellar setae; tufted area of female Bournier’s Apparatus widely spread laterally (Fig. 55); mid and hind tibiae largely yellowish, with brown shading sub-basally (Figs 52 &amp; 53)............. idolomorphus</p><p>-. Postocellar setae shorter than interocellar setae; tufted area of female Bournier’s Apparatus triangular (cf. Figs 88 &amp; 89); mid and hind tibiae distinctly bicolored (cf. Figs 83 &amp; 84)......................................................... 7</p><p>7. Prothoracic epimeral accessory setae rather elongate, usually 0.3–0.6 times as long as epimeral setae; tufted area of female Bournier’s Apparatus almost equilateral triangular (Figs 3 &amp; 89), or wider................................ brevitubus</p><p>-. Prothoracic epimeral accessory setae short, shorter than 0.3 times as long as epimeral setae; tufted area of female Bournier’s Apparatus almost triangular, but slender (cf. Fig. 88)......................................................... 8</p><p>8. Mid tibiae largely yellowish, usually dark brown at basal half (Fig. 83); club-head of antennal segment III brown to dark brown, distinctly darker than pedicel (Fig. 81); postocular setae pair II elongate, usually longer than three-quarters the width of head; antennal segment III elongate, 0.63–0.71 (means±SD=0.66±0.03, n=16) times as long as head in female, 0.67–0.75 (means±SD=0.72±0.03, n=14) in male.......................................................... serraticornis *</p><p>-. Mid tibiae largely dark brown, with apical one-quarter yellow (Fig. 72); club-head of antennal segment III scarcely shaded with brown, not darker than pedicel (Fig. 70); postocular setae pair II shorter, usually shorter than half the width of head; antennal segment III somewhat shorter, 0.56–0.63 (means±SD=0.60±0.02, n=22) times as long as head in female, 0.52–0.64 (means±SD=0.60±0.03, n=19) in male..................................................... malayanus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF80FFA91F90F889D0E3FE78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF87FFAA1F90FD80D469FC4C.text	03879A36FF87FFAA1F90FD80D469FC4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips brevitubus Takahashi 1935	<div><p>Bactrothrips brevitubus Takahashi</p><p>(Figs 3, 10 &amp; 89)</p><p>Bactrothrips (Bactridothrips) brevitubus Takahashi, 1935: 61–63 .</p><p>This species was originally described from Amami Is., the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, and is rather widely distributed in the subtropics and warm temperate zone of China, Japan and Taiwan. In Japan, it is widely distributed in evergreen broad-leaved forests, but not in the Ogasawara Islands. It is recorded here from Vietnam for the first time. This species is very similar to B. malayanus sp. nov., from which it is not always easy to distinguish depending on the local populations. However, the relative length of antennal segment III and the male abdominal tubercles, and the shape of the female Bournier’s Apparatus are slightly different. It is also closely related to B. idolomorphus, but the form of the female Bournier’s Apparatus is significantly different (see below under B. idolomorphus). These three species have antennal segment III relatively long, the male tubercles on abdominal tergite VI curved inwards in medium to large sized individuals, the female Bournier’s Apparatus with tufted area well-developed (Figs 55, 78 &amp; 89) and the male subgenital plate slender and tie-shaped (cf. Fig. 10). They are probably sister species and constitute a species-group, idolomorphus -group.</p><p>Since B. brevitubus is widely distributed, it exhibits very complex intraspecific variation, and is not easy to define. It shows not only variations related to body size, but also to geographical area. The variation related to body size is common to all congeners, so we will not discuss it here. The specimens from Taiwan are usually not distinguishable from the specimens from Japan including the Ryukyu Islands, the type-locality, but sometimes the male abdominal tubercles are more yellowish.The specimens from Vietnam are slightly different from them, but there is not significant difference to divide the species. In particular, the female Bournier’s Apparatus is indistinguishable from the typical form of this species. The specimens from Central Vietnam (Quang Binh Prov.) have the postocellar setae short, almost as long as a diameter of a posterior ocellus. The specimens from South Vietnam (Lam Dong Prov.) are listed under the doubtful-specimens because they are the most morphologically unique population. They have the intermediate antennal segments with the club-head paler, the pedicel weakly tinged with pale brown and the postocellar setae somewhat longer, longer than a diameter of posterior ocellus. This population is very similar in appearance to B. malayanus sp. nov. and is not always easy to distinguish, but antennal segment III is slightly but definitely longer. The relative lengths of their antennal segment III are almost typical of brevitubus, 0.61–0.68 times as long as head in female (means±SD=0.63±0.01, n=32), 0.63–0.70 in male (means±SD=0.66±0.02, n=17). To determine the exact taxonomic status of this population, it is necessary to study more populations in the surrounding area.</p><p>Specimens examined. Japan, numerous females and males from Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands (detailed data are omitted). Taiwan, numerous females and males (detailed data are omitted). C. Vietnam, 3 females and 1 male, Quang Binh Province, Bo Trach District, Son Trach, nr. Phong Nha, 14.viii.2007, SO.</p><p>Doubtful-specimens. S. Vietnam. 32 females and 17 males, Lam Dong Province, Bao Loc, Dam Bri, on dead leaves, SO.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF87FFAA1F90FD80D469FC4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF84FFAA1F90FC55D435F986.text	03879A36FF84FFAA1F90FC55D435F986.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips flectoventris Haga & Okajima 1989	<div><p>Bactrothrips flectoventris Haga &amp; Okajima</p><p>(Fig. 5)</p><p>Bactrothrips flectoventris Haga &amp; Okajima, 1989: 8–11 .</p><p>This species was originally described from the warm temperate zone of Japan and subtropical zone of Taiwan based on a good number of specimens, and was recorded subsequently from Hainan, South China, by Dang et al. (2012). It is peculiar in having the compound eyes prolonged posteriorly on the ventral surface, and is commonly observed together with B. carbonarius on the dead leaves of Quercus glauca at least in Japan. Interestingly, both species bend their bodies into J-shape (or vice versa) when they are stimulated by something, but such behavior has not been observed in other species. According to Dang et al., the specimens of Hainan have some differences from the type series especially in the length of the cephalic setae.</p><p>Wang et al. (2018) described flectoventris as ‘tergites II–VIII with transparent lateral spots’ in their key to Bactrothrips species based on females (couplet 1). These may be the same structure as the ‘faded windows’ mentioned in this paper (see below under B. honoris), but flectoventris do not have such a structure.</p><p>Specimens examined. Japan, numerous females and males from Honshu, including type series (detailed data are omitted, see Haga &amp; Okajima 1989). Taiwan, 4 paratype females, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead leaves, 24.iii.1984, SO .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF84FFAA1F90FC55D435F986	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF84FFAB1F90F91AD145FEA8.text	03879A36FF84FFAB1F90F91AD145FEA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips furvescrus Dang & Qiao	<div><p>Bactrothrips furvescrus Dang &amp; Qiao</p><p>Bactrothrips furvescrus Dang &amp; Qiao, 2012: 54 .