identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0381878F6C01FFD3D3D6FEA955CBF383.text	0381878F6C01FFD3D3D6FEA955CBF383.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	fm. and	<div><p>Growth form and habitat</p><p>The majority of Indian Tripogon species are caespitose, slender or stout, erect, annuals or perennials, a few species ( T. vellarianus Pradeep, T. bimucronatus Thoiba &amp; Sunil, T. malabaricus Thoiba &amp; Pradeep) form well-developed or tussock forming rootstocks and much longer racemes, whereas species such as T. velliangiriensis Murug. &amp; V.Balas. and T. wightii Hook. f. are sometimes stoloniferous. Tripogon pungens C.E.C.Fisch. is peculiar in having short, thick root stocks firmly attached to rock crevices. Tripogon generally thrive in a variety of habitats such as high altitude rocky outcrops (inselbergs), grasslands, and forest margins. The majority of species prefer wet rocky hillsides, steep granitic cliffs, road cuts and boulders along grasslands. Species such as T. capillatus and T. lisboae Stapf often occur on tree trunks in open places along margins of wet evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf is usually found on boulders in dry habitats and on walls of old forts, while T. polyanthus Naik &amp; Patunkar prefers to grow on rocks along river side.</p><p>Culms</p><p>The culm nodes vary in number from 1–4. Leaves are arranged all along the culm or grouped at the base of the culms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C01FFD3D3D6FEA955CBF383	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C07FFDAD3D6FE285270F439.text	0381878F6C07FFDAD3D6FE285270F439.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon bimucronatus Thoiba & Sunil, Gard. Bull.	<div><p>Tripogon bimucronatus Thoiba &amp; Sunil, Gard. Bull. Singapore 67(1): 151. 2015. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Palakkad district, Nelliyampathy hill top, 1200 m, 16.11.2010, C.N. Sunil 4477 (holo SING!; iso BRIT!, CAL!, CALI [CALI112088!], K).</p><p>FiGS. 5 &amp; 8</p><p>Tufted perennials. Culms 30–60 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths closely involute to the culm, rigid, sparsely hairy; ligules ciliate, 2–2.5 mm long; leaf blades 30–60 × 0.4–0.6 cm, linear, hispid towards base, scabrid adaxially, margins involute, apex acute-acuminate. Racemes 30–40 cm long, rigid, straight or slightly curved, 45–65 spikelets tightly appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis stout, minutely scaberulous, triangular; peduncles 10–15 cm long, glabrous, terete. Spikelets 1.3–1.8 × 0.2–0.25 cm, linear-lanceolate, 6–8-flowered; callus bearded; rachilla not persistent, hidden, 1–2 mm long, slightly scabrid; lower glumes 3–3.5 × c. 1 mm, lanceolate, asymmetrical, notched on one-side below the middle, chartaceous, 1-nerved, acute-acuminate at apex; upper glumes 5–6 × c. 1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, prominently 3-nerved, glabrous, apex mucronate or shortly awned, awns 0.5–1 mm long; lemmas 5–5.5 × 1.5–2 mm (excluding awn), 3-nerved, 1-awned, awn arising between lateral lobes, median awn 5–5.5 mm long, scabrid, straight or geniculate, lateral awns absent; paleas 4–5 × 1–2 mm, hyaline, narrowly elliptic, keeled, winged, keels minutely puberulous, apex bi-mucronate, notched at centre; lodicules 2, c. 0.25 mm long, quadrate, apex coarsely 3-toothed; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.5 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.25–0.5 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 1 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 1–1.5 mm long. Caryopses 1.1–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 mm, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtusely trigonous, longitudinally ribbed abaxially, pale brown, obtuse at apex.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to November.</p><p>Habitat: It usually grows on granitic grassy slopes at elevations between 1000–1200 m, in association with Cyanotis papilionacea (Burm.f.) Schult. &amp; Schult.f. ( Commelinaceae), Arthraxon castratus Bor, Chrysopogon nodulibarbis (Hochst.) Henrard, Cymbopogon commutatus Stapf, Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard, Garnotia elata Janowsky, Isachne bourneorum C.E.C.Fisch. and Tripogon wightii (all Poaceae), Osbeckia spp. ( Melastomataceae), Sopubia trifida D.Don ( Scrophulariaceae), Swertia angustifolia D.Don. ( Gentianaceae) and Tephrosia pulchella Hook.f. ( Fabaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Meenuliyanpara, Vannappuram, 28.11.2014, C. N . Sunil 4910 (SNM College Herbarium, Kerala); Ibid., 20.12.2016, F . Dani s.n. (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon bimucronatus is similar to T. vellarianus but differs by its asymmetrical lower glumes, mucronate or shortly awned upper glumes and bi-mucronate paleas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C07FFDAD3D6FE285270F439	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C08FFD8D3D6FDAA56A1F0B5.text	0381878F6C08FFD8D3D6FDAA56A1F0B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon borii Kabeer, V. J. Nair & G. V. S. Murthy, Bull. Bot. Surv.	<div><p>Tripogon borii Kabeer, V.J.Nair &amp; G.V.S.Murthy, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 50(1–4): 115. 2009. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Kanyakumari district, Nagerkoil, Maruthwamala, ± 360 m, 30.11.2005, K. Althaf Ahamed Kabeer 118632 (holo CAL; iso MH [MH00003227!]). FiGS. 6–8</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms up to 60 cm high, terete; nodes glabrous, slightly geniculate. Leaf sheaths 5–10 cm long, linear, glabrous or hairy, apex densely ciliate; ligules membranous, with a tuft of 1–2.5 mm long hairs at apex; leaf blades 25–47 × 0.2–0.4 mm, linear, flat-involute, nerves prominent, adaxially glabrous to sparsely long hairy, abaxially finely scabrellate along ribs, attenuate at apex. Racemes 15–28 cm long, stiff, straight to curved, spikelets appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis stout, glabrous, ribbed; peduncles 5–14 cm long, terete, glabrous. Spikelets 10–16 × 1–2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, linear, creamy, 6–14-flowered; callus bearded, hairs 0.5–1 mm long; rachilla up to 0.7 mm long, oblique at apex; lower glumes 1.8–2.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, oblong, deeply lobed below middle along one side, lobes acute to acuminate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, acute and mucronulate at apex; upper glumes 2.3–4 × c. 0.8 mm, elliptic-oblong, 1-keeled, 1-nerved, apex bi-lobed, aristate, arista 0.5–2 mm long at sinus; lemmas 2.8–4 × 0.8–1 mm (excluding awn), oblong-lanceolate, 6-lobed, 3-nerved, 3-awned, median awns 2.5–3.5 mm long; lobes on either side of median awns acute to acuminate, 0.4–1 mm long, lateral awns 1.5–2.5 mm long, lateral lobes on either side conspicuous, slightly keeled; paleas 2.3–2.8 × 0.8–1 mm, oblong-elliptic, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, keels ciliate, sub-acute at apex; lodicules 2, 0.3–0.5 mm long, truncate; stamens 3, anthers 0.7–1 mm long, oblong, purple tinged at fresh, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.4 mm, oblong-elliptic, styles 2, 1–1.2 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.7–1 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.5–1.8 × 0.2– 0.3 mm, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to early December.</p><p>Habitat: This species prefers to grow in rock crevices and on seasonally wet bare rocks in high elevation grasslands in association with Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall., Leucas nepetifolia Benth. (both Lamiaceae), Cyanotis cristata (L.) D.Don ( Commelinaceae), Arundinella pumila Steud., Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor, Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae), Henckelia incana (Vahl) Spreng. ( Gesneriaceae) and Justicia sp. ( Acanthaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Velliangiri hills, 30.09.2016, A. K . Pradeep, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146727; Ibid., 30.09.2016, A. K . Pradeep, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146728, 146729 (CALI); Kanyakumari district, Maruthwamala, 09.08.2014, K . Thoiba 138094; Ibid., 30.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; T . Mohammed Yoonus 146650, 146658, 146660, 146662, 146665 (CALI); Nagercoil, Mambazhathuraiyar reservoir, 29.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; T . Mohammed Yoonus 146648 (CALI).</p><p>Notes: Very similar to Tripogon zeylanicus and T. bromoides, but differs in having ovate-lanceolate, creamy yellow spikelets with up to 14 florets and lower glumes being deeply lobed below the middle along one-side; upper glumes bi-lobed at apex and 0.5–2 mm long arista at the sinus.</p><p>Tripogon bromoides Roem. &amp; Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 600. 1817; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 287. 1896; C.E.C.Fisch. in Gamble, Fl. Madras 3: 1834. 1934; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 521. 1960; Britto &amp; K.M.Matthew in K.M.Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3(2): 1911. 1983; Karth., S.K.Jain, M.P.Nayar &amp; Sanjappa, Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot. 622. 1989; Sreek. &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass: 399. 1991; M.D.Dassanayake, F.R.Fosberg &amp; W.D.Clayton, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 8: 443. 1994; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 622. 1997; Pull., Fl. Andhra Pradesh 3: 1268. 1997; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala –Fl. Pl.: 595. 2004; Kabeer &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass. 179. 2009; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S.R.Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra: 557. 2012. Avena mysorensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 337. 1825. Type: INDIA, Karnataka, Mysore, 1814, B. Heyne s.n. (B [B10367364 digital image!]).</p><p>Notes: Bor (1960) considered T. bromoides as an “extremely variable grass” and commented on the varieties recognised by Hooker (1896) as “hardly worth keeping”. However, the present investigation based on a large number of specimens from its entire range of distribution revealed that one of his varieties ( var. longifolius Hook.f.) is worth keeping.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C08FFD8D3D6FDAA56A1F0B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C11FFC1D146FA7E571CF5B2.text	0381878F6C11FFC1D146FA7E571CF5B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon filiformis Steud., Pl. Glum.	<div><p>Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Steud., Pl. Glum. 1: 301. 1854; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 288. 1896; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 521. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 622. 1997; S.M.Philip &amp; S.L.Chen, Kew Bull. 57(4): 919. 2002; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S.R.Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra: 560. 2012. Type: INDIA, Northwest India, s.d., Royle s.n. (iso K [K000245038 digital image!]).</p><p>Plagiolytrum filiforme Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 95. 1841. nom. nud.</p><p>Plagiolytrum unidentatum Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 95. 1841. nom. nud.</p><p>Catapodium filiforme Nees ex Duthie, N.W. Ind. 33. 1883. nom. inval.</p><p>Tripogon semitruncatus Nees ex Steud., Pl. Glum. 1: 301. 1854. Type: INDONESIA, Monte Laeou Javae, s.d., Junghugn, s.n. (iso L [L0050285 digital image!]).</p><p>Tripogon unidentatus Nees, Pl. Glum. 1: 301. 1854. Type: Northwest India, s.d., Royle P. 92 (holo P; iso K).</p><p>Tripogon filiformis Steud. var. tenuispicus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 288. 1896. Type: Northeast India, s.d., Wallich 8892 (holo K [K000245041 digital image!]).</p><p>Tripogon nanus Keng f., Acta. Bot. Sin. 9: 71. 1960. Type: CHINA, Sikang, Miao - niu, July 1940, K.L. Chu 7683 (holo N). FiGS. 15 &amp; 16</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 10–50 cm high, erect, slender; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 2–10 cm long, linear, ribbed and hairy; ligules obsolete, ciliate with a tuft of 1–2 mm long hairs at both apex; leaf blades 5–17 × 0.2–2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, filiform, convolute, more hairy towards collar, densely pilose along both surfaces, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 5–25 × 0.3–0.5 cm, 25–35 spikelets loosely or tightly appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis 3–5 mm long, stout and slightly scabrid; peduncles 3–10 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 6–8 × 1–2 mm long, linear, dorsi-ventrally flattened, 4–10- flowered; callus bearded, hairs 0.5–1mm long; rachilla 0.5–0.75 mm long, glabrous, slightly zig-zag; lower glumes 1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1 mm, ovate-lanceolate, asymmetrical, notched on one side, 1- keeled, 1-nerved, keels slightly scabrid, margins serrulate, obtuse at apex; upper glumes 2.5–4 × 0.5– 1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-keeled, 1-nerved, apex dentate, 1-awned, awns 1–1.2 mm long at sinus; lemmas 5–8 × 1–1.5 mm (including awn), oblong-lanceolate, 4-lobed, 3-awned, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 3-awned, awns scabrid, straight or flexuous, median awns 2.5–5 mm long, lateral lobes 1–1.2 mm long, lanceolate, apex acute, margins serrulate, lateral awns 1–2 mm long, arising from sinus; paleas 2–3 × 0.5–0.75 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, slightly winged, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, hyaline, keels ciliate more at the tip, apex obtuse or minutely bi-mucronate; lodicules 2, 0.3–0.4 mm long, truncate; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.5 mm long, oblong; filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 mm, obovate, styles 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.75–1.2 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.5–2.5 × 0.3– 0.5 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from August to November.