identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.text	0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba 1960	<div><p>Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960</p><p>(Figs 2A, B; 3A, B; 4A, B)</p><p>Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960: 72, pl. 5, figs 1A, B.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED.— New Caledonia • 1 specimen 5 mm preserved length, dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.29167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.29167/lat -20.66)">Koumac</a>, East of Karembé; 20°39.6’S, 164°17.5’E; 2-5 m; 27.IX.2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 636; isolate JD67; MNHN-IM-2019-26208 • 1 specimen 6 mm preserved length, dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.565" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.22/lat -20.565)">Koumac</a>, Channel between Tangadiou Islet and Magone; 20°33.9’S, 164°13.2’E; 7-8 m; 20.IX.2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 224; isolate JD27; MNHN-IM-2019-26209 .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Body elongate, smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 2A, B). Body color velvet black, with blurry neon-blue lines visible on mantle margin under certain light conditions. Rhinophores and branchial leaves with same color as dorsum. Rhinophores short, conical, fused together at base. Rhinophoral club occupying entire visible length, with six transverse lamellae. Gill composed of 10-11 simple leaves, arranged in a circle.</p><p>Radular formula 10 × 7.1.1.0.1.1. 7 in a 6 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM-2019-26209, isolate JD27) and 9 × 6.1.1.0.1.1. 6 in a 5 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM-2019-26208, isolate JD67). Rachidian teeth absent (Fig. 3A). Innermost lateral teeth hook-shaped, with elongate cusp, 3-4 denticles (Fig. 3A). Second innermost lateral teeth broad, with wide base, two lateral flattened extensions, large, irregular, elongate central cusp (Fig. 3A). Outermost teeth similar in size, elongated, hamate with wide base, long conical cusp (Fig. 3B). Labial cuticle smooth.</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 4A) with pyriform ampulla connecting with both female gland complex, prostate. Prostate tubular, convoluted, with several folds, much wider than ampulla. Prostate narrowing into curved duct before expanding into elongate, convoluted deferent duct, narrower than prostate. Vagina as wide as deferent duct, mostly straight, curving before connecting directly into bursa copulatrix. Seminal receptacle small, pyriform, connecting to oval bursa copulatrix opposite to vaginal connection; uterine duct short, connected to female gland complex. Bursa copulatrix twice as large as seminal receptacle. Penis with 200-400 mm-long, elongate spines with narrow bases (Fig. 4B).</p><p>BIOLOGY</p><p>Original described from Japan (Baba 1960). This species was reported from New Caledonia by Hervé (2010), based on a photograph of a specimen found in Nouméa, but the identity of the specimen is unclear. The present is the first confirmed record of this species from New Caledonia where it is rare, found on sand at 7-8 m depth. The specimens were collected by direct collection while scuba diving. The feeding behavior was not observed, but specimens identified as G. nigricolor from Japan were reported to feed on the soft tissue of gobby fish fins (Osumi &amp; Yamasu 1994, 2000).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Baba (1960) described G. nigricolor based on a single specimen collected on a muddy bottom at 2 m depth in Misaki, Sagami Bay, Japan, as being “very distinct in coloring and in the shape of the radula teeth. Length 4 mm. Body smooth. Gills small, consisting of 9 plumes arranged in a semicircle open behind. Back and sole uniformly bluish black; rhinophores and gills also bluish black. Radula formula 22 × 7-8.1.0.1.7-8. First lateral broad and tricuspidate (the median cusp sharp, the lateral cusps blunt). Next laterals pyriform.”</p><p>Two specimens examined here from New Caledonia presents the same morphological features as described by Baba (1960: fig. 1A, B) for G. nigricolor, with a high resemblance in the radular morphology, having a truncated triangular inner most teeth with a large central conical cusp and two lateral flat cusps, and elongated hamate outermost lateral teeth. Baba’s (1960) illustration of the live animal also shows the rhinophores are fused at the base. Based on these similarities we are confident the two specimens here examined belong to this species. Unfortunately, there are no other anatomical descriptions of specimens assigned to G. nigricolor from other localities that could be used to compare with the material here examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souza-Canal, Jade De;Ángel, Rie Nakano;Valdés, Ángel	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.text	0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnodoris boussionae Souza-Canal & Ángel & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Gymnodoris boussionae n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 2C; 3C, D; 4C, D)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ED997B72-5312-4C15-A9B7-AC8582A9BFCF</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. New Caledonia • specimen 10 mm preserved length; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.29333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.651667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.29333/lat -20.651667)">Koumac</a>; East of Karembé; 20°39.1’S, 164°17.6’E; 6 m; 26.IX.2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 633; isolate JD41; MNHNIM-2019-26206.