taxonID	type	description	language	source
03938785FF9CF133049FFDB0FCF3A1B6.taxon	description	Four species of the genus Ligidium are presented from Jiangxi Province, south-eastern China, based upon morphological characters and molecular data (mitochondrial 12 S and 16 S rRNA). Three of these species are described as new to science: Ligidium deltodontum sp. nov., Ligidium polyacanthum sp. nov., and Ligidium gracilentum sp. nov. All the new species are described and illustrated. A key to the known Chinese Ligidium species is presented. A map showing the localities in China and predicted potential distribution of the genus is also provided, including the grouped logistic values associated with potential habitats. The results reveal the high species diversity of Ligidium from Jiangxi, demonstrate that the integrative morphological and molecular approach is highly effective for identifying terrestrial isopods, and predict the region in the south of 35 ° N of China with potential high Ligidium species diversity.	en	Li, Wei-Chun (2017): Morphology and molecules reveal high species diversity of Ligidium (Crustacea: Oniscidea: Ligiidae) in Jiangxi, China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (3): 627-641, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12464, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/179/3/627/3058166/Morphology-and-molecules-reveal-high-species
03938785FF95F13904C6FA65FBC4A345.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Unique in characters of the male pleopod 2 endopod: the subapical part has a thumb-shaped process on outer margin, and the apical tip has a triangular tooth-like process. Description Body length of males 8.0 mm, of females 9.0 – 10.0 mm. Body elongated (c. two times as long as wide); pereonites 1 and 2 without ‘ bristle field’ on posterior margin of epimera. Colour in alcohol dark grey with white spots on dorsal surface. Antennule (Fig. 2 A): First article broadened towards three distal setae at the tip; second article about 1.5 times as long as the first, ending with three distal setae; third article with two small setae at apical tip. Antenna (Fig. 2 B): Third article of peduncle with seta near distal tip; fourth article bears three distal setae; fifth article equipped with two setae; flagellum composed of 13 articles. Mandibles (Fig. 2 C, D): Left mandible with three-toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis three-toothed; three penicils between lacinia mobilis and molar process. Right mandible with three-toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis single-toothed; two penicils between lacinia mobilis and molar process. Maxillule (Fig. 2 E): Inner lobe with three stout penicils and long seta near distal margin; outer lobe with six apical teeth. Maxilla (Fig. 2 F): Distally divided into two parts with blunted rounded apices; large lappet covered with tiny spines near distal margin and two elongated setose penicils near lateral margin at subapical part. Maxilliped (Fig. 3 A): Endite rectangular, distal margin with tooth at inner distal angle; palp with four setae on outer margin. Telson (Fig. 3 B): Distal margin distinctly convex in the middle, gently concave near lateral margin and forming blunted rounded corners. Uropod (Fig. 3 B): Uropodal protopod about three times as long as broad; inner-distal projection of protopod slightly longer than width of its base; endopod about twice as long as exopod, ending with long seta; exopodal tip with a cluster of small setae. Male – pereopods (Fig. 3 C, D): Pereopod 1 basis with three setae at both the inner and outer margins; ischium concave on outer margin, bears two small setae on inner margin; merus with seven setae on inner margin and two setae at outer distal angle; carpus with five setae on inner margin; propodus bears several small setae on inner margin and single small seta at outer distal tip. Pereopod 7 basis bears several tiny spines near base and single distal seta on inner margin; ischium narrow basally, broadened towards subtip, then narrowed towards distal tip, bears three setae on inner margin; merus with five long setae on inner margin and two setae at outer distal angle; carpus bears five long setae on inner margin and three setae at outer distal angle; propodus bears three small setae on inner margin. Male – pleopods (Fig. 3 E – I): Pleopod 1 exopod with rounded distal margin, endopod with triangular projection. Pleopod 2 exopod broad bean-shaped, distinctly concave at base; endopod long and thin; distal part thumb-shaped and concave on inner margin, outer margin with thumb-shaped process, apical tip with tooth-like process, pointing to base. Holotype Male: China, Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen, Fuliang (29 ° 26 0 N, 117 ° 15 0 E), Huangzihao, c. 600 m a. s. l., 26. v. 2012, W. Li leg. (= collector), DNA no. L 14114 (Fig. 1). Paratypes One male and five females, same data as the holotype, DNA no. L 14115 (Fig. 1). Distribution and habitat This species is only known from Jiangxi Province, China. The type locality is nearby a stream on the mountain slope in a secondary forest. Etymology From the Latin deltodontus (= triangular tooth-like), referring to the male endopod of pleopod 2 with a triangular process at apical tip.	en	Li, Wei-Chun (2017): Morphology and molecules reveal high species diversity of Ligidium (Crustacea: Oniscidea: Ligiidae) in Jiangxi, China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (3): 627-641, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12464, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/179/3/627/3058166/Morphology-and-molecules-reveal-high-species