</p><p>Habitat: Moist rock outcrops at higher elevation grassland (1000–4500 m). It grows in association with Cyanotis sp. ( Commelinaceae), Eriocaulon sp. ( Eriocaulaceae), Impatiens goughii Wight (Balasaminaceae), Tripogon bromoides, T. karnatakensis (both Poaceae), and moss species.</p><p>Distribution: India, Bhutan, Nepal, North Myanmar, Pakistan and China.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Belgaum district, s.loc., 10.1897, W . A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Chamarajanagar district, Biligirirangan Betta, 28.04.1962, A . S . Rao 80409 (CAL); Chikmagalur district, Kavikal Gandi hills, 13.09.2014, K . Thoiba 137504 (CALI); Kodagu district, Tadiyandamol hills, 26.11.2014, K . Thoiba 137555 (CALI). Himachal Pradesh, Lahaul &amp; Spiti district, Shell village site, 13.02.1957, S . C . Agarwal 1145 (CAL). Maharashtra, Pune district, Khandala, Paoli hill, 17.09.1951, H . Santapau 13409, 13415 (BLAT); Junnar, Ambe plateau, 04.10.1965, K . Hemadri 107590; Khed Taluk, near Gayimukh, 07.10.1962, K . P . Janardhanan 81643 (BSI); Raigad district, Matheran, hart point, 17.10.1960, N . A . Irani 5567 (BLAT). Meghalaya, East Khasi hills district, K &amp; J hills, 25.09.1956, G . Panigrahi 3498 (CAL). Sikkim, North Sikkim district, Lachung, 01.09.1892, G . A . Gammie 1095; s.loc., 16.10.1875, s.coll. 25326; s.loc., 08.1866, Wight s.n. (CAL). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Velliangiri hills, 30.09.2016, A . K . Pradeep, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146721, 146724, 146730 (CALI); Dindigul district, Kodaikanal, Mannavanur, Sheep farm, 28.08.1987, K . M . Matthew 5044; Kukkal, 19.10.1987, K . M . Matthew 50798; Vembadi peak, 17.12.1989, K . M . Matthew &amp; K . T . Mathew 53998 (RHT); Salem district, Shevaroy hills, 10.08.2004, A . K . Pradeep 93156a, 93156b, 93156c, 10 93156d, 93156e (CALI). Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal district, Chopra, 21.09.1975, A . S . Rao 56419 (CAL). Uttar Pradesh, s.loc., 10.1890, J . F . Duthie 10774 (CAL). ‘Himalayas’, s.die., s.coll. s.n. (MH) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon filiformis is a high altitude (1000– 4500 m) species, often confused with T. bromoides and T. longearistatus but can be distinguished by its densely villous leaves, dense feathery racemes and long awned lemmas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C11FFC1D146FA7E571CF5B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C13FFC6D146FC5E5229F535.text	0381878F6C13FFC6D146FC5E5229F535.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon idukkianus Sunil & Pradeep, Phytotaxa	<div><p>Tripogon idukkianus Sunil &amp; Pradeep, Phytotaxa 202(4): 295. 2015. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Ramakkalmedu 1500 m, 10.11.2002, C.N. Sunil 2267 (holo K; iso CAL!, CALI [CALI112100!], MH [MH00003234!]). FiGS. 17, 18 &amp; 22</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms up to 55 cm high, slender; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 5–9 cm long, coriaceous, sparsely hispid; ligules with a tuft of hairs, hairs 1–2 mm long, basal leaf sheaths papery; leaf blades 20–62 × 0.2–0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, flat or involute, glabrous or sparsely hairy on both surfaces, midrib inconspicuous, margins entire, acuminate. Racemes 15–45 cm long, 20–58 spikelets loosely or tightly arranged in rachis; rachis smooth, angular, glabrous. Spikelets 5–13 × 1.5– 2.5 mm, 6–14-flowered, secund, pale-green or yellow, distant, laterally compressed, florets loosely imbricate; callus bearded; rachilla usually not visible; lower glumes 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, 1-veined, membranous, asymmetrical, and broadened on one-side below the middle, apex sub-acute, sometimes lobed; upper glumes 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate-oblong, 1-veined, membranous, apex acute, notched, mucronate, mucro 0.5 mm long, scabrous, the lateral lobes as long or shorter than the mucro; lemmas 3–3.5 × 2–2.5 mm, membranous, grey-green, 3-veined, 3-awned, median awn 2–2.5 mm long, straight, rigid, scabridulous, lateral awns up to 2 mm long, apex acute, 4-lobed, each lobe, 0.5–1 × 0.25 mm, ovate-lanceolate; paleas 2.5–3 × c. 1 mm, hyaline, obovate, apex obtuse or acute, bi-setaceous sub-apically, setae 0.25 mm long, curved, ciliolate; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.5 mm long; ovary c. 0.25 mm long, globose, styles 2, stigma 0.75 mm long, purplish, feathery. Caryopses 1.5–1.6 × 0.25–0.3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, cylindric, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from October to late December.</p><p>Habitat: This species grows from 1000–1500 m elevations on seasonally wet rocky hillsides, in association with Apluda mutica L., Eragrostiella bifaria, Themeda tremula Hack., Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae), Crotalaria beddomeana Thoth. &amp; A.A.Ansari ( Fabaceae), Henckelia incana ( Gesneriaceae) and Leucas ciliata ( Lamiaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India, hitherto known only from the type locality.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Ramakkalmedu, 1500 m, 13.11.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; A. K . Pradeep 137546; Ibid., 16.12.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; A. K . Pradeep 137584 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Similar to Tripogon bromoides but can be identified by its sparsely hairy leaf blades, widely spread spikelets and paleas with an obtuse or acute apex with two sub-apical setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C13FFC6D146FC5E5229F535	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C14FFC5D3D6FCDF57D4F095.text	0381878F6C14FFC5D3D6FCDF57D4F095.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf, Kew Bull.	<div><p>Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf, Kew Bull. 64: 85. 1892; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 286. 1896; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 522. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 622. 1997; Pull., Fl. Andhra Pradesh 3: 1268. 1997; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala –Fl. Pl. 595. 2004; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S.R.Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra: 560. 2012. Lectotype (designated by Thoiba &amp; Pradeep, 2018): INDIA, Maharashtra, Poona, 09.02.1892, Jacquemont 320 (K [K000245018 digital image!]). FiGS. 19, 20 &amp; 22</p><p>Tufted perennials. Culms 10–70 cm high, glaucous, terete, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 2–10 cm long, terete, glabrous; ligules ciliate, membraneous, with a tuft of 1–2 mm long hairs at apex; leaf blades 4–30 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear, sub-filiform, involute, glaucous, setaceous, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 10–30 cm long, stout, erect or curved towards apex; 15–35 spikelets loosely arranged in rachis; rachis 3–12 mm long, glabrous or scabrid; peduncles 8–15 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 7.5– 16 × 1–1.5 mm, narrowly elliptic, linear, distant, leaden grey, 4–25-flowered; callus bearded, hairs c. 0.5 mm long; rachilla 0.3–0.4 mm long, glabrous, straight or zig zag, not persistent; lower glumes 2.8– 3.5 × 0.3–0.5 mm, asymmetrical, notched on oneside, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, with acute apex; upper glumes 3– 4 × 0.5–0.8 mm, elliptic-ovate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, apex apiculate; lemmas 3–4 × 0.6–1 mm, broadly ovate, 2-lobed, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 1-awned, awns 1–1.5 mm long, scabridulous, lateral lobes membranous; paleas 2.3–3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, elliptic, narrowly winged, hyaline, 2-keeled; keels scabrid, obtuse or emarginated at apex; lodicules 2, c. 0.3 mm long, slightly cordate; stamens 3, anthers 1– 1.6 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline stigma 0.75–1.2 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.4–1.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm, linear-oblong, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from August to early November.</p><p>Habitat: Gregarious, usually found in tussocks in open grassland, along boulders and on old walls of forts. It grows in association with Apluda mutica, Dimeria deccanensis Bor, Eragrostis maderaspatana Bor, E. minor Host, Eragrostiella bifaria, Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae) and Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. ( Urticaceae).</p><p>Distribution: India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Belgaum district, s.loc., 1897, Talbot 9782 (BLAT); Dharwad district, fort walls, 10.09.1890, W . A . Talbot 2301 (BLAT). Gujarat, Dhahod district, Devgadh, s.d., G . S . Puri 27303 (BSI). Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Kathua district, Bhullari, 20.09.1963, R . S . Rao 91987 (BSI). Madhya Pradesh, Indore district, Manpur in Mordu road, 18.10.1982, A . S . Rao 83808 (BSI). Maharashtra, Akola district, Narnala fort, 25.02.1978, S . Y . Kamble 152866 (BSI); Amravati district, Chikhladara, Melghat, 23.08.1976, M . Y . Ansari 143769 (BSI); Aurangabad district, Ajanta caves, 06.11.1961, R . S . Rao 71440 (BSI); Buldhana district, Lodi forest, 25.09.1982, P . G . Diwaker 164171 (BSI); Jalna district, Shelgaon, 31.10.1961, K . P . Janardhanan 72827 (CAL); Nagpur district, Amravati road–39/ 3 mile point, 17.09.1963, R . S . Rao &amp; U . R . Deshpande 91718a, 91718b (BSI); Nashik district, Peth Ghat, 08.08.1961, K . P . Janardhanam 71983 (CAL); Saptashrungi Hill, 15.08.1983, P . L . Narasimhan 165257 (BSI); Osmanabad district, Ramling hill, 06.10.2001, s.coll. s.n. (SUK); Pune district, AIT, 08.2007, S . S . Rahangdale s.n. (AHMA); Awhat-Shorewadi, on the way from Khed Taluk, 10.08.1961, K . P . Janardhanan 72406 (BSI); Barshinge hills 11.09.1966, R . D. Pataskar 101263 (BSI, CAL); Bopodi, 13.02.1902, s.coll. 15309; Bawjhan, 10.10.1956, Jain 7535; between mental hospital &amp; Vishrantwadi, 23.09.1960, M . Y . Ansari 64727; Chakan - Talegaon road, 19.09.1960, K . P . Janardhanan 66417; Camp canal cantt., 29.07.1960, K . C . Kanodia 64410; Donaje, 07.08.1964, M . Y . Ansari 97569 (BSI); Ganeshkhind, 08.1951, B . A . Razi 6276 (AHMA); Gargatwadi, 19.09.1960, K . P . Janardhanan 66276; Junnar, Shivneri hill, 14.08.1964, K . Hemadri 99655; Katraj Ghat, 30.09.1956, S . K . Jain 4076 (BSI); Katraj hill, 21.07.1956, V . D. Vartak 5249 (AHMA); Kharpudi hill top, 05.08.1961, K . P . Janardhanan 71835; Khed, Chakan - Talegaon road, 4 th mile point, 19.09.1960, K . P . Janardhanan 66417; Mahalunge, 02.11.1961, K . P . Janardhanan 72911; top of peth Ghat, 08.08.1961, K . P . Janardhanan 71983; Shelgaon, 31.10.1961, K . P . Janardhanan 72827; Manchar, Ghodegoan, 09.09.1956, G . S . Puri 7302; Markandey Top, 16.09.1966, R . D. Pataskar 108889; Narayangaon, Junnar, 23.10.1967, K . Hemadri 107055; Parvathi hills, 22.07.1960, M . Y . Ansari 64368 (BSI); Shivneri, 19.10.2001, s.coll. s.n. (SUK); Shivneri eastern exposure, 13.10.1962, s.coll. 83793; Shivneri hills, on way to top Junnar, 25.07.1963, M . Y . Ansari 88706; Shivneri fort, 10.10.1962, Hemadri &amp; R . S . Rao 83545; Ibid., 15.08.1964, K . Hemadri 99685; Sinhagad, s.d., G . S . Puri s.n.; Ibid., 09.08.1956, G . S . Puri 5675; Taleran, 09.2006, S . S . Rahangdale s.n.; Vetal hill, 08.10.1987, V.N. Jhoshi 333(AHMA); s.loc., 18.06.1902, L . D. Garade 486 (BSI); Raigad district, Shelu budruk, 29.08.1977, S . Y . Kamble 150213 (BSI). Rajasthan, Banswara district, s.loc., 20.03.1976, V . Singh 2913 (CAL); Chittorgarh district, s.loc., 17.08.1979, V . Singh &amp; R . P . Pandey 7249 (CAL). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Poonachi, 10.10.1901, C . A . Barber 3726 (MH). Telangana, Hyderabad district, Golconda fort, 13.09.2014, A . K . Pradeep &amp; K . Thoiba 144128a, 144128b, 144128 c, 144128d; Ibid., 07.02.2018, K . Thoiba 146795 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Dey and Prasanna (2019) reduced T. polyanthus as a variety of T. jacquemontii, which is not accepted here, as our field studies showed both as two distinct species though they may look similar in herbarium specimens. Tripogon jacquemontii can easily be distinguished by its glaucous leaves and culms, and awns either shorter than the lemma or occasionally almost absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C14FFC5D3D6FCDF57D4F095	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C17FFCAD146F97E52ABF5FF.text	0381878F6C17FFCAD146F97E52ABF5FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon karnatakensis Thoiba & Pradeep, Phytotaxa	<div><p>Tripogon karnatakensis Thoiba &amp; Pradeep, Phytotaxa 272(2): 126. 