identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03819A7F0872FFAD14B3C833FE7819A5.text	03819A7F0872FFAD14B3C833FE7819A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ahvaytum bahndooiveche Lovelace & Kufner & Fitch & Rogers & Schmitz & Schwartz & LeClair-Diaz & St.Clair & Mann & Teran 2025	<div><p>Ahvaytum bahndooiveche sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 2).</p><p>Holotype: UWGM 1975, isolated left astragalus (Fig. 2). Referred material:   The proximal end of a left femur (UWGM 7549; Fig. 3) is referred to  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche due to clear saurischian affinities. This femur was found ex situ within a 5-m radius of the type specimen and encrusted with a similar micritic carbonate.</p><p>Etymology:  bahndooiveche, from the Shoshone ‘ban·döi·ve·che’ (pronounced ‘bon-do-ee-vee-chee’), meaning ‘water’s young handsome man’ in reference to the colourful salamanders found in the region, and also means ‘dinosaur’ (Supporting Information, Audio S1), which is the meaning used here. The name  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche (‘long ago dinosaur’) is the product of a multigenerational collaboration between the Fort Washakie Schools 7th grade cohort (2022), educators, Eastern Shoshone Tribal Historic Preservation Office, and Tribal Elders. Pronunciation guide: bahn as in ‘bonnet’, do-ee as in ‘dewy’, vee as in ‘ivy’, and chee as in ‘cheese’. See the Supporting Information, Audio S1 for recorded pronunciation (recording by RT. LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 538C156C-5CC1-4706-8D8A-FFA6757A6590).</p><p>Locality and horizon: Garrett’s Surprise (after undergraduate field assistant Garrett Johnson who discovered the locality) is a small exposure of the  Popo Agie Formation found in an erosional window within the overlying  
Wind 
River
Formation
 ( Eocene), on Wyoming  Game and  Fish administered lands, c. 1 km south of the confluence of the  East Fork of the  Wind River and  Spear Creek (Fig. 1A). GPS coordinates for  Garrett’s Surprise are reposited with the type specimen. Vertebrate material was surface collected and no in situ specimens were recovered during a screening effort of the area; all material is constrained to the mid to upper part of the purple unit of the  lower Popo Agie Formation (Lovelace et al. 2024). The ochre unit is poorly exposed along the fall line where specimens were collected and is unconformably overlain by Eocene deposits of the  
Wind 
River Formation [see Supporting Information, Text S 1 (Fieldwork and Site Details)].</p><p>Diagnosis:  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche shares a combination of features present in sauropodomorph dinosaurs to the exclusion of theropods, herrerasaurs, and ornithischians, including: a flat, roller-shaped distal surface of the astragalus shared with sauropodomorphs but not herrerasaurs and neotheropods (Marsh et al. 2019); a tibial facet that does not extend on to the anteromedial corner of the astragalus shared with all sauropodomorphs in our study, the silesaurid  Lewisuchus admixtus Romer, 1972, the theropods  Lepidus praecisio and  Eodromaeus murphi Martinez et al., 2011, and the herrerasaurs  Tawa hallae Nesbitt et al., 2009 and  Chindesaurus bryansmalli Long and Murry, 1995; a shallow laterodistal notch of the astragalus shared with non-massopodan sauropodomorphs, except  Panphagia protos Martinez and Alcober, 2009 and  Efraasia minor von Huene, 1875 (sensu Galton 1973) and the herrerasaur  T. hallae; a rounded anterior and medial margin on the proximomedial surface of the astragalus shared with the theropod  Eodromaeus murphi and sauropodomorphs, except  Saturnalia tupiniquim Langer et al., 1999 and a referred specimen of  Buriolestes schultzi Cabreira et al., 2016 (sensu Moro et al. 2024); a posterolateral ridge between the anterior ascending process and the posterolateral process that is always taller than the posterolateral process shared with the herrerasaurids  Herrerasaurus ischgualastensis Reig, 1963 and  Sanjuansaurus gordilloi Alcober and Martínez, 2010 and sauropodomorphs, except  Unaysaurus tolentinoi Leal et al., 2004 .  