</p><p>This species was described from Zhejiang, East China, based on eight females and four males. Unfortunately, the specimens of this species have not been available for this study, and the definition of it is uncertain. According to the original description, it is somewhat similar to B. carbonarius from Japan, but the male tubercles on tergite VI are bicolored, largely yellow with basal 1/5 dark brown, instead of entirely brown. Also, the male tergite VII has a pair of lateral small tubercles, while carbonarius does not have tubercles even in large individuals. It is also somewhat similar to B. luteus from India, Nepal and Thailand in having bicolored abdominal tubercles. Moreover, the lateral setae on the tube are shorter in male than in female (see Figs 23, 24, 29 &amp; 30 in Dang &amp; Qiao 2012), and these conditions are also found in luteus . However, the habitat ranges of furvescrus and luteus are quite separate. The structure of female Bournier’s Apparatus and male subgenital plate of this species are not known. Moreover, the prothoracic notopleural sutures of this species are described as complete, though most congeners have incomplete ones. The four species known from Australia, B. aliceae, B. houstoni, B. nativus and B. purplexus, have complete or nearly complete notopleural sutures, but they are not closely related to this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF84FFAB1F90F91AD145FEA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF85FFA51F90FE31D188F836.text	03879A36FF85FFA51F90FE31D188F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips honoris (Bagnall 1921)	<div><p>Bactrothrips honoris (Bagnall)</p><p>(Figs 1, 6, 11 &amp; 13–43)</p><p>Megathrips honoris Bagnall, 1921: 359 .</p><p>Bactrothrips elongatus Dang &amp; Qiao, 2012: 51 . Syn. nov.</p><p>This species was originally described based on a unique holotype female collected from Kobe, Japan, by J. E. A. Lewis. It is widely distributed in the warm temperate zone and subtropical Ryukyu Islands in Japan, and had subsequently been recorded from Taiwan (Chen 1982) and China (Dang &amp; Qiao 2012). In addition, several populations widely distributed in tropical Southeast Asia may also be local populations of the same species. The female Bournier’s Apparatus of this species is particularly characteristic, small with the tufted area vestigial (Fig.6). Moreover, the reticulation of the pelta of honoris is peculiar among the Asian Bactrothrips species: the pattern of reticles clearly different between the anterior and posterior portions of the pelta (Fig. 22). The antennal segment III is comparatively short (Fig.17), 0.46–0.52 times as long as head in female (means±SD=0.49±0.01, n=30), 0.46– 0.55 times in male (means±SD=0.52±0.02, n=30), and with somewhat longer sense cones which are usually much longer than one-third the segment length. The male abdominal tubercles on tergite VI are weakly curved outwardly at least in medium to large sized individuals (cf. Fig. 26), and tergite VII is without distinct tubercles even in large individuals. The male subgenital plate is comparatively wide and tongue-shaped (Figs 11 &amp; 40), broadest near base and gradually narrowed towards apex. Interestingly, when alive, this species has a pair of bright red spots on both sides of each abdominal segment in both sexes (Fig. 1). Of the seven species distributed in Japan, only two species, B. honoris and B. pictipes (Fig. 2), have such spots. These red spots are not the color of cuticle, but the color beneath it seems to show through. Therefore, in macerated specimens, the cuticle has transparent ‘faded windows’ in the areas of red spots (Fig. 39), but this is not always clearly observable in compressed specimens. These ‘faded windows’ are also found in B. luteus from India.</p><p>The specimens from Taiwan are very similar to the specimens from Japan, but sometimes there is variation in the color of the hind tibiae even within the same colony (Figs 27–29). Usually, the basal three-fifths is brown and the apical two-fifths is yellow (Fig. 27), but sometimes more widely brown (Fig. 28) or almost entirely brown (Fig. 29). Dang and Qiao (2012) distinguished B. elongatus from B. honoris for several reasons as follows: sensecones on antennal segment III obviously shorter than half of this segment; prothoracic epimeral accessory setae much longer than half of epimeral setae; all tibiae uniformly dark brown. However, all of these characteristics show variation, and all of them also apply to the range of variations in B. honoris, and are thus not appropriate as distinguishing features for dividing species. Moreover, the reticulation pattern of the pelta in elongatus is clearly different between the anterior and posterior portions (see Fig. 6 in Dang &amp; Qiao). The anterior half of this pelta has a longitudinal reticulation, while the posterior half has a transverse reticulation, and this pattern is consistent with that characteristic of typical honoris (Fig. 22). Furthermore, one female and one male paratypes of elongatus were probably collected together with honoris . At least they were collected from the same place on the same day as honoris was obtained (from Guangxi, Wuming County, Daming Mountain at 28.v.2011). Judging from these facts, elongatus is not distinguishable from honoris, and is here treated as a synonym. If the female Bournier’s Apparatus of elongatus could be observed, this problem would be easily solved.</p><p>Several populations from tropical Southeast Asia are very similar to this species, and it is very difficult to decide whether these are different species or local populations of a single species. They share the short antennal segment III (Figs 18–21), outwardly curved male abdominal tubercles (cf. Fig. 26), pelta with two patterns of reticulations (cf. Figs 23–25), reduced female Bournier’s Apparatus (cf. Figs 42 &amp; 43), and tongue-shaped male subgenital plate (cf. Fig. 41). However, there are some differences from the populations of Japan and Taiwan in the color of antennal segments IV–VIII, and the relative length of head and postocular setae pair II. These differences may simply be regional variations, and the difference may not be significant enough to divide the species. For example, the relative length of the head tends to be longer in these populations (Figs 15 &amp; 16), but this may be related to the size of the body. This is because the specimens of these populations tend to be larger than the specimens from Japan and Taiwan. There is another possibility that populations exhibiting intermediate character states will be found in the future. As a result, in this time, we have determined these populations as honoris, but further investigation is needed. Moreover, there are slight differences in color and structure in each population. For example, the mid and hind tibiae of the specimens from Sulawesi are largely brown (Figs 33 &amp; 38), but those of the specimens from Java and Peninsular Malaysia are bicolored, brown at basal half and yellow at apical half (Figs 30, 31, 35 &amp; 36). There is a slight difference in the shape of female Bournier’s Apparatus between the populations from Java (Fig. 42) and Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 43). The length of cephalic setae such as the two pairs of postoculars also differs slightly in each population.