identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0394E70FFFB7FFB9124635D78815EFF5.text	0394E70FFFB7FFB9124635D78815EFF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monophyllus plethodon subsp. luciae Miller 1902	<div><p>Monophyllus plethodon luciae Miller 1902</p><p>Specimens examined (11).— Chalvilles, 1 (UNSM); cave at the head of Katouche Bay, 1.5 km NE North Hill Village, 7 (NMNH); “ Apple Hole ” Cavern, 1 km NE North Side Village, 1 (NMNH); Small Fountain Cave, Little Bay, 1 (AMNH); Wattices, 1 (UNSM) .</p><p>Miller’s long-tongued bat has been reported from Anguilla by Schwartz and Jones (1967) and Koopman (1968). Schwartz and Jones (1967) in their revision of the genus assigned a single specimen from Anguilla to M. p. luciae, which has a geographic range from Anguilla southward to St. Vincent. Koopman (1968) mentions this specimen from Small Fountain Cave without giving its precise locality. Currently, this species occurs only in the Lesser Antilles, but five fossil specimens of an extinct subspecies (M. p. frater) are known from west of the Anegada Passage on Puerto Rico (Schwartz and Jones 1967).</p><p>Length of forearm and seven cranial measurements for three males and three females are presented in Table 1. Females averaged smaller than males in all measurements except postorbital constriction where the sexes averaged the same. These differences were significant at P ≤ 0.05 for three of the measurements—zygomatic breadth, mastoid breadth, and breadth across the upper molars.</p><p>The cave at the head of Katouche Bay is probably the one known locally as Iguana Cave (see map published by the Government of the United Kingdom for the Government of Anguilla, 1997). This is a simple cave in the rock with two rooms, which were mined for phosphate in the past. A fig tree (probably Ficus citrifolia) grows through an opening in the cave. Miller’s long-tongued bats were captured in mist nets at the entrance of Iguana Cave as well as Pitch Apple Hole (see description in Brachyphylla account). Individuals from Chalvilles and Wattices were netted as they foraged in an area of pasture with a single large fig tree and in a subsistence garden with a few banana trees, respectively. We have not found the precise location of Small Fountain Cave.</p><p>Single females taken on May 21 and October 10 evinced no gross reproductive activity. The testis length of a male taken on May 22 was 4 and for three males taken on October 10 was 4, 4, and 4.5. Weights of three males and a female taken on October 10 were, respectively, 16.0, 16.5, 18.3, and 14.5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394E70FFFB7FFB9124635D78815EFF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genoways, Hugh H.;Pedersen, Scott C.;Phillips, Carleton J.;Gordon, Linda K.	Genoways, Hugh H., Pedersen, Scott C., Phillips, Carleton J., Gordon, Linda K. (2007): Bats Of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Occasional Papers of the Museum 270: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15748430
0394E70FFFB1FFB81271352C8801EEC5.text	0394E70FFFB1FFB81271352C8801EEC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachyphylla cavernarum subsp. cavernarum Gray 1834	<div><p>Brachyphylla cavernarum cavernarum Gray 1834</p><p>Specimens examined (60).— Fountain Cave, Island Harbour, 7 (AMNH); “ Apple Hole ” Cavern, 1 km NE North Side Village, 3 (NMNH); “ The Fountain ” Cavern, 0.5 km SW Shoal Village, 46 (8 NMNH, 38 UNSM); The Valley, 4 (AMNH) .</p><p>Additional record.—Cavannagh Cave (McFarlane and MacPhee 1989).</p><p>This Antillean endemic fruit-eating bat has been reported previously from Anguilla without specific localities by Koopman (1968) and the specimens in the American Museum of Natural History were included in the revision of the genus by Swanepoel and Genoways (1978). Swanepoel and Genoways (1978) assigned material from St. Croix in the Virgin Islands and Anguilla southward through the Lesser Antilles to St. Vincent to the nominate subspecies, which has a type locality of St. Vincent. Forearm and cranial measurements of seven males and four females fall well within the range of samples presented by Swanepoel and Genoways (1978) for this subspecies (Table 1). No statistically significant secondary sexual variation was found in our sample, which agrees with the results of Swanepoel and Genoways (1978). Males averaged larger than females in six measurements, whereas females averaged larger in postorbital constriction and the sexes averaged the same in breadth across upper molars.