identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039687F8AB4D5D63FF226061438D7F67.text	039687F8AB4D5D63FF226061438D7F67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Feltia pala Dias, Specht & San Blas	<div><p>Feltia pala Dias, Specht &amp; San Blas sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 07F14B6A-D791-414E-8A3A-82C3500B3CA9</p><p>(Figs 1–31, 58)</p><p>Agrotis gypaetina: Specht &amp; Corseuil 1996: 149, part [misidentification].</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from other South American species of  Feltia by the following combination of characters:  Feltia pala sp. nov. is somewhat larger than other similar species (e.g. 42–44mm of wingspan vs. 36–38mm of  F. gypaetina); the forewing upper side is yellowish brown to grayish brown, with a remarkable light brown area along the costal margin (Figs 3–4); the postmedial line is present, serrate (Fig. 3) or sinuous (Fig. 4); the hind wing upper side is conspicuously covered with grayish brown scales (Figs 1–2); the male antennae are biserrate and bifasciculate, with rami similar in size (Figs 9–10); the male genitalia vesica is about three times as long as the aedeagus, with a basal twirl and one apical diverticulum (Figs 22, 29); the female genitalia appendix bursae is tubular, tapered distally and slightly larger than the length of the corpus bursae (Figs 23, 30); and the corpus bursae is pear-shaped, without signa (Fig. 30).</p><p>Description. Head. Vertex and frons yellowish brown to grayish brown (Figs 7–8); frons dorsal half slightly darker than ventral half, frontal tubercle naked, rounded, with raised edges and rough central area (Figs 7–8); compound eyes naked, mostly dark brown; male antenna about three fifths the length of the costal margin, scapus and pedicellus similar in color with the vertex (Figs 7–8), flagellum dorsally covered by yellowish brown and creamy white scales, ventrally without scales (Figs 9–11); biserrate, anterior rami about the same size of the posterior rami, with tiny ventral chemoreceptive trichoid sensilla, one eighth the width of the flagellomere, concentrated in the center of the flagellomere (Fig. 9); bifasciculate, two rows of chemoreceptive trichoid sensilla (fascicles), almost half the width of the flagellomere (Fig.9); labial palpus first and second segments with ventral long and thin scales and lateral and dorsal wide and short scales, third segment only with wide and short scales, segments with yellowish brown to grayish brown with creamy white scales (Fig. 12, 15). Female slightly darker than male, antenna filiform with ventral chemoreceptive trichoid sensilla only (Fig. 11).</p><p>Thorax. Patagium grayish brown, with a dark brown middle line and a yellowish brown marginal line (Figs 3–4); tegula with a distinctive creamy white patch proximally, grayish brown distally (Figs 3–4); meso- and metathorax dorsally grayish brown, speckled with creamy white scales (Figs 1–4); thorax slightly lighter brown ventrally. Female slightly darker than male; tegula creamy white patch with speckled grayish brown scales (Fig. 2).</p><p>Legs. Generally grayish brown, with scattered creamy white scales, with a ring of creamy white scales on apex of femur, tibia and each tarsi; femur inner margin with long creamy white scales; midleg tibia outer margin proximally with long grayish brown scales; hindleg tibia outer margin proximally with long creamy white scales; foreleg tibia dorso-ventrally flattened, about half the width of the femur, wider in anterior view, with lateral and distal spines (Figs 16, 20); foreleg epiphysis 2/3 the length of the tibia (Fig. 19); mid- and hindleg tibiae and all tarsi with three somewhat regular rows of ventral spines, tibiae and first tarsomere with sparse additional outer spines, mid- and hindlegs with a pair and two pairs of spurs, respectively (Figs 17–18); tarsal claws bifid, with small medial ventral endodont (Figs 16–18). Female as in male, but slightly darker.</p><p>Wings. Size, shape and venation. Measured from the base to the apex of the forewing, males 16–19mm (n=30), females, 17–20mm (n=7); shape and venation similar to other agrotines (Figs 13–14).</p><p>Forewing upper side ground color mostly yellowish brown to grayish brown, with lines of dark grayish brown scales on veins and on space CuA2–1A+2A, and in areas near the apex and along the inner margin; area between the base of the wing and the basal line and between the basal line and the antemedial line anterior to R along the costal margin (i.e. proximal part of the sobcostal band) grayish brown; area between antemedial line and postmedial line dorsal to R along the costal margin (i.e. distal part of the subcostal band) light brown; light brown lines along Sc, R and R 1, from the base of the wing to the postmedial line; discal cell with grayish brown areas along R and Cu, with a light brown area from the base of the wing to near the orbicular spot and dark brown areas basal to and between the orbicular and reniform spots; orbicular and reniform spots dark grayish brown entirely