</p><p>In consequence, honoris are recorded here from Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Java, Sulawesi, Mindanao, for the first time. Finally, the Figures 19 and 37 in Eow et al. (2011), which were identified as B. idolomorphus, are possibly this species, because the tubercles on the tergite VI are curved outwards and tergite VII has no lateral small tubercles.</p><p>Specimens examined. Japan, numerous females and males from Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands (detailed data are omitted, see Haga &amp; Okajima 1989). Taiwan, many females and males (detailed data are omitted). Indonesia, E. Java, 16 females and 8 males, 19km N from Batu Cangat, Mt. Arjuna, alt. about 1200m, on dead Quercus leaves, 24.viii.1984, SO; 2 females and 1 male, Mt Arjuna, on dead leaves, 19.iv.1981, T. Senoh; 1 male, Mt. Tengger, 2.v.1981, W. Suzuki. Indonesia, S. Sulawesi (= Celebes), 9 females and 1 male, Malino, alt. about 900m, on dead Palmae, 3.viii.1984, SO. Peninsular Malaysia, about 20km from Kuala Lumpur, 1 female, on dead leaves, 12.viii.1990, 1 female, on dead leaves and branches, 12.ix.1990, TN &amp; SO; 5 females and 5 males, Cameron Highland, nr. Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 25.viii.1990, TN &amp; SO; 2 females and 1 male, Cameron Highland, foot of Gnung Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 26.viii.1990, TN &amp; SO; 1 female, Cameron Highland, nr. Tanah Rata, on dead leaves and branches, 30.viii.1990, TN &amp; SO; 4 females, Fraser’s Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 13.ix.1990, TN &amp; SO. Thailand, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, 1100m alt., 3 females, on dead leaves, 13.viii.1976, SO. Vietnam, 1 male, Lam Dong Province, Bao Loc, Dam Bri, on dead leaves, 28.xii.2001, SO. The Philippines, Mindanao, Mt. Apo, Agko, alt. about 1300m, on dead leaves, 1 female and 3 males, 30. vii.1979, 7 females and 4 males, 3.viii.1979, SO; 1 male, locality similar to above, but alt. about 1100m, 5.viii.1979, W. Suzuki.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF85FFA51F90FE31D188F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF88FFA01F90FF10D6E7FED0.text	03879A36FF88FFA01F90FF10D6E7FED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips idolomorphus (Karny 1919)	<div><p>Bactrothrips idolomorphus (Karny)</p><p>(Figs 44–56)</p><p>Bactridothrips idolomorphus Karny, 1919: 117–118 .</p><p>This species was described from Perak, Peninsular Malaysia based on a unique holotype large male. It is undoubtedly closely related to B. brevitubus in having antennal segment III elongate (about three-quarters of the head length in holotype, Fig. 45) and the tubercles on tergite VI long and weakly curved inwards (Fig. 48). However, it is very difficult to define this species, because the information that can be obtained from the unmacerated male holotype specimen is limited. In particular, observation of the length of cephalic setae and the shape of the female Bournier’s Apparatus is not possible. Through the courtesy of Marianna Simões and Nikolai Ignatev of Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Germany, we could examine a high-quality image of the holotype male (Figs 44–48). One of the findings from the image is that the color of the mid and hind tibiae is somewhat characteristic (Figs 46 &amp; 47). Those are largely yellow, but weakly shaded with brown sub-basally. This color pattern of tibiae is rarely found in Bactrothrips species from Southeast Asia, and there are only two females from Peninsular Malaysia which have similar color of tibiae (Figs 52 &amp; 53) in TUA collection. These females are very similar to the holotype male in most structures, and identified them as idolomorphus in this study. Moreover, these females have two peculiar traits—the postocellar setae are much longer than both interocellar setae and postocular setae pair I, and the Bournier’ Apparatus with well-developed tufted area that is spread laterally (Fig. 55), not triangular. However, Nikolai Ignatev kindly checked the holotype male for this study, but the postocellar setae of the holotype male could not be observed. There are limitations to the discrimination of this species based on a unique male specimen that is unmacerated and unsuitable for observation. Fortunately, there are several females and males from Thailand and Vietnam listed below which may represent this species.</p><p>These females and males identified as idolomorphus in this study are probably distinct from those previously identified as the same species from Indonesia (Java), India (Ananthakrishnan 1970 &amp; 1973) and Sri Lanka (Bagnall 1921, description of a synonymous species, Bactridothrips serraticornis). Mound and Palmer published a line drawing of the head of a male from Java under the name of idolomorphus (1983, P. 152: Fig. 316). There are a good number of specimens of both sexes from Java in TUA collection which are very similar to this line drawing. The mid and hind tibiae of these specimens are sharply bicolored, unlike idolomorphus (cf. Figs 83 &amp; 84). According to Ananthakrishnan and Bagnall, at least the specimens from Kerala, South India and Sri Lanka have the mid and hind tibiae sharply bicolored with brown bases and yellow apices, and indistinguishable from specimens from Java. Moreover, the Bournier’s Apparatus of the female from Java (Fig. 88) is clearly different from that of idolomorphus (Fig. 55), and the postocellar setae are shorter in the specimens at least from Java and South India. Therefore, these populations may can be distinguished from idolomorphus and identified as B. serraticornis that is here recalled from synonymy. However, future research is needed to determine whether the populations from both South India and Sri Lanka are conspecific with the population from Java. In particular, the shape of the female Bournier’s Apparatus is unknown in the populations from both South India and Sri Lanka so far. Ananthakrishnan (1973) recorded idolomorphus from two somewhat isolated regions of India, Bhowali in North India and Kerala in South India, and compared these two populations. We examined one female and one male from Bhowali identified as idolomorphus by Ananthakrishnan, and they are very similar to idolomoephus from Peninsular Malaysia. Especially, this female has the mid and hind tibiae largely yellow and the postocellar setae elongate. Therefore, this female could be a true idolomorphus, but the Bournier’s Apparatus cannot be confirmed due to lack of maceration. That is, at least the population from North India is idolomorphus or may contain idolomorphus .</p><p>Bactrothrips idolomorphus is very similar to B. brevitubus from East Asia. From brevitubus, it may be distinguished by the following features: pedicels of intermediate antennal segments tinged with grayish brown (Figs 45 &amp; 51); mid tibiae largely yellow, shaded with pale brown sub-basally (Figs 46 &amp; 52); antennal segment III longer; postocellar setae longer than interocellar setae; female Bournier’s Apparatus with tufted area spread laterally (Fig. 55).</p><p>Diagnosis and measurements (female from Peninsular Malaysia). Distended body length 6.8–8.2 mm. Fore tibiae largely yellow, shaded with brown externally in basal half; mid and hind tibiae shaded with dark brown in basal one-third, but with extreme bases yellow (Figs 52 &amp; 53). Antennal segment III with pedicel yellow, but scarcely shaded medially, club-head brown (Figs 45 &amp; 51). Head widest across eyes (Figs 44, 49 &amp; 50), 2.3–2.4 times as long as wide. Postocellar setae elongate, much longer than both interocellar setae and postocular pair I; postocular pair II almost longer than postocellar setae. Antennal segment III 0.66–0.70 times as long as head. Prothoracic pa and epim subequal in length; epim-a shorter than one-third the length of epim. Bournier’s Apparatus well-developed (Fig. 55), tufted area spread laterally, not triangular.