</p><p>The majority of our specimens came from two of the well-known caves on Anguilla —The Fountain and “Apple Hole” Cavern, which is known locally as Pitch Apple Hole. Both caves are dome-type caverns with small entrances located near the top of the dome. At the Fountain the drop to the floor is 10 m and at Pitch Apple the drop is 15 m. The Fountain is composed of two chambers of a total length of 50 m and a width of 30 m. There are two pools of freshwater in the cavern (Hummelinck 1979; Watters 1991). A pitch apple tree ( Clusia rosea) is located at the entrance of each of these caverns. The roots of these trees, which reach to the floor of the cavern, provided access to the caves’ interiors during early explorations. Brachyphylla were netted at the entrance of these two caverns. At Pitch Apple Hole, individuals of M. plethodon and A. jamaicensis were taken along with the B. cavernarum, whereas at The Fountain, a single N. stramineus was netted along with the B. cavernarum (see also Genoways 1989; McFarlane and MacPhee 1989).</p><p>On the evening following netting at the entrance of The Fountain, we took the permanently installed 10- m steel ladder to the floor of the cavern and searched for bats. We saw a few individuals of Brachyphylla moving about the large rooms of the cavern, but the majority of the colony was inaccessible because of the pools of water and the crevices they occupied were too narrow for us to explore. The pools of water helped keep the level of humidity high in the cavern, but much of the floor was covered with loose, dry soil, which was easily disturbed.</p><p>Nine males collected on May 19 had testes that averaged 7.9 (5-10) long and three males collected on October 6-7 had testes that were 8, 8, and 9 long. Single females taken on April 1, April 7, October 6, and October 8 evinced no gross reproductive activity. Among 28 females collected on May 19 at The Fountain, 21 were lactating, 5 evinced no gross evidence of being pregnant or lactating, one carried a fetus that measured 40.5 in crown-rump length, and one gave birth in captivity to a male neonate with a forearm length of 36.3. Six males captured on October 6-7 had an average weight of 53.3 (46-59.5), whereas five females taken on these dates weighed an average of 48.8 (42-52.5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394E70FFFB1FFB81271352C8801EEC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genoways, Hugh H.;Pedersen, Scott C.;Phillips, Carleton J.;Gordon, Linda K.	Genoways, Hugh H., Pedersen, Scott C., Phillips, Carleton J., Gordon, Linda K. (2007): Bats Of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Occasional Papers of the Museum 270: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15748430
0394E70FFFB0FFBB125733FB8BEAED75.text	0394E70FFFB0FFBB125733FB8BEAED75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Artibeus jamaicensis subsp. jamaicensis Leach 1821	<div><p>Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Leach 1821</p><p>Specimens examined (45).— Chalvilles, 13 (UNSM); Flat Cap Caves, 10 (AMNH); “Apple Hole” Cavern, 1 km NE North Side Village, 5 (NMNH); Isaac’s Cave, ca. 2 km NE North Side Village, 1 (NMNH); 0.5 km S South Hill Village, 16 (NMNH).</p><p>The Jamaican fruit-eating bat was the first species of bat reported from Anguilla when J. A. Allen (1890) reported a single specimen without specific locality under the designation Artibeus “ perspicillatus (Linn.).” Later G. M. Allen (1911) referred this specimen to A. j. jamaicensis . Koopman (1968) mentions “a series now in the American Museum” of A. j. jamaicensis from Anguilla. Genoways et al. (2001) have reviewed morphological variation in Antillean populations of this species. Our Anguillan sample (Table 1) closely matches the measurements of other samples of A. j. jamaicensis; in fact, the mean of greatest length of skull of specimens from Anguilla at 28.2 is the same as the sample from Jamaica (Genoways et al. 2001).</p><p>Table 1 presents length of forearm and seven cranial measurements of 8 males and 8 females from Anguilla. Comparing the sexes for secondary sexual variation, means for greatest length of skull, condylobasal length, and postorbital constriction are equal for males and females. Males average larger for zygomatic breadth (but only by 0.1 mm) and breadth across upper molars. Females averaged larger for length of forearm, mastoid breadth, but only by 0.1 mm, and length of maxillary toothrow. Breadth across upper molars was the only measurement with a significant size difference (P ≤ 0.05) between adult males and females Jamaican fruit-eating bats were netted at the entrance to Pitch Apple Hole. The specimen from Isaac’s Cave was shot inside of the cave. The field collector, George Goodwin, in 1926 described Flat Cap cave as a “deep cavern going through to the face of the cliff” (McFarlane and MacPhee 1989). At Chalvilles, A. jamaicensis were taken in nets set near a large fig tree with some ripening fruits in an area surrounded by open, closely clipped pasture with scrubby trees, particularly acacias that had been trimmed to the height of an adult goat standing on its hind legs.