identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039D11499D4FFFDDC8B3EEFDFD27FC94.text	039D11499D4FFFDDC8B3EEFDFD27FC94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia angulata Hendel 1914	<div><p>Rivellia angulata Hendel, 1914</p><p>Larvae frequently infest pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan) at the ICRISAT Center in India (Sithanantham et al. 1981). Sithanantham et al. (1987) demonstrated a positive association between the presence of R. angulata and root nodule functioning. Subsequent work at the same research facility on pigeon pea and on sorghum ( Sorgorum bicolor L. Moench) noted that root nodule damage was greater in crops grown in Vertisols compared to those grown in alfisols and that there was a 70 % rate of damage to root nodules in artificially inoculated potted plants (Kumar Rao &amp; Sithanantham 1989).</p><p>In contrast, in pulse crops in northern Karnataka, India, larvae of Rivellia sp. caused up to 98 % nodule damage to mung bean ( Vigna spp.), urd ( V. radiata), cowpea ( V. unguiculata), pigeon pea or red gram ( Cajanus cajan) and groundnut when sown in July or later (Siddappaji &amp; Gowda 1980). Reed et al. (1989) noted that application of large doses of insecticides to soils was not successful, nor economic, but that adding nitrogen fertilizer to soil might alleviate nutrient deficiency caused by nodule damage. Later, Nambiar at al. (1990) demonstrated that root nodule damage could be significantly reduced by growing pigeon pea in pots seeded with strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. to which Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was cloned. This produced a derivative gram-negative bacteria plasmid vector that transfers across a broad-host-range by conjugative mobilization.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D4FFFDDC8B3EEFDFD27FC94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D4EFFDDC8B4E837FDB0FA01.text	039D11499D4EFFDDC8B4E837FDB0FA01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia apicalis Hendel 1934	<div><p>Rivellia apicalis Hendel, 1934 and R. basilaris (Wiedemann, 1830)</p><p>The species is primarily associated with soybean ( Glycine max) in Hokkaido and Kyushyu, Japan (Koizumi 1957; Kobayashi 1981). Koizumi (1957) also noted that adult R. apicalis feed on aphid honeydew and are often in mixed populations with R. basilaris . Kurosawa and Matsumoto (1961) observed R. apicalis, R. nigricans and an unidentified species of Rivellia in a newly cultivated patch of soybean at Sapporo, Japan.</p><p>Rivellia apicalis was also recorded from Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi &amp; Ohashi (Azuki bean and common bean plants such as scarlet runner) (Suzuki &amp; Mori 1963). Chemical controls were proposed and tested in India by Bhattacharjee (1977). In addition Sugiyama and Mochizuki (1949) and Chiku and Miyashita (1957) each list an undetermined species of Rivellia associated with failing soybean ( Glycine max) crops respectiVely in Hokuriku and Ina, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.</p><p>R. basilaris was noted as a pest of fruit of eggplant ( Solanum melongena) at Kangton in China (Koizumi 1957); R. nr. basilaris on soybean in Australia and New Zealand (Kogan et al. 1997).</p><p>Oh et al. (2017) reported decrease in total numbers of R. apicalis on both Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean (GM 1208-3-30) and the Williams 82 Variety compared to the Seoritae, black soybean variety, suggesting that there may be variety based solutions to root nodule fly control.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D4EFFDDC8B4E837FDB0FA01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D4EFFDDC8B4EE85FC56F9AF.text	039D11499D4EFFDDC8B4EE85FC56F9AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia flavimana Loew 1873	<div><p>Rivellia flavimana Loew, 1873, R. metallica (Van der Wulp, 1867) and R. pallida Loew, 1873</p><p>These three species were associated with hog peanut ( Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald) in the USA (Foote 1985; Foote et al. 1987) and potentially co-exist having probably switched hosts from local Fabaceae (Foote et al. 1987) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D4EFFDDC8B4EE85FC56F9AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EBCAFE26FED4.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EBCAFE26FED4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia flavipes Hara 1994	<div><p>Rivellia flavipes Hara, 1994</p><p>The species is associated with Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (bush clover) in Hokkaido, Japan (Hara 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EBCAFE26FED4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EA7AFEF4FDE5.