03938785FF96F138074CFEF2FC6AA3EE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Unique in characters of the male pleopod 2 endopod: the subapical part bears a thorn-shaped process near outer margin, and tiny spines are present near the subapical process and apical tip. Description Body length of male 6.5 mm, of females 7.0 – 9.0 mm. Body elongated (c. 2.3 times as long as wide); pereonites 1 and 2 without ‘ bristle field’ on posterior margin of epimera. Colour in alcohol dark grey with white spots on dorsal surface. Antennule (Fig. 4 A): First article subrectangular, gently broadened towards three distal setae at the tip; second article about 1.3 times as long as the first, ending with three distal setae; third article thin and long, distal half narrowed towards blunt tip. Antenna (Fig. 4 B): Articles 2 – 4 of peduncle all with single seta near distal tip; fifth article equipped with two setae; flagellum composed of 12 articles. Mandibles (Fig. 4 C, D): Left mandible with three-toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis three-toothed; four penicils between lacinia mobilis and molar process. Right mandible with three-toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis three-toothed; two penicils between lacinia mobilis and molar process. Maxillule (Fig. 4 E): Inner lobe with three stout penicils and long seta near distal margin; outer lobe with 12 apical teeth of various sizes. Maxilla (Fig. 4 F): Distally divided into two lappets with rounded apices; small lappet with well-developed seta; large lappet with five well-developed setae and several tiny spines, lateral margin bears two setose penicils at subapical part, one elongated and one small ovate. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 A): Endite subrectangular, basally narrow, gently broadened towards distal tip, distal margin with tooth at inner distal angle; palp with eight setae. Telson (Fig. 5 B): Distal margin arched, concave near lateral margin and forming blunt, rounded corners. Uropod (Fig. 5 B): Uropodal protopod about three times as long as broad; inner-distal projection of protopod nearly as long as width of its base; endopod about 1.5 times as long as exopod, endopodal and exopodal tips with long seta. Male – pereopods (Fig. 5 C, D): Pereopod 1 basis with four setae on inner margin; ischium concave on outer margin, bears single seta on both inner and outer margins; merus with eight setae on inner margin and two setae at outer distal angle; carpus with six setae on inner margin and single seta at outer distal angle; propodus bears some small setae on inner margin and small seta at outer distal tip. Pereopod 7 basis bears two setae on inner margin; ischium narrow and concave basally, broadened towards subtip, then narrowed towards distal tip, bears four setae on inner margin and two setae on outer margin; merus with six setae on inner margin and two long setae at outer distal angle; carpus conspicuously narrow at base, gradually broadened toward distal tip, bears five setae on inner margin and four setae at outer distal angle; propodus bears four small setae on inner margin. Male – pleopods (Fig. 5 E – I): Pleopod 1 exopod with blunt, rounded distal margin, endopod with triangular projection and long seta. Pleopod 2 exopod nearly ovate; endopod long and thin, subapically with a thorn-shaped process and several tiny spines, apically well sclerotized at outer half and tapered towards blunt, rounded tip, covered with tiny spines at the end. Holotype Male: China, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou, Longnan, Jiulianshan (24 ° 40 0 N, 114 ° 33 0 E), c. 1000 m a. s. l., 23. iv. 2012, W. Li leg. Paratypes Two females, same data as the holotype, DNA nos L 14135 and L 14136 (Fig. 1). Distribution and habitat This species is only known from Jiangxi Province, China. It was found under a thick layer of leaf-litter of Michelia species on the mountain slope in a primary forest. Etymology From the Latin polyacanthus (= spinous), referring to the male endopod of pleopod 2 being covered with many tiny spines at apical part. Remarks This species is very similar to L. acutangulum and L. gracilentum sp. nov., but it can be distinguished by the tiny spines at the apical part of the male pleopod 2 endopod. In L. acutangulum and L. gracilentum, the male pleopod 2 endopod lacks tiny spines. Further, they can also be separated based on the phylogenetic analysis of sequence data; every species was represented by a well-supported clade (Fig. 1).	en	Li, Wei-Chun (2017): Morphology and molecules reveal high species diversity of Ligidium (Crustacea: Oniscidea: Ligiidae) in Jiangxi, China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (3): 627-641, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12464, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/179/3/627/3058166/Morphology-and-molecules-reveal-high-species