</p><p>Measurements (female in µm). Body length about 8200 (distended). Head length 820, from anterior margin of eyes 726, width across eyes 346, maximum width across cheeks near base 290, minimum width across basal constriction 273; eyes length 230; Cephalic setae: interocellars 85–100, postocellars 130–135, postoculars pair I 80–100, postoculars pair II 170–200. Antenna total length about 2000, segments III–VIII length as follows: 570, 404, 360, 240, 108, 110. Pronotum length 330, width 520. Setae on prothorax: am 85–90, aa 75–80, ml 120–150, pa 210, epim 210, epim-a about 50–65. Pelta length 185, width 775. Tube length 1440, maximum width?.</p><p>Specimens examined. Peninsular Malaysia, 2 females, Cameron Highland, foot of Gnung Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 26.viii.1990, TN &amp; SO. Thailand, 3 females and 1 male, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, 800m alt., 7.viii.1976, SO; 1 male, data very similar to above, but 1100m alt., on dead leaves, 11.viii.1976, SO. Vietnam, 1 female, Lam Dong Province, Bao Loc, Dam Bri, on dead leaves, 28.xii.2001, SO. India, 1 female and 1 male, Bhowali (U.P.), on dry sal leaves, 18.x.1970, T. N. Ananthakrishnan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF88FFA01F90FF10D6E7FED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF8EFFA11F90FEE9D71EFB94.text	03879A36FF8EFFA11F90FEE9D71EFB94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips luteus Ananthakrishnan 1973	<div><p>Bactrothrips luteus Ananthakrishnan</p><p>(Figs 57–67)</p><p>Bactrothrips luteus Ananthakrishnan, 1973: 81–84 .</p><p>Bactrothrips brevitubus zhamanus Han &amp; Zhang, 1981: 298–299 . Syn. nov.</p><p>This species was described based on seven females and 126 males taken from dry sal ( Shorea robusta, Dipterocarpaceae) leaves in Bhowali, Nainital district, North India, and is recorded here from Nepal and North Thailand for the first time. It is characterized by the following features: antennal segments III–VI sharply bicolored, yellow in pedicels, brown in club heads (Figs 59 &amp; 60); hind tibiae largely yellow, tinged with brown sub-basally; postocular setae pair II usually shorter than interocellar setae; male tubercles on tergite VI almost straight, or scarcely curved inwards, largely yellowish with dark brown base (Fig. 61); abdominal tergite VII with a pair of distinct lateral small tubercles at least in medium to large male; antennal segment III 0.60–0.65 times as long as head in female, 0.63–0.67 times in male; sense cones on antennal segment III shorter than one-third of the segment length; setae on tube short and sparsely scattered in male (Fig. 65), usually about 40µm long, at most 50µm, but longer in female (Fig. 64). The female Bournier’s Apparatus is developed and somewhat similar to that of B. quadrituberculatus (Fig. 9), with well-developed tufted area and stout hilt (Fig. 66). The male subgenital plate tongue-shaped, but rather variable in shape, often narrowed towards base (Fig. 67). Moreover, each of abdominal segments II–VIII with a pair of lateral ‘faded windows’ (see B. honoris, cf. Fig. 39). Presumably, when alive, this species has red spots on both sides of abdomen, like B. honoris and B. pictipes (cf. Figs 1 &amp; 2).</p><p>Haga and Okajima (1989) considered that B. brevitubus zhamanus described from Xizang (= Tibet), China, was not distinguishable from brevitubus s. str. judged from the original description (Han &amp; Zhang 1981). However, this judgement was incorrect, because the male tubercles on the tergite VI of zhamanus are different from brevitubus s. str. in color and structure. Subsequently, Dang and Qiao (2012) examined the holotype male of zhamanus and treated it as a synonym of B. pictipes without any morphological consideration, although the characteristics of zhamanus in the original description are clearly different from pictipes in several structures. Moreover, the priority under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is in the name zhamanus, not pictipes, and this treatment is thus unacceptable. According to the original description as well as additional information of zhamanus by Han (1997), it appears to be more similar to B. luteus than pictipes in having the antennal segment III longer with brown club-head, the cephalic interocellar setae longer, male tubercles on tergite VI bicolored, and tergite VII with a pair of distinct lateral tubercles. Moreover, it was specified that the setae on the tube are sparse and fewer in the original description, and this condition is also found in the male of luteus but not in pictipes . In addition, the type locality of zhamanus is closer to the distribution range of luteus than that of pictipes . Therefore, B. brevitubus zhamanus is newly synonymized here with B. luteus . However, females have not been recorded, and the condition of the female Bournier’s Apparatus of zhamanus is unknown.</p><p>Specimens examined. Thailand, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, 1100m alt., on dead leaves, 1 male, 11.viii.1976, 1 female and 1 male, 13.viii.1976, SO; 1 female, Doi Suthep, nr. Meo Village, 22.v.1979, W. Suzuki. India, 2 paratype males, Bhowali (U.P.), dry sal leaves, 18.x.1970, T. N. Ananthakrishnan. Nepal, 7 females and 5 males, Kathmandu Valley, Godavari, 11.vi.1981, W. Suzuki.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF8EFFA11F90FEE9D71EFB94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF8FFFA31F90FB2DD1AEFAC0.text	03879A36FF8FFFA31F90FB2DD1AEFAC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips malayanus Okajima & Masumoto 2025	<div><p>Bactrothrips malayanus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 68–78)</p><p>Female (macroptera). Distended body length 5.4–8.3mm. Body dark brown, abdominal segments without lateral transparently faded windows (see B. honoris). All femora dark brown; fore and mid tibiae dark brown in basal two-thirds, yellowish in apical one-third (cf. Fig. 72); hind tibiae dark brown in basal three-fifths, yellow in apical two-fifths (Fig. 73). Antennal segments I and II dark brown, segments V–VIII brown (Fig. 71), segments IV and V largely pale brown, but more or less yellowish at bases of both club-head and pedicel, segment III largely yellowish brown, but scarcely shaded with brown at apex of club-head and anterior half of pedicels (Fig. 70). Wings scarcely shaded with brown, with a distinct longitudinal brown streak on basal three-fifths. Prominent body setae pale. Head widest across eyes (Fig. 68), more than twice as long as wide, 2.38 times as long as wide in holotype. Postocular setae pair II almost as long as interocellar setae, or longer; postocellar setae and postocular setae pair I much shorter than interocellar setae, but variable in length, usually postocellar setae more or less longer than postocular setae pair I. Eyes 0.28 times as long as head in holotype; posterior ocelli 45µm apart from each other, 95–97µm apart from anterior one in holotype. Antennae about 2.2–2.5 times as long as head, 2.36 times in holotype; segment III 0.56–0.63 (means±SD=0.60±0.02, n=22) times as long as head, 0.59 times in holotype; sense cones on segment III about one-third of the segment length. Pronotum 0.39 times as long as head, about 1.6 times as wide as long in holotype. Prothoracic aa setae usually reduced, much shorter than am, epim and pa subequal in length; epim-a short, usually shorter than one-third of epim. Hind tibiae 1.18 times as long as head in holotype. Fore wings with about 50 duplicated cilia; sub-basal setae S2 usually shorter than S1, S3 much longer than S1. Metanotal median pair of setae about 180µm apart from each other, 65–70µm apart from anterior margin of metanotum. Pelta typical of the genus (Fig. 74). Dorsal length of tube 1.67 times as long as head in holotype. Bournier’s Apparatus well-developed, tufted area triangular (Fig. 78), somewhat similar to that of pictipes (Fig. 8), 100–120µm long.