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia • 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.611668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.245/lat -20.611668)">Koumac</a>; Reef of Infernet; 20°36.7’S, 164°14.7’E; 5 m; 6.IX.2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 301; isolate JD35; MNHN-IM-2019-26203 • 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.29167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.29167/lat -20.66)">Koumac</a>; East of Karembé; 20°39.6’S, 164°17.5’E; 2-5 m; 27.IX.2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 636; isolate JD23; MNHNIM-2019-26204 • 1 specimen 11 mm preserved length; isolate JD43; MNHN-IM-2019-26200 • 1 specimen 11 mm preserved length; isolate JD44; MNHN-IM-2019-26207 • 1 specimen 5 mm preserved length, dissected; isolate JD68; MNHN-IM-2019-26202 • 1 specimen 9 mm preserved length, dissected; isolate JD39; MNHN-IM-2019-26205 • 1 specimen 6 mm preserved length, dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.64" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.275/lat -20.64)">Koumac</a>; 20°38.4’S, 164°16.5’E; 28.II.2019; Koumac 2.2 Stn KR 252; isolate JD51; MNHN-IM-2019-26199 • 1 specimen 8 mm preserved length; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.21167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.21167/lat -20.555)">Koumac</a>; 20°33.3’S, 164°12.7’E, 4 m; 4.XI.2019; Koumac 2.3 Stn KR 90; isolate JD106; MNHNIM-2019-26201 • 1 specimen 4 mm preserved length; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.02034&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.3455" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.02034/lat -20.3455)">Poum</a>, Ouanne; 20°20.73’S, 164°1.22’E; 0 m; 11. VI.2023; ABC Poum Stn ABC04; isolate JD114; MNHN-IM-2019-26524 .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — This species is named in honor of Magali Boussion diver and underwater videographer from New Caledonia, in appreciation for her participation in several sea slug collecting expeditions and documentation of the behavior of this species in nature.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Body elongate, smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 2 D-J). Body color velvet black, with blurry neon-blue lines visible on mantle margin under certain light conditions. Rhinophores and branchial leaves with same color as dorsum. Rhinophores short, conical, not fused together at base. Rhinophoral club occupying entire visible length, with 10 transverse lamellae. Gill composed of 16-19 simple leaves, arranged in a circle.</p><p>Radular formulae 19 × 13.1.0.1. 13 in a 5 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM-2019-26202, isolate JD68), 27 × 16.1.0.1. 16 in a 6 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM-2019-26199, isolate JD51), and 29 × 18.1.0.1. 18 in a 8 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM-2019-26203, isolate JD35). Rachidian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth hamate, with very elongate, curved cusp, no denticles (Fig. 3C). Outer later teeth much smaller than innermost teeth, further decreasing in size gradually towards outer edge, hamate with wide base, long curved cusp (Fig. 3D). Labial cuticle smooth.</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 4C) with elongate, simple, narrow ampulla, connecting to both female gland, prostate. Prostate flat, almost as wide as female gland. Prostate narrowing into long, curved duct before expanding into long, convoluted deferent duct. Deferent duct narrower than ampulla at widest point. Vagina straight, wider than ampulla, curving before connecting directly into bursa copulatrix. Seminal receptacle small, elongated, connecting to oval bursa copulatrix opposite to vaginal connection; uterine duct short, connecting to female gland complex. Bursa copulatrix twice as large as seminal receptacle. Penis with 200 mm-long spines with curved cusps and long bases (Fig. 4D).</p><p>BIOLOGY</p><p>Possibly an endemic from New Caledonia, rare, 5 m. The specimens were collected by direct collection while scuba diving. The feeding behavior was not observed.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>With the exception of G. nigricolor and the specimen from the Marshall Islands assigned to G. cf. nigricolor by Knutson &amp; Gosliner (2022), there are no other species of Gymnodoris described to date with a uniformly velvet black body color (see Gosliner et al. 2018; Knutson &amp; Gosliner 2022). Thus, G. boussionae n. sp. is externally clearly distinguishable from all other species of Gymnodoris .</p><p>There are several differences between G. boussionae n. sp. and G. nigricolor that justify the description of a new species. First, these two species are consistently recovered as distinct groups in all species delimitation analyses. Second, the radular of G. boussionae n. sp. is clearly different from that of G. nigricolor, having the innermost teeth curved, very elongate in comparison to mid-lateral teeth, whereas in G. nigricolor the innermost teeth are short, each tooth with a central cusp and fewer hamate outer teeth. Third, the reproductive system of G. boussionae n. sp. contains small penial spines (200 Μm) with elongate bases and curved cusps, and a broad flattened prostate, whereas the spines of G. nigricolor are larger (200-400 mm) and elongate, and the prostate is tubular. Fourth, the rhinophores of G. boussionae n. sp. are separate at the base, but they are fused together at the base in G. nigricolor .