identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038887E3FFA9F203FCEDEBCCFE1909AA.text	038887E3FFA9F203FCEDEBCCFE1909AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella minutissima A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella minutissima A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22002 [Fig. 3], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1A; 3 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Strobilus terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate. Dorsal sporophylls imbricate, ovate, carinate, apex acute, margins serrulate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, nearly entire with only a few teeth. Ventral sporophylls imbricate, adpressed, broadly ovate, apex acuminate to aristate, margins dentate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores, branches and trophophylls not preserved. Strobilus fragment terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, 1.1 × 0.9 mm (Fig. 3A). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls imbricate, ascending, 9 in only available strobilus, 0.4–0.7 × 0.2–0.3 mm, conduplicate, ovate, carinate, base not seen, apex acute, margins serrulate, teeth 5–7 µm long (Fig. 1A; 3B); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, nearly entire with only a few teeth similar in size to those of margins (Fig. 1A; 3B). Ventral sporophylls imbricate, adpressed, symmetric, 6 in only available strobilus, 0.3–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acuminate to aristate, margins dentate, teeth 20–40 µm long (Fig. 1A; 3C). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of sporophyll (Fig. 3C). Sporangia and spores not seen.</p><p>Remarks — Only a single fragment of a strobilus has been found. Bilateral strobili with a sporophyll-pteryx are known to be produced exclusively by extant species with resupinate strobili, and the seven species from Kachin amber with bilateral strobili and preserved vegetative shoots likewise show this pattern. Although vegetative leaves are not preserved in the Selaginella minutissima specimen, it is most probable that the strobili were resupinate and that the sporophylls with a sporophyll-pteryx were positioned dorsally.</p><p>Selaginella minutissima is distinguished from all other Selaginella inclusions with bilateral strobili by the small size of the strobilus with imbricate, adpressed ventral sporophylls, which are nearly orbicular and aristate at the apex (Fig. 1A; 3A, C), together with the nearly entire-margined sporophyll-pteryx, which possesses only a few teeth in the margins (Fig. 3B). The extant S. loriae Hieron., endemic to New Guinea (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915), resembles the fossil in regard to morphology, in particular concerning the small strobili (2–3 mm long), oblong-ovate, minutely dorsal sporophylls and broadly ovate ventral sporophylls (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). However, S. minutissima differs from S. loriae by the latter possessing dentate-pellucid-margined dorsal sporophylls with teeth 10–30 µm long and ventral sporophylls denticulate with teeth up to 20 µm long (Hieronymus 1913), whereas the dorsal sporophylls of the fossil are serrulate with teeth up to 7 µm long, not pellucid-margined, and the ventral ones are dentate with teeth 20–40 µm long (Fig. 3A, C).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is the superlative of the Latin adjective minutus: very small, minute, which refers to the small size of the strobilus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFA9F203FCEDEBCCFE1909AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFA8F206FF35EF8CFD630BEA.text	038887E3FFA8F206FF35EF8CFD630BEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella heterosporangiata A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella heterosporangiata A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST.21999 [Fig. 4A, C, E], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1B; 4–6 (two specimens available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Monostele located in a central canal, connected to cortical tissue by trabeculae. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base obtuse, margins slightly dentate. Dorsal trophophylls distant, lanceolate, apex acuminate to aristate, base decurrent, margins serrulate. Ventral trophophylls distant, broadly ovate, oblong or obovate, carinate, base obtuse, apex acute to obtuse, sometimes rounded, margins serrulate. Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate. Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls distant, oblong-lanceolate, non-carinate, apex obtuse, rarely acute, margins slightly denticulate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, broadly enlarged at base, with serrulate margins. Ventral sporophylls distant, ovate-lanceolate, slightly carinate, apex acuminate, margins sharply serrate-dentate. Sporangia suborbicular, 2 rows of smaller dorsal sporangia and 2 rows of larger ventral sporangia. Microspores proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Monostele located in an amber-filled central canal, connected to cortical tissue by trabeculae (Fig. 4J). Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 4I; 5G). Axillary trophophylls somewhat asymmetric, 0.5–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate, apex obtuse to acute, base obtuse, margins slightly dentate, with a few minute teeth. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, ascending, 0.7–1.5 × 0.2–0.4 mm, lanceolate, slightly carinate, base decurrent, apex acuminate to aristate, margins serrulate (Fig. 4I; 5G). Ventral trophophylls distant, spreading, slightly asymmetric, 0.6–2.1 × 0.4–0.8 mm, broadly ovate, oblong or obovate, carinate, base obtuse, apex acute to obtuse, sometimes rounded, margins serrulate (Fig. 4I; 5G). Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate, 5.2–5.8 × 2.0– 2.7 mm (Fig. 4A–C; 5A, B). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls distant, spreading, asymmetric, 16–18 per strobilus, 1.4–1.9 × 0.4–0.7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, non-carinate, base short-truncate, apex obtuse, rarely acute, margins slightly denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, broadly enlarged at base, with serrulate margins, teeth 10–20 µm long (Fig. 1B; 4E; 5F). Ventral sporophylls distant, spreading, conduplicate, 10–14 per strobilus, 1.0–1.2 × 0.5–0.8 mm, ovate-lanceolate, slightly carinate, base obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, margins sharply serrate-dentate, teeth 25–40 µm long (Fig. 1B; 4F; 5D). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina (Fig. 4F). Sporangia suborbicular, smaller dorsal sporangia 330–460 × 310–480 µm and larger ventral sporangia 750–900 × 780–970 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 4D; 5C, D; 6). Microspores numerous, 25–40 µm in diam., proximally rugulate (Fig. 4G, H; 5H, I).</p><p>Remarks — Specimen GZG.BST.21999, from which one plant fragment was selected as the holotype of Selaginella heterosporangiata, preserves one of the morphological synapomorphies of the Selaginellaceae, namely the monostele situated in an air-filled (amber-filled in the fossils) central canal and connected to the cortical tissues by trabeculae (Fig. 4J). Preservation of the anatomical structure of the axis in transverse section is not cellular because the tissue is replaced by pyrite.</p><p>Selaginella heterosporangiata differs from the other Kachin fossil Selaginella species with bilateral strobili by the conspicuous differences in the size of the dorsal and ventral sporangia (Fig. 4C; 5C; 6), a condition that has not been observed in any other amber inclusion with bilateral strobili. However, it was not possible to verify if smaller dorsal sporangia correspond to microsporangia and larger ventral sporangia to megasporangia, because all sporangia are empty.</p><p>There are several differences between the two examined specimens, specifically with regard to the shape of the dorsal and ventral leaf apices: JZC-Bu-1869 usually has obtuse to rounded ventral trophophylls and aristate dorsal trophophylls, whereas GZG.BST.21999 mostly shows acute ventral trophophylls and short-acuminate dorsal trophophylls. Despite these minor differences, both specimens are congruent and we therefore regard them here as belonging to the same species.</p><p>Selaginella kouytcheensis H. Lév. is an extant species endemic to China that resembles the fossil morphology in having bilateral strobili with oblong or lanceolate, denticulate dorsal sporophylls and ovate, acuminate ventral sporophylls, which are dentate at the margins. However, it differs from the fossil in its ovate or elliptic dorsal trophophylls with obtuse apices (Zhang &amp; al. 2013). Additionally, the proximal microspore surface is also different in these two taxa, namely nearly smooth in S. kouytcheensis (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a) and rugulate in S. heterosporangiata (Fig. 4G, H; 5H, I).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words heteros: different, spora: spore and angeion: case, capsule or vessel. It emphasizes the conspicuous size difference between the (smaller) dorsal and (larger) ventral sporangia.</p><p>Additional specimens studied — JZC-Bu-1869, American Museum of Natural History (Fig. 5, 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFA8F206FF35EF8CFD630BEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFADF204FCEDEE2CFBC1096A.text	038887E3FFADF204FCEDEE2CFBC1096A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella grimaldii A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella grimaldii A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: SMNS Bu-355 [Fig. 7A, C–G], State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart. – Fig. 1C; 7 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, margins finely dentate. Dorsal trophophylls close to imbricate, adpressed, somewhat asymmetric, oblong to slightly obovate, non-carinate, base inequilateral, basiscopic portion rounded, acroscopic portion straight, apex acuminate to apiculate, margins denticulate. Ventral trophophylls close to imbricate, ascending, symmetric, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to slightly truncate, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins denticulate. Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate. Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close to imbricate, spreading, slightly asymmetric, lanceolate, non-carinate, base inequilateral, apex acute to obtuse, margins serrulate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, with serrulate margins similar to those on sporophyll margins. Ventral sporophylls imbricate, slightly conduplicate, symmetric, broadly ovate, slightly carinate, base decurrent, apex acuminate, margins denticulate. Sporangia suborbicular to sometimes ellipsoid. Microspores distally and proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 7A, B). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, 0.7–0.8 × 0.5–0.6 mm, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, margins finely dentate, teeth 10–20 µm long (Fig. 7C). Dorsal trophophylls close to imbricate, adpressed, somewhat asymmetric, 0.8–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, oblong to slightly obovate, non-carinate, base inequilateral, basiscopic portion rounded, acroscopic portion straight, apex acuminate to apiculate, margins denticulate, teeth 10–15 µm long. Ventral trophophylls close to imbricate, ascending, symmetric, 1.2–1.8 × 0.7–1.1 mm, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to slightly truncate, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long. Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls not preserved. Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate, 1.4–3.0 × 0.8–2.0 mm (Fig. 7D, E). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close to imbricate, spreading, slightly asymmetric, 7–10 per strobilus, 0.9–1.2 × 0.3–0.4 mm, lanceolate, non-carinate, base inequilateral, apex acute to obtuse, margins serrulate, teeth 10–20 µm long (Fig. 1C; 7F, G); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, with serrulate margins similar to those on sporophyll margins (Fig. 1C; 7G). Ventral sporophylls imbricate, slightly conduplicate, symmetric, 7–9 per strobilus, 0.8–1.0 × 0.6–0.7 mm, broadly ovate, slightly carinate, base decurrent, apex acuminate, margins denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long (Fig. 1C; 7E, H). Epidermis of both dorsal and ventral sporophylls not preserved. Sporangia suborbicular to sometimes ellipsoid, 260–400 × 180–240 µm (Fig. 7I). Microspores sometimes in tetrads when released, 25–30 µm in diam., distally and proximally rugulate (Fig. 7J, K).</p><p>Remarks — Among the fossil-taxa with bilateral resupinate strobili, Selaginella grimaldii closely resembles S. ohlhoffiorum and S. cretacea (Li &amp; al. 2022) in its general morphology. They all share the presence of sporophylls with serrulate-denticulate margins (Fig. 1C–E; 7D–H; 8A–C; 9A–C; 11B, C). They also share the presence of an incomplete sporophyll-pteryx, with serrulate margins in dorsal sporophylls (Fig. 1C–E; 7G; 8C; 9D; 11C). However, some apparent differences were also detected. For example, S. ohlhoffiorum and S. cretacea have distant and predominantly oblong ventral trophophylls (Fig. 8A; 11E). This contrasts with the imbricate, broadly ovate ventral trophophylls of S. grimaldii (Fig. 7B). Strobili in S. grimaldii and S. cretacea may be up to 3.2 mm long and sporangia are generally ellipsoidal, whereas S. ohlhoffiorum strobili are longer than 3.5 mm long and contain orbicular sporangia. Furthermore, S. grimaldii and S. cretacea have strobili of similar sizes although both differ in the number of dorsal and ventral sporophylls: S. grimaldii has only 7–10 dorsal sporophylls per strobilus, while S. cretacea has c. 14 dorsal sporophylls (Li &amp; al. 2022). Similarly, the number of ventral sporophylls per strobilus differs between both species, i.e. 7–9 ventral sporophylls in S. grimaldii but 12–13 in S. cretacea (Li &amp; al. 2022).