</p><p>Six males captured between May 20 to 23 had testes that averaged 6.8 (3-9) in length and nine males captured between October 6 to 14 had testes that averaged 7.1 (5.5-8.5) in length. Two females obtained on April 3 were lactating as was a female taken on October 12. A female taken on October 11 was considered by the collector to be post-lactating. A female obtained on May 20 and four taken between October 6 and 11 evinced no gross reproductive activity. Our sample includes four juvenile bats—two taken on April 3 were nearly furless with a length of forearm of 45.6 and 49.4; another from this date was slightly older being partially haired on the dorsum and venter and having a forearm of 52.6; and a female taken on October 10 was well furred on the dorsum and venter, but still exhibited open phalangeal epiphyses. The length of forearm of this latter individual was 58.8 and it weighed 32.5. Twelve males captured between October 6 and 14 weighed an average of 40.7 (34-45.3), whereas seven females taken during this time had a mean weight of 42.5 (37.5-49.5).</p><p>Genoways et al. (2001) presented data on the presence and absence of M3/m 3 in Antillean populations of A. jamaicensis . We examined 16 specimens from Anguilla and all lacked right and left M3s but all of them had both m3s. This observation is consistent with data reported by Genoways et al. (2001) for populations of A. j. jamaicensis from Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. John, and Dominica. Genetic data for nine individuals from Anguilla presented by Phillips et al. (1989) and Pumo et al. (1996) revealed that the Anguillan population shared a mtDNA haplotype with populations on Jamaica thus also supporting their subspecific assignment to A. j. jamaicensis .</p><p>An adult female (AMNH 544822) was missing both M2s as well as the tip of the upper right canine was broken off and the tooth apparently was infected. These dental anomalies appear to have occurred during the life of the bat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394E70FFFB0FFBB125733FB8BEAED75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genoways, Hugh H.;Pedersen, Scott C.;Phillips, Carleton J.;Gordon, Linda K.	Genoways, Hugh H., Pedersen, Scott C., Phillips, Carleton J., Gordon, Linda K. (2007): Bats Of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Occasional Papers of the Museum 270: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15748430
0394E70FFFB3FFBB10B7330689BCEB12.text	0394E70FFFB3FFBB10B7330689BCEB12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Molossus molossus subsp. molossus (Pallas 1766)	<div><p>Molossus molossus molossus (Pallas 1766)</p><p>Specimens examined (7).— Chalvilles, 2 (UNSM); Island Harbour, 1 (NMNH); Katouche Bay, 1 (AMNH); The Valley, 2 (1 AMNH, 1 UNSM); Wattices, 1 (UNSM).</p><p>Koopman (1968) reports specimens of this species from Anguilla without reference to specific specimens or localities. Husson (1962) restricted the type locality of M. molossus to the island of Martinique, which led Dolan (1989) to apply the name M. m. molossus to this species throughout the Lesser Antilles. We have maintained this arrangement pending analysis of morphological variation among populations of this species throughout the Antillean region . Table 1 presents length of forearm and seven cranial measurements for two males and two females from Anguilla.</p><p>The female obtained at Island Harbour was caught in a mist net as it exited the eaves of a house. The female caught at The Valley on May 20, 1987, was taken in a mist net that was set under a row of old mahogany trees, which formed a canopy at about 7 to 10 m above our nets. Only this specimen and one of T. brasiliensis were caught prior to heavy rain that ended collecting activities for the night. Conditions at Chavilles are described in the account for A. jamaicensis . In the small village of Wattices, nets were set under a mahogany tree adjacent to a dwelling. On the opposite side of the dwelling nets were placed in a small subsistence garden that included five banana trees.</p><p>Females obtained on May 20, May 22 (2), and October 11 evinced no gross reproductive activity. The male from Wattices taken on May 21 had testes that were 4 long. The female taken on October 11 weighed 14.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394E70FFFB3FFBB10B7330689BCEB12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genoways, Hugh H.;Pedersen, Scott C.;Phillips, Carleton J.;Gordon, Linda K.	Genoways, Hugh H., Pedersen, Scott C., Phillips, Carleton J., Gordon, Linda K. (2007): Bats Of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Occasional Papers of the Museum 270: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15748430