bordered by a grayish brown line and a dark brown line; basal and antemedial line light brown, bordered by proximal and distal dark brown lines, from the costal margin to R, and from Cu to 1A+2A, less distinct from 1A+2A to the inner margin; claviform spot dark grayish brown, proximally attached to the antemedial line and bordered by dark brown scales; medial line indistinct; postmedial line light brown, serrated, bordered by marked proximal and faint distal dark brown lines, curved, from about the distal third of the costal margin to the distal third of the inner margin; subterminal area from the costal margin to R 3 and from 1A+2A to the inner margin dark grayish brown, yellowish brown from R 3 to 1A+2A, with dark brown arrowheads surrounded by lighter scales in all spaces from R 3 to CuA 2; subterminal line indistinct, separating the lighter subterminal area from the darker terminal area; terminal area grayish brown speckled with dark brown scales, sinuous, from the apex to the tornus; terminal line dark brown bordered by yellowish brown scales, along the outer margin, from the apex to the tornus; fringe mostly dark grayish brown, with yellowish brown scales. Female as in male, but ground color usually darker and more uniform: most yellowish brown areas are uniformly grayish brown in the female, and grayish brown areas are uniformly dark grayish brown; grayish brown border of the orbicular and reniform spots very faint; postmedial line light brown, sinuous, markedly bordered by proximal and distal dark brown lines. Forewing underside mostly grayish brown, darker along the costal margin; terminal line bordered by lighter grayish brown scales; male retinaculum as a patch of densely packed scales on the R vein. Female as in male, but retinaculum as a patch of enlarged scales on the Cu vein.</p><p>Hind wing upper side ground color creamy white, entirely covered by grayish brown scales, markedly on the veins, at the apex, and along the costal and inner margins, fringe mostly grayish brown, with creamy white scales; discal spot faint, grayish brown. Female as in male, but with more grayish brown scales. Hind wing underside similar to the upper side, but without grayish brown scales; discal spot distinct, grayish brown; male frenulum formed by a single strong bristle. Female as in male, but frenulum formed by three weaker bristles.</p><p>Abdomen. Dorsally grayish brown to light brown, speckled with creamy white scales, laterally and ventrally usually lighter brown (Fig. 1); tergum and sternum VIII differently sclerotized; male coremata and associated structures absent. Female as in male (Fig. 2).</p><p>Male genitalia. Tegumen strap-like, laterally swollen and ventrally connected to the dorsal arms of the saccus (Figs 21, 25, 28); saccus stripe-like, with bulbous anterior projection (Figs 21, 25, 28); uncus thin, sinuous in lateral view, dorsally with hair-like setae, tip ventrally curved and with thick setae, in dorsal or ventral view with a constriction at the basal third and also narrowing at the tip (Figs 25, 28); anal tube formed by two ventrolateral subrectangular sclerites, three times longer than wide (Fig. 28); transtilla as two sclerotized areas basally connected to the valvae (Fig. 28); fultura inferior (“juxta”, Lafontaine 2004) semicircular, posterior margin straight with a slight medial indentation, anterior margin curved (Fig. 28); valva subrectangular, (Figs 26, 28); clavus as a three times longer than wide slightly sclerotized fold (Figs. 26, 28); costa sinuous, projected (Figs. 26, 28); cucullus apex angled and slightly projected dorsally, rounded ventrally, with a distal row of spine-like setae (corona) (Figs 26, 28); sacculus slightly sclerotized, membranous near the clasper and costa, angled in lateral view (Figs 26, 28); clasper as a ventral sclerotized strap supporting the ampulla (Figs 26, 28); ampulla curved, about one fourth the length of the valva (Figs 26, 28); digitus and editum absent; aedeagus cylindrical, ductus ejaculatorius opening dorsal, about half the length of the aedeagus, vesica opening posterior, with a narrow proximal sclerotization (Figs 22, 27, 29); manica inserted at the second third of the length of the aedeagus (Figs 22, 29); vesica about three times the length of the aedeagus, with a proximal twirl, proximal two thirds as wide as the aedeagus, distal third half as wide as the aedeagus, apical diverticulum small, in the second third of the vesica; other diverticula, spined bands and cornuti absent (Figs 22, 29).</p><p>Female genitalia. Abdominal segment VIII not fused ventrally, slightly connected to the lamella antevaginalis (Fig. 24); apophysis anterioris dorsal, thin and long, connected to the abdominal segment VIII, about two times smaller than the apophysis posterioris (Figs 23–24); papilla analis oblong, slightly sclerotized and with hair-like setae (Figs 23, 30); antrum membranous; lamella antevaginalis irregularly sclerotized, strap-like (Figs 23–24); lamella postvaginalis membranous; ostium bursa medial (Figs 23–24, 30); ductus bursa tubular, about the same length of the apophysis anterioris (Figs 23, 30); corpus bursae about three times the length of the ductus bursa, pear-shaped, apex rounded and directed to the right side, without signa (Figs 23, 30); appendix bursae slightly longer than the corpus bursae, tubular, tapering posteriorly to the ductus seminalis (Figs 23, 30).