</p><p>Several present-day Asian Selaginella species produce strobili that are gross-morphologically similar to the bilateral resupinate strobili of S. grimaldii in that they have dentate dorsal and ventral sporophylls, the dorsal ones bearing a sporophyll-pteryx. These species include S. decipiens Warb. from India, China and Vietnam (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. monospora Spring, native to Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. trichophylla K. H. Shing from Bhutan, China, India and Vietnam (Zhang &amp; al. 2013) and S. miniatospora (Dalzell) Baker and S. tenera (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, both endemic to India (Dixit 1992; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017). However, the following characters discriminate the extant taxa from S. grimaldii: S. decipiens, S. miniatospora and S. tenera all have asymmetric ventral trophophylls, with the acroscopic base strongly enlarged, broader, sometimes overlapping the branches in S. decipiens (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), and the acroscopic base is dilated in the other two taxa (Dixit 1992). In contrast, S. grimaldii produced symmetric ventral trophophylls with a rounded to truncate base (Fig. 7B). All the other above-mentioned species are distinct from the fossil in that they produce verrucate microspores (Dixit 1992; Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), which differ from the rugulate ornamentation seen in the fossil (Fig. 7K). Additionally, S. monospora and S. trichophylla are characterized by a complete sporophyll-pteryx in dorsal sporophylls (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), in contrast to the incomplete sporophyll-pteryx in S. grimaldii (Fig. 1C; 7G).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Professor David A. Grimaldi (American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A.), in recognition of his outstanding contributions to our knowledge of amber, amber deposits and amber inclusions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFADF204FCEDEE2CFBC1096A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFAFF21BFCEDEFCCFACA0B8A.text	038887E3FFAFF21BFCEDEFCCFACA0B8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella ohlhoffiorum A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella ohlhoffiorum A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 21966a [Fig. 8A–C], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1D; 8–10 (three specimens available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse, base rounded, margins slightly serrate. Dorsal trophophylls distant, slightly asymmetric, oblong, non-carinate, aristate at apex, serrulate-denticulate at margins. Ventral trophophylls distant, symmetric, oblong to rarely ovate, non-carinate, base truncate, apex obtuse to rounded, margins serrate-serrulate. Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate. Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close to distant, ovate-lanceolate, slightly carinate, apex acute to obtuse, margins serrulate-denticulate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, with serrulate margins. Ventral sporophylls close to distant, broadly ovate, base decurrent, slightly carinate, apex sharply acuminate, margins denticulate. Sporangia orbicular. Megaspores distally and proximally reticulate. Microspores distally and proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 8A; 10A, B). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, somewhat conduplicate, 0.9–1.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, oblong-lanceolate, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute to obtuse, margins slightly serrate, teeth 8–20 µm long. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, somewhat asymmetric, 0.9–1.1 × 0.3–0.5 mm, oblong, non-carinate, base not seen, apex aristate, margins serrate-dentate, teeth 8–20 µm long. Ventral trophophylls distant, spreading, symmetric, 1.2–1.7 × 0.5–0.8 mm, oblong to rarely ovate, non-carinate, base truncate, apex obtuse to rounded, margins serrate-serrulate, teeth 8–35 µm long. Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls with uniform polyhedral cells (Fig. 8D). Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate, 3.5–6.8 × 1.8–2.2 mm (Fig. 8A; 9A–C). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close to distant, spreading, conduplicate, 10 or 11 per strobilus (– 26 in GZG.BST.22026), 0.8–1.2 × 0.5–0.7 mm, ovate-lanceolate, slightly carinate, base not seen, apex acute to obtuse, margins serrulate-denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long (Fig. 1D; 8C; 9D); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, with serrulate margins similar to those along sporophyll margins (Fig. 1D; 8C; 9D). Epidermis of dorsal sporophylls composed of uniform polyhedral isodiametric cells. Ventral sporophylls close to distant, spreading, slightly conduplicate, symmetric, 10 or 11 per strobilus (– 26 in GZG.BST.22026), 1.2–1.4 × 0.3–0.4 mm, broadly ovate, slightly carinate, base decurrent, apex sharply acuminate, margins denticulate, teeth 5–12 µm long (Fig 1D; 8B; 9H). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of sporophyll (Fig. 9H). Sporangia orbicular, 420–740 × 440–800 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 9E). Megaspores 350–400 µm in diam., distally and proximally reticulate (Fig. 8F–H). Microspores numerous, 30–40 µm in diam., distally and proximally rugulate (Fig. 8E; 9F, G).</p><p>Remarks — Among the Selaginella amber inclusions with bilateral strobili, S. ohlhoffiorum is very similar morphologically to S. grimaldii and S. cretacea . However, the latter taxa differ from the former in the shape of the ventral trophophylls, strobilus size and sporangium shape (see description and remarks under S. grimaldii for details).</p><p>Several extant species, such as Selaginella decipiens, S. miniatospora, S. monospora, S. tenera and S. trichophylla, share with S. ohlhoffiorum the ovate and denticulate ventral sporophylls and the ovate or lanceolate dorsal sporophylls possessing denticulate margins and bearing a denticulate sporophyll-pteryx in the adaxial surface (Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013). Selaginella monospora and S. trichophylla have a complete sporophyll-pteryx in the dorsal sporophylls (Zhang &amp; al. 2013) and verrucate megaspores and microspores (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), whereas the sporophyll-pteryx is incomplete in S. ohlhoffiorum (Fig. 1D; 8C; 9D), and the taxon produced reticulate megaspores (Fig. 8F, G) and rugulate microspores (Fig. 8E; 9F, G). Selaginella decipiens is distinguished from the fossil by its asymmetric ventral trophophylls, with the acroscopic base strongly enlarged, broader, sometimes overlapping the branches (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), and its verrucate megaspores (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a). In contrast, S. ohlhoffiorum has symmetric ventral trophophylls (Fig. 8A; 10B), with a truncate base, and reticulate megaspores (Fig. 9F, G). Selaginella tenera and S. miniatospora have ventral trophophylls acute to subacute at the apex, asymmetric with a dilated acroscopic base, conspicuously aristate ventral sporophylls and papillate or verrucate megaspores (Dixit 1992). In comparison, the fossil is characterized by distinctly obtuse to rounded ventral trophophylls (Fig. 8A; 10B), acuminate ventral sporophylls (Fig. 8B; 9H) and reticulate megaspores (Fig. 8F, G).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Astrid, Mara and Rainer Ohlhoff (Saarbrücken, Germany), who discovered the inclusions in amber specimen GZG.BST.21966 and generously made them available for study.</p><p>Additional specimens studied — GZG.BST.21966b–e and GZG.BST.22026, Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen (Fig. 9), Patrick Müller Amber Collection BuB2711. Amber specimen GZG.BST.21966 has been cut into five pieces (GZG.BST.21966a to GZG. BST.21966e) to better access the individual plant fragments, megaspores and microspores (Fig. 8; 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFAFF21BFCEDEFCCFACA0B8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFB0F21EFCB7EDECFE9C0E4A.text	038887E3FFB0F21EFCB7EDECFE9C0E4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella cretacea Ya Li, H. Schneid. & Y. D. Wang	<div><p>Selaginella cretacea Ya Li, H. Schneid. &amp; Y. D. Wang</p><p>in Cretaceous Res. 133: 105143, page 3. 2022, emended here.</p><p>– Holotype: PB22713, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. – Fig. 1E; 11.</p><p>Emended diagnosis — As provided by Li &amp; al. (2022), with following addition: Axillary trophophylls symmetric, oblong, non-carinate, apex apiculate, margins serrulate. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, asymmetric, ovate to ovate-falcate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, with serrulate margins similar to those on sporophyll margins. Ventral sporophylls imbricate, slightly conduplicate, symmetric, ovate-lanceolate, slightly carinate, apex long-acuminate, margins denticulate to serrulate.</p><p>Additional description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 11E, F). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, c. 1.2 × 0.4 mm, oblong, non-carinate, base not seen, apex apiculate, margins serrulate, teeth &lt;20 µm long (Fig. 11G). Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, 0.6–1.0 × 0.2–0.3 mm, lanceolate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex long-acuminate to aristate, margins denticulate to serrulate, teeth 7–9 µm long (Fig. 11E). Ventral trophophylls distant, ascending, slightly asymmetric, 0.9–1.6 × 0.3–0.7 mm, oblong to lanceolate, non-carinate, base rounded, non-auriculate, apex acute to apiculate, margins serrulate to serrate, teeth 5–25 µm long (Fig. 11E, F). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls not preserved. Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate, 2.9–3.2 × 1.4–1.6 mm (Fig. 11B). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, asymmetric, c. 14 per strobilus, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate to ovate-falcate, non-carinate, base not seen, apex acute, margins serrulate, teeth 5–16 µm long (Fig. 1E; 11C); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, with serrulate margins similar to those on sporophyll margins (Fig. 1E; 11C). Ventral sporophylls imbricate, slightly conduplicate, symmetric, 12 or 13 per strobilus, 0.5–0.9 × 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, slightly carinate, base not seen, apex long-acuminate, margins denticulate to serrulate, teeth 7–21 µm long (Fig. 1E). Epidermis of both dorsal and ventral sporophylls not preserved. Sporangia ellipsoid, 380–400 × 190–230 µm (Fig. 11D). Microspores 28–30 µm in diam., surface not seen (Fig. 11D).</p><p>Remarks — Our morphological analysis of images provided by Li &amp; al. (2022), together with new photomicrographs of the type specimen, revealed that there are several discrepancies between the specimen and the original description of the taxon. We have, therefore, emended the diagnosis of Selaginella cretacea and provided a new and improved description, which includes also the morphology of the axillary trophophylls and the sporophyll-pteryx of the dorsal sporophylls.</p><p>This fossil-taxon is very similar to Selaginella grimaldii and S. ohlhoffiorum in sharing the presence of serrulate-denticulate trophophyll and sporophyll margins. However, it differs from S. grimaldii in its distant and predominantly oblong ventral trophophylls, (Fig. 11E) and from S. ohlhoffiorum in its short strobili (up to 3.2 mm long) and ellipsoid sporangia (see remarks under S. grimaldii for further discussion).</p><p>The fossil displays morphological similarities to some extant species with bilateral resupinate strobili, including Selaginella decipiens, S. miniatospora, S. monospora, S. tenera and S. trichophylla . They all share the general shape, type of margins and arrangement of sporophylls and the presence of a sporophyll-pteryx in the dorsal sporophylls (Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013). They can be differentiated by features such as presence of a complete sporophyll-pteryx and details in the shapes of the ventral trophophylls. For example, S. monospora and S. trichophylla have carinate trophophylls and dorsal sporophylls with a complete sporophyll-pteryx (Zhang &amp; al. 2013). In contrast, S. cretacea has non-carinate trophophylls (Fig. 11E, F) and dorsal sporophylls with an incomplete sporophyll-pteryx (Fig. 1E; 11C). Selaginella decipiens differs from S. cretacea in having asymmetric ventral trophophylls, with the acroscopic base strongly enlarged, broader and sometimes overlapping the branches (Zhang &amp; al. 2013). Selaginella miniatospora and S. tenera have ventral trophophylls with an asymmetric base and a dilat- ed basal acroscopic side (Dixit 1992), whereas S. cretacea has symmetric ventral trophophylls. Additionally, S. tenera has contiguous ventral trophophylls at the branches, which are sometimes imbricate (Dixit 1992) and thus different from the pattern of distant ventral trophophylls seen in the fossil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFB0F21EFCB7EDECFE9C0E4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFB5F21EFF10E82CFB600ECA.text	038887E3FFB5F21EFF10E82CFB600ECA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella longifimbriata A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella longifimbriata A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 21998 [Fig. 12], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1F; 12 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Strobili terminal, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate. Dorsal sporophylls imbricate, ovate, apex acute to obtuse, margins slightly denticulate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, narrow, margins ciliate. Ventral sporophylls imbricate, adpressed, nearly orbicular, apex rounded, margins long-ciliate. Microspores distally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores, branches and trophophylls not preserved. Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, 11.0–11.8 × 2.4–2.6 mm (Fig. 12A, B). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls imbricate, ascending, c. 40 per strobilus, 1.7–2.1 × 0.4–0.6 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base not seen, apex acute to obtuse, margins slightly denticulate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, narrow, ciliate at margins, cilia 80–160 µm long (Fig. 1F; 12C). Ventral sporophylls imbricate, adpressed, symmetric, c. 40 per strobilus, 0.7–1.0 × 0.6–0.8 mm, nearly orbicular, non-carinate, base not seen, apex rounded, margins long-ciliate, cilia 100–500 µm long (Fig. 1F; 12D, E). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of sporophyll. Sporangia suborbicular, 380–520 × 480–640 µm. Microspores 20–30 µm in diam., distally rugulate (Fig. 12F, G).</p><p>Remarks — Although vegetative leaves are not preserved in Selaginella longifimbriata, we presume that it possessed resupinate strobili (see remarks under S. minutissima).</p><p>Selaginella longifimbriata differs from all other Kachin Selaginella fossils with bilateral strobili in its large-sized strobili with non-carinate dorsal sporophylls and distally rounded ventral sporophylls with long-ciliate margins (Fig. 1F; 12C–E). Co-occurring with this species in the same amber piece is the holotype specimen of the fern Cystodium sorbifolioides L. Regalado &amp; al. described previously by Regalado &amp; al. (2017a).</p><p>Selaginella burbidgei Baker, a present-day species endemic to Borneo, resembles S. longifimbriata in several structural features, including strobili more than 13 mm long, acute, nearly entire dorsal sporophylls and strongly ciliate ventral sporophylls (Baker 1885; Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). However, S. longifimbriata is clearly distinguished from S. burbidgei by having nearly orbicular, distally rounded, non-carinate ventral sporophylls (Fig. 1F; 12D, E), in contrast to longcuspidate and prominently carinate ventral sporophylls in S. burbidgei .</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words longus: long, and fimbriatus: fringed. It refers to the margin of the ventral sporophylls from which long, slender processes extend.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFB5F21EFF10E82CFB600ECA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFB5F21CFCEDE8ACFB8309AA.text	038887E3FFB5F21CFCEDE8ACFB8309AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella patrickmuelleri A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella patrickmuelleri A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22000 [Fig. 13], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1G; 13 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Strobilus terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, conduplicate, ovate-lanceolate, carinate, apex acute, margins dentate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, slightly dentate. Ventral sporophylls imbricate, adpressed, peltate, broadly ovate, strongly carinate, apex attenuate, base rounded, margins sparsely long ciliate. Sporangia suborbicular. Megaspores proximally rugulate-reticulate. Microspores distally and proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores, branches and trophophylls not preserved. Strobilus terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, 3.5 × 2 mm (Fig. 13A). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, spreading, 13 in only available strobilus, 0.9–1.3 × 0.3–0.6 mm, conduplicate, ovate-lanceolate, carinate, base not seen, apex acute, margins dentate, teeth 25–40 µm long (Fig. 1G; 13B, C); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, slightly dentate, with teeth similar in size to those of margins (Fig. 1G; 13B, C). Ventral sporophylls imbricate, adpressed, peltate, 11 in only available strobilus, 0.8–1.1 × 0.4–0.5 mm, broadly ovate, strongly carinate, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins widely spaced long ciliate, cilia 75–125 µm long (Fig. 1G; 13D). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls with elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina (Fig. 13D). Sporangia suborbicular, 280–380 × 440–500 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 13E). Megaspore (only one preserved) c. 200 µm in diam., proximally rugulate-reticulate (Fig. 13F). Microspores 25–30 µm in diam., distally and proximally rugulate (Fig. 13G, H).</p><p>Remarks — Vegetative leaves are not preserved in this fossil, but we presume that Selaginella patrickmuelleri possessed resupinate strobili (see remarks under S. minutissima).</p><p>Among the fossil-taxa with bilateral resupinate strobili that have a sporophyll-pteryx in the dorsal sporophylls and ventral sporophylls with long-ciliate margins, this species closely resembles Selaginella wangxinii . They both are characterized by close, ovate-lanceolate dorsal sporophylls, which are acute at the apex and dentate at the margins, and possess a dentate sporophyll-pteryx and broadly ovate ventral sporophylls, which are attenuate at the apex, sparsely ciliate at the margins and strongly carinate. However, the two taxa differ from each other in the size of the strobili, the shape of the sporophyll-pteryx and the ornamentation of the megaspores. Selaginella patrickmuelleri has strobili less than 4 mm long, dorsal sporophylls with an incomplete sporophyll-pteryx and megaspores rugulate-reticulate in the proximal surface (Fig. 1G; 13B, C, F), whereas S. wangxinii is characterized by strobili 5–6 mm long, dorsal sporophylls with a nearly complete sporophyll-pteryx and megaspores proximally echinate (Fig. 1H; 14D, F, J).</p><p>Identification of extant Selaginella species is usually based on combinations of characters from both the vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant. As the vegetative part of this fossil remains unknown, we found several extant species with morphological similarities to the fossil. Among the Asian, Australasian and Pacific species of Selaginella, 13 taxa closely resemble S. patrickmuelleri by having ovate-ciliate ventral sporophylls, including S. amblyphylla Alston from China, Myanmar and Thailand (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. bisulcata Spring from Bhutan, India, Indonesia (Java), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam (Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. chaetoloma Alston, endemic to China (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. chrysocaulos (Hooker &amp; Greville) Spring, widely distributed in China, India, Pakistan, Nepal and SE Asia (Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. chrysorrhizos Spring from Bhutan, India, Nepal and SE Asia (Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. ciliaris (Retz.) Spring, widely distributed in Asia, Australasia and the Pacific islands (Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. elegantissima Warb., endemic to Sulawesi (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915), S. pennata (D. Don) Spring from China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand (Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. proniflora (Lam.) Baker, endemic to S and peninsular India (Dixit 1992; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017), S. reticulata (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar and Nepal (Dixit 1992; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. subdiaphana (Wall. ex Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, from Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan (Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019, Irfan &amp; al. 2021) and S. weinlandii Hieron. and S. zahnii Hieron., both endemic to New Guinea (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). However, most of these taxa differ from the fossil in the shape of the sporophyll apex, the margins of the sporophyll-pteryx and sporophylls and the ornamentation of the mega- and microspores. For example, S. amblyphylla, S. bisulcata, S. chaetoloma, S. chrysocaulos, S. proniflora and S. reticulata have ciliate dorsal sporophylls (at least in the acroscopic side) and also a ciliate sporophyll-pteryx (Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019). Selaginella weinlandii and S. zahnii have dorsal sporophylls with ciliate margins, at least in the basal portions, and a ciliate sporophyll-pteryx (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). In contrast, S. patrickmuelleri has dentate dorsal sporophylls and a dentate sporophyll-pteryx (Fig. 1G; 13B, C). Selaginella pennata has non-carinate ventral sporophylls (Zhang &amp; al. 2013) and verrucate megaspores (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), whereas S. patrickmuelleri has strongly carinate ventral sporophylls and rugulate-reticulate megaspores (Fig. 1G; 13D, F). Finally, the arrangement and shape of the sporophylls in S. chrysorrhizos, S. ciliaris, S. elegantissima and S. subdiaphana are very similar to those seen in the fossil. However, there are also some differences, in that S. ciliaris has a clearly ciliate sporophyll-pteryx (Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Johari &amp; Singh 2017) and baculate microspores (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a). The sporophyll-pteryx of S. elegantissima is mostly entire or with a few sparse marginal teeth and its microspores are verrucate (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). Selaginella chrysorrhizos and S. subdiaphana have verrucate mega- and microspores (Dixit 1992; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019; Irfan &amp; al. 2021). By contrast, the sporophyll-pteryx of the fossil is dentate and the microspores are usually rugulate (Fig. 1G; 13B, C, H).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Patrick Müller (Zweibrücken, Germany), for his generous support of our work and collaboration on Kachin amber inclusions over many years and for continuously making new amber inclusions available for study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFB5F21CFCEDE8ACFB8309AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFB7F212FCEDEF8CFEA90BEA.text	038887E3FFB7F212FCEDEF8CFEA90BEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella wangxinii A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella wangxinii A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: PB23101 [Fig. 14], Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. – Fig. 1H; 14 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, lanceolate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex aristate, margins sparsely dentate. Ventral trophophylls distant, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, non-carinate, apex acute to obtuse, margins sparsely denticulate to dentate. Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally somewhat complanate, resupinate. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, base slightly decurrent, apex attenuate, margins sparsely dentate to sometimes ciliate at distal basiscopic and acroscopic sides; sporophyll-pteryx nearly complete, dentate. Ventral sporophylls close, adpressed, broadly ovate-lanceolate, carinate, apex attenuate, margins sparsely dentate-ciliate. Sporangia suborbicular. Megaspores proximally echinate. Microspores proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls not preserved. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, 0.7–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 mm, lanceolate, non-carinate, base decurrent apex aristate, margins sparsely dentate, teeth 20–40 µm long. Ventral trophophylls distant, spreading, ascending, 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, non-carinate, base not seen, apex acute to obtuse, margins sparsely denticulate to dentate, teeth 10–50 µm long. Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls poorly preserved. Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally somewhat complanate, resupinate 5.4–6.3 × 0.8–1.2 mm (Fig. 14A, B). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, 24–26 per strobilus, 0.9–1.1 × 0.2–0.3 mm, lanceolate, non-carinate, base slightly decurrent, acute at apex, margins sparsely dentate to sometimes ciliate at distal basiscopic and acroscopic sides, teeth or cilia 40–100 µm long (Fig. 1H; 14D, F); sporophyll-pteryx nearly complete, with margins dentate-ciliate similar to sporophyll margins (Fig. 14D, F). Ventral sporophylls close, adpressed, 26–28 per strobilus, 0.9–1.0 × 0.3–0.4 mm, broadly ovate-lanceolate, carinate, base not seen, apex attenuate, margins sparsely dentate or short-ciliate, cilia 20–80 µm long µm long (Fig. 1H; 14C, E). Epidermis cells of ventral sporophylls elongate, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina (Fig. 14E). Sporangia suborbicular, 250–350 × 280–320 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells bearing thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 14G). At least 1 megasporangium containing 2 megaspores present proximally in strobilus (Fig. 14I). Megaspores 160–190 µm in diam., proximally echinate (Fig. 14J). Microspores 25–30 µm in diam., proximally rugulate (Fig. 14H).</p><p>Remarks — The overall appearance and morphology of strobili and sporophylls of Selaginella wangxinii are very similar to those seen in S. patrickmuelleri . Both taxa share the general shape of the dorsal and ventral sporophylls, the shape of the sporophyll apices, bases and margins and the presence of carinae. However, they differ from each other in the size of the strobili, the shape of the sporophyll-pteryx and ornamentation of the megaspores (see remarks under S. patrickmuelleri for details).