0394E70FFFB3FFBB124230AB8E4EEDE9.text	0394E70FFFB3FFBB124230AB8E4EEDE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Natalus stramineus subsp. stramineus Gray 1838	<div><p>Natalus stramineus stramineus Gray 1838</p><p>Specimens examined (4).— Cave at the head of Katouche Bay, 1.5 km NE North Hill Village, 1 (NMNH); North Side Estate, 2 (AMNH); The Fountain, 1 (UNSM).</p><p>Goodwin (1959) was the first author to note the occurrence of this insectivorous bat on Anguilla when he reported the two specimens in the American Museum of Natural History without specific locality. Goodwin (1959) presented compelling evidence that Antigua should be considered the type locality for Natalus stramineus and thus the appropriate name for populations in the northern Lesser Antilles was N. s. stramineus . These data were re-examined by Handley and Gardner (1990) and Tejedor (2006) who then supported Goodwin’s conclusions. There are conflicting views on the specific relationship among populations of the large funnel-eared bats occurring in the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, and mainland of Mexico and Central America (Varona 1974; Hall 1981; Koopman 1993; Arroyo-Cabrales et al. 1997).</p><p>Dávalos (2005) and Tejedor et al. (2005) presented evidence that unrecognized taxa of Natalus exist within currently named populations in the West Indies. Tejedor (2006) restricted N. stramineus to the northern Lesser Antilles, ranging from Dominica to Anguilla, and in a canonical analysis of external and cranial characters, demonstrated that “the sample from Dominica is morphometrically distinct from that of the remaining islands.” Although Tejedor (2006) did not use it, the name N. s. dominicensis Shamel (1928) is available for the population on Dominica, leaving the nominate subspecies, N. s. stramineus, as the appropriate name to apply to the other populations in the northern Lesser Antilles, including those on Anguilla. Table 1 presents measurements of three male funnel-eared bats from Anguilla.</p><p>The specimen from The Fountain was netted along with numerous individuals of B. cavernarum as they emerged from the small entrance to the cavern. The specimen from near Katouche Bay was shot as it flew about in a cave, probably Iguana Cave. The latter individual had testes that measured 3 in length and it weighed 6.2. All four specimens known from Anguilla are males .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394E70FFFB3FFBB124230AB8E4EEDE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genoways, Hugh H.;Pedersen, Scott C.;Phillips, Carleton J.;Gordon, Linda K.	Genoways, Hugh H., Pedersen, Scott C., Phillips, Carleton J., Gordon, Linda K. (2007): Bats Of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Occasional Papers of the Museum 270: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15748430
0394E70FFFB2FFBA125D30108E9AEFF0.text	0394E70FFFB2FFBA125D30108E9AEFF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tadarida brasiliensis subsp. antillularum (Miller 1902)	<div><p>Tadarida brasiliensis antillularum (Miller 1902)</p><p>Specimens examined (2). — Chalvilles, 1 (UNSM); The Valley, 1 (UNSM) .</p><p>These specimens represent the first record of the Brazilian free-tailed bat from the island of Anguilla. This species is known from other islands in the northern Lesser Antilles such as St. Martin, St. Barthélemy, St. Eustatius, and Saba (G. M. Allen 1911; Husson 1960; Koopman 1968; Genoways et al. 2007a, 2007b; Larsen et al. 2007), but was previously unknown from Anguilla. To the west, the species is recorded from the island of St. John in the American Virgin Islands (Koopman 1975). Shamel (1931) in his revision of the genus Tadarida considered antillularum as a distinct species; however, Schwartz (1955) considered antillularum as a subspecies of the widely distributed T. brasiliensis, which is the currently accepted taxonomic arrangement. Owen et al. (1990) presented evidence of a close relationship between T. b. cynocephala from the southeastern United States and Antillean populations of T. brasiliensis . Further data are needed to fully explore the taxonomic and biogeographic implications if such a relationship exists.</p><p>Table 1 presents measurements of our male and female specimens from Anguilla. The measurements of the male from Anguilla fall at or above the range of measurements of 10 males from Dominica (type locality of antillularum), whereas the measurements of the female fall within the range of measurements of 10 females from Dominica (Genoways et al. 2001). As was discussed by Genoways et al. (2001), the relationships among Antillean population of Tadarida are in need of systematic review.</p><p>Our female specimen from The Valley along with a single individual of M. molossu s was taken in a mist net set under a canopy formed by large mahogany trees. The male from Chalvilles was taken under conditions described in the account for A. jamaicensis . The female captured on May 20 was not pregnant.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394E70FFFB2FFBA125D30108E9AEFF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genoways, Hugh H.;Pedersen, Scott C.;Phillips, Carleton J.;Gordon, Linda K.	Genoways, Hugh H., Pedersen, Scott C., Phillips, Carleton J., Gordon, Linda K. (2007): Bats Of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles. Occasional Papers of the Museum 270: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15748430
