identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.text	03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglotheridion Hu & Liu 2025	<div><p>Genus  Troglotheridion gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.  Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov. .</p><p>Etymology. The generic name is a combination of Troglobiont (referring to the cave habitat) and  Theridion (type genus of the subfamily  Theridiinae, referring to this new genus belongs to the subfamily  Theridiinae). The gender is neuter.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Troglotheridion gen. nov. resemble those of  Takayus Yoshida, 2001 in having thick embolus (E) almost as wide as palpal tibia, and epigyne with sclerotized posterior margin (Figs 2, 3, 5, 6 vs. figs 41, 52, 54 in Chikuni 1989; figs 80B‒E, 83B‒E, 93B‒E, 94B‒E, 108B‒E, 114B‒F, 115B‒E, 116B‒E, 117B‒E, 118B‒E, 119B‒E, 120B‒D, 125B‒C in Zhu 1998; figs 2‒6 in Yoshida 2001; fig. 1 in Baba &amp; Tanaka 2019; figs B296b, B 297 in Vanuytven 2021; fig. 25A, B in Zhang et al. 2022), but they differ by 1. habitus pale yellow, without patterns (vs. with bright color and dark brown fleck in  Takayus); 2. eyes vestigial (vs. eight eyes present in  Takayus); 3. tegular apophysis (TA) longitudinally elongate (vs. indistinct in  Takayus); 4. conductor (C) elongate and distinct (vs. indistinct in  Takayus); 5. epigyne without scapus (vs. with a distinct scapus in  Takayus); and 6. fertilizated ducts (FD) arising from center of spermathecae (S) (arising from posterior part of spermathecae (S) in  Takayus).</p><p>Troglotheridion gen. nov. also resemble that of  Yunohamella Yoshida, 2007 in the conductor (C) conjugating with tegulum (T) (Figs 2, 3, 5, 6 vs. figs 57, 63, 64 in Chikuni 1989; figs 107‒109 in Gao &amp; Li 2014; figs 37‒39 in Marusik &amp; Logunov 2017; figs 3E‒G, 4A in Lee &amp; Kim 2021; figs B2336a, b, B 337 in Vanuytven 2021; figs 1, 3, 5A, B, 6A, B, 7A‒C, 9A‒C in Zhong et al. 2025), but they differ by 1. habitus pale yellow, without patterns (vs. habitus dark with distinct red to dark brown cardiac pattern in  Yunohamella); 2. eyes vestigial (vs. eight eyes present in  Yunohamella); 3. palpal tibia longer or almost as long as cymbium (vs. almost half the length of cymbium in  Yunohamella); 4. tegular apophysis (TA) longitudinally elongate (vs. horizontal in  Yunohamella); 5. embolus (E) thick, almost as wide as palpal tibia (vs. thin in  Yunohamella); and 6. copulatory openings adjacent (vs. separated in  Yunohamella).</p><p>Description. Tiny to small sized spiders with total length between 1.59‒2.40. PME absent, AME reduced or absent, ALE and PLE strongly reduced. Carapace and sternum pale yellow. Chelicerae pale yellow, with one promarginal tooth, without retromarginal tooth. Legs pale yellow and haired. Leg formula: I-II-IV-III. Abdomen haired, dorsum with a white mark in front of spinnerets. Prosomal stridulatory ridges and abdominal stridulatory pick rows present in male, absent in females. Prosomal stridulatory ridges long and continuous; two stridulatory pick rows placed dorsally relative to the pedicel on the abdomen. Colulus absent (Figs 1, 2, 5).</p><p>Palp: Tibia longer or almost as long as cymbium, without prolateral trichobothria (Tb), with two retrolateral trichobothria (Tb). Cymbium kidney-shaped, cymbial hood (Chd) narrow, located at distal cymbium; tarsal organ (TO) enlarged, almost three times the diameter of setal sockets. Subtegulum (ST) bowl-shaped. Tegulum (T) ventrally narrow, retrolaterally with an apophysis (TRA), sperm duct (SD) in prolateral tegulum (T) thick, while retrolateral tegulum (T) thin. Median apophysis (MA) wide, irregular shaped and unbranched. Tegular apophysis (TA) longitudinally elongate, almost as long as embolus (E). Conductor (C) elongate, conjugating with tegulum (T). Embolus (E) drop-shaped, short and thick, prolateral embolus (E) with a triangular projection (EP I), retrolateral embolus (E) with two projections (EP II, EP III) (Figs 3A‒C, 4, 6A‒C).</p><p>Epigyne: Epigyne with a slightly sclerotized posterior margin. Copulatory openings adjacent. Copulatory ducts (CD) V-shaped. Fertilizated ducts (FD) curved, branched and arising from center of spermathecae (S) (Figs 3D‒F, 6D‒F).</p><p>Composition.  Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov. and  Troglotheridion sangzhiense (Zhu, 1998) comb. nov.