2016. Type: INDIA, Karnataka, Chikmagalur district, Kavikal Gandi hills, 1450 m, 13.09.2014, T. Kottekkattu &amp; M. Yoonus T 137510(holo CAL!;iso CALI[CALI1112092!], MH!, K!). FiGS. 21 &amp; 22</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 40–60 cm tall, erect, stout, unbranched; nodes glabrous, slightly geniculate. Leaf sheaths 3–8 cm long, closely involute to the culm, persistent, fibrous; ligules narrow membrane, fringed with long hairs at apex, hairs 3–7 mm long; leaf blades 12–23 × 0.4–0.5 cm, flat to convolute, apex acute-acuminate, scabrid, sparsely villous adaxially and glabrous abaxially, margins entire. Racemes 15–28 × 0.5–0.7 cm, 50– 60 spikelets loosely or tightly appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis 3–5 mm long, stout, tri-angular, minutely scabridulose; peduncle 5–10 cm long, stout, glabrous. Spikelets 10–30 × 3–4 mm, linear-lanceolate, leaden green, 7–10-flowered; callus bearded, hairs 1–1.5 mm long; rachilla persistent, 1–1.2 mm long, glabrous, slightly zig-zag; lower glumes 5–7 × 1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, asymmetrical, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, bi-lobed, chartaceous, shortly awned at the apex, awns 1 mm long; upper glumes 6–8 × 0.5–1 mm, symmetrical, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, prominentely, scabrid, apex 2-fid, shortly awned from the notch, awns 2.5–3 mm long, scabrid; lemmas 3–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm (excluding awns), narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 4-lobed, 3-nerved, 3-awned, lobes acute-acuminate, 1–1.5 mm long, median awn 3.7–4.2 mm long, scabrid, straight or curved, lateral awns 2.5–3 mm long; paleas 2.8–3 × 1.7–2 mm, hyaline, elliptic-lanceolate, keeled and slightly winged, keels minutely ciliolate along margins, sub-acute to deeply notched at apex; lodicules 2, c. 0.5 mm long, wedge-shaped, apex coarsely 3-toothed; stamens 3, anthers 1.5–2 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.25–0.5 mm long, obovate, style 2, 0.75–1mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.75–1mm long, plumose. Caryopses not seen.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to December.</p><p>Habitat: It grows on hill tracts among boulders and also along the Ghat road sides at elevations between 1000–1950 m, in association with Eriocaulon spp. ( Eriocaulaceae), Impatiens spp. ( Balsaminaceae), Indopoa paupercula, Tripogon bromoides, T. filiformis (all Poaceae) Cyanotis papilionacea and Murdannia dimorpha G.Brückn. (both Commelinaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India, hitherto known only from the type locality and adjoining areas.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Chikmagalur district, Baba Budan hills, 1560 m, 13.09.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; Mohammed Yoonus 137501; Ibid., 13.09.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; Mohammed Yoonus 137530 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon karnatakensis resembles T. fliformis, but differs in having flat to convolute, sparsely villous and adaxially scabrid leaves, 15–28 cm long stout leaden green racemes, 2-keeled lower glumes and ciliate paleas with a deep apical notch.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C17FFCAD146F97E52ABF5FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C18FFCED3D6FBE557C0F19B.text	0381878F6C18FFCED3D6FBE557C0F19B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon lisboae Stapf, Kew Bull. 1892	<div><p>Tripogon lisboae Stapf, Kew Bull. 1892: 84 . 1892; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 286. 1896; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 522. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 622. 1997; Kabeer &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass. 180. 2009; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S.R.Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra 563. 2012. Lectotype (designated by Thoiba &amp; Pradeep, 2018): INDIA, Rajasthan, Rajputana, Mt. Abu, on rocks, 3500 ft, 12.10.1987, J.F. Duthie 6788 (K [K000245015 digital image!]). FiGS. 23, 24 &amp; 27</p><p>Tufted perennials. Culms 10–120 cm high, terete, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 6–12 cm long, terete, glabrous; ligules absent; leaf blades 20–60 × 0.4–0.7 cm, linear, lanceolate, glaucous, flat or sometimes rolled, sparsely villous adaxially, scabridulous on veins, acuminate at apex. Racemes 10–30 cm long, stout, erect or curved, 15–35 spikelets appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis stout, glabrous or scabrid, 3–12 mm long; peduncles 8–15 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 5–13 × 1–2 mm narrowly elliptic, linear, distant, olive green, 5–10- flowered; callus bearded, hairs c. 0.3 mm long; rachilla 0.1–0.2 mm long, glabrous, straight or zig zag, not persistent; lower glumes 2.5–4 × 0.5–0.8 mm, notched on one-side, ovate-lanceolate, 1- nerved, 1-keeled, glabrous, and acute at apex; upper glumes 3–5.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, elliptic-ovate, 1- keeled, 1–3-nerved, lateral nerves not prominent, apex 2-toothed, shortly aristate; lemmas 2.8–3.2 × 0.6–0.8 mm, narrowly ovate, 2-lobed, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 1-awned, awns 1–2.2 mm long, scabridulous, lateral lobes membranous; paleas 2.8–3.2 × 0.5–1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly winged, hyaline, 2-keeled, keels ciliate, acute at apex; lodicules 2, c. 0.3 mm long, slightly cordate, 3-toothed; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.8 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.75– 1.2 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.4–2.2 × c. 0.5 mm, narrowly oblong, terete, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to November.</p><p>Habitat: This species is found growing on the cliffs of moist rocks along Ghat road sides and also grasslands at elevations of 600–1800 m. Occasionally seen in association with Begonia malabarica Lam. ( Begoniaceae), Chlorophytum heynei Baker ( Asparagaceae), Chrysopogon hackelii (Hook.f.) C.E.C.Fisch., Eragrostis collinensis Vivek, G.V.S.Murthy &amp; V.J.Nair, Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae) and Impatiens sp. ( Balsaminaceae).</p><p>Distribution: India, fairly common in southwest regions of the Peninsula.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Goa, North Goa district, Dicholi, 12.09.1970, R . K . Kochhar 154177; Naruja, tableland Keyna, 29.11.1978, R . K . Kochhar 157977 (BSI); Surla, Satari, 02.10.2005, Harshala Gad &amp; M . K . Janarthanam 244 (Goa University Herbarium); South Goa district, s.loc., 11.09.2016, Syam Radh S. &amp; K. Thoiba 146739 (CALI). Karnataka, Chikmagalur district, Kudremukh National Park, 18.09.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 144145 (CALI); Shimoga district, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Khodachadri, 09.09.2015, K . Thoiba 144163 (CALI). Kerala, Idukki district, way to Vagamon, 10.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; C . Pramod 146606 (CALI); Wayanad district, Periya, Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary, 22.08.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 144144 (CALI). Madhya Pradesh, Hoshangabad district, Pachmaxi road, Bori R . F ., 06.10.1960, J . Joseph 11254 (MH). Maharashtra, Kolhapur district, Amba Ghat, 06.11.2016, K . Thoiba 146733 (CALI); Tillari, 16.09.2001, s.coll. s.n. (SUK); Mumbai district, Mumbai hills, Thanae range, 09.09.1968, K . V . Billore 116607 (CAL); Pune district, Bhimashankar, 30.03.1957, G . S . Puri 12598 (BSI); Ibid., 09.10.1962, K . P . Janardhanan 81740 (CAL); Junnar, Aie, 08.2007, S . B . Nagarkar 11526 (AHMA); Khandala, 20.09.1902, G . A . Gammie 15442; Meroli, 15.09.1957, S . D. Mahajan 17184 (BSI); Kukdeshwar, 07.10.2001, S . B . Nagarkar s.n. (AHMA); Lonavla, Ravine above Bashi lake, 28.09.1964, B . Venkata Reddi 98796 (BSI); Sinhagad, 05.09.2010, s.coll. 3422 (CALI); Rairashwar, 17.09.1958, V . D. Vartak 13860 (CAL); Vazirgarh fort, 26.12.1944, H . Santapau 5648; Ibid., 29.12.1945, H . Santapau 8335 (BLAT); Raigad district, Karnala, 29.09 1976, V . D. Vartak 1126 (AHMA); Matheran, Hart point, 08.10.2003, R . K . Singh 188778 (BSI); Satara district, Carnac point, 12.10.1960, M . Y . Ansari 67659; on the top of the fort, Muhshi, Ambawane, 06.09.1964, B . Venkata Reddi 99051; Khandala, 09.1907, A . Meebold 9121; Mahablaeshwar, Koyna, Tadorhi, 24.11.1978, R . K . Kochhar 157834; Ibid., 05.10.1957, G . S . Puri 25639 (CAL); Panchgani, 10.1908, E . Blatter 338; Mahabalaeshwar, 14.09.1958, H . Santapau 22737 (BLAT); Sindhudurg district, Amboli Ghat, Nanapuri, 31.10.1969, B . G . Kulkerni 119234; Mahadeogad, 09.10.1970, B . G . Kulkerni 121545 (BSI); s.loc., 30.09.2001, s.coll., s.n.; s.loc., s.die., M . M . Sardesai s.n. (SUK); Sangli district, Dongarwadi, 26.01.2005, Aparna Watve 00511 (AHMA). Rajasthan, Banswara district, s.loc., 20.03.1976, V . Singh 2913 (CAL); Churu district, Ratangarh, 04.10.1970, B . M . Wadhwa 128120 (BSI); Jaipur district, Devaliya, 29.09.1960, R . S . Rao 6606 (BSI); Jhalawar district, s. loc., 17.09.1964, B . M . Wadhwa 5405 (CAL); Jhunjhunu district, Khola hill, Sirohi, 24.10.1960, P . C . Nanda 2086 (CAL); Jodpur district, Mahalkari, Manar, 17.10.1906, s.coll. 2 (BSI); Sirohi district, Mount Abu, Guru Shikhar road, 10.11.1959, S . K . Jain 660177; on way to Devaliya, 29.09.1960, R . S . Rao 66643 (BSI). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Lambden’s peak, 03.06.1954, D. Daniel Sundararaj s.n. (MH); Dindigul district, Kodaikanal, Law’s Ghat road, 08.09.1985, K . M . Matthew 42249 (RHT) .</p><p>Notes: It resembles T. malabaricus, but differs in having flat or rolled leaves, inconspicuous ligules, racemes being straight or curved, upper glumes shortly aristate and awns as long as or shorter than the lemmas.</p><p>Tripogon longearistatus Hack. ex Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 41: 11. 1927, as “ longe-aristatus ”; Lee, Manual Korean Grass. 244. 1966; Koyama, Grass. Japan &amp; Neighbour Regions 271: 1987; Osada, Illustr. Grass. Japan 1: 466. 1989; S.L. Chen, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 10(1): 61. 1990; S.M. Philips &amp; S.L. Chen, Kew Bull. 57: 920. 2002; Z.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven &amp; D.Y. Hong in S.L. Chen &amp; S.M. Philips, Fl. China 22: 468. 2006. Tripogon chinensis (Franch.) Hack. var. longearistatus Hack. ex Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41: 11. 1927. Lectotype (designated here): KOREA, Cheju-do, Quelpaert, 1908, Taquet 3425 (TI [TI00016318 digital image!]).</p><p>Tripogon longearistatus Nakai, Veg. Isl. Quelpaert: 19: 147. 1914, nom. nud.</p><p>Tripogon coreensis (Hack.) Ohwi var. longearistatus Hack. ex T. Mori, nom. nud.</p><p>Tripogon longearistatus Honda var. japonicas Honda, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 41: 12. 1927. Tripogon japonicus (Honda) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 63. 1935; Tripogon longearistatus Honda subsp. japonicus (Honda) T.Koyama, Grass. Japan &amp; Neighbour. Regions 271: 532. f.103. 1987. Type: JAPAN, Hondo, s.d., Ando 69 (holo TI!).</p><p>Tripogon panxianensis H.Peng, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13 (2): 147. 1991. Type: CHINA, Guizhou, Panxian, 28.09.1988. Gesuo, C.Z. Dang 1010 (holo HGAS; iso YUNU). FiGS. 25–27</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 15–30 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 4–10 cm long, papery, ribbed, glabrous; ligules ciliolate membranous; leaf blades 4–17 × c. 0.1 cm, linear, convolute, glabrous or loosely pilose adaxially and glabrous abaxially, acuminate or attenuate at apex. Racemes 8–30 cm long, slightly flexuous, spikelets loosely arranged in rachis; rachis slender; peduncles 5–8 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 4.5–10.5 × 1–1.3 mm, linear-lanceolate, pale green to dark grey; 4–7(–12)- flowered; callus bearded, hairs 0.5–1 mm long; rachilla 0.4–0.5 mm long, glabrous, straight or zig zag, not persistent; lower glumes 2.5–3 × 0.5–0.7 mm, linear-lanceolate, asymmetrical, broadened or toothed on one side, 1-nerved, 1-keeled; keels slightly scabrid, sub-acute or acuminate at apex; upper glumes 3.5–4.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm, lanceolate-oblong, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, acuminate-rostrate or emarginated and mucronate at apex; lemmas 2.3– 3.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm (excluding awns), elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved, bidentate, median awn 3.6–8 mm long, stiff, scabrid, strongly reflexed, teeth acute; lateral veins extended into 0.2–0.4 mm long awns arising free from lemma tooth or from its outer margins, lateral awn size may be equal or not; paleas 2–2.5 × 0.4–0.6 mm, lanceolate, hyaline, 2-keeled, narrowly winged, keels ciliolate, apex acute or bi-lobed; lodicules 2, 0.2–0.3 mm long, dentate at apex; Stamen 1, anthers 1–1.5 mm long; ovary 0.2–0.3 mm long, styles 2, 0.2–0.3 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.4–0.5 mm, feathery. Caryopses 1–1.6 × 0.1–0.2 mm, linear-lanceolate, cylindric, light brown.</p><p>Flowering and fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to December.</p><p>Habitat: On rocky slopes and also in river beds between 300–1500 m altitude.</p><p>Distribution: China, India, Japan and Korea.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Meghalaya, East Khasi hills district, Mawlynnong, 1496 m, 11.10.2017, Santhosh Nampy &amp; Vishnu Mohan 156870a, 156870b, 156870c, 156870d, 156870e (CALI). Sikkim, West Sikkim district, Tashiding, on the way to Phamerong waterfalls, 29.07.2018, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K. Thoiba 159815 (CALI).</p><p>Notes: Honda (1927) described T. longearistatus based on specimens collected from Quelpeart (Japan, Korea). He cited six specimens “ Corea: ins. Quelpaert (Taquet 1882, Anno 1908); ibidem (Taquet 3425, Anno 1909); ibidem (T. Nakai 4845, Anno 1917). Planta endemica” without designating a type. According to Phillips and Chen (2002), among the materials cited, three syntypes are available at the Herbarium of the University of Tokyo (TI). While searching for the original specimens at TI, we could trace only two relevant sheets. Among them, the sheet Taquet 3425 (TI [TI00016318 digital image!]) bears the type label, and also a determination slip affixed by M. Honda in the same year. The other sheet Nakai 4845 (TI [TI100016317 digital image!]) was also determined by Honda in 1925 but with three specimens mounted on a single sheet without any type labels. Therefore, the sheet Taquet 3425 (TI [TI00016318 digital image!]) carrying a well preserved specimen matching exactly with the protologue is designated here as the lectotype of T. longearistatus .