</p><p>Spatio-temporal distribution. The species is known to occur in southern Brazilian states of  Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, but certainly also occurs in other southern Brazilian states with similar habitats such as Santa Catarina (Fig. 58). Based on standardized monthly samplings carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January 1998 and December 1999 (Dias et al. 2017), and in most of Brazil, between July 2015 and June 2017 (Claudino et al. 2021) and specimens deposited in entomological collections, the species only occurs in the southern Brazilian highlands. This geographic region consists of plateaus, rolling hills, and mountain ranges with elevations ranging from 500 to about 2,000 meters. The climate is temperate with distinct seasons, featuring welldistributed rainfall throughout the year. Summers tend to be mild to warm, while winters are cold, particularly in higher elevations. Vegetation comprises mixed ombrophilous forests at lower elevations and grasslands at higher elevations. Based on the known specimens, the species occurs between April and July, with a single outlier in November. Standardized monthly samplings reveal that the species reaches its peak of abundance in May and June (Fig. 31). These data suggest that  F. pala sp. nov. probably has a single generation per year; the specimen collected in November probably molted to pupa before the summer rather than undergoing prepupal aestivation and molting to pupa in the autumn.</p><p>Immature stages. Immature stages, host plants and parasitoids unknown.</p><p>Remarks.  Feltia pala sp. nov. is described based on 44 specimens, 36 males and 8 females. The area of occurrence of  F. pala sp. nov. in Rio Grande do Sul was extensively sampled by Ceslau Biezanko in the first half of the 20 th century, but no specimens of  F. pala sp. nov. were located in his collection (MECB). Nevertheless, the noctuid fauna of Rio Grande do Sul remained relatively unknown until a series of collections conducted mostly by Elio Corseuil and Alexandre Specht throughout the 90’s and in early 2000’s (Specht &amp; Corseuil 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002a,b; Specht et al. 2005). The species probably failed to be previously identified because of the superficial similarity with other species of South American  Feltia, especially with  F. gypaetina . In fact, Specht &amp; Corseuil (1996) mistakenly identified two specimens of  F. pala sp.nov. collected in Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul as  F. gypaetina (specimens with voucher numbers 4175 and 4651, deposited at MCTP). It is important to note that the colder months of late autumn and winter are typically less frequented by collectors, which may partly explain the scarcity of specimens of this species in collections. Furthermore, the absence of this species in studies conducted in its likely area of occurrence, such as Specht et al. (2005), could be attributed to the fact that most of these studies were conducted during spring and/or summer.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to an element of the traditional “gaucho” folk costume (known as “pilcha campeira”) similar to the “poncho”, used to protect the itinerant horseman from the harsh weather of the southern Brazilian highlands, were the species is known to occur. In southern Brazil, the  “pala ” usually consists of a single large squared sheet of a thick woolen fabric with a slit in the center for the head and it is used as a loose outer garment and/or as a blanket. The name is proposed as a noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material.   Holotype male with the following labels: /HOLOTYPUS /HOLOTYPE  Feltia pala Dias, Specht &amp; San Blas det. 2024/Lagoa Verm[elha]. R[io Grande do] S[ul, Brazil] 12/VI/1999 Specht, A [lexandre]. Leg. / MCTP 09545 [b] / DZ 51.317/ deposited at the DZUP  .</p><p>Paratypes (35♂ &amp; 8♀). Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, 488m,  1♀ &amp; 1♂, 19.V.2012, Specht leg., DZ 51.607, DZ 51.326 (DZUP);   [mislabeled “  Planaltina, Brasília, Distrito Federal ”] ,  2♂, 25.V.2012, Specht leg., 01031, 01019 (CPAC);   [mislabeled “ Planaltina,  Brasília, Distrito Federal ”], 1♂, 25.V.2012, Specht leg., DZ 51.567 (DZUP) ;  Lagoa Vermelha, 3♀, 12.VI.1999, Specht leg., 9547[b], 9547[c] (MCTP), DZ 51.457 (DZUP) 5♂, 12. VI.1999, Specht leg., 9545[a], 9545[c], 9545[d], 9545[e], 15098 (MCTP);  2♂, 27.V.1998, Specht leg., 9544[a], 9544[b] (MCTP);   Pinto Bandeira, 613m ,  7♂, 14.V.2013, Specht leg., DZ 51.726, DZ 51.437, DZ 51.847, DZ 51.537, DZ 51.687,DZ 51.777, DZ 51.337 (DZUP);  1♂, 14.V.2013, Specht leg., MZUEL-E 00.003 (MZUEL); 640m,  5♂, 31.V.2011, Specht leg., DZ 51.397, DZ 51.617, DZ 51.487, DZ 51.377, DZ 51.667 (DZUP);  Salvador do Sul, 1♀, 8.V.1994, Specht leg., 4175 (MCTP);  1♂, 8.XI.1995, Specht leg., 4651 (MCTP);  1♀ &amp; 1♂, 22.V.1996, Specht leg., 4944[a], 4944[b] (MCTP);  2♂, 22.VII1998, Specht leg., 4944[c], 4944[d] (MCTP);   São Francisco de Paula, Centro de Pesquisas e  Conservação da Natureza PRÓ-MATA ,  2♂, 17.VI.1996, no collector data, 4943a, 4943[b] (MCTP);  1♂, 18.VI.1996, no collector data, 4946 (MCTP);  1♂, 30.V.1996, Petersen leg., 4945[a], (MCTP);  1♂, 30.VI.1996, no collector data, 4945[b] (MCTP);   Paraná .  