identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A65275107EBC01FFA9FA3CFB72F9F2.text	03A65275107EBC01FFA9FA3CFB72F9F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caltoris Swinhoe 1893	<div><p>Genus Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893</p><p>Type species: Hesperia kumara Moore, 1878 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A65275107EBC01FFA9FA3CFB72F9F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A65275107EBC07FFA9F9D3FD9DFCAB.text	03A65275107EBC07FFA9F9D3FD9DFCAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caltoris bromus subsp. bromus (Leech 1894)	<div><p>Caltoris bromus bromus (Leech, 1894)</p><p>Parnara bromus Leech, 1894, Type locality: Chia-kou-ho, China.</p><p>Material Examined. 3 ♂♂, NEPAL, AFU, Rampur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.35347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.655416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.35347/lat 27.655416)">Chitwan District</a>, Bagmati Province (27°39'19.5"N 84°21'12.5"E, 162 m), 27-IX-2021 ; 3 ♀♀, same data label, Coll. Sajan KC .</p><p>Diagnosis. Caltoris b. bromus can be distinguished from its sympatric congeners by, in females, usually distinctive twin spots on the ventral side of the hindwing in spaces 2 and 3 (Fig. 2A, but see Fig. 2B (male)), and the presence of well-developed spots, including cell spots, on the dorsal side of the forewing (Figs 2C, 2E) (Evans, 1949; Fleming, 1975).</p><p>Remarks. Reported as a new record for Nepal by the first author in KC (2022), C. b. bromus was frequently observed (at least 30 times) at the given location between 2019 and 2021. Notably, its occurrence in Nepal is highly localized, with no sightings recorded from elsewhere in the country. The first sighting occurred on June 25, 2019 (Fig. 2A), followed by multiple individuals observed in the same location during 2020–2021 in August and September, respectively.</p><p>The surrounding vegetation comprised various grass species ( Poaceae), Mangifera indica L. ( Anacardiaceae), Lantana camara L. ( Verbenaceae), Ziziphus Mill. sp. ( Rhamnaceae), and numerous weeds.</p><p>Interestingly, while Evans (1949) noted that only females of C. b. bromus sometimes possess double spots on the ventral hindwing, all individuals observed in this study, including males, exhibited such spots (Figs 2A, 2B, 2D, 2F), which is consistent with the specimens shown by Inayoshi (2024). Evans (1949), Zhang et al. (2010), and Inayoshi (2024) were referred to for genitalia analysis (Figs 2G–2K), which revealed lamella postvaginalis with smooth lamella and rounded shoulders in females, longer than the lamella itself (Fig. 2G). In males, the analysis showed much longer dorsal process of the valva compared to the distal process (cuiller sensu Evans, 1949) (Figs 2H, 2I). Previously, the species was recorded from as close as Assam (Van Gasse, 2018), approximately 830 km east of the study area (https://earth.google.com/web). Its occurrence in AFU, Rampur, Chitwan District, could be attributed to accidental introduction through the transportation of grasses, its larval host plant(s), in recent years, given the study area’s proximity to a grass research center. Alternatively, areas between Assam and Chitwan may have been under-sampled, leading to an incomplete understanding of its distribution.</p><p>Distribution. China, Hong Kong, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia (Evans, 1949); NE India (Varshney &amp; Smetacek, 2015); Laos, Thailand, Vietnam (Inayoshi, 2024); Nepal (New Record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A65275107EBC07FFA9F9D3FD9DFCAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751078BC07FFA9FC1CFB2CFBD4.text	03A652751078BC07FFA9FC1CFB2CFBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celaenorrhinus Hubner 1819	<div><p>Genus Celaenorrhinus Hübner, [1819]</p><p>Type species: Papilio eligius Stoll, 1782 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751078BC07FFA9FC1CFB2CFBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751078BC07FFA9FBBBFD35F7E4.text	03A652751078BC07FFA9FBBBFD35F7E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celaenorrhinus nigricans subsp. nigricans (de Niceville 1885)	<div><p>Celaenorrhinus nigricans nigricans (de Nicéville, 1885)</p><p>Plesioneura nigricans de Nicéville, 1885, Type locality: Sikkim, India.</p><p>Material Examined. Photographic evidence: 1, sex unknown, NEPAL, Magyam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.963135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.217196" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.963135/lat 28.217196)">Chisapani</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.963135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.217196" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.963135/lat 28.217196)">Syangja District</a>, Gandaki Province (28°01'04.6"N 84°00'05.9"E, 963 m), 9-VII-2019, 12:24 PM; 1, sex unknown, NEPAL, Sarangkot, Pokhara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.963135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.217196" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.963135/lat 28.217196)">Kaski District</a>, Gandaki Province (28°13'01.9"N 83°57'47.3"E, 868 m), 14- VII-2019, 4:56 PM .</p><p>Diagnosis. Celaenorrhinus n. nigricans is distinguished from its sympatric congeners by several external characters: the absence of orange spots on the dorsal hindwings; a white discal band on the dorsal forewing that extends up to the costa; forewing spot 3 completely joined to the discal band and not separate; forewing spot 1b not overlapped to the band; hindwing cilia not prominently checkered (but see Fig. 3A); antennae white in front of the clubs only (Evans, 1949; Fleming, 1975).