</p><p>Tripogon longearistatus closely resembles T. filiformis Nees ex Steud., but can easily be distinguished by its widely spaced spikelets with stiff strongly reflexed awns, lateral awns arising free from lemma tooth or from its outer margins, and by its solitary anther. However, specimens of T. filiformis with laxer racemes than usual, or with a tendency for the awns to reflex, and also young specimens of T. longearistatus with straight awns, can cause difficulty. There is little overlap in their geographical range. Tripogon filiformis is an upland and high altitude species, whilst T. longearistatus is confined to the eastern lowlands (Phillips &amp; Chen, 2002; Chen &amp; Phillips, 2006). Thorough examination of the protologue and type (Royle s.n., (K [K000245038 digital image!]) of T. filiformis showed it as a distinct species. Tripogon filiformis is characterized by its filiform, lax and densely pilose leaves, upper glumes 2-toothed below the apex, lemmas 4-lobed, 3-awned, median awns twice as long as the lemma or more.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C18FFCED3D6FBE557C0F19B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C1CFFCFD3D6FF2254C5F29B.text	0381878F6C1CFFCFD3D6FF2254C5F29B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon mahendragiriensis Chorghe, Sang. Dey, K. Prasad, Prasanna & Y. V. Rao, Nord. J. Bot.	<div><p>Tripogon mahendragiriensis Chorghe, Sang.Dey, K.Prasad, Prasanna &amp; Y.V.Rao, Nord. J. Bot. 33(6): 655. 2015. Type: INDIA, Odisha, Gajapati district, Mahendragiri hill, N 18̊58'04.3'’, E 084̊21'57.4'’, 1478 m, 17.09.2014, Chorghe &amp; Prasad 4210 (holo BSID!; iso CAL [CAL0000025360!]). FiG. 27</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 15–20 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 3–5 cm long, linear, glabrous; ligules ciliate, cilia 0.5 mm long; leaf blades 4–10 × 0.05 cm, linear, filiform, sparsely covered with white hairs. Racemes 5–10 cm long, spiciform, spikelets loosely arranged in rachis; rachis flat, glabrous; peduncle 7–12 cm long. Spikelets 4.5–5.2 × 1 mm, linear-lanceolate, laterally compressed, 4–5-flowered with reduced florets near apex; lower glumes 2–2.25 × c. 0.50 mm, linear-lanceolate, shallowly lobed on one-side, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, acuminate at apex; upper glumes 3.5–3.7 × c. 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, acuminate at apex; lemmas 2.8–3.1 × 0.7–0.9 mm, lanceolate, bearded at base, 3-nerved, 1-keeled, unlobed, 3-awned, median awn 1.8–2.2 mm long, shorter than lemma, arising from the median nerve, lateral awns 0.5 mm long; paleas 2.6–2.8 × 0.6 mm, oblanceolate, hyaline, 2-keeled, keels ciliate, acute at apex; stamens 2, anthers 1.3 mm long; ovary 0.4 mm long, styles 2, slender, hyaline, stigma feathery. Caryopses 1.5–1.6 × 0.5–0.6 mm, oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting in September.</p><p>Habitat: It was found growing on rocks above 1400 m elevation associated with Arundinella setosa Trin., Garnotia tenella Janowski and Jansenella griffithiana (Müll.Hal.) Bor (all Poaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to India, hitherto known only from the type locality.</p><p>Notes: The authors were not able to collect T. mahendragiriensis, and the description provided here is based on the type collection. The species is similar to Tripogon humilis and T. purpurascens, but differs mainly in having longer culms, leaf blades and racemes; lemmas unlobed, 3-awned and two anthers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C1CFFCFD3D6FF2254C5F29B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C1DFFCDD146FB49540AF027.text	0381878F6C1DFFCDD146FB49540AF027.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon malabaricus Thoiba & Pradeep, J. Bot. Res. Inst.	<div><p>Tripogon malabaricus Thoiba &amp; Pradeep, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(2): 523. 2014, as “malabarica ”. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Kozhikode district, Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kakkayam, 990 m, N 11 ̊33.037', E 075 ̊55.024', 19.09.2013, Thoiba Kottekkattu 134436 (holo BRIT!; iso CAL!, CALI [CALI112096!], K!, MH [MH00003235!]).</p><p>FiGS. 28, 29 &amp; 32</p><p>Tufted perennial herb. Culms 25–65 cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 10–18 cm long, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, villous adaxially, apex pubescent; ligules indistinct, tuft of 2.5–3.5 mm long hairs at apex; leaf blades 30–70 × 0.2–0.8 cm, linear-lanceolate, flat, margins slightly scabridulous or scabrid, pubescent with short white papillose hairs adaxially and glabrous abaxially. Racemes 15–40 cm long, 30–55 spikelets tightly arranged in rachis; rachis rigid, stout, glabrous; peduncles 8– 15 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 13–14 × 1.5–2 mm, linear, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, 4–7- flowered; callus bearded; rachilla 1 mm long, glabrous; lower glumes 2.5–4 × 1–1.5 mm, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, acuminate at apex; upper glumes 4.5–6 × 1–1.5 mm, lanceolate, coriaceous, 1–3-nerved, 1-keeled, scabrid, acute at apex; lemmas 3–5 × 1.5–2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, scabrid, 1-awned, awns 3–5 mm long, scabrid, sometimes slightly geniculate towards apex; paleas 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm, obovate, hyaline, 2-keeled, ciliate, subulate at apex; lodicules 2, 0.25–0.5 mm long, truncate at apex, coarsely 3-toothed; stamens 3, anthers 1.5–2 mm long, oblong, filaments 1mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.5–0.75 × 0.25–0.5 mm, obovate, styles 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.75 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses not seen.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from late July to early November.</p><p>Habitat: This species grows from 950–1500 m altitude on steep granitic cliffs, road cuts and wet rocky hillsides in association with Chlorophytum malabaricum Baker ( Asparagaceae), Impatiens scapiflora B.Heyne, I. gardneriana Wight ( Balsaminaceae), Kleinia grandiflora (DC.) Rani ( Asteraceae), Pouzolzia auriculata Wight, P. bennetiana Wight (both Urticaceae), Themeda triandra Forssk. and Panicum spp. (both Poaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India, hitherto known only from the type locality and adjoining areas.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Kozhikode district, Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kakkayam, 09.11.2014, K . Thoiba 137545; Vayalada, Thalayad, Kakkayam, 16.09.2017, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146746 (CALI); Malappuram district, Thamburankolli, Koodaranji, 30.10.2013, K . Thoiba 134480 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Dey and Prasanna (2019) reduced this taxon to synonymy under T. major subsp. vellarianus (Pradeep) Sang.Dey &amp; Prasanna. This conclusion is based on a comparison of single specimen each of both the taxa available at CAL. Our field observations of both taxa do not support this finding. Tripogon malabaricus differs from T. vellarianus and T. lisboae in having linear, coriaceous, villous leaves, 13–14 mm long spikelets with 4–7 - florets, lemma with straight or geniculate, scabrid awns and keeled palea with a subulate apex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C1DFFCDD146FB49540AF027	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C1FFFF0D146F9AD547CF740.text	0381878F6C1FFFF0D146F9AD547CF740.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon munnarensis Thoiba & Manudev, Phytotaxa	<div><p>Tripogon munnarensis Thoiba &amp; Manudev, Phytotaxa 272(2): 130. 2016. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Munnar, Udumbanchola, near Mundiyaruma, 1430 m, 16.12.2014, T. Kottekkattu &amp; A.K. Pradeep 144105 (holo CAL!; iso CALI [CALI112103!], MH!, K!). FiGS. 30 &amp; 32</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 5–15 cm high erect, unbranched; nodes glabrous, slightly geniculate. Leaf sheaths 2–5.5 cm long, closely involute to the culm, persistent, fibrous; ligules obscure, fringed with long hairs at apex, hairs 1–2 mm long; leaf blades 5–15 × 0.18–0.25 mm, lanceolate, flat to convolute, densely villous adaxially and sparsely villous abaxially, margins entire, minutely pungent at apex. Racemes 7–15 cm, contracted, 14–35 spikelets loosely or tightly arranged in rachis; rachis 0.5–1 cm long, stout, quadrate, glabrous; peduncles 5–10 cm long, stout, glabrous. Spikelets 10–16 × 1–2.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, 10–16-flowered, younger florets with pinkish dots; callus bearded, barbate in front at the base of rachilla internode, hairs 1–1.5 mm long; rachilla not persistent, 1–1.2 mm long, glabrous, slightly zig-zag; lower glumes 1–2.7 × 0.5–1 mm, oblong-lanceolate, asymmetrical, chartaceous, 1-nerved, acute at apex; upper glumes 3–4.5 × 0.5–1 mm, symmetrical, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, prominently scabrid, 2-fid at apex, shortly awned from the notch, awns 0.3–0.5 mm long, scabrid; lemmas 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm (including awn), narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 4-lobed, 3-nerved, 3-awned, lobes acute-acuminate, 0.3–0.5 mm long, aristate, median awn 1–1.5 mm long, scabrid, almost straight or curved, lateral awns 0.5–0.8 mm long; paleas 1.5– 3 × 0.6–2 mm, hyaline, elliptic-lanceolate, keeled and slightly winged, keels minutely ciliolate along the margins distally, sub-acute to deeply notched at apex; lodicules 2, 0.5–0.8 mm long, wedge-shaped, apex coarsely 3-toothed; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.5 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.4–0.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 mm long, obovate, style 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.5–0.75 mm long, plumose. Caryopses not seen.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to early December.</p><p>Habitat: It grows on hill sides among boulders and also along the Ghat road sides at elevations between 1000–1500 m, in association with Chrysopogon nodulibarbis, Tripogon bromoides, T. sivarajanii (all Poaceae), Henckelia incana ( Gesneriaceae), Eriocaulon spp. ( Eriocaulaceae) and moss species.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to India, hitherto known only from the type locality and adjoining areas.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Kambakal Medu, Munnar, 26.09.2014, K. M . Manudev 138906 (CALI); Munnar, Udumbanchola, near Mundiyaruma, 16.12.2014, K . Thoiba, A. K . Pradeep &amp; T . Mohammed Yoonus 144105 (CAL, CALI, K, MH); Ramakkalmedu, 23.10.2017, A. K . Pradeep &amp; K . Thoiba 146752 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon munnarensis is similar to T. narayanae, but differs from it in having 10–16 mm long spikelets with 10–16 florets, rachilla 0.5–0.8 mm long, apically acute asymmetrical lower glumes, median awns 1–1.5 mm long, almost straight or curved, and lateral awns 0.5–0.8 mm long.</p><p>Tripogon narayanae Sreek., V.J.Nair &amp; N.C.Nair, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80(1): 196. 1983, as “ narayanii ”; Sreek. &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass: 401, t. 84. 1991; S.Moulik, Grass. Bamb. India 2: 622. 1997; Kabeer &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass: 181. 2009; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala –Fl. Pl. 595. 2004. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Eravikulam National Park, 2000 m, 28.08.1980, P.V. Sreekumar 68412 (holo (CAL [CAL0000002441!]; iso K [K000245043 digital image!], MH [MH00001654!]). FiGS. 31 &amp; 32</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 10–25 cm high erect; nodes glabrous, slightly geniculate, 1 or 2 noded. Leaf sheaths 4–10 cm long, linear, hairy; ligules thin, membranous, with a ciliate rim at apex, cilia 1–2 mm long; leaf blades 10–25 × 0.15–0.25 cm, linear-lanceolate, flat-convolute, hairy along margins and both surfaces, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 6–12 cm long; peduncle 5–10 cm, glabrous; spikelets loosely or tightly arranged in rachis; rachis 2–3 mm long, triquadrate, stout, scabrid. Spikelets 5–10 × 2–2.8 mm, linear-lanceolate, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, leaden grey, 4–6-flowered; callus bearded, hairs 1–1.2 mm long; rachilla 2 mm long, glabrous, almost straight, not persistent; lower glumes 2.3–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, notched on one-side, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled; keels slightly scabrid, acuminate or mucronate at apex, mucro 0.3 mm long, scabrid; upper glumes 4–5.5 × 0.5–0.75 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, apex dentate or shortly awned, awns 0.5–0.8 mm long at sinus; lemmas 3.5–4 × 1–1.2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 4-lobed and 3-awned; awns scabrid, apex straight or geniculate, median awn 1.5–3.6 mm long, lateral awns almost half the length of median, 0.5–2.3 mm long, lateral lobes ovate-acute, 0.3–1 mm long, margins scabrid or aristate; paleas 2–3 × 0.5–0.75 mm, elliptic-oblanceolate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, keels ciliate above the halves, emarginate or 2-lobed with a minute central notch at the apex; lodicules 2, 0.3– 0.4 mm long, obovate, 3-lobed at apex; stamens 3, anthers 1.3–1.5 mm long, oblong, purple tinged, filaments 1.5–2.