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EA7AFEF4FDE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia flaviventris Hendel 1914	<div><p>Rivellia flaviventris Hendel, 1914</p><p>Briefly mentioned by Hara (1993) in a taxonomic paper, the only information is that Hara collected adults of this species from Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi &amp; Ohashi (Azuki bean and common bean plants such as scarlet runner) in the Nagano and Osaka prefectures of Japan. Oh et al. (2017) reported decrease in total numbers of R. flaviventris on Vitamin E enhanced transgenic soybean (GM 1208-3-30) compared to the Williams 82 Variety but an increase when compared to the Seoritae, black soybean variety, suggesting that there may be variety based solutions to root nodule fly control.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EA7AFEF4FDE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E9ABFC69FCB7.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E9ABFC69FCB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia mandschurica Hennig 1945	<div><p>Rivellia mandschurica Hennig, 1945</p><p>Associated with Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. japonica (Oliver) Ohashi (hog peanut), Maackia amurensis Rurp. &amp; Maxim. var. buergeri (Maxim.) C.K. Schn. (Amur maackia) and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (kudzu Vine or East Asian arrowroot) in Hokkaido (Hara 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E9ABFC69FCB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E81CFC2FFC28.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E81CFC2FFC28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia melliginis Fitch 1855	<div><p>Rivellia melliginis Fitch, 1855</p><p>Adults found visiting dried flowers of black locust tree ( Robinia pseudoacacia) in the USA (Namba 1956; Newsom 1983; Foote 1985; Foote et al. 1987; McMichael at al. 1990), usually has not been associated with root nodules yet.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E81CFC2FFC28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E8EEFE35FBD9.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E8EEFE35FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia micans Loew 1873	<div><p>Rivellia micans Loew, 1873 and R. munda Namba, 1956</p><p>Adults of both species were recorded by Foote et al. (1987) from Amorpha fruticosa L. (false-indigo or bush-indigo) in Oklahoma and Ohio, USA, but no further information is available .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3E8EEFE35FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EF7FFC0FFACA.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EF7FFC0FFACA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia nigricans Matsumura 1916	<div><p>Rivellia nigricans Matsumura, 1916</p><p>The species was first recorded associated with a newly cultivated patch of Glycine max (soybean) at Sapporo, Japan (Kurosawa &amp; Matsumoto 1961), but later also noted (Hara 1994) to occur abundantly on Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (kudzu vine or East Asian arrowroot) in Hokkaido and Honshu, and also in Hokkaido on Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. japonica (Oliver) Ohashi (hog peanut), on Glycine max and on Maackia amurensis Rurp. &amp; Maxim. var. buergeri (Maxim.) C.K. Schn. (Amur maackia).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EF7FFC0FFACA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EE50FD63FA5C.text	039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EE50FD63FA5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia nigroapicalis Byun & Suh 2001	<div><p>Rivellia nigroapicalis Byun &amp; Suh, 2001</p><p>The species was collected as adults from Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. (kudzu, or Japanese arrowroot) in Korea by Byun et al. (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDAC8B3EE50FD63FA5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDBC8B3EEC2FC47FA10.text	039D11499D49FFDBC8B3EEC2FC47FA10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart 1835) Soybean Nodule Fly A	<div><p>Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart, 1835)</p><p>This species was first reported, illustrated and redescribed by Eastman and Wuensche (1977) and thereafter listed as the Soybean root Nodule Fly (SNF) being common on soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in the USA (Koethe &amp; van Duyn 1984, 1985; Foote 1985). Apparently, it is non-specific in host choice as it is also found on the root nodules of lima beans ( Phaseolus limensis Macf.) (Koethe &amp; van Duyn 1988).