03938785FF97F13F076AFE56FA8BA392.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Unique in characters of the male pleopod 2 endopod: the subapical part bears a thorn-shaped process on outer margin, and the apical part is slender and concave on inner margin. Description Body length of male 5.0 mm, of females 4.0 – 6.0 mm. Body elongated (c. 2.3 times as long as wide); pereonites 1 and 2 without ‘ bristle field’ on posterior margin of epimera. Colour in alcohol dark grey with white spots on dorsal surface. Antennule (Fig. 6 A): First article narrowed basally, broadened distinctively towards three distal setae at the tip; second article about 1.3 times as long as the first, ending with three distal setae; third article narrowed towards two distal setae at the tip. Antenna (Fig. 6 B): Second and third article of peduncle both with long seta near distal tip; fourth article covered with tiny setae; fifth article with four long setae at base, bears one and three long setae at distal 2 / 5 and distal tip, respectively; flagellum composed of 14 articles. Mandibles (Fig. 6 C, D): Left mandible with three-toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis three-toothed; single penicil between lacinia mobilis and molar process. Right mandible with three-toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis nearly ovate; three penicils between lacinia mobilis and molar process. Maxillule (Fig. 6 E): Inner lobe with three stout penicils and short seta near distal margin; outer lobe with nine apical teeth of various sizes. Maxilla (Fig. 6 F): Covered with tiny spines near apical tip, two setose penicils, one ovate and one elongated. Maxilliped (Fig. 7 A): Endite nearly rectangular, distal margin with ovate process at inner distal angle; palp with five setae. Telson (Fig. 7 B): Distal margin slightly convex near middle, gently concave near lateral margin and forming blunt, rounded corners. Uropod (Fig. 7 B): Uropodal protopod about three times as long as broad; inner-distal projection of protopod slightly longer than basal width; endopod nearly twice as long as exopod, ending with long seta; exopodal tip with small distal seta. Male – pereopods (Fig. 7 C – E): Pereopod 1 basis with three setae on both inner and outer margins; ischium outer margin concave and equipped with three setae, inner margin bears four setae; merus with seven setae on inner margin and three setae at outer distal angle; carpus with five setae on inner margin and three setae at outer distal angle; propodus bears four small setae on inner margin and single small seta at outer distal tip. Pereopod 7 basis distal 1 / 4 narrowed, bears two setae and single seta on inner and outer margin, respectively; ischium narrow basally, broadened towards subtip, then narrowed towards distal tip, bears four setae on both inner and outer margins; merus with five setae on inner margin and three setae at outer distal angle; carpus bears six setae on inner margin and four setae at outer distal angle; propodus bears four small setae on inner margin; dactylus with two small spines and a cluster of setae near apical tip. Male – pleopods (Fig. 7 F – J): Pleopod 1 exopod with blunted rounded distal margin, endopod with triangular projection and three setae. Pleopod 2 exopod nearly ovate; endopod long and thin, apical 1 / 3 tapered towards blunt, rounded tip; apical part slender, concave on inner margin, outer margin well sclerotized and bears subapical, thorn-shaped process. Holotype Male: China, Jiangxi Province, Shangrao, Wuyishan (26 ° 54 0 N, 116 ° 42 0 E), c. 900 m a. s. l., 8. viii. 2012, W. Li leg., DNA no. L 14082 (Fig. 1). Paratypes Four females, same data as the holotype, DNA nos L 14083 and L 14085 (Fig. 1). Distribution and habitat This species is only known from Jiangxi Province, China. The type locality is nearby a mountain stream in a laurel forest. Etymology From the Latin gracilentus (= slender), referring to the slender apical part of the male pleopod 2 endopod. Remarks This species is similar to L. acutangulum and L. polyacanthum sp. nov. but can be distinguished from the latter species by the slender and bent apical part of male pleopod 2 endopod. Additionally, in L. acutangulum and L. polyacanthum, the apical part of male pleopod 2 endopod is nearly triangular and straight. The species can also be distinguished based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis conducted here as stated under L. polyacanthum.	en	Li, Wei-Chun (2017): Morphology and molecules reveal high species diversity of Ligidium (Crustacea: Oniscidea: Ligiidae) in Jiangxi, China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (3): 627-641, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12464, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/179/3/627/3058166/Morphology-and-molecules-reveal-high-species
03938785FF90F13F0782FDBBFB5AA7F9.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype Male: China, Jiangxi Province, Pixiang, Wugongshan (27 ° 27 0 N 114 ° 10 0 E), c. 1900 m a. s. l., 16. ix. 2011, W. Li leg., DNA no. L 14110 (Fig. 1). Paratypes Six males and 30 females, same data as the holotype; 15 females: China, Jiangxi Province, Pixiang, Wugongshan c. 1500 m a. s. l., 5. vii. 2013, W. Li leg., DNA no. L 14111 (Fig. 1). Additional specimens Seven males and 39 females: China, Jiangxi Province, Yichun, Tonggu (28 ° 32 0 N 114 ° 22 0 E), Xiangutan, c. 1100 m a. s. l., 12. iv. 2012, W. Li leg., DNA nos L 14098, L 14100, L 14102, L 14103, and L 14104 (Fig. 1). Remarks Ligidium acutangulum was described and figured in detail by Li (2015). This species is similar to L. polyacanthum sp. nov. and L. gracilentum sp. nov. The differences amongst them are stated under the descriptions of these two species above.	en	Li, Wei-Chun (2017): Morphology and molecules reveal high species diversity of Ligidium (Crustacea: Oniscidea: Ligiidae) in Jiangxi, China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (3): 627-641, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12464, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/179/3/627/3058166/Morphology-and-molecules-reveal-high-species