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 mm long, obovate, styles 2, c. 4 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 2, c. 0.6 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.2–1.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, narrowly oblong, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from August to October.</p><p>Habitat: This species is usually found growing along soil filled rock crevices, and wet areas along Ghat road sides and high elevation grasslands in association with Arundinella ciliata Nees, A. pumila, Garnotia tenella, Tripogon bromoides, T. munnarensis (all Poaceae), Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult &amp; Schult.f. ( Commelinaceae) and Henckelia innominata (B.L.Burtt) A.Weber &amp; B.L.Burtt, ( Gesneriaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Kanthalloor, Pius Nagar, 13.11.2012, A . K . Pradeep &amp; K . Thoiba 134401a, 134401b, 134401c, 134401d; Kanthallur, 22.11.2013, A . K . Pradeep &amp; K . Thoiba 138008a, 138008b, 138008c, 138008d; Udumbanchola, Mundiyeruma, 16.12.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 144103a, 144103b, 144103c, 144103d; Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, 09.12.2016, A . K . Pradeep &amp; K . Thoiba 146764 (CALI). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Velliangiri hills, 30.09.2016, A . K . Pradeep &amp; Nikhil Krishna 146722, 146723 (CALI); Nilgiri district, Gudallur, suicide point, 12.12.2015, K . Thoiba 146708 (CALI); Salem district, Yercaud, Rosegarden view point, 10.12.2017, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146788 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: It resembles Tripogon bromoides but differs in having densely tufted villous leaves, florets 4–6, lateral awns half the length of the median awns, and palea ciliate above the middle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C1FFFF0D146F9AD547CF740	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C22FFF7D146FE905453F19E.text	0381878F6C22FFF7D146FE905453F19E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon polyanthus Naik & Patunkar, Bull. Bot. Surv.	<div><p>Tripogon polyanthus Naik &amp; Patunkar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15 (1–2): 158. 1973; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 623. 1997; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S.R.Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra: 563. 2012. Tripogon jacquemontii var. polyanthus (Naik &amp; Patunkar) Sang.Dey &amp; Prasanna, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 43(1–4): 7. 2020[“2019”]. Type: INDIA, Maharashtra, Aurangabad district, Daulatabad, 18.10.1973, Patunkar 1859A (holo CAL [CAL0000002445!]; iso Marathwada University, BSI [BSI0000000677!]).</p><p>FiGS. 33, 34 &amp; 36</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 30–80 cm high, terete, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 1.5–6 cm long, ribbed, margins long ciliate; ligules membranous or ciliate; leaf blades 3–10 × 0.1–0.2 cm, linear, convolute, hairy at adaxially and glabrous abaxially, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 10–30 cm long, spiciform, erect or curved; spikelets arranged loosely in rachis; rachis 0.5–1.5 cm long, stout, glabrous or scabridulous; peduncle 5–13 cm, glabrous. Spikelets 2–6.5 × 0.1–0.2 cm, linear, yellowish or purple tinged, straw-coloured at dry, 20–60-flowered; callus bearded, hairs 0.5– 1mm long; rachilla 1–1.2 mm long, scabridulous; lower glumes 3–3.5 × 0.5–0.75 mm, notched on one-side, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, mucronulate at apex; upper glumes 3.5–4.5 × 0.75–1 mm, linear-lanceolate, 1- nerved, 1-keeled, mucronate at apex, mucro 0.5 mm long; lemmas 3.5–4 × 0.6–1 mm (excluding awn), ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 1-awned, 2- lobed, lobes ciliate or sometimes minutely awned, median awns 1–2 mm long, scabrid; paleas 3–4.25 × 0.8–1.25 mm, obovate-lanceolate, narrowly winged, hyaline, 2-keeled, keels ciliate, acute at apex; lodicules 2, 0.5–0.7 mm long, slightly cordate; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.6 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.75–1 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.4–1.8 × 0.2– 0.3 mm, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from August to October.</p><p>Habitat: This species is generally found growing in open situations along dry river bed rocks in association with Aristida funiculata Trin. &amp; Rupr., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Chrysopogon polyphyllus Blatt. &amp; McCann, Digitaria annua Van der Veken, Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight &amp; Arn. (all Poaceae) and Tridax procumbens L. ( Asteraceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to India, hitherto known only from a few localities in Maharashtra State.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Maharashtra, Aurangabad district, Daulatabad, 400 m, 18.10.1973, B. W . Patunkar 1857a (BSI, CAL); Nandurbar district, Tapi river bed, Prakasha, Shahada, 15.11.2016, K. V. C . Gosavi &amp; K . Thoiba 146747a, 146747b, 146747c (CALI); Pune district, Sinhagad, 05.09.2010, K. M . Manudev &amp; Santhosh Nampy 3429 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Dey and Prasanna (2019) consider T. polyanthus as a variety of T. jacquemontii apparently based on the examination of herbarium specimens. However, our field studies show that they are very distinct and to be treated as two separate species. Tripogon polyanthus is rather confined to a few localities in Maharashtra and prefers to grow along dry river bed rocks, while T. jacquemontii is rather widespread in the hills of Central India . The report of this taxon (l.c.) from Madhya Pradesh is doubtful. Tripogon polyanthus differs from T. jacquemontii in having much longer many-flowered spikelets which are rather divaricate, more loose and straw-coloured, and the lemmas are 2-fid at the apex.</p><p>Tripogon pungens C.E.C.Fisch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934 (4): 170. 1934 &amp; in Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 3: 1834: 1934; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India Pakistan 522. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 623. 1997; Kabeer &amp; V.J. Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass: 180. 2009; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S. R . Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra: 564. 2012. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Punachi, Anaimalais hills, 3500 ft, 10.10.1901, C. A . Barber 3717 (holo K [K000245044 digital image!]; iso MH [MH00002624!]) .</p><p>Tripogon paramjitianus Murug., Arum. &amp; Kabeer,</p><p>Indian J . Forest. 40 (3): 285. 2017, syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Velliangiri hills, Western Ghats, 22.11.2014, Murugesan 302A (holo MH</p><p>[MH00003447!]; iso MH [MH00003448!]). FiGS. 35 &amp; 36</p><p>Densely tufted perennials. Culms up to 20 cm high, branched, thickened with the imbricating old leaf sheaths, slender, wiry and usually long exerted above; nodes concealed by the sheaths. Leaf sheaths 5–10 mm long, imbricate, striate; ligules represented by a minute hairy ridges; leaf blades 1–5 cm long, convolute or involute, rigid, pungent, often curved, equitant, coriaceous, 6–8 ribbed and minutely hispidulous adaxially, glabrous abaxially. Racemes 3–8 cm long, numerous, erect or curved, 15–35 spikelets loosely or tightly arranged in rachis; rachis narrow; peduncles 5–15 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 2–6 × 1–1.5 mm, narrowly ellipsoid, 3– 9-flowered; callus bearded; rachilla 0.6–1 mm long, terete, more or less hairy, disarticulating at the base of each floret; lower glumes 2–3 × 0.5–1 mm, membranous, asymmetrical, 1-nerved, obtuse (sometimes the glume completely divided into two sub-equal parts); upper glumes 2.8–4 × 0.5–1 mm, oblong, acute or notched, strongly 1-ribbed, back rounded or more or less keeled; lemmas 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm (excluding awn), upper lemmas in spikelet tend to be smaller towards apex, broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, apex shortly 2-lobed, lobes obtuse, bearing an arista or awn from the sinus, arista 0.6–1.2 mm long; paleas 2–2.2 × 0.5–0.8 mm, oblanceolate, 2-keeled, keels ciliolate, obtuse, conduplicate at apex; lodicules 2, narrowly ob-cuneate, 0.1–0.2 mm long, truncate; stamens 3, anthers 1 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary minute, sub-globose, styles 2, distinct at the base. Caryopses 0.2–0.5 × 0.5–1 mm, oblong, cylindrical, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to November.</p><p>Habitat: This species grows on rocks in higher elevation grasslands (900–1800 m) with the lower part of the stem in rock crevices. It is found in association with Arundinella mesophylla, Jansenella griffithiana, Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae), Eriocaulon sp. ( Eriocaulaceae), Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. ( Fabaceae) and Utricularia praeterita P. Taylor ( Lentibulariaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Pothadi, Marayoor, 26.01.2018, F . Dani &amp; K . Thoiba 146796; Ibid., 26.01.2018, F . Dani &amp; K . Thoiba 158302 (CALI). Tamil Nadu, Dindigul district, s.loc., s.d., s.coll. 50215 (RHT) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon paramjitianus was described by Murugesan et al. (2017) from the Velliangiri hills in Tamil Nadu. The authors distinguished their new species from T. pungens based on the size of leaf blades, lobes of glumes, and the number of florets in the spikelets. Tripogon pungens is unique in having thickened culms by persistent leaf sheaths and leaves being equitant, rigid and pungent. An examination of T. pungens in the field also shows that its leaves are not as pungent in the young stages and the racemes not much more extended from the leaves, while characters such as the size of spikelets, shape and number of lobes in glumes, size of awns in the lemma and the size of anthers are found to be variable, and cannot be taken as a reliable character in distinguishing species. An examination of the type of T. paramjitianus (Murugesan 302A, MH!) and other specimens from Kerala and Tamil Nadu showed it to be conspecific with T. pungens, hence reduced it here into synonymy of T. pungens .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C22FFF7D146FE905453F19E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C25FFF4D3D6FF225223F210.text	0381878F6C25FFF4D3D6FF225223F210.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon purpurascens Duthie, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta	<div><p>Tripogon purpurascens Duthie, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 9: 74, t. 92. 1901; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 522. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 623. 1997; S.M.Philips &amp; S.L.Chen, Kew Bull. 57(4): 913. 2002; Teerawat. &amp; Sungkaew, Thai For. Bull. (Bot.) 40: 130. Type: INDIA, Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya, Tehri - Garhwal district, Tons Valley, 05.05.1927, Duthie 23532 (B [B100279879 digital image!]).</p><p>Festuca filiformis Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 302. 1854, non Pourr. 1788.</p><p>Tripogon abyssinicus auct . Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 287. 1896, non Nees ex Steud., 1854.</p><p>Tripogon jacquemontii var. submuticus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 287. 1896. Type: INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Simla, 08.1889, Duthie 10149 (K [K000245021 digital image!]).</p><p>Tripogon hookerianus Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 522. 1960. Lectotype (designated by Teerawatananon &amp; Sungkaew, 2012): INDIA, N.W. Himalaya, Hazara district, Kagan Valley, 8000 ft, 24.07.1896, Duthie 20364 (K [K000245025 digital image!]). FiG. 36</p><p>Caespitose perennials, purple tinged. Culms 4–18 cm high, erect, sub-erect or ascending, slender, purplish, reddish-brown to green; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 2–4 cm long, linear, persistent with remnants of culm bases of previous years, inrolled to the culm; ligules membranous, ciliate; leaf blades 1.7–8 × 0.07–0.2 cm, filiform, convolute, margins entire, densely pilose adaxially and glabrous abaxially, acuminate at apex. Racemes 3–15 cm long, solitary, spike-like, slender, straight or arcuate, spikelets arranged loosely in rachis; rachis angular; peduncles 7–11 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 2.5–7 × 0.4–0.5 mm, oblong-elliptic, distant, laterally compressed, 2–4(-5–8)-flowered, purplish, with diminished sterile floret at the apex, disarticulation of florets from above glumes and in between florets; callus bearded; rachilla glabrous, almost straight, not persistent; lower glumes 1.5–3 × 0.5–0.7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, notched on one-side, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, acute at apex; upper glumes (2–) 2.6–4.5 × 0.5–1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved 1-keeled; lemmas 2–4.5 × 1–1.2 mm, elliptic, membranous, keeled, bifid, 3-nerved, median nerve extends to form a mucro at apex; paleas 2–4 × 0.8– 1 mm, obovate to elliptic, winged, surface pubescent, 2-keeled, ciliate along margins, obtuse or emarginated at apex; lodicules 2, 0.3–0.4 mm long, truncate; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.2 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.3–0.