Colombo, Embrapa Florestas ,  1♀, 5.IV.2016, Mikich leg., DZ 47.280 (DZUP);  Curitiba, 1♀, 2.VI.1975, Becker leg., 2659 (VOB);  1♂ 5.VI.1975, Becker leg., 2660 (VOB);   Quatro Barras, Banhado ,  1♂, 5.VI.1970, Laroca &amp; Becker leg., gen. prep. 66 (VOB) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687F8AB4D5D63FF226061438D7F67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dias, Fernando Maia Silva;Blas, German San;Specht, Alexandre	Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Blas, German San, Specht, Alexandre (2025): A new species of Feltia Walker, 1856 from southern Brazil highlands with a re-description of Feltia gypaetina (Guenée, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinae). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 335-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.2
039687F8AB455D7BFF22614143927FBB.text	039687F8AB455D7BFF22614143927FBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Feltia gypaetina (Guenee 1852)	<div><p>Redescription of  Feltia gypaetina (Guenée, 1852)</p><p>(Figs 32–58)</p><p>Agrotis gypaetina Guenée, 1852: 290; Walker, 1856: 337; Berg, 1882: 281 (Agrotis pseudoplecta Snellen, 1879, syn.); Snellen, 1885: 49; Viette, 1951: 160 (lectotype designation); Bertholdi &amp; Biezanko 1950: 304 (pests); Bertels 1956: 342 (Brazil); Biezanko et al., 1957 (host plants): 58; Biezanko et al., 1974: 118 (host plants); Poole, 1989: 49 (world noctuid checklist); Specht &amp; Corseuil 1996: 149 (occurrence in Brazil); Baudino, 2004: 35, 37, 39 (in alfalfa, Argentina); Specht et al., 2004: 400 (occurrence in Brazil); Baudino, 2005: 411–412 (parasitoids); Urretabizkaya et al., 2010: 45 (pests).</p><p>Porosagrotis gypaetina: Hampson, 1903: 143, Pl. 59, Fig. 24 (male dorsal); Draudt, 1924: 35; De Santis, 1938: 273 (parasitoids); Molinari, 1942: 330; Köhler, 1945: 76, Fig. 5g (male genitalia); Aragón, 1992: 146 (biology, in soybean); Igarzábal et al., 1994: 109; De Cap, 1995: 15–22, Figs. 1A,B (egg and micropyle, dorsal), 2 (thorax and abdome chaetotaxy of the last instar, lateral), 3A, B (male and female pupa, ventral); Rizzo et al., 1999: 159; Aragón, 2000a: 3 (biology and control); Aragón, 2000b: 3; Pastrana, 2004: 159 (host plants).</p><p>Porosagrotis gypaëtina [sic]: Draudt, 1924: pl. 7, Fig. 5i (male dorsal).</p><p>Agrotis gypaëtina [sic]: Biezanko &amp; Bertholdi 1951: 239, 241–242, Fig. 6 (male dorsal) (pests).</p><p>Scotia gypaetina: Köhler, 1967: 305, Fig. 41 (male dorsal) (Argentinean noctuins checklist).</p><p>Feltia gypaetina: San Blas, 2014: 9 (new combination); San Blas, 2015: 156 (phylogeny).</p><p>Diagnosis.  Feltia gypaetina can be distinguished from other South American species of  Feltia by the following combination of characters: the forewing ground color varies from reddish brown to grayish brown, but with a remarkable light brown area along the subcostal margin (Figs 32–33); postmedial line is present as a light brown band bordered by two dark brown sinuate lines (Figs 34–35); the male antennae are slightly bipectinate and bifasciculate, with anterior rami two times longer than posterior rami (Figs 43–44); the male genitalia vesica is between two and two and a half times as long as the aedeagus, with a basal twirl and one apical diverticulum (Figs 47, 52); the female genitalia appendix bursae is tubular and distally tapers, being slightly longer than the corpus bursae (Figs 54–55); and the corpus bursae is oval and without signa (Figs 54–55).</p><p>Redescription. Head. Vertex and frons reddish brown to grayish brown (Figs 38–39); frons dorsal half slightly darker than ventral half, frontal tubercle naked, rounded, with raised edges and rough central area (Figs 38–39); compound eyes naked, mostly dark brown (Fig. 38); male antenna about three fifths the length of the costal margin, scape and pedicel similar grayish brown (Figs 38–39), flagellum dorsally covered by grayish brown and creamy white scales, ventrally without scales (Figs 43, 45); slightly bipectinate, anterior rami two times as long as posterior, rami with tiny ventral chemoreceptive trichoid sensilla, one eighth the width of the flagellomere, concentrated in the center of the flegellomere (Fig. 44); bifasciculate, two rows of chemoreceptive trichoid sensilla (fascicles), almost half the width of the flagellomere (Fig. 44); labial palpus first and second segments with ventral long and thin scales and lateral and dorsal wide and short scales, third segment only with wide and short scales, segments with yellowish brown to grayish brown with creamy white scales (Fig. 38–39). Female as in male, but slightly darker in general (Figs 33, 39); antenna filiform with ventral chemoreceptive trichoid sensilla only (Fig. 45).