taxonID	type	description	language	source
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov..	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name is a combination of Troglobiont (referring to the cave habitat) and Theridion (type genus of the subfamily Theridiinae, referring to this new genus belongs to the subfamily Theridiinae). The gender is neuter.	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Troglotheridion gen. nov. resemble those of Takayus Yoshida, 2001 in having thick embolus (E) almost as wide as palpal tibia, and epigyne with sclerotized posterior margin (Figs 2, 3, 5, 6 vs. figs 41, 52, 54 in Chikuni 1989; figs 80 B ‒ E, 83 B ‒ E, 93 B ‒ E, 94 B ‒ E, 108 B ‒ E, 114 B ‒ F, 115 B ‒ E, 116 B ‒ E, 117 B ‒ E, 118 B ‒ E, 119 B ‒ E, 120 B ‒ D, 125 B ‒ C in Zhu 1998; figs 2 ‒ 6 in Yoshida 2001; fig. 1 in Baba & Tanaka 2019; figs B 296 b, B 297 in Vanuytven 2021; fig. 25 A, B in Zhang et al. 2022), but they differ by 1. habitus pale yellow, without patterns (vs. with bright color and dark brown fleck in Takayus); 2. eyes vestigial (vs. eight eyes present in Takayus); 3. tegular apophysis (TA) longitudinally elongate (vs. indistinct in Takayus); 4. conductor (C) elongate and distinct (vs. indistinct in Takayus); 5. epigyne without scapus (vs. with a distinct scapus in Takayus); and 6. fertilizated ducts (FD) arising from center of spermathecae (S) (arising from posterior part of spermathecae (S) in Takayus). Troglotheridion gen. nov. also resemble that of Yunohamella Yoshida, 2007 in the conductor (C) conjugating with tegulum (T) (Figs 2, 3, 5, 6 vs. figs 57, 63, 64 in Chikuni 1989; figs 107 ‒ 109 in Gao & Li 2014; figs 37 ‒ 39 in Marusik & Logunov 2017; figs 3 E ‒ G, 4 A in Lee & Kim 2021; figs B 2336 a, b, B 337 in Vanuytven 2021; figs 1, 3, 5 A, B, 6 A, B, 7 A ‒ C, 9 A ‒ C in Zhong et al. 2025), but they differ by 1. habitus pale yellow, without patterns (vs. habitus dark with distinct red to dark brown cardiac pattern in Yunohamella); 2. eyes vestigial (vs. eight eyes present in Yunohamella); 3. palpal tibia longer or almost as long as cymbium (vs. almost half the length of cymbium in Yunohamella); 4. tegular apophysis (TA) longitudinally elongate (vs. horizontal in Yunohamella); 5. embolus (E) thick, almost as wide as palpal tibia (vs. thin in Yunohamella); and 6. copulatory openings adjacent (vs. separated in Yunohamella).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	description	Description. Tiny to small sized spiders with total length between 1.59 ‒ 2.40. PME absent, AME reduced or absent, ALE and PLE strongly reduced. Carapace and sternum pale yellow. Chelicerae pale yellow, with one promarginal tooth, without retromarginal tooth. Legs pale yellow and haired. Leg formula: I-II-IV-III. Abdomen haired, dorsum with a white mark in front of spinnerets. Prosomal stridulatory ridges and abdominal stridulatory pick rows present in male, absent in females. Prosomal stridulatory ridges long and continuous; two stridulatory pick rows placed dorsally relative to the pedicel on the abdomen. Colulus absent (Figs 1, 2, 5). Palp: Tibia longer or almost as long as cymbium, without prolateral trichobothria (Tb), with two retrolateral trichobothria (Tb). Cymbium kidney-shaped, cymbial hood (Chd) narrow, located at distal cymbium; tarsal organ (TO) enlarged, almost three times the diameter of setal sockets. Subtegulum (ST) bowl-shaped. Tegulum (T) ventrally narrow, retrolaterally with an apophysis (TRA), sperm duct (SD) in prolateral tegulum (T) thick, while retrolateral tegulum (T) thin. Median apophysis (MA) wide, irregular shaped and unbranched. Tegular apophysis (TA) longitudinally elongate, almost as long as embolus (E). Conductor (C) elongate, conjugating with tegulum (T). Embolus (E) drop-shaped, short and thick, prolateral embolus (E) with a triangular projection (EP I), retrolateral embolus (E) with two projections (EP II, EP III) (Figs 3 A ‒ C, 4, 6 A ‒ C). Epigyne: Epigyne with a slightly sclerotized posterior margin. Copulatory openings adjacent. Copulatory ducts (CD) V-shaped. Fertilizated ducts (FD) curved, branched and arising from center of spermathecae (S) (Figs 3 D ‒ F, 6 D ‒ F).