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.4 × c. 0.25 mm, obovate, styles 0.7–1.2 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 1.2–1.3 mm long, plumose, creamy-white. Caryopses 0.5– 1.2 × 0.2–0.3, linear-lanceolate, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from June to September.</p><p>Habitat: This species restricted to open moist, rocky areas and open grassy slopes between 750–3200 m altitudes.</p><p>Distribution: India, China, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Yemen.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Nellore district, Veligonda, 07.1914, M . S . Ramaswami 1417 (CAL). Himachal Pradesh, Lahasa, on the way of Shimla to Kinnaur, 19.04.2016, K . V .C. Gosavi 146798a, 146798b, 19768c (CALI). Kashmir, Ganderbal district, Sind Valley, 24.06.1892, J . F . Duthie 11457; s.loc., s.d., R . B . Majumder 670 (CAL). Madhya Pradesh, Rewa district, Nawagaon, 21.08.1954, K . Subramanyam 8565 (CAL). Maharashtra, Chandrapur district, Devada forest Camp, 20.08.1970, B . M . Wadhwa 137425 (BSI). Rajasthan, Jaipur district, Gopalpura, 17.07.1976, G . P . Roy 2679; University Campus, s.d., Y . D. Tiagi 9; s.loc., s.d., Griffith 6644; s.loc., 09.1964, Braun 3138 (CAL) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon purpurascens is unique in having all parts purplish tinged, slender racemes and 2 - lobed lemma with the midrib extending in to a small mucro and awnless lateral lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C25FFF4D3D6FF225223F210	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C26FFFAD3D6FBC3573BF76E.text	0381878F6C26FFFAD3D6FBC3573BF76E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon ravianus Sunil & Pradeep, Sida	<div><p>Tripogon ravianus Sunil &amp; Pradeep, Sida 19(4): 803. 2001; Kabeer &amp; V.J. Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass: 182. 2009. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri district, Pykara near Udagamandalam, 1990 m, 03.12.2000, Sunil 2176 (holo BRIT!; iso CAL!, CALI [CALI112116!], K!, L!, NY!).</p><p>Tripogon bromoides Roem. &amp; Schult. var. major Stapf ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 288. 1896, syn. nov., non Tripogon major Hook.f., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 230. 1864. Lectotype (designated here): INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri hills, Naduvattum, 6000 ft, 11.1888, Lawson 35 (K [K000907448 digital image!]). FiGS. 37 &amp; 41</p><p>Plants caespitose perennials. Culms 24–70 cm high erect, stout; nodes glabrous, slightly geniculate. Leaf sheaths 3–10 cm long, linear, glabrous or hairy, ribbed, persistent; ligules a fine membrane with tuft of 1–4 mm long hairs; leaf blades 3–35 × 0.2–0.4 cm, linear-lanceolate, flat-convolute, sparsely hairy and scabrid adaxially, glabrous abaxially, margins scabrid especially towards base, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 15–40 cm long, 18–48 spikelets loosely arranged in rachis; rachis 4–7 mm long, stout, glabrous; peduncles 4–12 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 10–25 × 2.5–3.5 mm, linear, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, leaden green, 6–14-flowered; callus bearded, hairs c. 1 mm long; rachilla 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous, almost straight, not persistent; lower glumes 3–4 × 1–2 mm, asymmetrical, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, unequally 2-lobed, acuminate at apex; upper glumes 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, coriaceous, lobed and awned at sinus, awns 1–1.5 mm long, scabrid, lobes 0.5–1 mm long; lemmas 3–4 × 2–3 mm (excluding awn), elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, 3- nerved, 4-lobed, slightly keeled, 3-awned, awns scabrid, straight, median awns 4–5 mm long, lateral awns 3–3.5 mm long, lateral lobes 2 mm long, lanceolate-acuminate; paleas 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, elliptic-oblanceolate, hyaline, winged, 2-keeled; keels ciliate or 2-lobed, acute with a minute central notch at apex; lodicules 2, 0.5–0.75 mm long, wedge shaped; stamens 3, anthers 1.5–2 mm long, oblong, filaments 1–1.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.75–1 × 0.5 mm, obovate, styles 2, c. 1 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 1–1.5 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.8–2.3 × 0.4– 0.7 mm, oblong-cylindric, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to late December.</p><p>Habitat: This species grows from 1500–2200 m elevations on road cuts and seasonally wet rocky hillsides. It is found growing in association with Anaphalis leptophylla DC. ( Asteraceae), Eragrostis collinensis, E. nigra Steud., E. schweinfurthii Chiov., Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae), Hypericum mysurense Wight &amp; Arn. ( Hypericaceae) and Spermacoce articularis L.f. ( Rubiaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Valakettimala, Moolamattam, 09.09.1998, C . N . Sunil 2115a, 2115b (CALI); Palakkad district, Silent Valley National Park, 25.09.2013, K . Thoiba &amp; K . M . Manudev 135132; Nelliyampathy, Kurishumudi, s.die., C . N . Sunil 4478 (CALI). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Velliangiri hills, 22.02.1932, S . R . Raju &amp; Ratnavelu 250 (MH); Ibid., 30.09.2016, A . K . Pradeep, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146768 (CALI); Nilgiri district, Emerald, 09.11.2012, Remya J . &amp; Prasanna 75485 (TBGT); Gudallur, shooting point, 12.12.2015, K . Thoiba 146704; Naduvattam, 10.1910, Bor 11562 (CAL); Ibid., 23.02.2010, Santhosh Nampy 2778 (CALI); Ibid., s.d., s.coll. 56 (MH); Nilgiri hills, Coonor, 20.03.1870, s.coll. 11125a; Ibid., 20.03.1870, s.coll. 11125b (CAL); Pykara, 03.12.2000, C . N . Sunil 2176, 2163; Suicide point, 12.12.2015, K . Thoiba 146707; (CALI); Udagamandalam, 23.12.2017, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146794 (CALI); Ibid., 12.09.1930, N . Narayanaswami 4190, 4273; Ibid., 09.01.1902, C . A . Barber 4161a, 4161b (MH) .</p><p>Notes: Hooker (1896) recognized a new variety, T. bromoides var. major based on a specimen (Lawson 35, K000907448 digital image!) collected from Naduvattam, Nilgiri hills of South India, which is treated here as conspecific with T. ravianus described from Nilgiri hills.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C26FFFAD3D6FBC3573BF76E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C28FFFBD146FE755265F24B.text	0381878F6C28FFFBD146FE755265F24B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon sivarajanii Sunil, Sida	<div><p>Tripogon sivarajanii Sunil, Sida 18(3): 809. 1999; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala – Fl. Pl.: 595. 2004. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Valakettimala near Moolamattam, 1020 m, 02.09.1997, C.N. Sunil 2117 (holo MH!; iso BRIT!, CALI [CALI112132!], K!, L!, PBL!).</p><p>Tripogon jayachandranii Arum. &amp; Murugan, Indian J. Forest. 40(2): 159. 2017, syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Theni district, Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, 1450 m, 04.10.2016, S. Arumugam &amp; C. Murugan 134462 (holo CAL!; iso MH [MH00003331!]). FiGS. 38, 39 &amp; 41</p><p>Tufted perennial herb. Culms 30–70 cm high erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 6–10 cm long, linear, glabrous; ligules a fine glabrous membrane; leaf blades 10–40 × 0.2–0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, flat-convolute, villous adaxially with short dense hairs intermingled with long scattered shaggy hairs, glabrous abaxially, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 10–45 cm long, stout, 20–60 spikelets appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis 3–7 mm long, stout, glabrous; peduncle 3–9 cm, glabrous. Spikelets 7–10.5 × 1.5–2 mm, linear, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, 5–8-flowered; callus hairy, hairs c. 0.5 mm long; rachilla 0.5–1 mm long, glabrous, straight or zig zag, not persistent; lower glumes 2–2.5 × 0.5–1 mm, asymmetrical, oblong-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, acuminate at apex; upper glumes 3–4.2 × 0.5–1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, acuminate or mucronulate at apex, lemmas 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, oblanceolate, 2-lobed, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 1-awned, awns stout, scabrid, straight, 3–3.5 mm long, lateral lobes 0.8–1.5 mm long; paleas 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, obovate-elliptic, narrowly winged, hyaline, 2-keeled, keels ciliolate, acute or 2-lobed with a minute central notch at apex; lodicules 2, c. 0.5 mm long, slightly cordate; stamens 3, anthers 1–1.5 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.25–0.4 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 0.5– 0.75 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.75–1.2 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.2– 1.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, narrowly oblong, cylindric, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to early December.</p><p>Habitat: This species is usually found growing along grassy hill slopes at 800–1800 m elevations in association with Arundinella mesophylla, Chrysopogon hackelii, Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud., E. collinensis, Eragrostiella bifaria, Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae), Crotalaria grahamiana Wight &amp; Arn. ( Fabaceae), Henckelia fischeri (Gamble) A. Weber &amp; B.L. Burtt, H. gambleana (C.E.C.Fisch.) A.Weber &amp; B.L. Burtt (both Gesneriaceae), Impatiens acaulis ( Balsaminaceae), Justicia latispica (Clarke) Gamble ( Acanthaceae), Murdannia semiteres ( Commelinaceae) and Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) Wight ex Clarke ( Gentianaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Ernakulam district, Shoolamudi, Variyam, 14.12.2016, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146741; Ibid., 14.12.2016, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146743 (CALI); Idukki district, Kattapana, 16.12.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 144101; Kalvari Mount, Kattapana, 17.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146634; Kuttikanam Mundakayam road, 15.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146607; Marayoor, 24.05.2016, T . Shaju 66748; Munnar, Devikulam, 16.12.2014, K . Thoiba 137583; Meenuliyampara, 23.12.2009, Santhosh Nampy 2735; Peerumade, 16.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146614; Parunthpara, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146632; Periyakanal waterfalls, 14.11.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 137547; Vagamon, way to Pullikanam, 15.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146610; Ibid., 15.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146612; Valakettimala near Moolamattam, 02.09.1997, C . N . Sunil 2117 (CALI); Kollam district, Varkala, Sivagiri, Jadayipara, 10.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; P . Soumya 146602 (CALI); Kottayam district, s.loc., 05.11.1956, S . C . Agarwal 881 (CALI); Palakkad district, Nelliyampathy, Keshavanpara, 07.11.2013, K . Thoiba 134485; Ibid., 07.11.2015, K . Thoiba 146678 (CALI); (CALI); Thiruvananthapuram district, Bonacaud, s.d., N . Mohanan 11389 (TBGT); Ponmudi, 05.09.2017, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146755 (CALI); Thrissur district, Parambikulam Tiger Reseve, Karimala hills, 26.09.2013, K . Thoiba 134447, 134451; Shaekalmudi, Mudiyankunnu, 12.12.2013, K . Thoiba 138027 (CALI). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Valparai, Shivamalai, 13.12.2013, K . Thoiba 138010 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Arumugam and Murugan (2017) described Tripogon jayachandranii Arum. &amp; Murugan from the Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, India, and compared it with T. jacquemontii, T. pungens, T. copei, and T. wightii . According to them, these four species are allied to T. jayachandranii . During the course of the present investigation, the authors of the present revision have examined the types and protologues of all the five taxa involved, and found that, T. jayachandranii is conspecific with T. sivarajanii Sunil and not at all similar to any one of the species Arumugam and Murugan (2017) compared with, and hence it is reduced to synonymy of T. sivarajanii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C28FFFBD146FE755265F24B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C29FFFED3D6FB9854C5F73D.text	0381878F6C29FFFED3D6FB9854C5F73D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon trifidus Munro ex Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1892	<div><p>Tripogon trifidus Munro ex Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1892 (64): 85. 1892; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 286. 1896; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 524. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 623. 1997; Potdar, Salunkhe &amp; S.R.Yadav, Grass. Maharashtra: 564. 2012. Lectotype (designated by Noltie, 1999): INDIA, Meghalaya, Khasia hills, alt. 4–5500 ft., s.d., Griffith 6634 (K [K000245010 digital image!]).</p><p>Tripogon tirumalae Chorghe, Rasingam, Prasanna &amp; Sankara Rao, Phytotaxa 131(1): 17. 2013, syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Tirumala hills, near Kumaradara Pusupudara Dam, N 13 ̊43.509', E 79 ̊19.345', 990 m, 04.09.2012, L . Rasingam, M. S . Rao &amp; Alok Chorghe 2914 (holo CAL [CAL0000025198!]; iso BSID!) .</p><p>Tripogon umae-ganeshii B.R.P.Rao &amp; M.Anil Kumar, Indian J. Forest. 41(1): 97. 2018, as “ uma-ganeshii ”, syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Horsely hills, N 13 ̊38'44.0'’, E 78 ̊24'50.1'’, 1195 m,</p><p>19.09.2016, B . Ravi Prasad Rao &amp; Midigesi Anilkumar 51980 (holo SKU digital image!; iso BSID) .</p><p>Tripogon nallamalayanus Rasingam &amp; J.Swamy, Phytotaxa 351(4): 296. 