</p><p>Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 7400 (distended). Head length 742, from anterior margin of eyes 650, width across eyes 312, maximum width across cheeks near base 277, minimum width across basal constriction 250; eyes length 210; diameter of posterior ocelli 30–33. Cephalic setae: interocellars about 80, postocellars 45–50, postoculars pair I about 30, postoculars pair II 80–90. Antenna total length 1750, segments III–VIII length (width) as follows: 440 (53), 352 (58), 310 (50), 228 (40), 100 (30), 100 (18). Pronotum length 287, width 460. Setae on prothorax: am less than 30, aa 65–75, ml 80–100, pa 140, epim 135, epim-a 40–50. Fore wing length 2800. Sub-basal wing setae: S1 130, S2 70, S3 215–225. Pelta length 145, width 610. Tergite IX setae: S1 lost, S2 310–320. Tube length 1240, maximum width 169; terminal setae 340.</p><p>Male (macroptera). Distended body length 4.6–7.5mm. Color very similar to female; tubercles on tergite VI uniformly dark brown. Antennal segment III 0.52–0.64 (means±SD=0.60±0.03, n=19) times as long as head. A pair of lateral tubercles on tergite VI curved inwards near apex, tubercles on tergite VII well-developed, directed backwards, those on tergite VIII stout and directed diagonally backwards (Fig. 75). Tube 1.5–1.6 times as long as head. Subgenital plate slender and tie-shaped, but rather variable in shape (Figs 76 &amp; 77).</p><p>Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 7000 (distended). Head length 730, from anterior margin of eyes 645, width across eyes 311, maximum width across cheeks near base 260, minimum width across basal constriction 235; eyes length 200; diameter of posterior ocelli 27–32. Cephalic setae: interocellars 70–90, postocellars 25–45, postoculars pair I 25–45, postoculars pair II 50–60. Antenna total length 1725, segments III– VIII length as follows: 435, 340, 302, 237, 98, 90. Pronotum length 300, width 460. Setae on prothorax: am about 20, aa 60–63, ml 75–90, pa 100–120, epim 100–120, epim-a 30–42. Fore wing length 2800. Sub-basal wing setae: S1 120, S2 115, S3 200–220. Pelta length 160, width 600. Tergite IX setae: S1 190–230, S2 110–130. Tube length 1160, maximum width 155; terminal setae about 300.</p><p>Type material. Holotype macropterous female: Peninsular Malaysia, about 20km N from Kuala Lumpur, Templer Park, on dead leaves, 12.viii.1990, TN &amp; SO . Paratypes: 21 females and 17 males, collected together with holotype; 1 male, data very similar to holotype, but 15.viii.1990.</p><p>Non-paratypic specimens. Peninsular Malaysia, 1 female and 1 male, Fraser’s Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 13.ix.1990, TN &amp; SO.</p><p>Remarks. This species has the male tubercles on abdominal tergite VI curved inwards, the female Bournier’s Apparatus with well-developed tufted area and the male subgenital plate tie-shaped, and is included in the idolomorphus -group. It is very similar to B. brevitubus, B. idolomorphus and B. serraticornis . It can be distinguished from brevitubus by the following features: antennal segment III shorter, about 0.6 times as long as head in both sexes (about 0.65 times in male in brevitubus); antennal segments III and IV with club head paler, with pedicel shaded (Fig. 70) (club head brown, pedicel usually clear yellow in brevitubus); antennal segments V and VI largely brown (Fig. 71) (with yellow pedicel in brevitubus); mid and hind tibiae with extreme bases brown (Figs 72 &amp; 73) (yellow in brevitubus); female Bournier’s Apparatus finer (Fig. 78). From idolomorphus, it can easily be distinguished by the following features: mid and hind tibiae darker (Figs 72 &amp; 73); postocellar setae shorter than interocellar setae; antennal segment III shorter (Fig. 70), about 0.6 times as long as head in both sexes; female Bournier’s Apparatus with tufted area triangular, not spread laterally (Fig. 78). From B. serraticornis, it can be distinguished by the key above. The female Bournier’s Apparatus is similar to that of serraticornis from Java, but rather weaker. Moreover, the male abdominal tubercles are relatively shorter in malayanus even in the large individuals (Fig. 75). One female and one male listed as non-paratypic specimens may represent this species, but somewhat larger.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF8FFFA31F90FB2DD1AEFAC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF8DFFA31F90FAD9D025F83B.text	03879A36FF8DFFA31F90FAD9D025F83B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips pictipes Haga & Okajima 1989	<div><p>Bactrothrips pictipes Haga &amp; Okajima</p><p>(Figs 2 &amp; 8)</p><p>Bactrothrips pictipes Haga &amp; Okajima, 1989: 15–18 .</p><p>This species was described from the warm temperate zone of Japan and subtropical Ryukyu Islands based on a good number of females and males collected from dead leafy branches of Quercus and Castanopsis trees. Subsequently, it had been recorded from Taiwan (Okajima 2006) and China (Dang &amp; Qiao 2012), and is newly recorded here from Vietnam. Although the specimens from Japan and Taiwan, including type-series, have the femora largely dark brown with apices yellowish, the specimens from Vietnam have the femora entirely dark brown. However, most of other structures are indistinguishable. This species has a pair of lateral red spots on each abdominal segment (Fig. 2).</p><p>Although B. brevitubus zhamanus was treated as a synonym of B. pictipes by Dang and Qiao (2012) without sufficient scientific evidence or explanation, it is newly synonymized here with B. luteus . This is discussed above under luteus .</p><p>Specimens examined. Japan, numerous females and males including type series from Honshu, Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands (detailed data are omitted, see Haga &amp; Okajima 1989). Taiwan, 2 males, Nantou, Nanshanchi, on dead leaves, 24.iii.1984, SO; 1 female, Nantou Hsien, Meifeng, alt. about 2000m, on dead branches, 28.iii.1984, SO. Vietnam, 1 male, Ninh Thuan Prov., Lam Son District, Root 27 (Pass 1), ca 900m alt., 23.viii.2007, SO.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF8DFFA31F90FAD9D025F83B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF92FFBC1F90FF10D438FD4D.text	03879A36FF92FFBC1F90FF10D438FD4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips quadrituberculatus (Bagnall 1908)	<div><p>Bactrothrips quadrituberculatus (Bagnall)</p><p>(Fig. 9)</p><p>Idolothrips quadrituberculatus Bagnall, 1908: 210–211 .</p><p>This species was described from Japan (detailed locality is unknown) based on a unique holotype female collected by G. Lewis. It is widely distributed in the warm temperate region of Honshu and Kyushu, Japan, and recorded subsequently from Yunnan and Hainan, China (Dang &amp; Qiao 2012). In Japan, it inhabits the dead leaves of deciduous broad-leaved trees, and is rarely on evergreen trees. Moreover, it is distributed only in the temperate zone, and not in the subtropical Ryukyus. The male tubercles on tergite VI are somewhat distinctive, stout and strongly curved outwards. Though Fig. 38 in Dang and Qiao (2012) was determined as the abdominal tubercles of B. brevitubus, it is very likely that it is an image of the tubercles of quadrituberculatus .