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	discussion	Composition. Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov. and Troglotheridion sangzhiense (Zhu, 1998) comb. nov. Relationships. In Liu et al. (2016), Theridion sangzhiense was placed in the subfamily Pholcommatinae Simon, 1894, but this species does not conform to all the characteristics of Pholcommatinae, including: an upward pointing cymbial hook located on the ectal margin, a grooved tegular apophysis (TA), portions of embolus (E) spiral enclosed entirely within tegular apophysis (TA), and the embolic base shifted ectally and partially hidden by cymbium (Agnarsson 2004). Thus, we consider Theridion sangzhiense in Liu et al. (2016) was probably misidentified. The two species of this genus exhibit all the characteristics of Theridiinae, including the reduction of prolateral trichobothria (Tb) on the male palpal tibia, epiandrous gland spigots spread over genital plate, and the absent of colular setae (Agnarsson 2004). Agnarsson (2004) noted that the reduction of retrolateral trichobothria (Tb) on the male palpal tibia occurs within the subfamily, though some reversals exist (with two trichobothria (Tb )), such as in Nesticodes Archer, 1950 and Parasteatoda Archer, 1946. The two species of the genus Troglotheridion also exhibit two retrolateral trichobothria (Tb) on the male palpal tibia. Therefore, we consider this genus to clearly belong to the subfamily Theridiinae.	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFE8FFFEFF4EFA66B4209084.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Caves of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	description	Figs 1 A ‒ C, 2 ‒ 4, 7	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♂, CHINA: Guizhou Province: Bijie City, Dafang Co., Qingxu Cave; 27.1011 ° N, 105.6805 ° E, elev. 1455 m; 25.08.2020, J. Liu & B. Liang leg. (CBEE, GZ 20200463). Paratypes: 1 ♂, 5 ♀, same data as holotype (CBEE, GZ 20200464).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This specific name is taken from the Latin adjective “ lamella ” and refers to the lamelliform embolic projection II (EP II) of male palp.	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of this new species can be distinguished from T. sangzhiense by 1. tegular retrolateral apophysis smaller (TRA), almost half the width of conductor (C) (vs. larger, almost as wide as conductor (C) in T. sangzhiense); 2. embolic projection II (EP II) knife-shaped and lamelliform (vs. short and triangular in T. sangzhiense); 3. embolic tip almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I) (vs. almost 1 / 3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I) in T. sangzhiense); and 4. notch between embolic tip and embolic projection II (EP II) larger, almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I) (vs. smaller, almost 1 / 3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I) in T. sangzhiense) (Fig. 3 A ‒ C vs. Fig. 6 A ‒ C). Females can be distinguished by 1. posterior epigynal margin broad W-shaped (U-shaped in T. sangzhiense); 2. interdistance of copulatory openings almost 1 / 4 width of epigyne (less than 1 / 10 width of epigyne in T. sangzhiense); and 3. posterior part of copulatory ducts (CD) curved laterally (almost parallel to each other in T. sangzhiense) (Fig. 3 D ‒ F vs. Fig. 6 D ‒ F).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.66. Carapace 0.75 long, 0.67 wide. Abdomen 0.88 long, 0.68 wide. Measurements of legs: I 8.41 (2.52, 2.87, 2.13, 0.89), II 6.10 (1.91, 1.91, 1.48, 0.80), III 4.65 (1.54, 1.45, 1.06, 0.60), IV 5.67 (1.92, 1.82, 1.28, 0.65). AME and PME absent, ALE and PLE strongly vestigial. Other characteristics of male habitus as in generic description (Figs 1 A ‒ C, 2 A, B). Cymbium almost as long as tibia. Tegular retrolateral apophysis (TRA) small, almost half the width of conductor (C), thick part of sperm duct (SD) in prolateral tegulum (T) reverse C-shaped in ventral view, thin part of sperm duct (SD) in retrolateral tegulum (T) thinner than the diameter of tarsal organ (TO). Median apophysis (MA) S-shaped in ventral view, uncovered portion as long as wide. Tegular apophysis (TA) extending beyond cymbium