2018, syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Telangana, Mahbubnagar district, Umamaheshwaram, N 16 ̊36'989'', E 78 ̊73'168'', 700 m, 22.10.2016, L. Rasingam &amp; J. Swamy 7396 (holo CAL!; iso BSID [BSID0016571 digital image!]). FiGS. 40 &amp; 41</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 20–95 cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 4–12 cm long, linear, glabrous, persistent, inrolled to the culm; ligules a densely ciliate membrane, cilia 0.3–1.2 mm long, often glabrous when dry; leaf blades 10–70 × 0.1– 0.2 cm, linear-lanceolate, filiform, involute, ribbed, sparsely hairy adaxially and glabrous abaxially, margins scabrid, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 5–35 cm long, solitary, spike like, spikelets loosely or tightly arranged in rachis; rachis angular; peduncle 7–25 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 4–16 × 0.7–2 mm, elliptic, greenish to yellow, 5–20- flowered, disarticulation of florets from above glumes and in between florets; callus bearded; rachilla 0.3–0.5 mm long, not persistent; lower glumes 2–4 × 0.5–0.7 mm, lanceolate, asymmetrical, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, acuminate, attenuate or mucronulate at apex, unlobed at maturity; upper glumes 3–5 × 1–1.2 mm, lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1- keeled, apex 2-toothed at maturity, mucronate or minutely awned at sinus; lemmas 3–4.5 × 1–1.3 mm (excluding awn), elliptic-lanceolate, 2-lobed, 3- nerved, 3-awned or not, median awns 2.8–4.5 mm long, scabrid, slightly geniculate, flexuous or recurved, lateral lobes acute to acuminate or sometimes lateral veins extended to lateral awns, awns 0.2–0.5 mm long; paleas 2–2.6 × 0.5–0.6 mm, obovate-elliptic, narrowly winged, hyaline, 2- keeled, 2-nerved, ciliate along the margins, apex 2-lobed or bidentate; lodicules 2, 0.1–0.2 mm long, 2-toothed at apex; stamens 3, anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.3–0.4 mm long, slender; ovary 0.2–0.3 × c. 0.25 mm, obovate, styles 0.3–0.4 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma c. 0.5 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.6–2.5 × 0.25– 0.3 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, dark brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to October.</p><p>Habitat: Rare on rocky hill slopes, it grows on rocks at elevations between 800 to 2500 m, in association with Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene. ( Fabaceae), Apluda mutica, Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Eragrostiella bifaria, E. brachyphylla (Stapf) Bor, Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. &amp; Schult., Ischaemum sp., Lophopogon tridentatus Hack., Tripogon bromoides and T. wightii (all Poaceae).</p><p>Distribution: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Thailand and Vietnam.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Chittor district, Arai, Nagalakona, 23.02.2017, K. Thoiba &amp; Mohammed Yoonus 146781; Penchalakona hills, 08.09.2016, Mohammed Yoonus, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K. Thoiba 146782; Talakona watch house, 09.12.2017, Soumya, Geethika &amp; K. Thoiba 146791 (CAL); Penchalakona hills, s.d., s.coll. 146782 (CALI); Nellore district, Rapur Ghat, 09.10.2016, B.R.P. Rao &amp; M. Anil Kumar 52148 (SUK). Maharashtra, Dhule district, Tarad, near Shirpur, 17.09.2015, K.V.C. Gosavi &amp; K. Thoiba 146784 (CALI). Meghalaya, East Khasi hills district, Cherrapunjee, 07.1878, G. Gallatly 476; K hills, 09.1856, s.coll. s.n.; K &amp; J hills, 22.12.1959, G. Panigrahi 19282; Ibid., 24.09.1886, C.B. Clarke 45089; Khasia, 25.09.1886, C.B. Clarke 45671A; Ibid., Kullong, 23.08.1885, C.B. Clarke 40028; Ibid., 29.08.1886, C.B. Clarke 45092; Mawphlang, 11.09.1886, C.B. Clarke 44707A; Shillong, Bishop Falls, 26.09.1885, C.B. Clarke 40543; s.loc., 08.1919, P.W. Meekinnon s.n. (CAL).</p><p>Notes: Tripogon trifidus is extremely variable. Specimens from northeast and southern India often look different. The height of the plant varies from 20–95 cm, the ligules are very short and ciliate at maturity, but at the flowering stage, long pilose hairs may be present at the throat, which fall down when reaching maturity. Both awned and unawned types of lemmas (from young and mature racemes) are seen in a single collection.</p><p>Tripogon tirumalae was described by Chorghe et al. (2013) based on collections from Tirumala hills in Andhra Pradesh. The authors distinguished T. tirumalae from T. trifidus by its height (60–75 cm), glabrous leaf sheaths near the tip, unawned lemma lobes, median awns being 1.5 times longer than the lemma. An examination of T. trifidus specimens available in Indian herbaria, along with live collections from Tirumala and adjacent hill ranges in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh revealed that T. trifidus is a highly variable taxon. An examination of the type specimens (L. Rasingam, M.S. Rao &amp; Alok Chorghe 2914) available at CAL and BSID and a number of collections from the type locality also revealed the characters used to distinguish T. tirumalae from T. trifidus are rather variable and cannot be relied upon. Hooker (1896) had also observed that the lobes of the lemma are “awned or irregularly toothed” in T. trifidus . The length of the median awn of the lemma also ranges from 2.8 mm to 4.5 mm. Examination of the types of both the taxa also support the merging of Tripogon tirumalae under T. trifidus . The other two recently described species T. nallamalayanus Rasingam &amp; J.Swamy and T. umae-ganeshii B.R.P.Rao &amp; M.Anil Kumar also belong to T. trifidus . Rasingam and Swamy (2018) distinguished T. nallamalayanus from T. trifidus by its glabrous leaf sheaths, longer spikelets and geniculate awn on the lemma. These characters are also variable and cannot be relied upon for their segregation. The leaf sheath of T. trifidus is always pubescent when young, later the hairs fall off and the sheath appears glabrous. The length of the spikelets varies from 4 to 16 mm, and the awn may be straight, wavy or shortly geniculate in this species. According to Rao and Anil Kumar (2018) Tripogon umae-ganeshii differs from T. trifidus in having longer (30–70 cm) leaf blades, glabrous leaf sheath, more florets (13–20) in the spikelets. All these characters are also shared by T. trifidus, and hence the names, T. nallamalayanus and T. umae-ganeshii are reduced to synonymy of T. trifidus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C29FFFED3D6FB9854C5F73D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C2CFFFCD146FEA654C2F4AA.text	0381878F6C2CFFFCD146FEA654C2F4AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon vellarianus Pradeep, Sida	<div><p>Tripogon vellarianus Pradeep, Sida 18(3): 811. 1999; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala –Fl. Pl.: 595. 2004. Tripogon major Hook.f. subsp. vellarianus (Pradeep) Sang.Dey &amp; Prasanna, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 43(1–4): 9. 2020[“2019”]. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Kozhikode district, Vellarimala, 110 25.877´N, 760 06.765´E, 1300 m, 17.10.1997, A.K. Pradeep 56110 (holo MH!; iso BRIT!, CAL!, CALI [CALI112131!], K!, L!, NY [NY00658707 digital image!] PBL!).</p><p>FiGS. 42, 43 &amp; 50</p><p>Tufted perennial herb. Culms 30–150 cm high erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 4–10 cm long, linear, glabrous; ligules indistinct or a tuft of 1–4 mm long hairs at apex in young stage; leaf blades 30–60 × 8–15 mm, linear-lanceolate, flat, sparsely hairy at adaxially and glabrous abaxially, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 30–40 cm long, Spikelets appressed to concavities in rachis; rachis 2.5–3 cm long, rigid, glabrous; peduncle 10–25 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 10–17 × 3–3.6 mm, linear, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, 6–12-flowered; callus bearded, hairs 1–1.2 mm long; rachilla 0.5 mm long, glabrous, straight, not persistent; lower glumes 4–5.2 × 0.9–1.1 mm, lanceolate, symmetrical, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, glabrous, purplish tinged dorsally, acuminate at apex; upper glumes 5–7.5 × 1–1.5 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-keeled, 1– 3-nerved, glabrous acute to acuminate at apex; lemmas 5–10 × 1–2 mm (excluding the awn), ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 1-awned, awns scabrid, apex straight or geniculate, median awns 3 mm long, awns scabrid, lateral awns absent or closely adpressed to the median awn; paleas 4–8 × 0.8–1 mm, narrowly elliptic, hyaline, 2-keeled, winged, keels minutely puberulous, acute or obtuse at apex; lodicules 2, 0.25–0.5 mm long, quadrate, apex coarsely 3-toothed; stamens 3, anthers 1.5–2 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.25 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 0.8 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigmas 0.6–0.8 mm long, plumose, creamy white to purplish. Caryopses 2.5–3.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm, oblong-cylindric, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to January.</p><p>Habitat: This species is rather rare and occurs from 1000 to 1500 m on seasonally wet rocky hill sides in association with Arthraxon lancifolius, Arundinella pumila, Chrysopogon nodulibarbis, Themeda tremula, Tripogon bromoides (all Poaceae), Cyanotis arachnoidea C.B.Clarke, Murdannia semiteres (both Commelinaceae), Henckelia humboldtiana ( Gesneriaceae) and Ipsea malabarica Hook.f. ( Orchidaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India, hitherto known only from the type locality and adjoining areas.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Kozhikode district, Damodaran kolli, way to Vellarimala, 14.11.1997, A. K . Pradeep 56187a, 56187b, 56187c; above Olichuchattum falls, way to Vellarimala, 19.98.1997, A. K . Pradeep 56035a, 56035b, 56035c; Kakkadampoyil, 09.10.2013, K . Thoiba 134468a, 134468b, 134468c (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Dey and Prasanna (2019) without having studied the living populations in the field, treated this taxon as a subspecies of the South African T. major Hook.f. Tripogon vellarianus is a distinct species characterised by its strongly tussockforming habit, broad leaves and large spikelets. It is perhaps the tallest species of Tripogon in the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C2CFFFCD146FEA654C2F4AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C2EFFFDD146FD3955B1F124.text	0381878F6C2EFFFDD146FD3955B1F124.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon velliangiriensis Murug. & V. Balas., Indian J. Forest.	<div><p>Tripogon velliangiriensis Murug. &amp; V.Balas., Indian J. Forest. 31(1): 109. 2008; Kabeer &amp; V.J. Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass: 182. 2009. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Velliangiri hills, 1850 m, 12.09.2003, Murugesan KASCH1181 (holo KASCH; iso MH [MH00003233!]) .</p><p>Tripogon copei Newmaster, V.Balas., Murug. &amp; Ragup., Syst. Bot. 33 (4): 698. 2008. syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Velliangiri hills, 1840 m, 18.12.2006, Ragu &amp; Newmaster 55277 (holo OAC; iso KASCH).</p><p>Tripogon wightii Hook.f. var. kanyakumariensis Kabeer &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass. 183. 2009. syn. nov. Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Kanyakumari district, Mothiramalai, Thomarai, near Peechiparai, ± 630 m, 16.12.2005, K. Althaf Ahamed Kabeer 118769 (holo &amp; iso MH [MH00003228!]). FiGS. 44, 45 &amp; 50</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 10–25 cm high, erect or stoloniferous; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 3–5 cm long, linear, glabrous, persistent; ligules membranous with 0.4–0.6 mm long hairs at apex; leaf blades 5–18 × 0.2–0.25 cm, linear-lanceolate, convolute or sometimes equitant, surfaces ciliate adaxially and glabrous, ribbed abaxially, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 6–13 cm long, solitary, spike-like, 6–12 spikelets loosely arranged in rachis; rachis 4–6 mm long, stout, angular, scabridulous; peduncle 3–11 cm long, glabrous, ribbed. Spikelets 10–25 × 2–3 mm, linear, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, leaden green, 6–9- flowered, acute at apex, disarticulation of florets from above glumes and in between florets; callus bearded, hairs 1.5–1.8 mm long; rachilla 0.5–1 mm long, glabrous, straight or zig zag, not persistent; lower glumes 4–4.5 × 0.7–1 mm, asymmetrical, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled; keels slightly scabrid, acuminate or mucronulate at apex; upper glumes 4.5–5.5 × 1.5–2 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1- nerved, 1-keeled, apex dentate, mucronate, mucro 0.3–0.4 mm long; lemmas 8–9.5 × 1.5–2 mm (including awn), elliptic-lanceolate, 2-lobed, 3- nerved, slightly keeled, 1-awned, awns scabrid, straight, slightly bend when mature, 3–6 mm long, lateral lobes sharply acuminate or sometimes look like a minute awn, lobes 1–1.5 mm long; paleas 3– 3.5(–4–5) × 1.4–1.6 mm, elliptic-oblanceolate, broadly winged, hyaline, 2-keeled, keels ciliate, emarginate or 2-lobed with a minute central notch at the apex; lodicules 2, c. 0.4 mm long, slightly cordate; stamens 3, anthers 1.5–2 mm long, oblong, filaments c. 0.3 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary c. 0.5 mm long, obovate, styles 2, 0.8–1mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.7–1 mm long, plumose, creamy white to purple violet. Caryopses 0.45–0.7 × 0.2–0.3 mm, narrowly oblong, brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from August to October.