</p><p>Specimens examined. Japan, many females and males from Honshu and Kyushu (detailed data omitted, see Okajima 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF92FFBC1F90FF10D438FD4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF92FFBE1F90FD56D428FE60.text	03879A36FF92FFBE1F90FD56D428FE60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrothrips serraticornis (Bagnall) Okajima & Masumoto 2025	<div><p>Bactrothrips serraticornis (Bagnall), stat. rev.</p><p>(Figs 79–89)</p><p>Bactridothrips serraticornis Bagnall, 1921: 397 .</p><p>This species was described from Ceylon (= Sri Lanka)based on a unique holotype male.Subsequently, Ananthakrishnan (1973) treated this species as a synonym of B. idolomorphus . However, the present study reveals the existence of at least two species that have been previously identified as B. idolomorphus . These two species can be easily distinguished by the difference in shape of the female Bournier’s Apparatus, but, unfortunately, this species was described from a unique male, and it is impossible to compare this structure in the original specimens. However, according to the original description, the mid and hind tibiae of serraticornis differs from that of idolomorphus, basal half or two-fifths being brown, respectively. This color pattern of tibiae is very similar to the population of Java (Figs 83 &amp; 84) which was previously identified as idolomorphus (Mound &amp; Palmer 1983) . In addition, the population from Kerala, South India, which was identified as idolomorphus by Ananthakrishnan (1970 &amp; 1973), is also very similar. At present, it seems best to tentatively identify these populations as B. serraticornis, but it is necessary to re-examine this suggestion based on sufficient specimens (see above under B. idolomorphus).</p><p>There are some small differences between populations from Java and South India. According to Ananthakrishnan (1973), the specimens from Kerala, South India, have antennal segment III and postocular as well as prothoracic epimeral setae shorter. Two females and 10 males from Sulawesi are very similar to the population from Java, but have longer cephalic setae and darker tibiae. The female Bournier’s Apparatus and male subgenital plate are indistinguishable. However, the length of cephalic setae is highly variable and more samples are needed to provide an accurate determination of this population.</p><p>Diagnosis and measurements (specimens from Java). Female: distended body length 6.7–8.5 mm. Fore tibiae largely yellow, shaded with brown externally in basal half; mid tibiae dark brown in basal half (Fig. 83), hind tibiae brown in basal one-third (Fig. 84). Antennal segment III with pedicel yellow, but scarcely shaded medially, club-head brown (Fig 81). Head widest across eyes (Fig. 79), 2.2–2.4 times as long as wide. Cephalic setae variable in length; postocular setae pair II elongate, usually longer than interocellar setae; postocellar setae usually the shortest; postocular setae pair I variable in length, usually shorter than interocellar setae, but longer than postocellar setae. Antennal segment III 0.63–0.71 (means±SD=0.66±0.03, n=16) times as long as head. Prothoracic epim longer than pa; epim-a short, usually shorter than one-quarter the length of epim. Bournier’s Apparatus well-developed (Fig. 88), tufted area triangular, somewhat similar to that of pictipes, but somewhat slender. Male: distended body length 6.6–8.4mm. Antennal segment III 0.65–0.76 (means±SD=0.72±0.03, n=14) times as long as head. A pair of lateral tubercles on tergite VI curved inwards (Fig. 87), tubercles on tergite VII well-developed, directed backwards, those on tergite VIII stout and directed diagonally backwards. Subgenital plate slender and tie-shaped.</p><p>Measurements (female in µm). Body length about 7700 (distended). Head length 780, from anterior margin of eyes 688, width across eyes 340, maximum width across cheeks near base 290, minimum width across basal constriction 262; eyes length 220. Cephalic setae: interocellars 140–150, postocellars 65–85, postoculars pair I about 150, postoculars pair II about 220. Antenna total length 1900, segments III–VIII length as follows: 530, 380, 326, 280, 100, 100. Pronotum length 310, width 498. Setae on prothorax: am about 70, aa 80–95, ml about 120, pa 160–178, epim 190–200, epim-a about 30. Pelta length 160, width 670. Tube length 1410, maximum width 180.</p><p>Measurements (male in µm). Body length about 8200 (distended). Head length 840, from anterior margin of eyes 750, width across eyes 350, maximum width across cheeks near base 294, minimum width across basal constriction 270; eyes length 240. Cephalic setae: interocellars 180, postocellars 70–75, postoculars pair I 150–100, postoculars pair II 125–140. Antenna total length 2150, segments III–VIII length as follows: 635, 430, 380, 260, 110, 103. Pronotum length 350, width 527. Setae on prothorax: am?, aa 40–50, ml 135–145, pa about 150, epim 185–200, epim-a 45. Pelta length 190, width 740. Tube length 1380, maximum width 168.</p><p>Specimens examined. Indonesia, E. Java, 3 females and 4 males, Mt. Arjuna, 1400–1600m alt., on dead leaves, 19-iv.1981, T. Senoh; 1 female and 4 males, data very similar to above, but 27.iv.1981, W. Suzuki; 13 females and 6 males, 19km N from Batu, Cangar, Mt. Arjuna, alt. about 1200m, on dead Quercu s leaves, 24.viii.1984, SO. Indonesia, C. Sulawesi, 8 males, 31km W from Palopo, Puncak, alt. About 1300m, on dead leaves and branches, 16.viii.1984, SO; 2 females and 2 males, near Rantepao, Pedamaran, alt. about 1000m, on dead leaves and branches, 11.viii.1984, SO.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF92FFBE1F90FD56D428FE60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF90FFBF1F90FE79D0E3FDB8.text	03879A36FF90FFBF1F90FE79D0E3FDB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalothrips Uzel 1895	<div><p>Megalothrips Uzel</p><p>Megalothrips Uzel, 1894: 224–5 . Type-species: Megalothrips bonannii Uzel, by subsequent designation, Bagnall, 1909: 350.</p><p>The genus Megalothrips Uzel was originally established with M. bonannii as the type-species from Czechoslovakia. The generic definition of Megalothrips was discussed in Mound and Palmer (1983), and redescribed in detail in Okajima (2006) and is not repeated here. The important features of the genus are the head long and strongly elevated dorsally, the compound eyes relatively small, the maxillary stylets very long which are retracted to eyes and close together medially, the pronotum short and broad, and the lateral wings of pelta slender. It may be closely related to Bacillothrips Buffa from Europe, Egchocephalothrips Bagnall from New Caledonia and Megathrips Targioni-Tozzetti from Europe and North America. From Bacillothrips and Megathrips, Megalothrips can be distinguished by the features indicated above. However, from Egchocephalothrips, it cannot be distinguished satisfactorily, and there is a possibility that this genus may eventually be treated as a synonym of Megalothrips (Mound &amp; Palmer 1983) . The genus Bactrothrips, at least the species from Africa and Asia, are probably more distantly related to this genus rather than Bacillothrips and Megathrips . Unlike Megalothrips, they have the compound eyes well-developed and bulged, and the antennae elongate, of which the intermediate segments have the pedicels very long and slender with club-head-like apices.</p><p>There are nine species included in the genus Megalothrips, of which two species are known from Europe, three species from North America and four species from Asia including M. sulawesicus sp. nov. described below from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Despite these three areas being somewhat isolated from each other, there seems to be no significant morphological differences between species from different areas.