</p><p>Relationships. In Liu et al. (2016),  Theridion sangzhiense was placed in the subfamily  Pholcommatinae Simon, 1894, but this species does not conform to all the characteristics of  Pholcommatinae, including: an upward pointing cymbial hook located on the ectal margin, a grooved tegular apophysis (TA), portions of embolus (E) spiral enclosed entirely within tegular apophysis (TA), and the embolic base shifted ectally and partially hidden by cymbium (Agnarsson 2004). Thus, we consider  Theridion sangzhiense in Liu et al. (2016) was probably misidentified.</p><p>The two species of this genus exhibit all the characteristics of  Theridiinae, including the reduction of prolateral trichobothria (Tb) on the male palpal tibia, epiandrous gland spigots spread over genital plate, and the absent of colular setae (Agnarsson 2004). Agnarsson (2004) noted that the reduction of retrolateral trichobothria (Tb) on the male palpal tibia occurs within the subfamily, though some reversals exist (with two trichobothria (Tb)), such as in  Nesticodes Archer, 1950 and  Parasteatoda Archer, 1946 . The two species of the genus  Troglotheridion also exhibit two retrolateral trichobothria (Tb) on the male palpal tibia. Therefore, we consider this genus to clearly belong to the subfamily  Theridiinae .</p><p>Distribution. China (Caves of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Liu, Jie	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.text	03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglotheridion lamellatum Hu & Liu 2025	<div><p>Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1A‒C, 2‒4, 7</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♂, CHINA: Guizhou Province: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.6805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.1011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.6805/lat 27.1011)">Bijie City</a>,  Dafang Co., 
Qingxu Cave; 27.1011°N, 105.6805°E, elev. 1455 m; 25.08.2020, J. Liu &amp; B. Liang leg. (CBEE, GZ20200463)  .  Paratypes: 1♂, 5♀, same data as holotype (CBEE, GZ20200464) .</p><p>Etymology. This specific name is taken from the Latin adjective “ lamella ” and refers to the lamelliform embolic projection II (EP II) of male palp.</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of this new species can be distinguished from  T. sangzhiense by 1. tegular retrolateral apophysis smaller (TRA), almost half the width of conductor (C) (vs. larger, almost as wide as conductor (C) in  T. sangzhiense); 2. embolic projection II (EP II) knife-shaped and lamelliform (vs. short and triangular in  T. sangzhiense); 3. embolic tip almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I) (vs. almost 1/3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I) in  T. sangzhiense); and 4. notch between embolic tip and embolic projection II (EP II) larger, almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I) (vs. smaller, almost 1/3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I) in  T. sangzhiense) (Fig. 3A‒C vs. Fig. 6A‒C).</p><p>Females can be distinguished by 1. posterior epigynal margin broad W-shaped (U-shaped in  T. sangzhiense); 2. interdistance of copulatory openings almost 1/4 width of epigyne (less than 1/10 width of epigyne in  T. sangzhiense); and 3. posterior part of copulatory ducts (CD) curved laterally (almost parallel to each other in  T. sangzhiense) (Fig. 3D‒F vs. Fig. 6D‒F).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.66. Carapace 0.75 long, 0.67 wide. Abdomen 0.88 long, 0.68 wide. Measurements of legs: I 8.41 (2.52, 2.87, 2.13, 0.89), II 6.10 (1.91, 1.91, 1.48, 0.80), III 4.65 (1.54, 1.45, 1.06, 0.60), IV 5.67 (1.92, 1.82, 1.28, 0.65). AME and PME absent, ALE and PLE strongly vestigial. Other characteristics of male habitus as in generic description (Figs 1A‒C, 2A, B).</p><p>Cymbium almost as long as tibia. Tegular retrolateral apophysis (TRA) small, almost half the width of conductor (C), thick part of sperm duct (SD) in prolateral tegulum (T) reverse C-shaped in ventral view, thin part of sperm duct (SD) in retrolateral tegulum (T) thinner than the diameter of tarsal organ (TO). Median apophysis (MA) S-shaped in ventral view, uncovered portion as long as wide. Tegular apophysis (TA) extending beyond cymbium in lateral view. Embolus (E) with a knife-shaped and lamelliform embolic projection II (EP II), embolic tip almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I), notch between embolic tip and embolic projection II (EP II) large, almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I). Other characteristics of male palp as in generic description (Figs 3A‒C, 4).