</p><p>Koethe and Van Duyn (1984) demonstrated that the larVae had an 89 % surViVal rate on nodulating soybean plants compared to only 9 % surViVal on nodule-free plants. Subsequently, Reeves et al. (2009) experimented with nodule and non-nodule treatments by Rhizobium inoculation, supplementing the nitrogen required in non-nodule treatments with applications of 20-20-20 (N-P-K) fertiliser. Their results suggested that with reasonable care and plant separation, the non-nodule method of growing plants may be a reliable way to grow plants for study of female oviposition choice in R. steyskali or R. quadrifasciata .</p><p>Compared with other significant soybean pests ( Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster, 1771), the bean leaf beetle, and Diabrotica balteata Le Conte, 1865, the banded cucumber beetle ( Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)), R. quadrifasciata damaged a greater number of nodules per plant and caused significant reductions in N 2 fixed and C 2 H 4 per plant and per nodule (Hutchinson 1979) in Louisiana, USA.</p><p>Chemical controls were tested for larvae on soybean ( Glycine max), brown-eyed crowder southern peas ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), ‘Florigiant’ peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea L.), bush variety snap-peas ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Koethe &amp; van Duyn 1984) and on trefoil ( Desmodium spp.) (Foote 1985; Foote et al. 1987). Koethe et al. (1986) concluded that tillage was an ineffective control, based on the deep soil (10–30 cm) oVerwintering habits of SNF (also noted by Pitre and Porter (1990)). In 1989, Koethe and Duyn investigated the adult biology in fields, observing SNF feed on carrion, honeydew, bird droppings, insect frass and nectar, with females predominating on more protein-rich foods; traps baited with meat or dead insects readily attracted females, but not males, while fruit (peach), ethylene glycol and soap-water baits attracted few flies at all unless meat was added. Males were effectively trapped using yellow sticky traps.</p><p>In a list of chemical controls for soybean pests (Kohn 1990), none of the 17 compounds listed were rated for control of R. quadrifasciata . Ambrose (2003) discussed the effects of chemical controls on cotton pests, including R. quadrifasciata, although it is unknown as a pest of cotton; it was the only insect pest species, besides the study target, found in sufficient numbers to analyze and therefore considered to be an indicator of insecticidal activity. It was found that there were significant efficacy between days 1 and 4 of the acetamiprid treatment, but none within or between all other spinosad, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide and acetamiprid treatments.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D49FFDBC8B3EEC2FC47FA10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D48FFD8C8B4EEB5FDF5FEF3.text	039D11499D48FFD8C8B4EEB5FDF5FEF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia steyskali Namba 1956	<div><p>Rivellia steyskali Namba, 1956</p><p>This species was noted from panicled tick-trefoil ( Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC) in Northeast Ohio, USA (Foote 1985; Foote et al. 1987).</p><p>Rivellia variabilis Loew, 1873 The species was recorded from Apios americana Medikus (Foote et al. 1987) . Rivellia viridulans Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830</p><p>Reported from piles of rotting Narcissus bulbs and attracted to black locust trees ( Robinia pseudoacacia) in the USA (Blanton 1938; Foote 1985; Foote et al. 1987). There is no known host plant association.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D48FFD8C8B4EEB5FDF5FEF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D4BFFD8C8B3EA59FC32FDD3.text	039D11499D4BFFD8C8B3EA59FC32FDD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rivellia winifredae Namba 1956	<div><p>Rivellia winifredae Namba, 1956</p><p>This species was noted from the potato bean or groundnut ( Apios americana Medikus) in Northeast Ohio, USA (Foote 1985).</p><p>Furthermore, a number of observations of undetermined species in the genus Rivellia were noted in the literature (Table 1), but these do little more than confirm the association that this genus has with members of the Fabaceae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D11499D4BFFD8C8B3EA59FC32FDD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Whittington, Andrew E.	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