</p><p>Two patterns of the notopleural sutures in Megalothrips species from Asia</p><p>The incomplete notopleural suture of the genus Megalothrips may be important for the discrimination of species, because the condition of this suture appears to be variable within the genus. The pronotal notopleural suture (= epimeral suture) is usually used as an important features for the determination of genus (sometimes species) level in both subfamilies of the family Phlaeothripidae . The condition of this suture, whether it is complete or incomplete, seems to be important.In the subtribe Idolothripina, most genera including Megalothrips have incomplete notopleural sutures. However, it should be noted that the expression ‘incomplete’ includes various states. If this suture does not reach the posterior margin of pronotum slightly, it is incomplete, and if it is only halfway or is almost vestigial, it is also incomplete. In this study, two different conditions of the notopleural suture in Megalothrips species in Asia have been observed. This suture separates the pleural region, that consists of the episternum and epimeron, and pronotum. More precisely, it is a continuous suture of the noto-epimeral suture that separates epimeron and pronotum and the noto-episternal suture that separates episternum and pronotum. One is found in M. rotundus from China and M. sulawesicus sp. nov. described below from Sulawesi, Indonesia: the noto-epimeral suture is largely reduced or vestigial, but noto-episternal suture is complete (cf. Fig. 97). The other is found in M. andrei from Peninsular Malaysia and M. curvidens from Japan: the noto-epimeral suture is completely lost, and the noto-episternal suture is vestigial or almost lost (cf. Fig. 102). Moreover, one poorly defined genus, Egchocephalothrips Bagnall, which may be closely related to Megalothrips, has complete notopleural sutures. According to Mound and Palmer (1983), however, the complete notopleural sutures of it could be an artefact due to coverslip pressure.</p><p>Key to Asian species of Megalothrips</p><p>(*: based on original descriptions and figures)</p><p>1. Pronotal notopleural suture vestigial, noto-epimeral suture absent, noto-episternal suture shortly present at lateral margin of pronotum or almost absent (cf. Fig. 102)................................................................... 2</p><p>-. Pronotal notopleural suture incomplete, noto-epimeral suture reduced to halfway (cf. Fig. 97), vestigial or almost absent, but noto-episternal suture complete or nearly complete........................................................... 3</p><p>2. Postocular setae pair I longer than 60µm in female, longer than 80µm in male; postocular pair II longer than interocellars, much longer than 100µm in female; tube 1.15–1.20 times as long as head in female, about 0.8 times in male............. andrei *</p><p>-. Postocular setae pair I shorter than 40µm in female, shorter than 50µm in male; postocular pair II much shorter than interocellars, usually shorter than 60µm in female; tube shorter than 1.1 times as long as head in female, shorter than 0.8 times in male................................................................................................ curvidens</p><p>3. Antennal segment III with basal 2/3 yellowish brown; interocellar setae longer than 1/2 length of postoculars pair II.................................................................................................... rotundus *</p><p>-. Antennal segment III dark brown, with extreme base yellowish (Fig. 95); interocellar setae much shorter than 1/2 length of postoculars pair II..................................................................... sulawesicus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF90FFBF1F90FE79D0E3FDB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF91FFBF1F90FD4FD4DEFBA4.text	03879A36FF91FFBF1F90FD4FD4DEFBA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalothrips andrei Mound & Palmer 1983	<div><p>Megalothrips andrei Mound &amp; Palmer</p><p>Megalothrips andrei Mound &amp; Palmer, 1983: 78 .</p><p>M. andrei was described from Peninsular Malaysia based on 2 females and 1 male. Unfortunately, the specimens from Peninsular Malaysia including the type series have not been available in this study. The text figure (see Fig. 318 in Mound &amp; Palmer 1983) shows that the notopleural suture is vestigial that means both noto-epimeral suture and noto-episternal suture are almost completely lost (cf. Fig. 102). The anterior line in the pleural area of the figure in Mound and Palmer (1983) is probably not the noto-episternal suture, but it is probably the pleural suture (= the suture between episternum and epimeron), because of the relative position of the midlateral pronotal setae which is situated far from this suture. This condition of the suture is very similar to that of M. curvidens (Fig. 102; see Fig. 32C in Okajima, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF91FFBF1F90FD4FD4DEFBA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF91FFBF1F90FB3CD7E1F8DD.text	03879A36FF91FFBF1F90FB3CD7E1F8DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalothrips curvidens Okajima 2006	<div><p>Megalothrips curvidens Okajima</p><p>(Fig. 90, 91 &amp; 102)</p><p>Megalothrips curvidens Okajima, 2006: 118–121 .</p><p>M. curvidens was described from Japan based on a good number of females and males, and has both noto-epimeral and noto-episternal sutures almost completely lost (Fig. 102). It is very similar to M. andrei, and Okajima (2006) pointed out that these two may represent local variants of a single species. However, the tube and two pairs of postocular setae are shorter in curvidens . The females of curvidens have the tubes 1.00–1.12 (1.05 on average) times as long as head, and have the postocular setae pair II mostly shorter than 80µm, whereas two paratype females of andrei have the tube 1.15–1.20 times as long as head, and the postocular pair II 135–160µm. A series of specimens listed below collected from south Vietnam and one female from Taiwan have similar short tube and two pairs of cephalic setae and could well be identified as this species.</p><p>Specimens examined. Vietnam, 12 females and 2 males, Lam Dong Prov., Da Lat, Ward 5, Lam Sinh, on dead branches, 23.xii.2001, SO. Taiwan, 1 female, Nantou-hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead leaves and branches, 29.viii.1993, TN &amp; SO. Japan, many females and males including type series from Honshu, Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands (detailed data are omitted, see Okajima 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF91FFBF1F90FB3CD7E1F8DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF96FFB91F90F889D4DFFD48.text	03879A36FF96FFB91F90F889D4DFFD48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalothrips rotundus Guo, Cao & Feng 2010	<div><p>Megalothrips rotundus Guo, Cao &amp; Feng</p><p>Megalothrips rotundus Guo et al., 2010: 733–735 .</p><p>M. rotundus was described from Hubei Province, China, based on 3 females, but we have not examined these. Moreover, unfortunately, the original description may be incomplete with some incomprehensible substances, and the specific definition of rotundus could not be understood satisfactorily. According to the original description, head is very long as ‘3.26 times as long as width of eyes (this may be width across eyes)’ and almost as long as tube, but the text figure of the head seems to be not so long, at least shorter than 3.0 times. Usually, congeners have the head 2.0–2.5 times as long as broad, and shorter than the tube in females. There is a possibility that the head length in this description included mouth-cone length. Similarly, antennal segment III is 10.2 times as long as wide in the description but is not so long in the text figure. This may be due to simple measurement error, because the width of antennal segment III in the measurements is much narrower than other segments. Fortunately, however, the notopleural suture of rotundus is clearly drawing, and the noto-epimeral suture is almost completely lost, but the noto-episternal suture remains fully.