taxonID	type	description	language	source
039D11499D4FFFDDC8B3EEFDFD27FC94.taxon	description	In contrast, in pulse crops in northern Karnataka, India, larvae of Rivellia sp. caused up to 98 % nodule damage to mung bean (Vigna spp.), urd (V. radiata), cowpea (V. unguiculata), pigeon pea or red gram (Cajanus cajan) and groundnut when sown in July or later (Siddappaji & Gowda 1980). Reed et al. (1989) noted that application of large doses of insecticides to soils was not successful, nor economic, but that adding nitrogen fertilizer to soil might alleviate nutrient deficiency caused by nodule damage. Later, Nambiar at al. (1990) demonstrated that root nodule damage could be significantly reduced by growing pigeon pea in pots seeded with strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. to which Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was cloned. This produced a derivative gram-negative bacteria plasmid vector that transfers across a broad-host-range by conjugative mobilization.	en	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D49FFDBC8B3EEC2FC47FA10.taxon	description	Koethe and Van Duyn (1984) demonstrated that the larVae had an 89 % surViVal rate on nodulating soybean plants compared to only 9 % surViVal on nodule-free plants. Subsequently, Reeves et al. (2009) experimented with nodule and non-nodule treatments by Rhizobium inoculation, supplementing the nitrogen required in non-nodule treatments with applications of 20 - 20 - 20 (N-P-K) fertiliser. Their results suggested that with reasonable care and plant separation, the non-nodule method of growing plants may be a reliable way to grow plants for study of female oviposition choice in R. steyskali or R. quadrifasciata. Compared with other significant soybean pests (Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster, 1771), the bean leaf beetle, and Diabrotica balteata Le Conte, 1865, the banded cucumber beetle (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae )), R. quadrifasciata damaged a greater number of nodules per plant and caused significant reductions in N 2 fixed and C 2 H 4 per plant and per nodule (Hutchinson 1979) in Louisiana, USA. Chemical controls were tested for larvae on soybean (Glycine max), brown-eyed crowder southern peas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), ‘ Florigiant’ peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), bush variety snap-peas (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Koethe & van Duyn 1984) and on trefoil (Desmodium spp.) (Foote 1985; Foote et al. 1987). Koethe et al. (1986) concluded that tillage was an ineffective control, based on the deep soil (10 – 30 cm) oVerwintering habits of SNF (also noted by Pitre and Porter (1990 )). In 1989, Koethe and Duyn investigated the adult biology in fields, observing SNF feed on carrion, honeydew, bird droppings, insect frass and nectar, with females predominating on more protein-rich foods; traps baited with meat or dead insects readily attracted females, but not males, while fruit (peach), ethylene glycol and soap-water baits attracted few flies at all unless meat was added. Males were effectively trapped using yellow sticky traps. In a list of chemical controls for soybean pests (Kohn 1990), none of the 17 compounds listed were rated for control of R. quadrifasciata. Ambrose (2003) discussed the effects of chemical controls on cotton pests, including R. quadrifasciata, although it is unknown as a pest of cotton; it was the only insect pest species, besides the study target, found in sufficient numbers to analyze and therefore considered to be an indicator of insecticidal activity. It was found that there were significant efficacy between days 1 and 4 of the acetamiprid treatment, but none within or between all other spinosad, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide and acetamiprid treatments.	en	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
039D11499D4BFFD8C8B3EA59FC32FDD3.taxon	description	Furthermore, a number of observations of undetermined species in the genus Rivellia were noted in the literature (Table 1), but these do little more than confirm the association that this genus has with members of the Fabaceae.	en	Whittington, Andrew E. (2019): The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 135-160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371321