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche is differentiated from all other sauropodomorphs with comparable material by the following autapomorphy: fossa on the medial surface of the astragalus that is open distally.  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche is differentiated from  Eoraptor lunensis Sereno et al., 1993,  Mbiresaurus raathi Griffin et al., 2022,  P. protos,  S. tupiniquim, and a referred specimen of  B. schultzi by a proportionally wider astragalus (max. anteroposterior length/ max. transverse width:  Ahvaytum = 0.53,  Buriolestes ≅ 0.71,  Eoraptor ≅ 0.63,  Mbiresaurus ≅ 0.64,  Panphagia ≅ 0.88, and  Saturnalia ≅ 0.73) andbyarelativelywidefibularfacetoccupying more than a quarter of the transverse width of the astragalus. Further differentiated from  Eoraptor lunensis by a posteromedial angle on the astragalus. Further differentiated from a referred specimen of  B. schultzi (Moro et al., 2024) by a poorly proximally expanded posteromedial process (= pyramidal process of some authors) and by a relatively tall posterolateral process (= posterior ascending process of some authors). Further differentiated from both  B. schultzi and  M. raathi by a posterolateral process that is level with the posterior margin of the astragalus in proximal view.</p><p>Remarks: The proximal end of a silesaurid femur (UWGM 7407) and the distal end of a probable silesaurid humerus (UWGM 7550; see below) were recovered from the study area precluding the referral of 15 non-diagnostic dinosauromorph elements (UWGM 7434; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 in Text S1) to higher taxa. Additional vertebrate material was surface collected from the Garrett’s Surprise locality and identified as non-ornithodiran or indeterminate.</p><p>Description: The type specimen of  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche (UWGM 1975) is an isolated left astragalus (Fig. 2). A calcaneum was not recovered and there is no evidence of fusion of these elements. The transverse width of the astragalus is nearly twice its maximum anteroposterior length. The proximal surface is slightly weathered, but the rest of the surface of the element is essentially intact. There is a transverse groove on the anterior surface of the body of the astragalus, which is widespread among dinosauromorphs. The ascending process is separated from the anterior surface by a platform and broken at approximately mid-height. A foramen on the anterior surface of the ascending process extends posterodistally into the body of the astragalus. A posterolateral ridge extends from the ascending process to meet a posterolateral process [= posterior ascending process of Sereno and Arcucci (1994)] along the posterior margin. The anteromedial corner is acute as in other early dinosaurs (e.g. Müller 2021) and projects well beyond the anterolateral condyle. The tibial articular facet is separated from the anterior and medial margins by a wide, rounded lip and does not extend on to the anteromedial corner, which is identical to the condition in several sauropodomorphs (e.g. Müller 2021). The medial surface of the astragalus bears a fossa that opens toward the distal surface, which appears to be autapomorphic among dinosaurs. The posteromedial margin forms a corner, and the proximal margin here is not raised into a pyramidal process such as that found in theropods (e.g. Nesbitt and Ezcurra 2015) or the elevated crest in unaysaurids (e.g. Müller 2021, Ezcurra et al. 2023). Posterior to the ascending process there is a non-articular fossa (= dorsal basin, = semi-elliptical fossa) with a weathered but raised rim along its medial margin. Within this fossa there is a single oblong vascular foramen whose canal is short and anteriorly directed at the base of the ascending process (Figs. 2C–D). The fibular facet occupies just over a quarter of the transverse width of the astragalus and is delineated by a sharp medial margin. A laterodistal notch (= lateroventral depression) is present on the distal surface, presumably for reception of a medial process of the calcaneum, as is the case in  Eoraptor lunensis (Sereno et al., 2012) . An incipient protuberance is present on the distolateral surface of the astragalus just anterior to the laterodistal notch; however, unlike the condition in the unaysaurids  Jaklapallisaurus asymmetricus Novas et al., 2010 and  Macrocollum itaquii Müller et al., 2018 (Ezcurra et al. 2023: fig. 3e–g) it does not form a distinct projection.