</p><p>Female (paratype): Total length 1.59. Carapace 0.77 long, 0.66 wide. Abdomen 0.99 long, 0.71 wide. Measurements of legs: I 6.37 (1.91, 2.09, 1.57, 0.80), II 4.72 (1.52, 1.49, 1.04, 0.67), III 3.55 (1.17, 1.01, 0.81, 0.56), IV 4.40 (1.50, 1.31, 0.94, 0.57). Palpal claw highly elongated. Other characteristics of female habitus as in generic description (Fig. 2C, D).</p><p>Epigyne as wide as long, with broad W-shaped posterior margin. Interdistance of copulatory openings almost 1/4 width of epigyne. Posterior part of copulatory ducts (CD) curved laterally. Spermathecae (S) oval. Other characteristics of epigyne as in generic description (Fig. 3D‒F).</p><p>Distribution. China (Guizhou Province) (Fig. 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Liu, Jie	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.text	03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglotheridion sangzhiense (Zhu 1998) Hu & Liu 2025	<div><p>Troglotheridion sangzhiense (Zhu, 1998) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 1D, 5‒7</p><p>Theridion sangzhiensis Zhu, 1998: 127, figs 72A‒E (♂ ♀); Song, Zhu &amp; Chen, 1999: 142, figs 79C‒D, J, L (♂ ♀).</p><p>Theridion sangzhiense Yin et al., 2012: 417, figs 185a‒e (♂ ♀).</p><p>Type material (examined).   Holotype: ♀, CHINA: Hunan Province: Zhangjiajie City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.1256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.3306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.1256/lat 29.3306)">Sangzhi Co.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.1256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.3306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.1256/lat 29.3306)">Jiutian Cave</a>; 29.3306°N, 110.1256°E, elev. 287 m; 25.08.1990, M.S. Zhu leg. (MHBU, HBU (Ar.)006953)  .  Allotype: ♂, same data as holotype (MHBU, HBU (Ar.)006953) .  Paratypes: 3♀, same data as holotype (MHBU, HBU (Ar.)006956, HBU (Ar.)006957, HBU (Ar.)006960) .</p><p>Diagnosis. See the above diagnosis under  Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov. .</p><p>Redescription. Male (allotype): Total length 2.10. Carapace 0.80 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen missing. Measurements of legs: I 8.70 (2.60, 3.00, 2.18, 0.92), II 6.12 (1.91, 2.10, 1.40, 0.71), III 4.19 (1.39, 1.25, 0.99, 0.56), IV 5.69 (1.82, 1.91, 1.22, 0.74). AME and PME absent, ALE and PLE strongly vestigial. Other characteristics of male habitus as in generic description (Figs 1D, 5A, B).</p><p>Cymbium longer than tibia. Tegular retrolateral apophysis (TRA) wide, almost as wide as conductor (C), thick part of sperm duct (SD) in prolateral tegulum (T) S-shaped in ventral view, thin part of sperm duct (SD) in retrolateral tegulum (T) almost as wide as the diameter of tarsal organ (TO). Uncovered portion of median apophysis (MA) longer than wide. Tegular apophysis (TA) not extending beyond cymbium. Embolus (E) with a short and triangular embolic projection II (EP II), embolic tip almost 1/3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I), notch between embolic tip and embolic projection II (EP II) small, almost 1/3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I). Other characteristics of male palp as in generic description (Fig. 6A‒C).</p><p>Female (holotype): Total length 2.40. Carapace 0.73 long, 0.69 wide. Abdomen 1.52 long, 1.42 wide. Measurements of legs: I 8.60 (2.60, 3.00, 2.10, 0.90), II 6.10 (1.90, 2.10, 1.40, 0.70), III 3.95 (1.40, 1.30, 0.66, 0.59), IV 5.71 (1.80, 1.90, 1.22, 0.79). Other characteristics of female habitus as in generic description (Fig. 5C, D).</p><p>Epigyne wider than long, with U-shaped posterior margin. Interdistance of copulatory openings less than 1/10 width of epigyne. Posterior portion of copulatory ducts (CD) almost parallel to each other. Spermathecae (S) beanshaped. Other characteristics of epigyne as in generic description (Fig. 6D‒F).</p><p>Natural history. This species inhabits in rock depressions or crevices in caves and builds a simple cobweb (Zhu, 1998).</p><p>Distribution. China (Hunan Province) (Fig. 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hu, Changhao;Liu, Jie	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