</p><p>The morphology of Selaginella wangxinii resembles three extant species, namely S. chrysocaulos, S. ciliaris and S. elegantissima, all of which are characterized by dorsal sporophylls with an incomplete sporophyll-pteryx (ending midway to apex) (Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Johari &amp; Singh 2017), which is mostly entire-margined in S. elegantissima (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915), whereas the fossil has a nearly complete sporophyll-pteryx with dentate-ciliate margins (Fig. 1H; 14D, F). Additionally, S. chrysocaulos and S. elegantissima have verrucate microspore ornamentations (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Zhou &amp; al. 2015a) and S. ciliaris has baculate microspores, which differ from the rugulate pattern observed in the fossil (Fig. 14H).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Professor Xin Wang (Nanjing), who discovered the fossil in the collection of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFB7F212FCEDEF8CFEA90BEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFB9F216FCEDEA8CFE980E4A.text	038887E3FFB9F216FCEDEA8CFE980E4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella ciliifera A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella ciliifera A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 21997 [Fig. 15], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1I; 15, 16 (two specimens available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, ovate, non-carinate, base short-truncate, apex acute to obtuse, margins ciliate to long-ciliate. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, symmetric to somewhat asymmetric, ovate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex acute to obtuse, margins sparsely ciliate. Ventral trophophylls distant, ascending, symmetric, oblong to ovate, non-carinate, ligulate, base truncate, apex obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded, margins dentate on basiscopic and distal acroscopic sides, sparsely long-ciliate on medial and proximal acroscopic side. Ligule situated on proximal acroscopic side, close to leaf insertion to branch, ovate. Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate. Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close to distant, spreading, ascending, asymmetric, lanceolate, slightly carinate, base inequilateral, basiscopic side straight, acroscopic side rounded, apex obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded, margins mostly ciliate, occasionally dentate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, narrow at base, with ciliate margins. Ventral sporophylls close, adpressed, ovate to broadly ovate, carinate, apex acute to obtuse, margins long-ciliate. Sporangia nearly orbicular. Microspores distally and proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 15A, B; 16A). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, 0.9–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base short-truncate, apex acute to obtuse, margins ciliate to long-ciliate, cilia 60–220 µm long. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, symmetric to somewhat asymmetric, 0.9–1.3 × 0.4–0.6 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex acute to obtuse, margins sparsely ciliate, cilia 40–140 µm long. Ventral trophophylls distant, spreading, ascending, symmetric, 1.2–2.7 × 0.7–1.0 mm, oblong to ovate, non-carinate, ligulate, base truncate, apex obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded, margins dentate on basiscopic and distal acroscopic sides, sparsely long-ciliate on medial and proximal acroscopic side, teeth 20–50 µm long, cilia 70–150 µm long (Fig. 15A, B, F). Ligule situated on proximal acroscopic side, close to leaf insertion to branch, 120 × 60 µm, ovate (Fig. 15G). Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate, 3.4–5.4 × 2.6–3.2 mm (Fig. 15A, B; 16A). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close to distant, spreading, ascending, asymmetric, conduplicate, 10 or 11 per strobilus (– 14 in JZC-Bu-004), 1.5–2.4 × 0.4–0.8 mm, lanceolate, slightly carinate, base inequilateral, basiscopic side straight, acroscopic side rounded, apex obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded, margins mostly ciliate, occasionally dentate, teeth or cilia 40–340 µm long (Fig. 1I; 15C; 16B); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, narrow at base, with ciliate margins, cilia similar in size to those on sporophyll margins (Fig. 1I; 15C). Epidermis of dorsal sporophylls composed of uniform isodiametric cells. Ventral sporophylls close, adpressed, conduplicate, 9 or 10 per strobilus, 0.7–1.7 × 0.4–0.8 mm, ovate to broadly ovate, carinate, base not seen, apex acute to obtuse, margins long-ciliate, cilia 90–520 µm long (Fig. 1I; 15D; 16C). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated at angles of 15–30° to carina. Sporangia nearly orbicular, 300–480 × 340–500 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 15E). Microspores 25–35 µm in diam., distally and proximally rugulate (Fig. 15H, I).</p><p>Remarks — The specimen selected here as the holotype (GZG.BST.21997) shows the presence of a basal ligule on the adaxial leaf surface (Fig. 15F, G) that is considered a synapomorphy of the heterosporous lycophytes (i.e. Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae and extinct relatives).</p><p>This fossil-taxon closely resembles the general morphology of Selaginella villosa in possessing conspicuously ciliate trophophylls and sporophylls. Despite these similarities, the two taxa differ in the shape of the sporophyll-pteryx of the dorsal sporophylls and the apex of the ventral sporophylls. Selaginella ciliifera has dorsal sporophylls with a sporophyll-pteryx that is narrow at the base and ventral sporophylls that are acute to obtuse at the apex (Fig. 1I; 15C, D), whereas S. villosa possesses dorsal sporophylls with a sporophyll-pteryx that is broadly enlarged at the base, forming an auricle, and ventral sporophylls that are acuminate at the apex (Fig. 1J; Fig. 17C–E).</p><p>Four present-day taxa share with Selaginella ciliifera the strobili with ciliate dorsal and ventral sporophylls, including S. albociliata P. S. Wang, endemic to China (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. apoensis Hieron. from the Philippines (Mindanao), Sulawesi and Maluku (Seram) (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915), S. longiciliata Hieron., from New Guinea to Australia (N Queensland) (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998) and S. macroblepharis Warb., endemic to New Guinea (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). Selaginella apoensis, S. longiciliata and S. macroblepharis differ from S. ciliifera by having ventral sporophylls that are acuminate to aristate at the apex and microspores with smooth surfaces (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). The fossil has ventral sporophylls that are acute to obtuse at the apex and rugulate microspores (Fig. 1I; 15H, I). Selaginella apoensis differs from the fossil in several other structural aspects, namely dorsal and ventral sporophylls that are similar in size and shape (distinctly different in S. ciliifera) and longer strobili (c. 20 mm long). Strobili of the fossil-taxon are hardly more than 5.5 mm long. Selaginella albociliata differs from the fossil by having longer strobili (6–10 mm long), dorsal sporophylls that are acuminate at the apex and verrucate microspores (Wang 1990). In contrast, S. ciliifera has shorter strobili, dorsal sporophylls that are obtuse to acute at the apex and rugulate microspores (Fig. 15B, C, H, I; 16B).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words cilium: hair-like process, and ferre: to bear, carry. It refers to the numerous and long ciliae which occur especially at the margins of the sporophylls.</p><p>Additional specimens studied — JZC-Bu-004, American Museum of Natural History (Fig. 16), PB25339, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFB9F216FCEDEA8CFE980E4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFBDF216FF10E82CFBD00B8A.text	038887E3FFBDF216FF10E82CFBD00B8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella villosa A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella villosa A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22028 [Fig. 17], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 1J; 17 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, oblong, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute, distal and medial margins denticulate, proximal margins ciliate. Dorsal trophophylls close to distant, adpressed, symmetric, oblong-ovate or elliptic, slightly carinate, base decurrent, apex, margins mostly denticulate, ciliate only on proximal acroscopic side. Ventral trophophylls close to distant, spreading, symmetric, oblong, non-carinate, base rounded to truncate, apex acute or less frequently obtuse, margins mostly dentate-denticulate, proximal acroscopic margin ciliate. Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate. Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, asymmetric, ovate-lanceolate, non-carinate, base inequilateral, basiscopic side straight, acroscopic side rounded, apex acute to attenuate, basiscopic margin serrulate, acroscopic margin ciliate; sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, broadly enlarged at base forming an auricle, ciliate on distal margins and dentate-denticulate in auricle. Ventral sporophylls close, conduplicate, ovate, carinate, base decurrent, apex acuminate, margins long-ciliate, dentate in apical portion. Sporangia suborbicular. Microspores distally and proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 17A, B, J). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, c. 0.6 × 0.2 mm, oblong, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute, distal and medial margins denticulate, proximal margins ciliate, teeth 10–20 µm long, cilia 50–80 µm long (Fig. 17J). Dorsal trophophylls close to distant, adpressed, symmetric, 0.5–0.9 × 0.2–0.4 mm, oblong-ovate or elliptic, slightly carinate, base decurrent, apex acuminate, margins mostly denticulate, ciliate only on proximal acroscopic margin, teeth 15–20 µm long, cilia 50–70 µm long (Fig. 17I). Ventral trophophylls close to distant, spreading, symmetric, 1.2–1.7 × 0.4–0.5 mm, oblong, non-carinate, base rounded to truncate, apex acute or less frequently obtuse, margins mostly dentate-denticulate, proximal acroscopic margin ciliate, teeth 10–30 µm long, cilia 50–150 µm long (Fig. 17J). Strobili terminal, compact, bilateral, dorsiventrally complanate, resupinate, 2.6–3.0 × 1.9–2.3 mm (Fig. 17A, B). Sporophylls dimorphic. Dorsal sporophylls close, ascending, asymmetric, 7 or 8 per strobilus, 1.4–1.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, ovate-lanceolate, non-carinate, base inequilateral, basiscopic side straight, acroscopic side rounded, apex acute to attenuate, basiscopic margin serrulate, acroscopic margin ciliate, teeth 10–20 µm long, cilia 150–320 µm long (Fig. 1J; 17C, D); sporophyll-pteryx incomplete, broadly enlarged at base forming an auricle, ciliate on distal margins and dentate-denticulate in auricle, teeth 10–30 µm long, cilia &lt;100 µm long (Fig. 1J; 17C). Epidermis of dorsal sporophylls formed by uniform isodiametric cells. Ventral sporophylls close, conduplicate, 7–9 per strobilus, 0.7–1.1 × 0.4–0.5 mm, ovate, carinate, base decurrent, apex acuminate, margins long-ciliate, dentate in apical portion, teeth 20–50 µm long, cilia 70–450 µm long (Fig. 1J; 17E). Epidermis of ventral sporophylls with elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina. Sporangia suborbicular, 300–450 × 450–480 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 13F). Microspores 30–35 µm in diam., distally and proximally rugulate (Fig. 17G, H).</p><p>Remarks — Among the Kachin Selaginella inclusions detailed in this study, S. villosa most closely resembles S. ciliifera because both taxa have ciliate trophophylls and sporophylls. However, differences in the shape of sporophyll-pteryx of the dorsal sporophylls and in the apex of ventral sporophylls discriminate these two taxa (see remarks under S. ciliifera for details).</p><p>The extant Selaginella albociliata, S. apoensis, S. longiciliata and S. macroblepharis share with the fossil the general morphology of the dorsal and ventral sporophylls that are conspicuously ciliate, particularly the ventral sporophylls with acuminate apices (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Wang 1990). However, the fossil differs from these taxa in that it has rugulate microspores (Fig. 17G, H), rather than verrucate or smooth microspores as in the extant species (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998; Wang 1990). Furthermore, S. albociliata and S. apoensis have longer strobili (6–20 mm long) (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Wang 1990), whereas S. villosa produces strobili only up to 3 mm long.</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word villosus: having many long, weak hairs. It refers to the numerous long ciliae, especially those seen on the ventral sporophylls.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFBDF216FF10E82CFBD00B8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFBDF216FCEDEDECFA760BEA.text	038887E3FFBDF216FCEDEDECFA760BEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella (Ericetorum) Jermy	<div><p>Selaginella subg. Ericetorum Jermy</p><p>in Fern Gaz. 13: 117. 1986.</p><p>– Type: Selaginella uliginosa (Labill.) Spring. Selaginella wunderlichiana A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov. <p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22029 [Fig. 18], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2A; 18 (only specimen available).</p> <p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls monomorphic, decussately arranged, adpressed, close to imbricate, lanceolate, apex long-attenuate, base amplexicaul, margins erose. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely denticulate as in the sporophyll margins, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins sparsely denticulate. Sporangia suborbicular, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Microspores proximally verrucate.</p> <p>Description — Axes compressed. Trophophylls monomorphic, 2.5–2.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, decussately arranged (Fig. 18F, G), adpressed, close to imbricate, lanceolate, slightly carinate, base amplexicaul apex long-attenuate, (Fig. 18A, F, G), margins erose or slightly denticulate, teeth &lt;10 µm long. Epidermis of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of trophophyll (Fig. 18H). Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 4.8 × 3.2 mm (Fig. 18A). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, c. 32 in only available strobilus, 1.8–2.0 × 0.4–0.5 mm, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely denticulate as in the sporophyll margins, apex attenuate, base rounded, margins sparsely denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2A; 18B, C). Epidermis of sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina (Fig. 18C). Sporangia suborbicular, 350 × 250 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 18D). Microspores 25–35 µm in diam., proximally verrucate (Fig. 18E).</p> <p>Remarks — Among the Kachin Selaginella inclusions, only S. wunderlichiana and S. isophylla possess monomorphic trophophylls. Both species differ from one another in the overall shape of trophophylls and in the shape of the leaf apices, bases and margins. Selaginella wunderlichiana has lanceolate trophophylls that are attenuate at the apex, amplexicaul at the base and erose at the margins (Fig. 18A, F–H), whereas S. isophylla has ovate trophophylls that are short-acuminate at the apex, peltate at the base and short-ciliate at the basal acroscopic margin, sparsely dentate at the medial margins and nearly entire at the distal margins (Fig. 19E–G).</p> <p>This fossil-taxon is assigned here to Selaginella subg. Ericetorum because it shares the decussately arranged, monomorphic trophophylls with extant species belonging to this subgenus (Jermy 1986a; Schulz &amp; al. 2013). Selaginella subg. Ericetorum presently comprises eight extant species, namely S. aboriginalis C. Schulz &amp; Homberg, S. gracillima (Kuntze) Spring ex Salomon and S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring, all from Australia and Tasmania (Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998; Schulz &amp; al. 2013), S. lyallii (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, S. moratii W. Hagemann &amp; Rauh and S. pectinata Spring, all endemic to Madagascar (Stefanović &amp; al. 1997; Smith &amp; al. 2016), S. pygmaea (Kaulf.) Alston, from South Africa (Schulz &amp; al. 2013) and S. royenii Alston, endemic to New Guinea (Schulz &amp; al. 2013).</p> <p>The fossil has decussately arranged monomorphic trophophylls (Fig. 18A, F–H) and thus is clearly different from Selaginella lyallii, S. moratii and S. pectinata, which all have dimorphic trophophylls arranged in two rows of smaller dorsal trophophylls and two rows of larger ventral trophophylls (Stefanović &amp; al. 1997). The extant S. aboriginalis, S. gracillima, S. pygmaea, S. royenii and S. uliginosa differ from S. wunderlichiana by having nearly entire-margined vegetative leaves (Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998) and microspores with mostly smooth or echinate (in S. pygmaea), rarely gemmate or verrucate, proximal surfaces (Schulz &amp; al. 2013). In contrast, S. wunderlichiana has trophophylls with erose or slightly denticulate margins (teeth &lt;10 µm long) and microspores with a verrucate proximal surface (Fig. 18E).</p> <p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Jörg Wunderlich (Hirschberg an der Bergstrasse, Germany), who generously supported our research by making amber inclusions available for study.</p></p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22029 [Fig. 18], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2A; 18 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls monomorphic, decussately arranged, adpressed, close to imbricate, lanceolate, apex long-attenuate, base amplexicaul, margins erose. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely denticulate as in the sporophyll margins, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins sparsely denticulate. Sporangia suborbicular, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Microspores proximally verrucate.</p><p>Description — Axes compressed. Trophophylls monomorphic, 2.5–2.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, decussately arranged (Fig. 18F, G), adpressed, close to imbricate, lanceolate, slightly carinate, base amplexicaul apex long-attenuate, (Fig. 18A, F, G), margins erose or slightly denticulate, teeth &lt;10 µm long. Epidermis of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of trophophyll (Fig. 18H). Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 4.8 × 3.2 mm (Fig. 18A). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, c. 32 in only available strobilus, 1.8–2.0 × 0.4–0.5 mm, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely denticulate as in the sporophyll margins, apex attenuate, base rounded, margins sparsely denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2A; 18B, C). Epidermis of sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina (Fig. 18C). Sporangia suborbicular, 350 × 250 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 18D). Microspores 25–35 µm in diam., proximally verrucate (Fig. 18E).</p><p>Remarks — Among the Kachin Selaginella inclusions, only S. wunderlichiana and S. isophylla possess monomorphic trophophylls. Both species differ from one another in the overall shape of trophophylls and in the shape of the leaf apices, bases and margins. Selaginella wunderlichiana has lanceolate trophophylls that are attenuate at the apex, amplexicaul at the base and erose at the margins (Fig. 18A, F–H), whereas S. isophylla has ovate trophophylls that are short-acuminate at the apex, peltate at the base and short-ciliate at the basal acroscopic margin, sparsely dentate at the medial margins and nearly entire at the distal margins (Fig. 19E–G).</p><p>This fossil-taxon is assigned here to Selaginella subg. Ericetorum because it shares the decussately arranged, monomorphic trophophylls with extant species belonging to this subgenus (Jermy 1986a; Schulz &amp; al. 2013). Selaginella subg. Ericetorum presently comprises eight extant species, namely S. aboriginalis C. Schulz &amp; Homberg, S. gracillima (Kuntze) Spring ex Salomon and S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring, all from Australia and Tasmania (Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998; Schulz &amp; al. 2013), S. lyallii (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, S. moratii W. Hagemann &amp; Rauh and S. pectinata Spring, all endemic to Madagascar (Stefanović &amp; al. 1997; Smith &amp; al. 2016), S. pygmaea (Kaulf.) Alston, from South Africa (Schulz &amp; al. 2013) and S. royenii Alston, endemic to New Guinea (Schulz &amp; al. 2013).</p><p>The fossil has decussately arranged monomorphic trophophylls (Fig. 18A, F–H) and thus is clearly different from Selaginella lyallii, S. moratii and S. pectinata, which all have dimorphic trophophylls arranged in two rows of smaller dorsal trophophylls and two rows of larger ventral trophophylls (Stefanović &amp; al. 1997). The extant S. aboriginalis, S. gracillima, S. pygmaea, S. royenii and S. uliginosa differ from S. wunderlichiana by having nearly entire-margined vegetative leaves (Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998) and microspores with mostly smooth or echinate (in S. pygmaea), rarely gemmate or verrucate, proximal surfaces (Schulz &amp; al. 2013). In contrast, S. wunderlichiana has trophophylls with erose or slightly denticulate margins (teeth &lt;10 µm long) and microspores with a verrucate proximal surface (Fig. 18E).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Jörg Wunderlich (Hirschberg an der Bergstrasse, Germany), who generously supported our research by making amber inclusions available for study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFBDF216FCEDEDECFA760BEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FFBFF22AFCEDE94CFD8B0DCA.text	038887E3FFBFF22AFCEDE94CFD8B0DCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella isophylla A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella isophylla A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22005 [Fig. 19], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2B; 19 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls monomorphic, close to imbricate, arranged in 4 rows, symmetric, ovate, non-carinate, base peltate, rounded or truncate, apex short-acuminate, basal acroscopic margin short-ciliate, medial margins sparsely dentate, distal margins close to apex nearly entire. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, carina smooth, apex long-attenuate, medial and proximal margins denticulate, distal margins close to apex nearly entire, sporophyll-pteryx absent.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls monomorphic, close to imbricate, arranged in four rows, symmetric, ascending, 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base peltate, rounded or truncate, apex short-acuminate, basal acroscopic margin short-ciliate, medial margins sparsely dentate, distal margins close to apex nearly entire, teeth or cilia 25–50 µm long (Fig. 19A, E–G). Epidermis cells polygonal, sometimes elongate, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of trophophyll. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 2.6 × 1.2 mm (Fig. 19A, B). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, 20 in only available strobilus, 1.0–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, lanceolate, carinate, carina smooth, base not seen, apex long-attenuate, medial and proximal margins denticulate, distal margins close to apex nearly entire, teeth 10–20 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2B; 19C, D). Epidermis of sporophylls similar to trophophyll epidermis. Sporangia immature, obscure, not seen.</p><p>Remarks — The monomorphic trophophylls arranged in rows and monomorphic sporophylls arranged in tetrastichous quadrangular strobili are suggestive of affinities of this fossil to Selaginella subg. Ericetorum . The trophophylls are typically decussately arranged (at least in the proximal portions of the plant) in all members of this subgenus (Jermy 1986a; Schulz &amp; al. 2013). However, because the attachment sites of the leaves are not clearly visible in the amber fossil it is impossible to assess whether the vegetative leaves are truly decussately arranged in the fossil. Other diagnostic characters of S. subg. Ericetorum, such as megaspores with wing-like laesurae and that are highly porose at the proximal pole (Schulz &amp; al. 2013; Weststrand &amp; Korall 2016b), could also not be positively identified in the fossil due to the immature stage of the preserved strobilus.</p><p>Among extant members of Selaginella subg. Ericetorum, S. isophylla can be easily distinguished from S. lyallii, S. moratii and S. pectinata by its monomorphic trophophylls, which are dimorphic in the three extant species (Stefanović &amp; al. 1997). Additionally, the presence of trophophylls that are short-ciliate on their basal acroscopic margin and sparsely dentate in both basiscopic and acroscopic margins of the middle portion (Fig. 19F, G) discriminate the fossil from several extant species such as S. aboriginalis, S. gracillima, S. pygmaea, S. royenii and S. uliginosa, which all have nearly entire-margined vegetative leaves (Jermy &amp; Holmes 1998).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Greek words isos: equal and phyllon: leaf. It emphasizes that the species is isophyllous in its vegetative part, i.e. possessing monomorphic trophophylls.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FFBFF22AFCEDE94CFD8B0DCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF81F22AFF10E82CFBCE0F0A.text	038887E3FF81F22AFF10E82CFBCE0F0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella aurita A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella aurita A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22001 [Fig. 20], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2C; 20, 21 (two specimens available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, lanceolate, non-carinate, apex long-aristate, margins entire. Ventral trophophylls distant, ascending, symmetric, oblong-lanceolate, apex acute, base short-truncate, margins nearly entire or sparsely denticulate, non-carinate. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, somewhat conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, base auriculate on acroscopic side, apex acute, margins sharply dentate; sporophyll-pteryx nearly complete, auriculate at base, with dentate margins similar to sporophyll margins. Sporangia suborbicular. Microspores proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 20A, F; 21). Axillary trophophylls not preserved. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, 1.0–1.6 × 0.2–0.6 mm, lanceolate, non-carinate, base not seen, apex long-aristate, margins entire (Fig. 21C, D). Ventral trophophylls distant, ascending, symmetric, 1.5–1.8 × 0.4–0.7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, non-carinate, base short-truncate, apex acute, margins nearly entire or sparsely denticulate (Fig. 20F; 21B). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls poorly preserved. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 7.5 × 3.5 mm (Fig. 20A, B). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, somewhat conduplicate, c. 72 in only available strobilus, 1.5–1.9 × 0.5–0.9 mm, lanceolate, carinate, base auriculate on acroscopic side, apex acute, margins sharply dentate, teeth 5–35 µm long (Fig. 2C; 20C–E); sporophyll-pteryx nearly complete, auriculate at base, with dentate margins similar to sporophyll margins (Fig. 2C; 20C–E). Sporophyll epidermis poorly preserved. Sporangia suborbicular, 500–740 × 400–560 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with very thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 20G). Microspores 20–30 µm in diam., proximally rugulate (Fig. 20H, I).