</p><p>Thorax. Patagium grayish brown, with a dark brown middle line and a reddish brown marginal line (Figs 36– 37); tegula creamy white proximally, grayish brown distally (Figs 36–37); meso- and metathorax dorsally reddish brown to grayish brown, speckled with creamy white scales (Figs 32–33, 36–37); thorax slightly lighter brown ventraly. Female slightly darker than male, tegula proximal creamy white area speckled with grayish brown scales (Fig. 37).</p><p>Legs. Generally reddish brown to grayish brown, with scattered creamy white scales, with a ring of creamy white scales on apex of femur, tibia and each tarsi; femur inner margin with long creamy white scales; midleg tibia outer margin proximally with long reddish brown to grayish brown scales; hindleg tibia outer margin proximally with long creamy white scales; foreleg tibia dorso-ventrally flattened, about half the width of the femur, wider in anterior view, with lateral and distal spines; foreleg epiphysis 2/3 the length of the tibia; mid- and hindleg tibiae and all tarsi with three somewhat regular rows of ventral spines, tibiae and first tarsomere with sparse additional outer spines, mid- and hindlegs with a pair and two pairs of spurs, respectively; tarsal claws bifid, with small medial ventral endodont. Female as in male.</p><p>Wings. Size, shape and venation. males 14.3–18.5 mm, females 13.8–18.9 mm (lectotype: 14mm); wings shape and venation similar to  F. pala sp. nov.</p><p>Forewing upper side ground color mostly reddish brown to grayish brown, with lines of dark grayish brown scales on veins and slightly darker towards the apex and the outer margin; apical area along the costal margin slightly lighter (Figs 32–35); area between the base of the wing and the basal line and between the basal line and the antemedial line anterior to R along the costal margin (i.e. proximal part of the subcostal band) lighter grayish brown; area between antemedial line and postmedial line anterior to R along the costal margin (i.e. distal part of the subcostal band) light brown; light brown lines along Sc, R, R1 and Cu, from the base of the wing to the postmedial line; discal cell with grayish brown areas along R and Cu, with a light brown area from the base of the wing to near the orbicular spot and dark brown areas basal to, between and distal to the orbicular and reniform spots; orbicular and reniform spots grayish brown bordered by a thin lighter grayish brown line and a thin dark brown line; orbicular spot fused to the anterior grayish brown areas of the discal cell; basal and antemedial line light brown, bordered by proximal and distal dark brown lines, from the costal margin to R, and from Cu to 1A+2A, less distinct from 1A+2A to the inner margin; claviform spot dark grayish brown, proximally attached to the antemedial line and bordered by dark brown scales; area between Cu and A proximal to the antemedial line anteriorly dark brown (basal dash); medial line indistinct; postmedial line light brown, sinuous, bordered by marked proximal and faint distal dark brown lines, curved from about the distal third of the costal margin to the distal third of the inner margin; subterminal area uniformly grayish brown, speckled with lighter grayish brown and dark brown scales in some spaces; subterminal line indistinct, separating the subterminal area from the terminal area; terminal area uniformly grayish brown, sinuous, from the apex to the tornus; terminal line thin, darker grayish brown bordered by a light brown line, along the outer margin, from the apex to the tornus; fringe mostly grayish brown, speckled with lighter brown scales. Female as in male, but ground color usually darker and more uniform and lines more marked (Figs 33, 35); claviform spot less evident (Fig. 35). Forewing underside mostly grayish brown, darker along the costal margin; terminal line bordered by a marked lighter brown line; male retinaculum as a patch of densely packed scales on the Radial vein. Female as in male, but retinaculum as a patch of enlarged scales on the Cubital vein.</p><p>Hind wing upper side ground color creamy white, with grayish brown scales on the veins, at the apex, and along the costal and inner margins, fringe mostly grayish brown, with creamy white scales (Fig. 32); discal spot indistinct. Female as in male, but with more grayish brown scales (Fig. 33). Hind wing underside similar to the upper side; discal spot indistinct or as a light brown blurred spot; male frenulum formed by a single strong bristle. Female as in male, but frenulum formed by three weaker bristles.</p><p>Abdomen. Dorsally grayish brown to light brown, speckled with creamy white scales, laterally and ventrally usually lighter brown (Fig. 32); tergum and sternum VIII differently sclerotized (Fig. 56); male coremata and associated structures absent. Female as in male (Fig. 33).