taxonID	type	description	language	source
0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.taxon	description	(Figs 2 A, B; 3 A, B; 4 A, B)	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia • 1 specimen 5 mm preserved length, dissected; Koumac, East of Karembé; 20 ° 39.6 ’ S, 164 ° 17.5 ’ E; 2 - 5 m; 27. IX. 2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 636; isolate JD 67; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26208 • 1 specimen 6 mm preserved length, dissected; Koumac, Channel between Tangadiou Islet and Magone; 20 ° 33.9 ’ S, 164 ° 13.2 ’ E; 7 - 8 m; 20. IX. 2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 224; isolate JD 27; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26209.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body elongate, smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 2 A, B). Body color velvet black, with blurry neon-blue lines visible on mantle margin under certain light conditions. Rhinophores and branchial leaves with same color as dorsum. Rhinophores short, conical, fused together at base. Rhinophoral club occupying entire visible length, with six transverse lamellae. Gill composed of 10 - 11 simple leaves, arranged in a circle. Radular formula 10 × 7.1.1.0.1.1. 7 in a 6 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26209, isolate JD 27) and 9 × 6.1.1.0.1.1. 6 in a 5 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26208, isolate JD 67). Rachidian teeth absent (Fig. 3 A). Innermost lateral teeth hook-shaped, with elongate cusp, 3 - 4 denticles (Fig. 3 A). Second innermost lateral teeth broad, with wide base, two lateral flattened extensions, large, irregular, elongate central cusp (Fig. 3 A). Outermost teeth similar in size, elongated, hamate with wide base, long conical cusp (Fig. 3 B). Labial cuticle smooth. Reproductive system (Fig. 4 A) with pyriform ampulla connecting with both female gland complex, prostate. Prostate tubular, convoluted, with several folds, much wider than ampulla. Prostate narrowing into curved duct before expanding into elongate, convoluted deferent duct, narrower than prostate. Vagina as wide as deferent duct, mostly straight, curving before connecting directly into bursa copulatrix. Seminal receptacle small, pyriform, connecting to oval bursa copulatrix opposite to vaginal connection; uterine duct short, connected to female gland complex. Bursa copulatrix twice as large as seminal receptacle. Penis with 200 - 400 mm-long, elongate spines with narrow bases (Fig. 4 B).	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.taxon	biology_ecology	BIOLOGY Original described from Japan (Baba 1960). This species was reported from New Caledonia by Hervé (2010), based on a photograph of a specimen found in Nouméa, but the identity of the specimen is unclear. The present is the first confirmed record of this species from New Caledonia where it is rare, found on sand at 7 - 8 m depth. The specimens were collected by direct collection while scuba diving. The feeding behavior was not observed, but specimens identified as G. nigricolor from Japan were reported to feed on the soft tissue of gobby fish fins (Osumi & Yamasu 1994, 2000).	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E056646623FF98070C0F836.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Baba (1960) described G. nigricolor based on a single specimen collected on a muddy bottom at 2 m depth in Misaki, Sagami Bay, Japan, as being “ very distinct in coloring and in the shape of the radula teeth. Length 4 mm. Body smooth. Gills small, consisting of 9 plumes arranged in a semicircle open behind. Back and sole uniformly bluish black; rhinophores and gills also bluish black. Radula formula 22 × 7 - 8.1.0.1.7 - 8. First lateral broad and tricuspidate (the median cusp sharp, the lateral cusps blunt). Next laterals pyriform. ” Two specimens examined here from New Caledonia presents the same morphological features as described by Baba (1960: fig. 1 A, B) for G. nigricolor, with a high resemblance in the radular morphology, having a truncated triangular inner most teeth with a large central conical cusp and two lateral flat cusps, and elongated hamate outermost lateral teeth. Baba’s (1960) illustration of the live animal also shows the rhinophores are fused at the base. Based on these similarities we are confident the two specimens here examined belong to this species. Unfortunately, there are no other anatomical descriptions of specimens assigned to G. nigricolor from other localities that could be used to compare with the material here examined.