</p><p>Referred material: The proximal end of a left femur (UWGM 7549) possesses several dinosaurian and saurischian features but is too incomplete for a referral beyond  Saurischia on its own (Fig. 3). The proximal surface of the femur appears to be slightly abraded revealing trabecular bone and hindering the identification of a transverse groove, such as that seen in UWGM 7407 (Fig. 4F) and widespread among early-diverging sauropodomorphs and dinosauromorphs more generally. There are also several cracks present in this element, one of which passes through the position that would be occupied by a ligament sulcus between the anteromedial and posteromedial tubera. The posteromedial tuber is small and rounded, and the larger anteromedial tuber is also rounded. The anterolateral tuber forms a broad, rounded profile along the anterolateral surface of the femur in proximal view. The head of the femur is offset from the shaft resulting in a concave emargination just ventral to the head, common among all dinosaurs. On the anterolateral surface of the femur, a ridge extends from the ventral margin of the head then merges distally into the shaft forming a ventral emargination, such as that seen in  Saturnalia tupiniquim,  Nhandumirim waldsangae Marsola et al., 2018, and some coelophysoids (Kirmse et al. 2023), but unknown among core ornithischians, exclusive of silesaurids. The shaft of the femur is broken approximately just above the position of the anterior trochanter. The dorsolateral trochanter is present as a rounded rugosity along the lateral side of the femoral shaft and probably missing its distal extent due to the break. The ‘greater trochanter’ is prominent and squared off with a straight margin between it and the head of the femur in anterior/posterior view similar to  Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Novas, 1994) and some specimens of  Pampadromaeus barberenai Cabreira et al., 2011 and  Buriolestes schultzi (Müller, 2022) . The fossa trochanterica (= facies articularis antitrochanterica) along the posterior side of the ‘greater trochanter’ is ventrally (= distally) descended, which is common among dinosaurs (Nesbitt, 2011).</p><p>Ontogenetic assessment: Both the holotype astragalus (UWGM 1975) and referred femur (UWGM 7549) exhibit smooth bone textures and prominent condyles that are consistent with relatively older ontogenetic status in this specimen (Griffin et al. 2019). Similarly, the referred femur exhibits muscle scars that are robustly developed and also support the notion of an older ontogenetic status for UWGM 7549. An external fundamental system (EFS) is absent from the femoral cross-section (see below); its presence would indicate the attainment of skeletal maturity. That said, other osteohistological signatures are consistent with a more advanced ontogenetic status for UWGM 7549. These data include the presence of endosteal remodelling around the medullary cavity forming an internal fundamental system (IFS), cortical remodelling that extends into the midcortex alongside a transition to more highly organized and less vascularized primary bone tissue at the periosteal margin, which signals a decrease in primary bone apposition in later ontogeny. A lack of an EFS indicates that UWGM 7549 was still slowly growing at the time of death. In light of these histological details, the absence of lines of arrested growth (LAG) in UWGM 7549 should not be presumed to indicate an individual less than a single year of age. Instead, this individual had probably progressed beyond earliest ontogeny.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03819A7F0872FFAD14B3C833FE7819A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lovelace, David M.;Kufner, Aaron M.;Fitch, Adam J.;Rogers, Kristina Curry;Schmitz, Mark;Schwartz, Darin M.;LeClair-Diaz, Amanda;St. Clair, Lynette;Mann, Joshua;Teran, Reba	Lovelace, David M., Kufner, Aaron M., Fitch, Adam J., Rogers, Kristina Curry, Schmitz, Mark, Schwartz, Darin M., LeClair-Diaz, Amanda, St. Clair, Lynette, Mann, Joshua, Teran, Reba (2025): Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid-late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae153