</p><p>There are at least two more undetermined Megalothrips species, apart from the new species described below, collected from Indonesia, Borneo, Vietnam and Taiwan in the collection of TUA; all of these have complete noto-episternal suture and all are known only from females. Unfortunately, however, the morphological information of M. rotundus, which is undoubtedly related to these specimens, is poor, and it is impossible to discriminate them at species level at present.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF96FFB91F90F889D4DFFD48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
03879A36FF97FFBB1F90FD51D748FF18.text	03879A36FF97FFBB1F90FD51D748FF18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalothrips sulawesicus Okajima & Masumoto 2025	<div><p>Megalothrips sulawesicus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 92–101)</p><p>Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 5.6–7.5mm. Body dark brown including legs and antennae; antennal segment III with extreme base yellowish (Fig. 95), often scarcely paled sub-apically at exterior side. Wings weakly shaded with brown, with a distinct longitudinal brown line on basal three-fifths. Prominent body setae yellowish, but weakly shaded. Head elongate (Fig. 94), typical of the genus, longer than 2.2 times as long as broad, about 2.4 times as long as broad in holotype; cheeks each with about 10 setae, blunt at apices; postocular cheek setae about 70µm in holotype. Postocular setae pair II located before the middle of head, 200–210µm apart from posterior ocelli, 105µm apart from each other in holotype, long and blunt, at least not sharply pointed; a pair of interocellar setae situated at lateral sides of ocellar triangle, much shorter than half length of postocular pair II, blunt at apices; other cephalic setae on dorsum including postocular pair I short. Eyes smaller in ventral surface, but sometimes not smaller in small female. Posterior ocelli about 35µm in diameter, about 77µm apart from each other in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 95) about 1.3 times as long as head in holotype; segment III about 3.6 times as long as broad. Pronotum about one-fourth as long as head, anterior margin eroded and more or less indistinct; prominent setae blunt, am usually much longer than aa, epim shorter than median length of pronotum; fore coxa with three setae. Prothoracic notopleural suture distinct, but incomplete, noto-episternal suture complete, but half to two-thirds of noto-epimeral suture reduced (Fig. 97). Metanotal median pair of setae blunt, 160µm apart from each other, 70–80µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore wing with 46–50 duplicated cilia in holotype, 33–36 in small female; three sub-basal setae blunt or very weakly expanded, S2 almost as long as S1, or a little shorter than S1. Median lobe of pelta very narrowly or scarcely fused to lateral wings (Fig. 98). Posteromarginal setae on abdominal tergite IX pointed, S1 about half as long as tube, S2 a little shorter than S1. Tube with short setae sparsely (Fig. 101), about 1.1–1.2 times as long as head, about 4.8 times as long as broad in holotype.</p><p>Measurements (paratype small female– holotype large female in µm).Body length about 5600–7500 (distended). Head length 690–880, from anterior margin of eyes 660–840, maximum width across cheeks 312–368, across eyes 300–351; eyes length 140–160, width 95–106; postocular setae pair II 250–310. Antenna total length 980–1140, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 110–110 (66–76), 95–100 (53–60), 200–240 (55–66), 157–192 (60–65), 148–180 (55–62), 135–141 (50–53), 75–75 (40–43), 75–90 (28–30). Pronotum median length 170–225, width 470– 560. Setae on prothorax: am 100–120, aa less than 50–less than 30, ml less than 40–about 30, pa 105–170, epim 140–200, cox 70–85. Metanotal median setae 140–150. Sub-basal wing setae: S1 80–82, S2 65–80, S3 110–170. Tergite IX setae: S1 420–500, S2 400–430. Tube length 830–980, maximum width 170–203; terminal setae 280– 280.</p><p>Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 4.4–5.3mm. Color very similar to female. Prominent body setae almost pointed and longer than those of female. Fore wing with 44–46 duplicated cilia in large male, 34–36 in small male. Lateral tubercles on abdominal tergite VI almost straight (Fig. 100), slightly paler than tergites. Posteromarginal median setae (S1) on tergite IX variable in length, 0.57–0.70 times as long as tube, S2 setae short, about one-fourth as long as S1 or shorter. Tube bulged sub-basally, shorter than 0.9 times as long as head, about 4.0 times as long as broad; terminal setae shorter than half of tube.</p><p>Measurements (small–large paratype males in µm). Body length about 4400–5250 (distended). Head length 580–700, from anterior margin of eyes 550–650, width across cheeks 288–340, across eyes 270–310; eyes length 115–125, width 80–90; postocular setae pair II 160–260. Antenna total length 780–910, segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 92–105 (60–72), 80–90 (50–55), 150–180 (50–55), 118–140 (53–55), 110–128 (51–52), 102– 120 (50–51), 62–70 (40–40), 71–70 (23–25). Pronotum length 160–200, width 444–508. Setae on prothorax: am 140–105, aa 40–less than 30, ml 30–less than 30, pa 140–220, epim 170–280, cox 70–80. Metanotal median setae 120–180. Sub-basal wing setae: S1 115–140, S2 100–165, S3 210–240. Tergite IX setae: S1 300–330, S2 75–85. Tube length 530–540, maximum width 130–152; terminal setae 220–260.</p><p>Type material. Holotype: female, Indonesia, C. Sulawesi, near Rantepao, Pedamaran, alt. about 1000m, on dead leaves and branches, 13.viii.1984. SO . Paratypes: Indonesia, C. Sulawesi, 4 females and 4 males, collected with holotype; data similar to holotype, 4 females and 1 male, 8.viii.1984, 3 females, 9.viii.1984, 5 females and 2 males, 10.viii.1984, 2 females, 12.viii.1984, 3 females, 14.viii.1984, SO.</p><p>Remarks. M. sulawesicus belongs to a group with complete noto-episternal sutures on the prothorax and is easily distinguished from M. rotundus by having antennal segment III darker, the postocular and interocellar setae shorter, and the prothoracic noto-epimeral sutures one-third to half. One of the North American species, M. spinosus Hood, also has dark antennal segment III and well-developed prothoracic noto-episternal sutures (Hood 1908; Stannard 1968). However, it can probably be distinguished from sulawesicus by the elongate interocellar setae that are almost as long as the postocular setae (these setae are undetermined whether pair I or pair II), and absence of the prothoracic noto-epimeral suture.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879A36FF97FFBB1F90FD51D748FF18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Okajima, Shûji;Masumoto, Masami	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Two idolothripine genera, Bactrothrips and Megalothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), from Asia between India and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 5696 (4): 491-516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.4.3