</p><p>Habitat: This species grows between 1200–2200 m elevations on rocks and wet rocky hillsides in association with Cyanotis concanensis Hassk., C. cristata (both Commelinaceae), Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will.Watson, Tripogon bromoides, T. filiformis, T. sivarajanii (all Poaceae), Henckelia humboldtiana, H. wightii (C.B.Clarke) A.Weber &amp; B.L.Burtt ( Gesneriaceae) and Impatiens sp. ( Balsaminaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Peerumedu, Parunthpara, 16.10.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146621, 146628, 146629 (CALI); Palakkad district, Nelliyampathy, Keshavanpara, 07.11.2013, Thoiba K . 134492 (CALI); Thrissur district, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Karimala hills, 23.10.1990, Sasidharan s.n.; Ibid., 26.09.2013, K . Thoiba 134454; (CALI). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Velliangiri hills, 30.09.2016, A . K . Pradeep &amp; Nikhil Krishna 146725, 146700 (CALI) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon velliangiriensis was first described from the Velliangiri hills in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu by Murugesan and Balasubramaniam (2008). They distinguished it from T. wightii by its “leaves being longer than the inflorescence, 15–20 cm long; lower glume not toothed, linear-lanceolate, 6–6.5 mm long, awned, awns 1.5–2.5 mm long; upper glume 2- toothed, linear-lanceolate, 8–9.5 mm long, awned, awns 2–2.5 mm long; median awn of lemma 10.5–12 mm long; straight, lobes of lemma acuminate, awned, awn 1.5–2 mm long”. Subsequently, Newmaster et al. (2008) published T. copei from the same hills of Velliangiri in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The type (Ragupathy &amp; Newmaster 55277) of this species was reportedly deposited at OAC and KASCH. The authors tried in vain to locate the isotype of this taxon at KASCH and no holotype was available at OAC (Ragupathy, personal communication dated 14.07.2016).</p><p>The authors collected a good number of specimens from different areas of Velliangiri and adjoining hill ranges. A critical examination of protologue and available materials from the type locality shows that the floral characters used to delimit T. copei from T. velliangiriensis are variable. The authors have observed populations of T. velliangiriensis with longer leaves, asymmetrical lower glumes, exceptionally symmetrical at the apical spikelets, almost straight median awns, and palea cleft at apex. Even though the type specimens were unavailable for our studies, judging from the description and illustrations of T. copei provided in the protologue and a number of specimens collected from the type locality, we prefer to reduce T. copei to synonymy of T. velliangiriensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C2EFFFDD146FD3955B1F124	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C2FFFE3D3D6F8AF54D0F314.text	0381878F6C2FFFE3D3D6F8AF54D0F314.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon wightii Hook. f., Fl. Brit.	<div><p>Tripogon wightii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7(22): 286. 1896; C.E.C.Fisch. in Gamble, Fl. Madras 3:</p><p>1833. 1934; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceylon India &amp; Pakistan 524. 1960; S.Moulik, Grass. Bam. India 2: 623. 1997; Pull., Fl. Andhra Pradesh 3: 1269. 1997; Kabeer &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu Grass: 182. 2009; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala –Fl. Pl.: 595. 2004. Lectotype (designated by Thoiba &amp; Pradeep, 2018): INDIA, Mysore, Bellary district, 1834. Wight 1793 (K [K000245012 digital image!]).</p><p>FiGS. 46, 47 &amp; 50</p><p>Caespitose perennials. Culms 20–35 cm high; stoloniferous or not, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths 2.3–4 cm long, linear, ribbed, persistent, inrolled to the culm; ligules indistinct with a tuft of 4–6 mm long hairs at apex; leaf blades 5–15 × 0.2–0.3 cm, equitant, convolute, margins smooth, minutely ciliate adaxially, glabrous abaxially, margins minutely serrulate towards apex, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 6–15 cm long, solitary, spike-like, slender, with 8–12 spikelets loosely arranged in rachis; rachis stout, flat to triquetrous and serrulate, 3–7 mm long; peduncles 7–11 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 13–30 × 0.5–0.7 mm (excluding awns), oblong, distant, dorsiventrally flattened, olive to dark green or yellowish, 5–16- flowered, disarticulation of florets from above glumes and in between florets; callus bearded, hairs 1–1.2 mm long; rachilla 1–1.2 mm long, glabrous to scabrid, almost straight, not persistent; lower glumes 3.6–4.8 × 0.5–0.7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, asymmetrical,1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, acuminate at apex, uppermost one with 1– 1.3 mm long arista at apex; upper glumes 5–7 × 1– 1.2 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, apex dentate, 1-awned, awns 1–1.5 mm long, aristate at sinus; lemmas 4.8–6.2 × 1.4–2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed, lobes acute-acuminate, 1.2–1.5 mm long, 3-nerved, slightly keeled, 1-awned, median awns 6–8 mm long, scabrid, straight to curved at maturity; paleas 2.3–4.2 × 1–1.5 mm, obovate to elliptic, broadly winged, surface pubescent, 2-keeled, ciliate along margins, sharply 2-lobed with a central notch at apex; lodicules 2, 0.3–0.4 mm long, truncate; stamens 3, anthers 1–2 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.3–0.5 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.5 × c. 0.25 mm, obovate, styles 0.7–1.2 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 1.2–1.3mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.4–2.2 × 0.5 mm, oblong-elliptic, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from August to January.</p><p>Habitat: Occuring in seasonally wet hill slopes in association with Arundinella ciliata Nees, Tripogon bromoides, T. sivarajanii (all Poaceae), Cyanotis tuberosa, Murdannia semiteres (both Commelinaceae) and Henckelia incana ( Gesneriaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Peninsular India .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor district, Horsleykonda, 08.1989, J . S . Gamble 20920 (CAL). Kerala, Ernakulam district, Shoolamudi, Variyam, 14.12.2016, Nikhil Krishna &amp; K . Thoiba 146741 (CALI); Palakkad district, Nelliyampathy, 07.11.2013, K . Thoiba 134490, 146679 (CALI); Thrissur district, Sholayar, valve house, 11.12.2013, K . Thoiba 138031 (CALI). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Valparai, Shivamalai, 13.12.2013, K . Thoiba 138011 (CALI); Nilgiri district, Pakasuramalai, 29.08.1957, K . M . Sebastine 3944 (CAL) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon wightii differs from other species in having leaves shorter than racemes, leaf blades equitant, spikelets being large sized (up to 20 mm long), awns in lemma straight when young and recurved at maturity, awns never more than twice as long as the lemma, and palea notched at apex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C2FFFE3D3D6F8AF54D0F314	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
0381878F6C31FFE1D146FAFC5510F7D7.text	0381878F6C31FFE1D146FAFC5510F7D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripogon zeylanicus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac.	<div><p>Tripogon zeylanicus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1(3): 301. 1854; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 374. 1864. Lectotype (designated here): CEYLON, s.d., C.P. Thwaites 281 (K [K000907445 digital image!]; isolecto CAL!).</p><p>Tripogon anantaswamianus Sreek., V.J.Nair &amp; N.C.Nair, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 185, 1983. syn. nov.; P.V. Sreek. &amp; V. J . Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass: 399, t. 82. 1991; S . Moulik, Grass. Bamb. India 2: 620, t. 137. 1997; Kabeer &amp; V. J . Nair, Fl. Tamil Nadu-Grass 179. 2009; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala – Fl. Pl. 595. 2004. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Eravikulam Sanctuary, 15.11.1980, P. V . Sreekumar 69432 (holo CAL [CAL0000002442!]; iso K [K000245042 digital image!], MH [MH00001659!]) .</p><p>FiGS. 48–50 Caespitose perennials. Culms 30–50 cm high erect; nodes glabrous, slightly geniculate, 1-noded. Leaf sheaths 4–10 cm long, linear, glabrous or hairy; ligules a small fine membrane with a tuft of 1–2 mm long hairs at apex; leaf blades 25–40 × 0.3–0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, flat-convolute, more hairy towards collar, sparsely hairy along margins and both surfaces, acuminate to attenuate at apex. Racemes 10–30 cm long, solitary, slender, spikelets loosely or tightly arranged in rachis; rachis 3–7 mm long, stout, glabrous or scabrid; peduncles 10– 15 cm long, glabrous. Spikelets 8–15.5 × 3–3.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, linear, dorsiventrally flattened, leaden green, 7–15-flowered; callus bearded, hairs 0.5–1 mm long; rachilla 1–1.3 mm long, glabrous, almost straight, not persistent; lower glumes 4–5 × 0.75–1mm, asymmetrical, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, keels slightly scabrid, awned at apex, awns 1–1.5 mm long; upper glumes 7–9 × 0.5–1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1-keeled, apex 2-lobed, mucronate or awned, awns scabrid, 1–2 mm long; lemmas 7–8 × 1.5–2.5 mm (including awn), oblong-lanceolate, slightly keeled, 6-lobed, 3-nerved, 3-awned, lateral awns and median awns sub-equal or sometimes reduced, lateral lobes on either side of each lateral awn 0.25–0.5 mm long, awns scabrid, apex straight or geniculate, median awns c. 4 mm long, lateral awns 0.5–3 mm long, lateral lobes 1– 1.5 mm long, acuminate, margins scabrid, apex sometimes bi-lobed; paleas 3–4 × 1–1.4 mm, elliptic-oblanceolate, hyaline, 2-keeled, ciliate, acuminate at apex; lodicules 2, 0.3–0.5 mm long, truncate; stamens 3, anthers 1.3–2 mm long, oblong, filaments 0.5–0.75 mm long, slender, glabrous; ovary 0.3–0.6 mm, obovate, styles 2, 1– 1.2 mm long, slender, hyaline, stigma 0.7–1.2 mm long, plumose, creamy white. Caryopses 1.2–1.8 × 0.3–0.4 mm, narrowly oblong, cylindrical, brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from September to early December.</p><p>Habitat: This species is usually found growing in seasonally wet rock crevices and Ghat road sides at elevations between 700–2000 m in association with Arundinella pumila, Eragrostis collinensis, Tripogon bromoides, T. ravianus, T. sivarajanii (all Poaceae), Cyanotis tuberosa and C. villosa (Spreng.) Schult. &amp; Schult.f. (both Commelinaceae).</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to South India and Sri Lanka.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Eravikulam Sanctuary, 27.08.1980, P . V . Sreekumar 68403 (BSID, MH); Ibid., 15.12.2014, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 137571a, 137571b; Ibid., 12.12.2015, K . Thoiba &amp; A . K . Pradeep 146697 (CALI); Ibid., 16.11.1980, P . V . Sreekumar 69429 (BSID). s.loc., s.d., C . N . Sunil 1775 (CALI); Poovanpara, 07.09.1997, S . D. Biju 36185 (TBGT); Alampetty, Marayoor – Chinnar road, 26.10.2017, A . K . Pradeep &amp; K . Thoiba 146753 (CALI); Munnar, 14.11.1980, P . V . Sreekumar 68460 (BSID); Wayanad district, Chembra, 12.10.2012, Remya J . &amp; Prasanna 74507 (TBGT). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Valparai, 28.01.1978, M . Chandrabose 57709 (MH); Dindigul district, Kodaikanal, Shevaroy hills, 09.1905, C . A . Barber 7254; Observatory hills, 09.1905, C . A . Barber 7254a; Palani hills, Poombarai road, 04.07.1901, Bourne 2111 (MH); Kodaikanal, Palani hills, Berijam road, 06.12.1986, K . M . Matthew &amp; M . Charles 47756; Kukkal, Boothanachiammankoil hill, 19.10.1987, K . M . Matthew 50803; KodaiBerijam road, 16 th km, 17.12.1989, S . Perianayagam 53973; Vandaravu, 18.12.1989, K . M . Matthew &amp; K . T . Matthew 54018; Berijam slopes, 09.08.1984, K . M . Matthew 40785 (RHT); Nilgiri district, Avalanche, 14.10.1972, K . Vivekananthan 42950; Bison swamp, 11.06.1970, B . V . Shetty 34196a; Mukurthi National Park, 16.05.1971, J . L . Ellis 38476 (MH); s.loc., 24.05.2016, C . N . Sunil 1775 (CALI); Ootacamund, 05.08.1900, C . A . Barber 2652; Wenlock downs, Ootacamund, 11.11.1956, B . D. Patil 945 (CAL); s.loc., s.d., Wight 1871 (CAL); s.loc., s. d., s.coll. 56 (MH) .</p><p>Notes: Tripogon zeylanicus was originally described without giving a reference to a specimen. However, Steudel (1854) while validating the name provided a reference to the country of collection as “Ins Zeylon”. A search for specimen used for the description of T. zeylanicus from Sri Lanka, resulted in two specimens bearing the same collection number (C.P. 281) one at CAL and the other at K which was also cited by Thwaites (1864). There are five specimens of various sizes mounted on the single sheet at K (K000907445 digital image!). An illustration with all its floral parts derived from C.P. 281 is seen attached on the middle left and side of the sheet. All parts in the drawing agreeing well with the description provided by Steudel and subsequently by Thwaites. Presumably it is the sheet used by Steudel for describing T. zeylanicus and is selected here as the lectotype. The left hand side specimen with the illustration affixed, probably with a young inflorescence cannot be ascertained to be T. zeylanicus . Tripogon anantaswamianus described by Sreekumar et al. (1983b) exactly correspond to T. zeylanicus and hence it is reduced to synonymy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381878F6C31FFE1D146FAFC5510F7D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	K., Thoiba;Abstract, A. K. Pradeep;Roem., Tripogon	K., Thoiba, Abstract, A. K. Pradeep, Roem., Tripogon (2020): A revision of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in India. Rheedea 30 (3): 325-378, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.03.01