03819A7F0872FFA11301CAA0FB521A59.text	03819A7F0872FFA11301CAA0FB521A59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ahvaytum	<div><p>Ahvaytum gen. nov.</p><p>Etymology:  Ahvaytum, from the Shoshone ‘ Anva ·tum’ (pronounced ‘ah-vay-tum’), meaning ‘long ago’ in reference to the ancient nature of UWGM 1975. Pronunciation guide: the sound ah is as in ‘autumn’, vay as in ‘vague’, and tum as in ‘autumn’. See Supporting Information, Audio S1 (discussion of name); recordings by Eastern Shoshone Elder (RT).</p><p>Type species:  Ahvaytum bahndooiveche .</p><p>Diagnosis: As for type species, by monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03819A7F0872FFA11301CAA0FB521A59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lovelace, David M.;Kufner, Aaron M.;Fitch, Adam J.;Rogers, Kristina Curry;Schmitz, Mark;Schwartz, Darin M.;LeClair-Diaz, Amanda;St. Clair, Lynette;Mann, Joshua;Teran, Reba	Lovelace, David M., Kufner, Aaron M., Fitch, Adam J., Rogers, Kristina Curry, Schmitz, Mark, Schwartz, Darin M., LeClair-Diaz, Amanda, St. Clair, Lynette, Mann, Joshua, Teran, Reba (2025): Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid-late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae153
03819A7F087FFFAC17E7CE0FFAD81D8E.text	03819A7F087FFFAC17E7CE0FFAD81D8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grallator Hitchcock 1858	<div><p>Ichnogenus  Grallator Hitchcock, 1858</p><p>Referred specimens:  UWGM 7435, a partial right pes trace preserved in concave epirelief was collected in the upper Jelm Formation along the Red Wall, Natrona County, Wyoming; UWGM ‘Jelm Dino Track’ site (Fig. 5).</p><p>Description: UWGM 7435 is a small (9.0 × 5.6 cm) partial pes impression preserving digits II–IV and, potentially, a very faint manus impression. The isolated slab was found ex situ, though confidentlyconstrainedto 1–2 mofstratigraphicthickness (topographic constraint) ~ 15 m below the top of the Jelm Formation. The track is located on a 21.5 × 12-cm slab of fluvial sandstone with broad-wavelength, ripple-marked bedding; the preserved trace is digitigrade and tridactyl, mesaxonic where digit III is longest and potentially quadrupedal (Fig. 5). The pes digits are relatively straight, long, and slender with small acuminate claw impressions. Pads are observable, but not sharply defined. Digit IV is closely aligned to III with a 7.5° divarication. Digit III to II has just over double the divarication (17°). The impression of digit IV is c. 8 mm wide with little variance, while digits III and II are c. 13 and 11 mm, respectively. Although lacking morphological details, a faint impression anterolateral to pes digits II–III is interpreted to be a manus with three anterolaterally projected digits. Because of this ambiguity in manus identification, we consider this trace within the  Atreipus –  Grallator plexus, but cannot confidently assign it to either  Atreipus or  Grallator . Considering the ecological implications of a  Grallator (i.e. dinosaurian) tracemaker, we conservatively assign this trace to  Atreipus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03819A7F087FFFAC17E7CE0FFAD81D8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lovelace, David M.;Kufner, Aaron M.;Fitch, Adam J.;Rogers, Kristina Curry;Schmitz, Mark;Schwartz, Darin M.;LeClair-Diaz, Amanda;St. Clair, Lynette;Mann, Joshua;Teran, Reba	Lovelace, David M., Kufner, Aaron M., Fitch, Adam J., Rogers, Kristina Curry, Schmitz, Mark, Schwartz, Darin M., LeClair-Diaz, Amanda, St. Clair, Lynette, Mann, Joshua, Teran, Reba (2025): Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid-late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae153