</p><p>Male genitalia. Tegumen strap-like, laterally swollen and ventrally larger and connected to the dorsal arms of the saccus (Figs 46, 50, 53); saccus stripe-like, with bulbous anterior projection (Figs 53); uncus sinuous dorsally and almost straight ventrally in lateral view, dorsally with hair-like setae, tip slightly ventrally curved and with thick setae, in dorsal or ventral view with a constriction at the basal third and also narrowing slightly at the tip (Figs 46, 50, 53); anal tube formed by two ventrolateral subrectangular sclerites, three times longer than wide (Fig. 53); transtilla as two sclerotized areas basally connected to the valvae, distally free (Fig. 53); fultura inferior (“juxta”, Lafontaine 2004) semicircular, posterior margin straight, anterior margin curved (Fig. 53); valva subrectangular, (Figs 46, 51); clavus as a three times longer than wide slightly sclerotized fold (Figs. 46, 51); costa sinuous, slighlty projected (Figs. 46, 51); cucullus rounded, apex rounded and slightly projected dorsally, with a distal row of spine-like setae (Figs 46, 51); sacculus slightly sclerotized, membranous near the clasper and costa, angled in lateral view (Figs 46, 51); clasper as a ventral sclerotized strap supporting the ampulla (Figs 46, 51); ampulla curved, about one third the length of the valva (Figs 46, 51); digitus and editum absent; aedeagus cylindrical, ductus ejaculatorius opening dorsal, about one third the length of the aedeagus, vesica opening posterior, with a narrow proximal strap-like sclerotization (Figs 47, 52); manica inserted at the second third of the length of the aedeagus (Figs 47, 52); vesica about two to two and a half times the length of the aedeagus, with a proximal twirl, proximal four sixths as wide as the aedeagus, distal two sixths half as wide as the aedeagus, apical diverticulum small, in the fouth sixth of the vesica (Figs 47, 52); other diverticula, spined bands and cornuti absent (Figs 47, 52).</p><p>Female gentalia. Abdominal segment VIII not fused ventrally, slightly connected to the lamella antevaginalis (Fig. 49); apophysis anterioris dorsal, thin and long, connected to the abdominal segment VIII, about one and a half times smaller than the apophysis posterioris (Figs 48–49); papilla analis oblong, two times as wide as long in lateral view, slightly sclerotized and with hair-like setae (Figs 48–49, 54–55); antrum membranous with posterior irregular sclerotizations; lamella antevaginalis irregularly sclerotized, strap-like (Figs 48–49, 54–55); lamella postvaginalis membranous; ostium bursa medial (Figs 49, 54); ductus bursa tubular, slightly longer than the apophysis posterioris (Figs 48, 54–55); corpus bursae about two times the length of the apophysis posterioris, oval, apex rounded and directed to the right side, without signa (Figs 48, 54–55); appendix bursae longer than the corpus bursae, tubular, tapering posteriorly to the ductus seminalis (Figs 48, 54–55).</p><p>Spatio-temporal distribution.  Feltia gypaetina is distributed in the central eastern part of Argentina (Buenos Aires, La Pampa and Santa Fe provinces), Uruguay, and Southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state) (Fig. 58). This species occurs only in the Pampa biome, characterized by plains, low mountains areas, with 340 to 1200mm of rainfall and annual mean temperature between 13–20ºC. The vegetation consists of xerophytic forests on the west and grasslands in the central and eastern part of the region, with meadows, sandy and high-salt steppes, gallery forests, and diverse types of hydrophilic vegetation. This biome has undergone severe anthropogenic modification in the last few decades, with the majority of its acreage converted to crops of soybeans, sunflowers, and maize, with the remainder used mostly for livestock. The association of  F. gypaetina with the Pampa biome is supported by standardized monthly samplings conducted throughout Brazil (see Claudino et al., 2021) and in various habitats of Rio Grande do Sul (see Dias et al., 2017). It is likely that the species has a single generation per year, with adults emerging in the autumn. Standardized monthly sampling using light traps in central Argentina during 2019– 2021 also indicated a single generation, with adults emerging in late March (Fig. 57, light gray). The majority of specimens were collected in April, with the latest specimens of the season collected early in May. In standardized monthly sampling using light traps in southern Brazil, the species was collected from early March to early June, with the majority of specimens collected in May and a single outlier in December (Fig. 57, dark gray). As with  F. pala sp. nov., the specimen collected in December probably pupated before the summer rather than undergoing prepupal aestivation. In addition to the specimens listed above under the examined material section, eight specimens from Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul and four additional specimens from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, are reported at the MCNZ (Specht &amp; Corseuil 1996) and the MECB (Specht et al. 2004) collections, respectively. The specimens deposited at the MECB are probably lost.