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	description	(Figs 2 C; 3 C, D; 4 C, D) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ED 997 B 72 - 5312 - 4 C 15 - A 9 B 7 - AC 8582 A 9 BFCF	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. New Caledonia • specimen 10 mm preserved length; Koumac; East of Karembé; 20 ° 39.1 ’ S, 164 ° 17.6 ’ E; 6 m; 26. IX. 2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 633; isolate JD 41; MNHNIM- 2019 - 26206. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — New Caledonia • 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected; Koumac; Reef of Infernet; 20 ° 36.7 ’ S, 164 ° 14.7 ’ E; 5 m; 6. IX. 2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 301; isolate JD 35; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26203 • 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length; Koumac; East of Karembé; 20 ° 39.6 ’ S, 164 ° 17.5 ’ E; 2 - 5 m; 27. IX. 2018; Koumac 2.1 Stn KR 636; isolate JD 23; MNHNIM- 2019 - 26204 • 1 specimen 11 mm preserved length; isolate JD 43; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26200 • 1 specimen 11 mm preserved length; isolate JD 44; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26207 • 1 specimen 5 mm preserved length, dissected; isolate JD 68; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26202 • 1 specimen 9 mm preserved length, dissected; isolate JD 39; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26205 • 1 specimen 6 mm preserved length, dissected; Koumac; 20 ° 38.4 ’ S, 164 ° 16.5 ’ E; 28. II. 2019; Koumac 2.2 Stn KR 252; isolate JD 51; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26199 • 1 specimen 8 mm preserved length; Koumac; 20 ° 33.3 ’ S, 164 ° 12.7 ’ E, 4 m; 4. XI. 2019; Koumac 2.3 Stn KR 90; isolate JD 106; MNHNIM- 2019 - 26201 • 1 specimen 4 mm preserved length; Poum, Ouanne; 20 ° 20.73 ’ S, 164 ° 1.22 ’ E; 0 m; 11. VI. 2023; ABC Poum Stn ABC 04; isolate JD 114; MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26524.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — This species is named in honor of Magali Boussion diver and underwater videographer from New Caledonia, in appreciation for her participation in several sea slug collecting expeditions and documentation of the behavior of this species in nature.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body elongate, smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 2 D-J). Body color velvet black, with blurry neon-blue lines visible on mantle margin under certain light conditions. Rhinophores and branchial leaves with same color as dorsum. Rhinophores short, conical, not fused together at base. Rhinophoral club occupying entire visible length, with 10 transverse lamellae. Gill composed of 16 - 19 simple leaves, arranged in a circle. Radular formulae 19 × 13.1.0.1. 13 in a 5 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26202, isolate JD 68), 27 × 16.1.0.1. 16 in a 6 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26199, isolate JD 51), and 29 × 18.1.0.1. 18 in a 8 mm-long specimen (MNHN-IM- 2019 - 26203, isolate JD 35). Rachidian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth hamate, with very elongate, curved cusp, no denticles (Fig. 3 C). Outer later teeth much smaller than innermost teeth, further decreasing in size gradually towards outer edge, hamate with wide base, long curved cusp (Fig. 3 D). Labial cuticle smooth. Reproductive system (Fig. 4 C) with elongate, simple, narrow ampulla, connecting to both female gland, prostate. Prostate flat, almost as wide as female gland. Prostate narrowing into long, curved duct before expanding into long, convoluted deferent duct. Deferent duct narrower than ampulla at widest point. Vagina straight, wider than ampulla, curving before connecting directly into bursa copulatrix. Seminal receptacle small, elongated, connecting to oval bursa copulatrix opposite to vaginal connection; uterine duct short, connecting to female gland complex. Bursa copulatrix twice as large as seminal receptacle. Penis with 200 mm-long spines with curved cusps and long bases (Fig. 4 D).	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	biology_ecology	BIOLOGY Possibly an endemic from New Caledonia, rare, 5 m. The specimens were collected by direct collection while scuba diving. The feeding behavior was not observed.