in lateral view. Embolus (E) with a knife-shaped and lamelliform embolic projection II (EP II), embolic tip almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I), notch between embolic tip and embolic projection II (EP II) large, almost as wide as embolic projection I (EP I). Other characteristics of male palp as in generic description (Figs 3 A ‒ C, 4). Female (paratype): Total length 1.59. Carapace 0.77 long, 0.66 wide. Abdomen 0.99 long, 0.71 wide. Measurements of legs: I 6.37 (1.91, 2.09, 1.57, 0.80), II 4.72 (1.52, 1.49, 1.04, 0.67), III 3.55 (1.17, 1.01, 0.81, 0.56), IV 4.40 (1.50, 1.31, 0.94, 0.57). Palpal claw highly elongated. Other characteristics of female habitus as in generic description (Fig. 2 C, D). Epigyne as wide as long, with broad W-shaped posterior margin. Interdistance of copulatory openings almost 1 / 4 width of epigyne. Posterior part of copulatory ducts (CD) curved laterally. Spermathecae (S) oval. Other characteristics of epigyne as in generic description (Fig. 3 D ‒ F).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEBFFFFFF4EF9CCB59C9154.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guizhou Province) (Fig. 7).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	description	Figs 1 D, 5 ‒ 7	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). Holotype: ♀, CHINA: Hunan Province: Zhangjiajie City, Sangzhi Co., Jiutian Cave; 29.3306 ° N, 110.1256 ° E, elev. 287 m; 25.08.1990, M. S. Zhu leg. (MHBU, HBU (Ar.) 006953). Allotype: ♂, same data as holotype (MHBU, HBU (Ar.) 006953). Paratypes: 3 ♀, same data as holotype (MHBU, HBU (Ar.) 006956, HBU (Ar.) 006957, HBU (Ar.) 006960).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See the above diagnosis under Troglotheridion lamellatum sp. nov..	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	description	Redescription. Male (allotype): Total length 2.10. Carapace 0.80 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen missing. Measurements of legs: I 8.70 (2.60, 3.00, 2.18, 0.92), II 6.12 (1.91, 2.10, 1.40, 0.71), III 4.19 (1.39, 1.25, 0.99, 0.56), IV 5.69 (1.82, 1.91, 1.22, 0.74). AME and PME absent, ALE and PLE strongly vestigial. Other characteristics of male habitus as in generic description (Figs 1 D, 5 A, B). Cymbium longer than tibia. Tegular retrolateral apophysis (TRA) wide, almost as wide as conductor (C), thick part of sperm duct (SD) in prolateral tegulum (T) S-shaped in ventral view, thin part of sperm duct (SD) in retrolateral tegulum (T) almost as wide as the diameter of tarsal organ (TO). Uncovered portion of median apophysis (MA) longer than wide. Tegular apophysis (TA) not extending beyond cymbium. Embolus (E) with a short and triangular embolic projection II (EP II), embolic tip almost 1 / 3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I), notch between embolic tip and embolic projection II (EP II) small, almost 1 / 3 times thinner than embolic projection I (EP I). Other characteristics of male palp as in generic description (Fig. 6 A ‒ C). Female (holotype): Total length 2.40. Carapace 0.73 long, 0.69 wide. Abdomen 1.52 long, 1.42 wide. Measurements of legs: I 8.60 (2.60, 3.00, 2.10, 0.90), II 6.10 (1.90, 2.10, 1.40, 0.70), III 3.95 (1.40, 1.30, 0.66, 0.59), IV 5.71 (1.80, 1.90, 1.22, 0.79). Other characteristics of female habitus as in generic description (Fig. 5 C, D). Epigyne wider than long, with U-shaped posterior margin. Interdistance of copulatory openings less than 1 / 10 width of epigyne. Posterior portion of copulatory ducts (CD) almost parallel to each other. Spermathecae (S) beanshaped. Other characteristics of epigyne as in generic description (Fig. 6 D ‒ F).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history. This species inhabits in rock depressions or crevices in caves and builds a simple cobweb (Zhu, 1998).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
03911B6FFFEAFFFBFF4EFB7CB5B693DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hunan Province) (Fig. 7).	en	Hu, Changhao, Liu, Jie (2025): A new troglobitic genus of the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China. Zootaxa 5627 (2): 387-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5627.2.9