</p><p>There are no morphological descriptions available of the specimen from Marshall Islands to compare the radula or reproductive system with the specimens of G. boussionae n. sp. here described. However, the former species is clearly distinct as it is consistently recovered in a different group in all species delimitation analyses, and it is not closely related to G. boussionae n. sp. in the phylogenetic analyses. Other authors are currently working on the description of the specimen from the Marshall Islands (Gosliner, pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souza-Canal, Jade De;Ángel, Rie Nakano;Valdés, Ángel	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.text	0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnodoris nagoensis Souza-Canal & Ángel & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Gymnodoris nagoensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 2K; 3E, F; 4E, F)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4EAC8527-DA41-4C9A-A3DD-AB36DFDCA528</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Japan • specimen 6 mm preserved length, dissected; Okinawa Prefecture; Nago; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.96167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.546667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.96167/lat 26.546667)">Kouki</a>; 26°32.8’N, 127°57.7’E; 31.V.2012; 10 m; isolate JP01; NSMT-Mo 79540.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— Japan • 2 specimens 4 mm preserved length, dissected; Okinawa Prefecture, Ginowan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.74333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.323334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.74333/lat 26.323334)">Sunabe</a>; 26°19.4’N, 127°44.6’E; 23.II.2010; 16 m; NSMT-Mo 79541 • 1 specimen 4 mm preserved length, dissected; Kagoshima Prefecture; Amami Ōshima Island; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.62&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.401667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.62/lat 28.401667)">Tebiro Beach</a>; 28°24.1’N, 129°37.2’E; 9.III.2010; 9 m; NSMT-Mo 79542 .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, the type locality of this species.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Body elongate, smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 2K). Body color velvet black, with blurry neon-blue lines visible on mantle margin under certain light conditions. Rhinophores and branchial leaves with same color as dorsum. Rhinophores elongate, conical, not fused together at base.Rhinophoral club occupying entire visible length, with transverse five lamellae. Gill composed of 10 simple gill leaves, lacking lamellae, arranged in a circle.</p><p>Radular formulae 18 × 11.1.0.1. 11 in a 4 mm-long specimen (NSMT-Mo 79541) and 18 × 12.1.0.1. 12 in a 6 mm-long specimen (NSMT-Mo 79540). Rachidian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth hamate, with very elongate, curved cusp, no denticles (Fig. 3E). Outer later teeth much smaller than innermost teeth, further decreasing in size gradually towards outer edge, hamate with wide base, long curved cusp (Fig. 3F). Labial cuticle smooth.</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 4E) with simple, pyriform ampulla connecting to both female gland, prostate. Prostate tubular, curved, much narrower than female gland. Prostate narrowing into relatively convoluted duct before expanding into short deferent duct. Deferent duct narrower than ampulla at its widest point. Vagina slightly curved, as wide as deferent duct, connecting directly into bursa copulatrix. Seminal receptacle small, oval, connecting to large, nearly spherical bursa copulatrix, in expanded region near vaginal connection; uterine duct short, connecting to female gland complex. Bursa copulatrix several times as large as seminal receptacle. Penis with 200- 300 mm-long, elongate spines with narrow bases, elongate cusps (Fig. 4F).</p><p>BIOLOGY</p><p>Found on sandy/silty bottoms at depths of 3-30 meters on Okinawa and Amami Ōshima island. When individuals of G. nagoensis n. sp. find a goby hole, they crawl into it. It seems that the nudibranch feeds on the fins of the goby; sometimes several individuals feed on the fins of a goby at the same time.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Gymnodoris nagoensis n. sp. is genetically very similar to G. nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Supplementary material 2; Fig.1B) and recovered as the same species in the ASAP analysis but distinct in the bPTP analysis. Unfortunately, we were only able to amplify COI from one specimen despite multiple attempts. However, G. nagoensis n. sp. is anatomically different from all other species here examined. Externally, the rhinophores of G. nagoensis n. sp. are proportionally longer and have a reduced number of branchial leaves. The radular morphology of G. nagoensis n. sp. is similar to that of G. boussionae n. sp. but clearly distinct from that of G. nigricolor . The innermost teeth of G. nagoensis n. sp. are very elongate in comparison to mid-lateral teeth and lack denticles, whereas the innermost teeth of G. nigricolor are approximately the same size as the mid-lateral teeth, with truncated triangles, a large central conical cusp, and two lateral flat cusps. The teeth of G. nagoensis n. sp. are very similar to those of G. boussionae n. sp. even though these two species are phylogenetically more distant, and their reproductive anatomy is substantially different. The reproductive anatomy of G. nagoensis n. sp. is unique, having large, elongate penial spines with small bases, a bursa copulatrix several times larger than the seminal receptacle and a very short deferent duct. This combination of traits is not present in G. boussionae n. sp. or G. nigricolor and clearly differentiates G. nagoensis n. sp. from the other two species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souza-Canal, Jade De;Ángel, Rie Nakano;Valdés, Ángel	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