</p><p>Remarks — Selaginella aurita differs from all other Kachin Selaginella fossils by its monomorphic sporophylls, which are acroscopically auriculate (Fig. 2C; 20C–E). Furthermore, S. aurita is the only form with quadrangular strobili bearing a sporophyll-pteryx on monomorphic sporophylls (Fig. 2C; 20C–E). This structure is present in all four rows of sporophylls. In our comparisons to extant species from Asia, Australasia and Africa, we could not find any morphology that is particularly close to that seen in this fossil-species.</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word auritus: eared, auriculate, and refers to the acroscopic base of the sporophyll and to the sporophyll-pteryx.</p><p>Additional specimens studied — PB25336, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Fig. 21).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF81F22AFF10E82CFBCE0F0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF81F228FCEDE96CFCE10B2A.text	038887E3FF81F228FCEDE96CFCE10B2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella amplexicaulis A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella amplexicaulis A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: PB23160 [Fig. 22], Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. – Fig. 2D; 22 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Strobilus compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, broadly ovate, strongly carinate, carina smooth, base biauriculate, apex acuminate, margins entire to erose, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia suborbicular.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores, branches and trophophylls not preserved. Strobilus compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 5.3 × 1.4 mm (Fig. 22A). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, 60 in only available strobilus, 0.7–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, broadly ovate, strongly carinate, carina smooth, apex acuminate, base biauriculate, margins entire to erose, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2D; 22B, C). Epidermis of sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina. Sporangia suborbicular, 320–370 × 350–600 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 22D). Microspores 20–25 µm in diam., probably immature, proximally psilate (Fig. 22E).</p><p>Remarks — The sporophylls, which are acuminate at apex and entire to erose at the margins (Fig. 2D; 22B, C), discriminate Selaginella amplexicaulis from all other Kachin Selaginella taxa with quadrangular strobili.</p><p>The morphology of the sporophylls and strobili of Selaginella amplexicaulis is very similar to that of four modern species, namely S. inaequalifolia (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, native to India, Myanmar and Thailand (Dixit 1992; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017), S. ornithopodioides (L.) Spring, endemic to Sri Lanka (Dixit 1992; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017), S. trichoclada Alston, endemic to China (Zhang &amp; al. 2013) and S. willdenowii (Desv.) Baker, from China, India and SE Asia (Dixit 1992; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Zhang &amp; al. 2013). As the vegetative portion of S. amplexicaulis is not preserved, it is difficult to separate it from these extant species. However, there are subtle differences that can be used to distinguish the fossil-taxon. For instance, the extant species all have sporophylls that are obtuse, truncate or rounded at the base (Alston 1932; Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013), in contrast to the auriculate sporophylls of S. amplexicaulis (Fig. 2D; 22B, C).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words amplexus: clasping, and caulis: stem. It refers to the sporophyll bases clasping the strobilus stem.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF81F228FCEDE96CFCE10B2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF83F229FF10ED0CFBC80BEA.text	038887E3FF83F229FF10ED0CFBC80BEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella heinrichsii A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella heinrichsii A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22004 [Fig. 23], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2E; 23 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to obtuse, apex acute, margins nearly entire or serrulate. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, ovate, non-carinate, base slightly decurrent, apex obtuse, margins serrate-serrulate. Ventral trophophylls mostly symmetric, occasionally asymmetric, distant, spreading, ascending, oblong-ovate, non-carinate, base with basiscopic side rounded and acroscopic side truncate, apex obtuse to acute, margins serrate-serrulate. Strobili terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, distant, spreading, ascending, conduplicate, ovate, carinate, base exauriculate, apex attenuate, margins profusely denticulate, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia suborbicular, a single considerably larger sporangium situated at base of strobilus. Microspores proximally psilate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 23A, H). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, c. 1.4 × 0.8 mm, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to obtuse, apex acute, margins nearly entire or serrulate, teeth ≤ 10 µm long (Fig. 23H). Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, 1.2–1.7 × 0.5–0.9 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base slightly decurrent, apex obtuse, margins serrate-serrulate, teeth 8–30 µm long (Fig. 23H). Ventral trophophylls mostly symmetric, occasionally asymmetric, distant, spreading, ascending, 1.2–2.3 × 0.9–1.2 mm, oblong-ovate, non-carinate, base with basiscopic side rounded and acroscopic side truncate, apex obtuse to acute, margins serrate-serrulate, teeth 10–30 µm long. Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls composed of rectangular cells (Fig. 23I). Strobili terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular, c. 6.0 × 1.8–2.3 mm (Fig. 23A, C). Sporophylls monomorphic, distant, spreading, ascending, conduplicate, c. 56 per strobilus, 0.7–1.2 × 0.5–0.7 mm, largest basal one 1.7–2 × 1.4–1.5 mm, ovate, carinate, base exauriculate, apex attenuate, margins profusely denticulate, teeth 10–25 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2E; 23C–E, G). Epidermis of sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina. Sporangia suborbicular, 280–400 × 450–550 µm (Fig. 23F), a single considerably larger sporangium situated at base of strobilus 0.8–1.1 × c. 1.5 mm (Fig. 23G), with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Microspores 25–30 µm in diam., proximally psilate (Fig. 23B).</p><p>Remarks — Selaginella heinrichsii clearly differs from the other fossil Selaginella with dimorphic trophophylls, quadrangular strobili and monomorphic sporophylls in possessing dorsal trophophylls that are apically obtuse and distant sporophylls that are exauriculate at the base (Fig. 2E; 23C–E, G, H).</p><p>Two extant species from SE Asia share the gross morphology with Selaginella heinrichsii by having oblong, apically obtuse ventral trophophylls, which are denticulate or serrulate at the margins, and quadrangular strobili with monomorphic, ovate sporophylls, the latter acute, apically attenuate or acuminate, abaxially carinate and denticulate at the margins. These species include S. brooksii Hieron. from Borneo and S. lonkobatu Hieron. &amp; Alderw. from Maluku and Sulawesi (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). However, both differ from the fossil by having strobili with imbricate sporophylls that are rounded at the base (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915), whereas S. heinrichsii has lax strobili with distant sporophylls that are exauriculate at the base (Fig. 2E; 23C–E, G). Additionally, S. lonkobatu has dorsal trophophylls that are gradually cuspidate at the apex (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915) in contrast to the obtuse dorsal trophophylls seen in the fossil (Fig. 23H).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours the late Professor Jochen Heinrichs (1969–2018) of Munich, Germany, with whom we discussed the fossils and who expressed excitement when we discovered the first Selaginella in Kachin amber.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF83F229FF10ED0CFBC80BEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF84F22CFF3AED0CFAB50FCA.text	038887E3FF84F22CFF3AED0CFAB50FCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella konijnenburgiae A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella konijnenburgiae A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22003 [Fig. 24], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2F; 24 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, somewhat conduplicate, oblong-lanceolate, slightly carinate, base truncate, apex attenuate to aristate, margins entire to serrulate-denticulate. Ventral trophophylls mostly symmetric, sometimes asymmetric, distant, spreading, ascending, oblong-ovate, non-carinate, base with basiscopic side rounded, acroscopic side truncate, apex obtuse, margins serrulate. Strobilus terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, broadly ovate, slightly carinate, base rounded, apex attenuate to aristate, margins serrulate-denticulate, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia suborbicular, a single considerably larger sporangium situated at base of strobilus. Microspores proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 24H, I). Axillary trophophylls not preserved. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, somewhat conduplicate, 0.5–0.9 × 0.1–0.3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, slightly carinate, base truncate, apex attenuate to aristate, margins entire to serrulate-denticulate, teeth ≤ 10 µm long. Ventral trophophylls mostly symmetric, sometimes asymmetric, distant, spreading, ascending, 1.5–2.7 × 0.4–0.9 mm, oblong-ovate, non-carinate, base with basiscopic side rounded, acroscopic side truncate, apex obtuse, margins serrulate, teeth ≤ 10 µm long (Fig. 24H, I). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of trophophyll (Fig. 24J). Strobilus terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 5.6 × 1.1 mm (Fig. 24A, B). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, 48 in only available strobilus, 0.9–1.1 × 0.4–0.6 mm, broadly ovate, slightly carinate, base round- ed, apex attenuate to aristate, margins serrulate-denticulate, teeth 10–25 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2F; 24C, D, F, G). Epidermis of sporophylls is composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to long axis of sporophyll (Fig. 24E). Sporangia suborbicular, (300–)460–500 × (260–)280–340 µm, a single considerably larger sporangium situated at base of strobilus 900 × 800 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Microspores 25–30 µm in diam., proximally rugulate (Fig. 24K).</p><p>Remarks — The presence of a basal sporangium (presumably a megasporangium), protruding and conspicuously larger than all other sporangia, separates Selaginella konijnenburgiae from all other Selaginella inclusions with quadrangular strobili, with the exception of S. heinrichsii . The latter species differs from S. konijnenburgiae in its distant sporophylls, which are exauriculate (Fig. 2E). In contrast, S. konijnenburgiae has imbricate sporophylls with a rounded base (Fig. 2F).</p><p>Three extant species are somewhat similar to the fossil morphology, namely Selaginella davidii Franchet, endemic to China (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun, from Macaronesia and tropical and S Africa (Quansah 1986; Zhang &amp; al. 2013) and S. remotifolia Spring, native to India, China, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal and the Philippines (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019). These species share with S. konijnenburgiae the presence of ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate or aristate, denticulate dorsal trophophylls, combined with the presence of quadrangular strobili, with ovate, monomorphic sporophylls that are attenuate, apically aristate or acuminate and serrulate or denticulate (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019). However, the three extant species differ from the fossil in having mostly acute ventral trophophyll margins (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), in contrast to the obtuse ventral trophophylls of the fossil. Selaginella kraussiana has a densely denticulate carina, whereas S. konijnenburgiae has a smooth carina on the abaxial surface of the sporophylls. Additionally, S. davidii, S. kraussiana and S. remotifolia have microspores with an echinate proximal surface (Quansah 1986; Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), whereas S. konijnenburgiae has microspores with a rugulate proximal surface (Fig. 24K).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Professor Johanna H. A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (Leiden and Utrecht), for her contributions to the knowledge of fossil free-sporing vascular plants, including Selaginella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF84F22CFF3AED0CFAB50FCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF87F222FCEDE9ACFF1509CA.text	038887E3FF87F222FCEDE9ACFF1509CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella ovoidea A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella ovoidea A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: AMNH-Bu-KL- 8-7 [Fig. 25], American Museum of Natural History. – Fig. 2G; 25 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Dorsal trophophylls close, adpressed, symmetric, ovate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex aristate, sparsely dentate at margins. Ventral trophophylls close, slightly imbricate, spreading, ascending, somewhat asymmetric, ovate, non-carinate, base decurrent, acute at apex, sparsely denticulate to dentate at margins. Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, adpressed, conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, base rounded, apex long-attenuate, serrulate at margins, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia ellipsoid or ovoid. Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 25A, H–J). Axillary trophophylls not preserved. Dorsal trophophylls close, adpressed, symmetric, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex aristate, margins sparsely dentate, teeth 12–35 µm long (Fig. 25I). Ventral trophophylls close, slightly imbricate, spreading, ascending, somewhat asymmetric, 1.3–1.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex acute, margins sparsely denticulate to dentate, teeth 8–40 µm long (Fig. 25H, J). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls composed of uniform isodiametric cells (Fig. 25J). Strobilus terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 4.6 × 0.9 mm (Fig. 25A, B). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, adpressed, conduplicate, 28 in only available strobilus, 1.0–1.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm, lanceolate, carinate, base rounded, apex long-attenuate, margins serrulate, teeth &lt;10 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2G; 25B). Epidermis of sporophylls poorly preserved. Sporangia ellipsoid or ovoid, 480–600 × 220–280 µm, formed by uniform isodiametric cells bearing thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 25C, D). Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate (Fig. 25E–G).</p><p>Remarks — Selaginella ovoidea is the only Kachin Selaginella that is characterized by quadrangular strobili with very distinctive ellipsoid or ovoid sporangia (Fig. 25C, D).</p><p>Among extant Selaginella, two species closely resemble the fossil, namely S. rolandi-principis Alston from China and Vietnam (Zhang &amp; al. 2013) and S. roxburghii (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, native to the Malay Peninsula, Vietnam (Alston 1937) and presumably also China according to Zhang &amp; al. (2013), who referred to this taxon using the synonym S. commutata Alderw. These species share with the fossil the presence of ovate, aristate or cuspidate dorsal trophophylls, oblong-ovate ventral trophophylls that are sparsely denticulate at the margins, quadrangular strobili with lanceolate to ovate sporophylls with an acute to attenuate apex and serrulate margins, and ellipsoid sporangia. Additionally, both S. rolandi-principis and S. ovoidea produce microspores in tetrads, although it is not possible to be sure that this is a permanent condition in either of them. Both S. rolandi-principis and S. roxburghii differ from S. ovoidea in that the microspores have a baculate ornamentation on the distal surface (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), which differs from the rugulate pattern seen on the distal surface of the fossil microspores (Fig. 25F).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word ovoideus and refers to the egg-shaped sporangia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF87F222FCEDE9ACFF1509CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF89F227FF10EFACFDDE0D0A.text	038887E3FF89F227FF10EFACFDDE0D0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella wangboi A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella wangboi A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: PB23159 [Fig. 26], Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. – Fig. 2H; 26–28 (four specimens available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Rhizophores arising from branch dichotomies, ventrally orientated, base covered by axillary trophophyll. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls somewhat asymmetric, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base obtuse, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins nearly entire or with a few teeth on proximal acroscopic margin. Dorsal trophophylls close to distant, adpressed, ovate, non-carinate, base obtuse, apex aristate, slightly decurrent, margins serrate-denticulate. Ventral trophophylls mostly symmetric, occasionally asymmetric, close to distant, spreading, ascending, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to obtuse, apex acute to slightly acuminate, basiscopic margin serrulate, acroscopic margin short-ciliate-denticulate. Strobili terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, ascending, conduplicate, ovate, carinate, carina slightly serrate, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins dentate-serrate, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia suborbicular. Megaspores distally and proximally reticulate. Microspores proximally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores arising from dichotomy of branch, ventrally orientated, base covered by axillary trophophyll (Fig. 27E, F). Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 26G; 27C–F; 28B). Axillary trophophylls somewhat asymmetric, 1.2–1.3 × 0.6–0.8 mm, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base obtuse, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins nearly entire or with a few teeth on proximal acroscopic margin, teeth 10–25 µm long (Fig. 27F). Dorsal trophophylls close to distant, adpressed, 0.6–1.2 × 0.2–0.5 mm, ovate, non-carinate, base obtuse, apex aristate, slightly decurrent, margins serrate-denticulate, teeth 10–20 µm long. Ventral trophophylls mostly symmetric, occasionally asymmetric, close to distant, spreading, ascending, 1.1–1.7 × 0.5–0.9 mm, broadly ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to obtuse, apex acute to slightly acuminate, basiscopic margin serrulate, teeth 10–20 µm long, acroscopic margin short-ciliate-denticulate, cilia 50–70 µm long, teeth 20–30 µm long (Fig. 26H; 27C). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls composed of uniform isodiametric cells. Strobili terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 2.3–3.0 × 1.4–1.9 mm (Fig. 26C, D; 27B; 28A). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, ascending, conduplicate, 12–32 per strobilus, 0.8–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, ovate, carinate, carina slightly serrate, teeth of carina ≤ 10 µm long, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins dentate-serrate, teeth 20–30 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2H; 26E, F). Epidermis of sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina (Fig. 26E, F). Sporangia suborbicular, (200–)290–350 × 210–290 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Megaspores 170–200 µm in diam., distally and proximally reticulate (Fig 26I–K). Microspores 20–30 µm in diam., proximally rugulate (Fig. 26L).</p><p>Remarks — Among the Kachin Selaginella species with quadrangular strobili, S. wangboi (Fig. 2H; 26–28), S. tomescui (Fig. 2I; 29), S. pellucida (Fig. 2J; 30) and S. obscura (Fig. 2K; 31, 32) are very similar in regard to overall morphology. They all show the following coincident characters: trophophylls dimorphic with dorsal trophophylls aristate, sporophylls dentate, serrate or at least erose, carinate with the carina serrate or erose, without sporophyll-pteryx, sporangia mostly suborbicular, relatively uniform in size throughout the strobilus, and rugulate microspores. However, minor differences between them also exist. For example, S. wangboi differs from the other three taxa in that it has nearly entire axillary trophophylls, with only a few sparse teeth on the proximal acroscopic margin, these teeth 10–25 µm long (Fig. 27F). Additionally, the fertile specimens of S. wangboi released microspores in monads (Fig. 26L). In contrast, S. tomescui (Fig. 2I; 29), S. pellucida (Fig. 2J; 30) and S. obscura (Fig. 2K; 31, 32) have axillary trophophylls, which are short-ciliate, serrate or conspicuously dentate at the margins, and released the microspores in tetrads.</p><p>Among the extant species of Selaginella, the common pattern is that microspores are disseminated individually (as monads), but they may also remain in tetrads after their release due to different connections or fusions of the spore wall (Morbelli &amp; al. 2001; Tryon &amp; Lugardon 2001; Morbelli &amp; Lugardon 2012; Zhou &amp; al. 2015a; Singh &amp; al. 2016). Preservation of the fossil inclusions renders it impossible to examine if there were any connections among the individual microspores forming a tetrad in S. tomescui (Fig. 29H, J), S. pellucida (Fig. 30E) and S. obscura (Fig. 31E; 32G, H), but this condition was taken into account when establishing boundaries between taxa, especially in order to separate S. wangboi from all other taxa with similar overall morphology. However, a much larger sample set would be necessary to verify whether these differences are truly constant and discrete.</p><p>We believe that there are four specimens (i.e. PB23159, PB23161, P288–12 and the sterile specimen JZC-Bu-1868) of Selaginella wangboi currently available. They all are very similar in regard to vegetative morphology, so they are attributed to the same species. However, preservation of tissues in specimen PB23159 made it sometimes difficult to recognize the details of the trophophyll margins.</p><p>Among modern species, four species display morphological similarities with this fossil, including Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring, from Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Nepal and SE Asia (Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Fraser-Jenkins &amp; al. 2017; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019), S. moellendorffii Hieron., native to China, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam (Zhang &amp; al. 2013), S. radicata (Hook. &amp; Grev.) Spring, endemic to India and S. brachyblepharis Alderw., endemic to Borneo (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915). They have in common with the fossil the presence of quadrangular strobili with ovate-lanceolate sporophylls that are acute to acuminate at the apex, denticulate at the margins and carinate (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Dixit 1992; Zhang &amp; al. 2013; Shalimov &amp; al. 2019). However, all extant species differ from S. wangboi by having strobili longer than 5 mm (up to 15 mm) and baculate or verrucate microspores (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Dixit 1992; Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), whereas the fossil has strobili 2–3 mm long and rugulate microspores (Fig. 26L). Selaginella radicata differs from the fossil by having verrucate microspores (Dixit 1992). Furthermore, S. involvens and S. moellendorffii appear to release microspores in tetrads (Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), whereas they are discharged singly in S. wangboi (Fig. 26L).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Professor Bo Wang (Nanjing), who has supported research collaborations on E Asian ambers for many years and has shared new discoveries with us.</p><p>Additional specimens studied — PB23161, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Fig. 27), JZC-Bu-1868, American Museum of Natural History, Max Kobbert Amber Collection Münster, Germany, P288–12 (Fig. 28).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF89F227FF10EFACFDDE0D0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF8CF227FF3AEB6CFB1F086A.text	038887E3FF8CF227FF3AEB6CFB1F086A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella tomescui A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella tomescui A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: JZC-Bu-1692 [Fig. 29A, B, F, G], American Museum of Natural History. – Fig. 2I; 29 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, elliptic, non-carinate, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute to obtuse, margins short-ciliate or denticulate. Dorsal trophophylls close, adpressed, symmetric, ovate to elliptic, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex aristate, margins sparsely denticulate. Ventral trophophylls close, spreading, ascending, somewhat asymmetric, ovate to oblong-ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to short-truncate, apex obtuse to acute, margins sparsely denticulate. Strobili terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, lanceolate carinate, carina sparsely dentate-denticulate similar to sporophyll margins, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins sparsely denticulate, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia suborbicular. Megaspores reticulate-rugulate. Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 29A, F). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, 0.7–1.0 × 0.5–0.6 mm, elliptic, non-carinate, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute to obtuse, margins sparsely short-ciliate or denticulate, cilia or teeth 30–60 µm long (Fig. 29F). Dorsal trophophylls close, adpressed, symmetric, 0.6–0.8 × 0.2–0.3 mm, ovate to elliptic, non-carinate, base decurrent, apex aristate, margins sparsely denticulate, teeth 20–30 µm long (Fig. 29F). Ventral trophophylls close, spreading, ascending, somewhat asymmetric, 0.8–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm, ovate to oblong-ovate, non-carinate, base rounded to short-truncate, apex obtuse to acute, margins sparsely denticulate, teeth 20–40 µm long (Fig. 29G). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls mostly composed of uniform isodiametric cells (Fig. 29G). Strobili terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 2.0–3.4 × 1.6–2.2 mm (Fig. 29B–D). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, 28–36 per strobilus, 0.9–1.1 × 0.3–0.4 mm, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely dentate-denticulate similar to sporophyll margins, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins sparsely denticulate, teeth 10–40 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2I; 29E). Epidermis of sporophylls composed of elongate cells, with long axes orientated uniformly parallel to carina. Sporangia suborbicular, 280–300 × 300–340 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells bearing thick anticlinal walls (Fig. 29H. Megaspores 130–150 µm in diam., reticulate-rugulate (Fig. 29I). Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate (Fig. 29J).