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0866456213FB867178FA50.taxon	discussion	REMARKS With the exception of G. nigricolor and the specimen from the Marshall Islands assigned to G. cf. nigricolor by Knutson & Gosliner (2022), there are no other species of Gymnodoris described to date with a uniformly velvet black body color (see Gosliner et al. 2018; Knutson & Gosliner 2022). Thus, G. boussionae n. sp. is externally clearly distinguishable from all other species of Gymnodoris. There are several differences between G. boussionae n. sp. and G. nigricolor that justify the description of a new species. First, these two species are consistently recovered as distinct groups in all species delimitation analyses. Second, the radular of G. boussionae n. sp. is clearly different from that of G. nigricolor, having the innermost teeth curved, very elongate in comparison to mid-lateral teeth, whereas in G. nigricolor the innermost teeth are short, each tooth with a central cusp and fewer hamate outer teeth. Third, the reproductive system of G. boussionae n. sp. contains small penial spines (200 Μm) with elongate bases and curved cusps, and a broad flattened prostate, whereas the spines of G. nigricolor are larger (200 - 400 mm) and elongate, and the prostate is tubular. Fourth, the rhinophores of G. boussionae n. sp. are separate at the base, but they are fused together at the base in G. nigricolor. There are no morphological descriptions available of the specimen from Marshall Islands to compare the radula or reproductive system with the specimens of G. boussionae n. sp. here described. However, the former species is clearly distinct as it is consistently recovered in a different group in all species delimitation analyses, and it is not closely related to G. boussionae n. sp. in the phylogenetic analyses. Other authors are currently working on the description of the specimen from the Marshall Islands (Gosliner, pers. comm.).	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	description	(Figs 2 K; 3 E, F; 4 E, F) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 EAC 8527 - DA 41 - 4 C 9 A-A 3 DD-AB 36 DFDCA 528	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Japan • specimen 6 mm preserved length, dissected; Okinawa Prefecture; Nago; Kouki; 26 ° 32.8 ’ N, 127 ° 57.7 ’ E; 31. V. 2012; 10 m; isolate JP 01; NSMT-Mo 79540. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Japan • 2 specimens 4 mm preserved length, dissected; Okinawa Prefecture, Ginowan, Sunabe; 26 ° 19.4 ’ N, 127 ° 44.6 ’ E; 23. II. 2010; 16 m; NSMT-Mo 79541 • 1 specimen 4 mm preserved length, dissected; Kagoshima Prefecture; Amami Ōshima Island; Tebiro Beach; 28 ° 24.1 ’ N, 129 ° 37.2 ’ E; 9. III. 2010; 9 m; NSMT-Mo 79542.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Named after Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, the type locality of this species.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body elongate, smooth, lacking tubercles (Fig. 2 K). Body color velvet black, with blurry neon-blue lines visible on mantle margin under certain light conditions. Rhinophores and branchial leaves with same color as dorsum. Rhinophores elongate, conical, not fused together at base. Rhinophoral club occupying entire visible length, with transverse five lamellae. Gill composed of 10 simple gill leaves, lacking lamellae, arranged in a circle. Radular formulae 18 × 11.1.0.1. 11 in a 4 mm-long specimen (NSMT-Mo 79541) and 18 × 12.1.0.1. 12 in a 6 mm-long specimen (NSMT-Mo 79540). Rachidian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth hamate, with very elongate, curved cusp, no denticles (Fig. 3 E). Outer later teeth much smaller than innermost teeth, further decreasing in size gradually towards outer edge, hamate with wide base, long curved cusp (Fig. 3 F). Labial cuticle smooth. Reproductive system (Fig. 4 E) with simple, pyriform ampulla connecting to both female gland, prostate. Prostate tubular, curved, much narrower than female gland. Prostate narrowing into relatively convoluted duct before expanding into short deferent duct. Deferent duct narrower than ampulla at its widest point. Vagina slightly curved, as wide as deferent duct, connecting directly into bursa copulatrix. Seminal receptacle small, oval, connecting to large, nearly spherical bursa copulatrix, in expanded region near vaginal connection; uterine duct short, connecting to female gland complex. Bursa copulatrix several times as large as seminal receptacle. Penis with 200 - 300 mm-long, elongate spines with narrow bases, elongate cusps (Fig. 4 F).	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	biology_ecology	BIOLOGY Found on sandy / silty bottoms at depths of 3 - 30 meters on Okinawa and Amami Ōshima island. When individuals of G. nagoensis n. sp. find a goby hole, they crawl into it. It seems that the nudibranch feeds on the fins of the goby; sometimes several individuals feed on the fins of a goby at the same time.	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
0397DE379E0966426218FA607219FE2D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS	en	Souza-Canal, Jade De, Ángel, Rie Nakano, Valdés, Ángel (2025): Gymnodoris nigricolor Baba, 1960 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae) is a species complex. Zoosystema 47 (17): 315-326, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a17, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a17.pdf