03819A7F087EFFAD1617CAD3FA281AE2.text	03819A7F087EFFAD1617CAD3FA281AE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sulcimentisauria	<div><p>Sulcimentisauria gen. et sp. indet.</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Referred material: UWGM 7550, the distal end of a left humerus and the proximal end of a right femur, UWGM 7407.</p><p>Locality and horizon: The Garrett’s Surprise locality from the purple unit of the Popo Agie Formation (see further details above).</p><p>Remarks: The silesaurid affinities of UWGM 7407 are readily determined by the following combination of features: a notch ventral to the anteromedial tuber; a subtriangular proximal outline due to a prominent anterolateral tuber and incipient posteromedial tuber; and a transverse groove on the proximal surface of the femur (Martz and Small 2019). The silesaurid affinities of the distal humerus UWGM 7550 are less certain, but it compares favourably with the morphology of the Moroccan silesaurid  Diodorus scytobrachion Kammerer et al., 2012 . We will refer to the combined OTU of UWGM 7407 and UWGM 7550 simply as UWGM 7407, unless specifically referring to the femur or humerus, then the element will be included and the catalogue number in parentheses. The combined character states found in the femur (UWGM 7407) are also present in  Di. scytobrachion,  Sacisaurus agudoensis Ferigolo and Langer, 2007, and  Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003; unfortunately the characters that differentiate these taxa are damaged, obscured, or entirely missing in UWGM 7407 (Fig. 4).</p><p>Description: The humerus (UWGM 7550) is fragmentary with only the distal end preserved and significant fracturing through the shaft. The anatomical orientation of the distal end of this silesaurid humerus is complicated by the presence of torsion in the humerus of  Kwanasaurus williamparkeri Martz and Small, 2019 and lack thereof in other sulcimentisaurian silesaurids (Dzik 2003, Kammerer et al. 2012) and the non-sulcimentisaurian silesaurid  Asilisaurus kongwe Nesbitt et al., 2010, so all interpretations of orientation assume no humeral torsion as is plesiomorphic for silesaurids. The only character relevant to the character matrix determined from the humerus is that the distal condyles are relatively narrow relative to the humeral shaft, as is typical for sulcimentisaurian silesaurids (e.g. Dzik 2003, Kammerer et al. 2012), in contrast to the broader distal humerus of non-sulcimentisaurian silesaurids (Ezcurra et al. 2020b, Nesbitt et al. 2020a). The radial and ulnar condyles both form rounded, subtriangular projections with a notch between them, as opposed to the more well-developed condyles of non-sulcimentisaurian silesaurids (Ezcurra et al. 2020b, Nesbitt et al. 2020a). The ulnar condyle is slightly larger than the radial condyle and has a medial margin that is more posteriorly projected. On both the anterior and posterior face of the humerus above the condyles, there is a fossa that extends about 1 cm on to the humeral shaft.</p><p>The proximal outline of the femur (UWGM 7407) is subtriangular due to the presence of a prominent anterolateral and anteromedial tuber and significant reduction of the posteromedial tuber and straight margins between these features. A straight, transverse groove is present along the proximal surface. A notch is present distal to the head of the femur, which is ubiquitous among silesaurids (e.g. Martz and Small 2019). The dorsolateral trochanter is broken and displaced across the anterolateral face, but what is preserved is ridge-like. The broken dorsolateral trochanter and surrounding matrix obscure a clear view of the anterior trochanter (= ‘lesser trochanter’), but what is visible is mound-like. However, it cannot be determined if the anterior trochanter was small and confluent with the femoral shaft, as in non-sulcimentisaurian silesaurids, or if it was large and offset from the shaft by a cleft, as in sulcimentisaurs, some early core ornithischians, and some neotheropods. The ‘greater trochanter’ is prominent and rounded, and the fossa trochanterica (= facies articularis antitrochanterica) is level with the ‘greater trochanter’. The femoral shaft curves slightly posteriorly, and the femur is broken above the fourth trochanter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03819A7F087EFFAD1617CAD3FA281AE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lovelace, David M.;Kufner, Aaron M.;Fitch, Adam J.;Rogers, Kristina Curry;Schmitz, Mark;Schwartz, Darin M.;LeClair-Diaz, Amanda;St. Clair, Lynette;Mann, Joshua;Teran, Reba	Lovelace, David M., Kufner, Aaron M., Fitch, Adam J., Rogers, Kristina Curry, Schmitz, Mark, Schwartz, Darin M., LeClair-Diaz, Amanda, St. Clair, Lynette, Mann, Joshua, Teran, Reba (2025): Rethinking dinosaur origins: oldest known equatorial dinosaur-bearing assemblage (mid-late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae153