</p><p>Remarks — Of all the Kachin Selaginella inclusions, S. tomescui has the highest level of morphological correspondence to S. wangboi, S. pellucida and S. obscura . They all have in common the general outline and apex shape of the dorsal trophophylls and sporophylls, the type of sporophyll margins, the shape of the sporangia and the type of microspore ornamentation, among other features. However, S. tomescui differs from the other three taxa by its axillary trophophylls, which are short-ciliate or denticulate at the margins, with teeth or cilia 30–60 µm long (Fig. 29F). In comparison, the margins of the axillary trophophylls of S. wangboi, S. pellucida and S. obscura are mostly serrate or dentate, with teeth 15–50 µm long.</p><p>There are four extant species ( Selaginella brachyblepharis, S. involvens, S. moellendorffii and S. radicata) that are somewhat similar morphologically to S. tomescui . However, the fossil differs from them in having distally rugulate microspores (Fig. 29J) (see remarks under S. wangboi for further details). The strobili being less than 5 mm long is also a feature that separates S. tomescui from S. brachyblepharis, S. involvens and S. moellendorffii, all of which have strobili longer than 5 mm, usually between 10 and 20 mm long.</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet honours Professor Alexandru Mihail Florian Tomescu (Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, U.S.A.), for his contributions to the knowledge of fossil cryptogams.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF8CF227FF3AEB6CFB1F086A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF8CF225FCB7EECCFD2E0A4A.text	038887E3FF8CF225FCB7EECCFD2E0A4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella pellucida A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella pellucida A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: GZG.BST. 22027 [Fig. 30], Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen. – Fig. 2J; 30 (only specimen available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls asymmetric, narrowly elliptic, non-carinate, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins serrate-dentate. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, conduplicate, ovate, carinate, base obtuse and decurrent, apex aristate, dentate at margins. Ventral trophophylls slightly asymmetric, distant, spreading, ascending, elliptic, non-carinate, base rounded to obtuse, somewhat decurrent, apex acute to slightly acuminate, basiscopic margin denticulate, acroscopic margin dentate. Strobili terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, ascending, conduplicate, ovate, carinate, carina slightly erose, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins somewhat denticulate to erose, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia mostly suborbicular, sometimes ellipsoid. Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 30B–D). Axillary trophophylls asymmetric, 0.8–1.4 × 0.3–0.7 mm, narrowly elliptic, non-carinate, base obtuse to rounded, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins serrate-dentate, teeth 20–40 µm long. Dorsal trophophylls distant, adpressed, conduplicate, 0.8–1.0 × 0.3–0.4 mm, ovate, carinate, base obtuse and decurrent, apex aristate, margins dentate, teeth 30–60 µm long (Fig. 30D). Ventral trophophylls slightly asymmetric, distant, spreading, ascending, 1.1–2.7 × 0.5–0.8 mm, elliptic, non-carinate, base rounded to obtuse, somewhat decurrent, apex acute to slightly acuminate, basiscopic margin denticulate, teeth ≤ 10 µm long, acroscopic margin dentate, teeth 15–60 µm long (Fig. 30D). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls composed of uniform isodiametric cells (Fig. 30D). Strobili terminal, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 1.2–1.6 × 0.7–0.8 mm (Fig. 30C). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, ascending, conduplicate, c. 12 per strobilus, 0.9–1.0 × 0.3–0.4 mm, ovate, carinate, carina slightly erose, base rounded, apex attenuate, margins slightly denticulate to erose, teeth ≤ 10 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2J). Epidermis of sporophylls poorly preserved. Sporangia mostly suborbicular (Fig. 30C), sometimes ellipsoid, 300–350 × 220–300 µm, with uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate (Fig. 30E).</p><p>Remarks — Selaginella pellucida differs from the morphologically similar S. wangboi, S. tomescui and S. obscura by having sporophylls with somewhat denticulate to erose margins, with teeth ≤ 10 µm long and a slightly erose carina (Fig. 2J). Conversely, the aforementioned species possess sporophylls with dentate or serrate margins, with teeth 10–40 µm long and a serrate or denticulate carina.</p><p>This fossil-taxon is morphologically similar to several extant species, including Selaginella brachyblepharis, S. involvens, S. moellendorffii and S. radicata . However, it differs from all of them by its shorter strobili (up to 1.6 mm long) and in having microspores with a rugulate distal surface (see remarks under S. wangboi for further discussion).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word pellucidus, which refers to the semi-translucent, delicate preservation of the tissue in this fossil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF8CF225FCB7EECCFD2E0A4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF8EF23AFF3AEC2CFA690B6A.text	038887E3FF8EF23AFF3AEC2CFA690B6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella obscura A. R. Schmidt & L. Regalado 2022	<div><p>Selaginella obscura A. R. Schmidt &amp; L. Regalado, sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype: PB25334 [Fig. 31A, B], Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. – Fig. 2K; 31, 32 (three specimens available).</p><p>Diagnosis — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic. Axillary trophophylls symmetric, narrowly elliptic, non-carinate, base obtuse, apex acute, margins somewhat to conspicuously dentate. Dorsal trophophylls close, adpressed, lanceolate or elliptic, non-carinate, apex aristate, margins nearly entire to sparsely serrate. Ventral trophophylls distant, mostly symmetric, spreading, ascending, elliptic or ovate, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute to acuminate, margins serrate to denticulate. Strobili terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular. Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely dentate as in sporophyll margins, base rounded, apex long-attenuate to aristate, margins sparsely dentate, sporophyll-pteryx absent. Sporangia suborbicular. Megaspores distally reticulate-rugulate. Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate.</p><p>Description — Rhizophores not preserved. Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 31A, B; 32A, E). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, 0.8–1.3 × 0.4–0.6 mm, narrowly elliptic, non-carinate, base obtuse, apex acute, margins somewhat to conspicuously dentate, teeth 40–50 µm long (15–20 µm long in GZG. BST.22006). Dorsal trophophylls close, adpressed, 0.7–1.3 × 0.3–0.4 mm, lanceolate or elliptic, non-carinate, base not seen, apex aristate, margins nearly entire to sparsely serrate, teeth 40–50 µm long. Ventral trophophylls distant, mostly symmetric, spreading, ascending, 1.1–1.7 × 0.5–0.8 mm, elliptic or ovate, non-carinate, base rounded, apex acute to acuminate, margins serrate to denticulate, teeth 30–45 µm long (10–25 µm long in GZG.BST.22006) (Fig. 31D; 32F). Epidermis of dorsal and ventral trophophylls poorly preserved. Strobili terminal, compact, tetrastichous, quadrangular, 4.0–5.4 × 1.3–1.6 mm (Fig. 32B, C). Sporophylls monomorphic, imbricate, conduplicate, (12–)28–56 per strobilus, 0.8–1.4 × 0.3–0.4 mm, lanceolate, carinate, carina sparsely dentate as in sporophyll margins, base rounded, apex long-attenuate to aristate, margins sparsely dentate, teeth 30–40 µm long, sporophyll-pteryx absent (Fig. 2K; 31C; 32D). Sporophyll epidermis poorly preserved. Sporangia suborbicular, 300–340 × 220–260 µm, composed of uniform isodiametric cells with thick anticlinal walls. Megaspores 160–240 µm in diam., distally reticulate-rugulate (Fig. 31F, G). Microspores in tetrads, distally rugulate (Fig. 31E; 32G, H).</p><p>Remarks — Selaginella obscura shares the gross-morphology with S. wangboi, S. tomescui and S. pellucida . However, it differs from those species in having 4.0– 5.4 mm long strobili and sporophylls with a long-attenuate to aristate apex (Fig. 2K; 31C; 32D). Conversely, the strobili of S wangboi, S. tomescui and S. pellucida are less than 3.4 mm long and the sporophyll apex is attenuate. Although there are minor differences in the size of the axillary and ventral trophophyll indentations between the two examined specimens (PB 25334 and GZG.BST.22006), they are both regarded as belonging to the same species because they correspond in all other characters.</p><p>Like Selaginella wangboi, S. tomescui and S. pellucida, S. obscura resembles several extant species from Asia and the Pacific, including Selaginella brachyblepharis, S. involvens, S. moellendorffii and S. radicata . However, these extant species all have baculate or verrucate microspores (Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh 1915; Dixit 1992; Zhou &amp; al. 2015a), while they are rugulate in S. obscura (Fig. 31E; 32G, H).</p><p>Etymology — The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word obscurus: dark, indistinct or obscure, and refers to the dark and poorly preserved tissue.</p><p>Additional specimens investigated — GZG.BST.22006, Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen, PB25335, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.</p><p>Additional sterile morphologies</p><p>A few additional specimens have been discovered that represent vegetative branches with trophophylls, but without any connection to strobili. These fossils further substantiate the local abundance and diversity of Selaginella in the mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber forest, but cannot presently be assigned to any of the above-described species with confidence. They are here briefly described informally as Selaginella species 1, 2 and 3.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF8EF23AFF3AEC2CFA690B6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF91F238FC92EDCCFADB0A4A.text	038887E3FF91F238FC92EDCCFADB0A4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella undefined-1	<div><p>Selaginella sp. 1 – Fig. 33–35.</p><p>Specimens studied — PB25337 (Fig. 33), PB25338 (Fig. 34), Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GZG.BST.22030 (Fig. 35), Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen, Patrick Müller Amber Collection BuB173, BuB3532, BuB2713.</p><p>Description — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 33A; 34A, B; 35A, B). Axillary trophophylls symmetric, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.3 mm, ovate, acute, apex slightly acuminate, base rounded, margins nearly entire (Fig. 34A). Dorsal trophophylls close, base slightly asymmetric, 0.3–0.9 × 0.2–0.4 mm, ovate to broadly ovate, base decurrent, apex short acuminate to aristate, margins nearly entire, sometimes slightly denticulate, teeth &lt;10 µm long. Ventral trophophylls close, almost imbricate, falcate, base slightly asymmetric, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm, ovate, broadly ovate or triangular, base obtusely decurrent, apex acute or slightly acuminate, margins entire, but may also be sparsely denticulate in proximal acroscopic portion, teeth 10–30 µm long (Fig. 33C, 34C).</p><p>Remarks — Specimen PB25337 possesses a particular hyaline fringe 20–30 µm wide that occurs along all margins of the ventral trophophylls and represents a character not seen in any other specimen (Fig. 33D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF91F238FC92EDCCFADB0A4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF93F23EFC92EC2CFE170D0A.text	038887E3FF93F23EFC92EC2CFE170D0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella undefined-2	<div><p>Selaginella sp. 2 – Fig. 36.</p><p>Specimen studied — Collection Carsten Gröhn, Glinde, CCGG 20005.</p><p>Description — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 36A). Dorsal trophophylls imbricate, adpressed, 0.8–1.1 × 0.5–0.6 mm, broadly ovate, base decurrent, apex apiculate to short-aristate, margins denticulate, teeth 10–15 µm long, slightly carinate (Fig. 36B). Ventral trophophylls close, slightly imbricate, mostly symmetric, 1.5–1.9 × 0.8–0.9 mm, oblong, acute, base truncate, apex obtuse or rounded, margins denticulate, teeth &lt;10 µm long, non-carinate (Fig. 36C).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF93F23EFC92EC2CFE170D0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
038887E3FF95F23EFF10EB6CFE650F0A.text	038887E3FF95F23EFF10EB6CFE650F0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selaginella undefined-3	<div><p>Selaginella sp. 3 – Fig. 37.</p><p>Specimen studied — GZG.BST. 22031, Geoscientific Collection of the University of Göttingen.</p><p>Description — Axes compressed. Trophophylls dimorphic (Fig. 37A, B). Dorsal trophophylls close, slightly imbricate, adpressed, 0.9–1.1 × 0.2–0.3 mm, ovate, base decurrent, apex long-aristate, margins dentate, teeth 10–25 µm long (Fig. 37D). Ventral trophophylls close, slightly imbricate, base asymmetric, 1.1–1.8 × 0.4–0.5 mm, oblong-ovate, base inequilateral, with basal acroscopic side wider, apex acuminate, dentate mainly at distal and acroscopic margins, teeth 10–50 µm long, non-carinate (Fig. 37C).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887E3FF95F23EFF10EB6CFE650F0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Schmidt, Alexander R.;Korall, Petra;Krings, Michael;Weststrand, Stina;Bergschneider, Lena;Sadowski, Eva-Maria;Bechteler, Julia;Rikkinen, Jouko;Regalado, Ledis	Schmidt, Alexander R., Korall, Petra, Krings, Michael, Weststrand, Stina, Bergschneider, Lena, Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Bechteler, Julia, Rikkinen, Jouko, Regalado, Ledis (2022): Selaginella in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Willdenowia 52 (2): 179-245, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52203, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52203