</p><p>Immature stages. De Cap (1995) described the immature stages of  F. gypaetina and provided comments on its biology, host plants, and impact on crops. Molinari (1942) described some general aspects of its biology in Argentina. Aragon (1992) mentioned that remnants of leguminous crops from previous seasons can promote outbreaks. Aragon (2000a) suggested that the biology is similar to that of  Agrotis robusta Blanchard, 1852, although he misidentified it as  Agrotis malefida Guenée, 1852 (see San Blas &amp; Barrionuevo 2013). According to Aragon (2000a), in Argentina, the larval development is slow during winter and accelerates in spring; the larva reaches the last instar by late October or early November and undergoes aestivation as a prepupa throughout summer, molting to pupa only in March.</p><p>Molinari (1942), Biezanko et al. (1974), and Pastrana (2004) cited a number of host plants for this species, including economically important ones such as alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Specht et al. (2004) cites  Plantago guilleminiana Dec. ( Plantaginaceae) as a host plant.</p><p>Baudino (2005) mentioned two unidentified species of the genus  Thymebatis Brèthes, 1909, one of the genus  Eutanyacra Cameron, 1903 ( Hymenoptera:  Ichneumonidae) and  Glyptapanteles bourquini (Blanchard, 1936) ( Hymenoptera:  Braconidae) as parasitoids of  F. gypaetina . The latter species also is mentioned by De Santis (1938).</p><p>Remarks. Guenée (1852) described  Agrotis gypaetina as species number 473, based on two male specimens in good condition (“Deux beaux ♂ ”) collected at the same locality (Montevideo, Uruguay) from the collection of Joachim Feisthamel. The specimens are described as having a wingspan of 4 cm (“ 40 mm ”) and agree with the specimen selected as lectotype by Viette (1951) (even though the lectotype has about 3.6 cm of wingspan, Fig. 40). The lectotype has a characteristic handwritten label and a red printed “TYPE” label, included by Viette (1951), and is deposited at the MNHN. This specimen probably was used as reference for the illustrations in Hampson (1904) and Draudt (1924) (Figs 41 and 42, respectively).</p><p>Agrotis gypaetina was inconsistently combined with  Agrotis,  Porosagrotis or  Scotia by later authors, until combined with  Feltia by San Blas (2014, 2015) based on an extensive taxonomic and phylogenetic study focused on the genus  Agrotis .  Agrotis pseudoplecta was considered a junior subjective synonym of  F. gypaetina by Berg (1882) and all subsequent authors, including San Blas (2014, 2015). However, closer examination of the types revealed that  Agrotis pseudoplecta is not conspecific with  F. gypaetina, but instead is likely a junior subjective synonym of  Euxoa bosqi Köhler, 1945, which is considered as a junior subjective synonym of  F. lutescens (Blanchard, 1852) (San Blas et al., unpublished data). Therefore, until more data are available,  Agrotis pseudoplecta Snellen, 1879 is removed from synonymy with  F. gypaetina and here considered a junior subjective synonym of  F. lutescens (syn. nov.), along with  Agrotis blanchardii Berg, 1882,  Euxoa griseoparsa Köhler, 1945, and  Euxoa bosqi, pending further taxonomic assessment of these names.</p><p>Feltia gypaetina can be distinguished from other South American species of  Feltia by the combination of the following characters: the forewing ground color varies from reddish brown to grayish brown, with the postmedial line sinuate (never serrate), and the anterior rami of the bipectinate antenna are distinctly larger than the posterior rami in males. The species is easily confused with  Euxoa bosqi (currently considered a junior subjective synonym of  F. lutescens, vide supra) but can be differentiated by the comparatively narrower forewing, bead-like male antenna, and usually lighter forewing ground color (except for some dark females). This species can be distinguished from most congeneric species by the valva which is subrectangular and with the cucullus apex slightly projected dorsally, the ampulla, which is one third as long as valva, and the vesica, which is between two and two and a half times as long as aedeagus and with only one apical diverticulum.  Feltia llanoi and  F. pala sp. nov. share some of these characters but  F. llanoi can be differentiated by the antemedially widened uncus in dorsal view (San Blas et al. 2019), and  F. pala sp. nov. by the angled, not rounded, distal part of the cucullus and the longer ampulla. In the female genitalia, the dimensions and appearance of the corpus bursae (twice as long as the posterior apophysis, more or less oval, and with the anterior tip pointing to the right side in dorsal view, the absence of signa, and the appendix bursae slightly longer than the corpus bursae), as in  F. pala sp. nov.,  F. llanoi,  F. submontana, and  F. carolia (e.g. Dias et al. 2017, 2018, San Blas et al. 2019). In  F. llanoi and  F. pala sp. nov., the corpus bursae is slightly narrowed medially or pear-shaped, while in  F. submontana it is slightly widened and in  F. carolia it is rounded distally. Nonetheless, these differences observed in the female genitalia of these species are minor and should be interpreted with caution. Additional characters should be considered for identification.</p><p>Etymology. Not provided in the original description by Guenée (1852), but probably meaning “relating to a vulture-eagle”; Latinized from the ancient Greek γυπς (gups), “vulture”, ἀετός (aetós), “eagle” and the Latin suffix -ina, “relating to”.</p><p>Type material. Male lectotype, designated by Viette (1951), not examined directly, with at least the following labels: /  Agrotis gypaetina G[e]n[ée]. Vol[ume]. 5, 1852 p[age]. 290, no 473 /TYPE / deposited at the MNHN. Viette (1951) indicate the presence of other label (or labels) included by Guenée that could not be transliterated, as the specimen was not directly examined. The paralectotype is probably also deposited at the MNHN, as implicitly acknowledged by Viette (1951).</p><p>Examined material. (119♂, 26♀).  5♂, no data (MACN); “capital”, 1♂, III.[19]63, Köhler leg. (IFML); ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1♂, 10.IV.1908, J. Brèthes leg. (MACN), 2♀, 15.III.1923, J. Brèthes leg. (MACN), 1♂, 10.II.1925, J. Brèthes leg. (MACN); General Urquiza, 1♀, 7.V.1926, J. Brèthes leg. (MACN); Tandil, 1♂, no data (IFML); 2♂, 17.III.1953, 3.IV.1953, (IFML), 1♀, 4.IV.1953 (IFML);  La Pampa, Anguil, 900m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.00661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.51878" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.00661/lat -36.51878)">NE Plaza Central</a> (-36.518778, -64.006608, 162m), 1♂, 14.IV.2016, San Blas leg. (light trap) (UNLPam);  General Pico, 1♂, no date, no collector data (IFML); 1♀, IV.1967, Williamson leg. (IFML);  Santa Rosa, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.30228&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.552277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.30228/lat -36.552277)">Campus Universitario</a> (-36.552278, -64.302278, 215m), 1♂, 4.III.2017, 1♂, 18.III.2016, 1♂, 28.III.2017, 1♂, 11.IV.2016, 1♂, 16–17.IV.2016, 3♂, 20.IV.2016, 2♂, 4.IV.2017, 5♂, 11.IV.2017, 2♂, 18.IV.2017, 1♂, 20.IV.2017, 1♀, 9.IV.2018, San Blas leg. (light trap) (UNLPam);   Campus Universitario, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.29979&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.55623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.29979/lat -36.55623)">Pab. Química</a> (- 36.556230, -64.299788, 212m), 1♂, 25.III.2019, 2♂, 26.III.2020, 2♂ &amp; 3♀, 2.IV.2019, 6♂ &amp; 2♀, 3.IV.2019, 1♂, 13.IV.2019, 8♂ &amp; 3♀, 29.IV.2019, 5♂, 5.IV.2020, 2♂, 10.IV.2020, 2♂ &amp; 1♀, 13.IV.2020, 3♂ &amp; 1♀, 17.IV.2020, 5♂, 23.IV.2020, 4♂, 1.V.2020, 2♂ &amp; 1♀, 15.V.2020, 2♂, 16.V.2020, San Blas leg. (light trap); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.30497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.560734" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.30497/lat -36.560734)">Campus Universitario, Pab. Sur</a> (-36.560734, -64.304972, 212m), 2♂, 20.IV.2018, San Blas leg. (light trap) (UNLPam);  Toay, 2♂, III.2019, Lattini leg. (UNLPam);  Santa Fe, Arrufó, 2♀, no date, Köhler leg. (MACN), 1♂ (IFML). BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Bagé, 232m, “  Forest ”, 1♀, 2.V.2016, 1♂, 1.VI.2016, 1♂, 4.VI.2016, 1♂, 5.VI.2016, Sisti, Corrêa, Silva &amp; Ebert leg. (Pennsylvania light trap) (CPAC);  242m, “ Soybean ”, 1♀, 23.V.2017, 1♀ &amp; 2♂, 25.V.2017, 1♀, 5.V.2016, 2♂, 2.V.2016, 2♂, 21.IV.2017, 5♂, 21.V.2017, 1♂, 22.V.2017, 3♂, 6.V.2016, 2♂, 9.III.2016, Sisti, Corrêa, Silva &amp; Ebert leg. (Pennsylvania light trap) (CPAC); Cachoeira do Sul, 4♂, 21.V.1998, Specht leg., 9541[a], 9541[b], 9541[c], 9541[d] (MCTP); Camaquã, 1♀ &amp; 3♂, 11.VI.1999, Specht leg., 9540[a], 9540[b], 9540[c], 9540[d] (MCTP); Encruzilhada do Sul, 400m, 1♀, 26–28.V.2000, Moser leg., 119 (CLAM); Lavras do Sul, 300m, 1♀, 6–7.V.2014, Moser leg. (CLAM); Pelotas, 1♂, 5.IV.1961, Biezanko leg., 10340 (IFML); 1♂, 22.XI.1951, no collector data (CECT); Piratini, 1♀, 3.XII.1999, 2♂, 27.V.1998, 2♂, 30.IV.1998, Specht leg., 15100, 9543[a], 9543[b], 9542, 9546 (MCTP); Santana do Livramento, 2♂, 16.IV.1999, Specht leg., 9539[a], 9539[b] (MCTP) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687F8AB455D7BFF22614143927FBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dias, Fernando Maia Silva;Blas, German San;Specht, Alexandre	Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Blas, German San, Specht, Alexandre (2025): A new species of Feltia Walker, 1856 from southern Brazil highlands with a re-description of Feltia gypaetina (Guenée, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinae). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 335-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.2