</p><p>Remarks. Celaenorrhinus is a pantropical hesperiid genus comprising approximately 90 species globally (Bascombe et al., 1999). In Nepal, Celaenorrhinus n. nigricans was first documented by Colin Smith in his personal records, based on three sightings in Kaski District: Rakhi Village (June 25, 2006) and Tiger Mountain Pokhara Lodge (March 8, 2009, and July 5, 2010); however, these findings were not made publicly available. The first author encountered two individuals of this species in central Nepal in July 2019: one in Magyam, Chisapani, Syangja District, and the other in Sarangkot, Pokhara, Kaski District (see KC &amp; Pariyar, 2019b). The prominent surrounding vegetation at both locations was comprised of bamboo ( Poaceae), Rubus paniculatus Sm. ( Rosaceae), Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ( Theaceae), and Shorea robusta Gaertn. ( Dipterocarpaceae). Since our report in KC and Pariyar (2019b), this species has been frequently observed in or near these localities (Figs 3A, 3B), including in Tanahun District, between March and November (Van der Poel &amp; Smetacek, 2022). Particularly, it is often sighted along forest trails at the specified location in Kaski District.</p><p>Distribution. Sikkim to NE India (Varshney &amp; Smetacek, 2015); Bhutan, Myanmar (Evans, 1949); Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia (Inayoshi, 2024); Nepal (New Record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751078BC07FFA9FBBBFD35F7E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751079BC06FFA9FE67FDFEFBC2.text	03A652751079BC06FFA9FE67FDFEFBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaus chrysippus subsp. chrysippus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) - f. alcippoides (Moore, 1883)</p><p>Limnas alcippoides Moore, 1883, Type locality: Sikkim, India.</p><p>Material Examined. Photographic evidence: 1 ♂, NEPAL, Sarangkot, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.96261&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.21739" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.96261/lat 28.21739)">Pokhara</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=83.96261&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.21739" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 83.96261/lat 28.21739)">Kaski District</a>, Gandaki Province (28°13'02.6"N 83°57'45.4"E, 880 m), 19-V-2019, 12:44 PM (Figs 3C, 3D) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Originally described as a distinct species by Moore (1883) from Nepal, this form is characterized by broad white patches on its dorsal hindwings (Fig. 3C), differing from its typical orange form (Corbet &amp; Pendlebury, 1956; Ek-Amnuay, 2012).</p><p>Remarks. Danaus c. chrysippus is a widespread and common nymphalid species in Nepal, whereas the alcippoides form is extremely rare. Notably, form alcippoides is more common in certain parts of the world, such as Malaysia (south of Penang) and Singapore, than the orange form (Corbet &amp; Pendlebury, 1956, iNaturalist, 2024). We recorded a single individual of this form, a male (Figs 3C, 3D), on the specified date and at the specified location. Major surrounding vegetation comprised of Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A.DC. ( Fagaceae), Lantana camara, Rubus paniculatus, and Schima wallichii . To our knowledge, this sighting represents the only recorded occurrence of this form in Nepal since Moore (1883), making it a significant observation. The striking disparity in abundance of this form between Singapore and Nepal suggests that environmental or ecological factors may be influencing the phenotype of this taxon. This record was originally published in KC and Pariyar (2019a).</p><p>Distribution (of the subspecies). Africa, S. Europe, Asia, and Australia (Smetacek, 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751079BC06FFA9FE67FDFEFBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751079BC06FFA9FEDAFB94FE98.text	03A652751079BC06FFA9FEDAFB94FE98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaus Kluk 1780	<div><p>Genus Danaus Kluk, 1780</p><p>Type species: Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751079BC06FFA9FEDAFB94FE98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751079BC06FFA9FAEDFA0FF7D4.text	03A652751079BC06FFA9FAEDFA0FF7D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nacaduba berenice subsp. plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason & de Niceville 1881)	<div><p>Nacaduba berenice plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason &amp; de Niceville, 1881)</p><p>Lampides plumbeomicans Wood-Mason &amp; de Nicéville, 1881, Type locality: Andamans.</p><p>Material Examined. 1 ♂, NEPAL, Bhedetar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.33381&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.878" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.33381/lat 26.878)">Dhankuta District</a>, Koshi Province (26°52'40.8"N 87°20'01.7"E, 610 m), 13-XI-2021, Coll. Sajan KC (Figs 3E, 3F) .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species resembles the more widespread N. kurava euplea Fruhstorfer, 1916, in Nepal but can be differentiated by a combination of distinguishing characters. Nacaduba berenice plumbeomicans has opaque dorsal wings with a frosted appearance in males, in contrast to the quasi-transparent wings of N. kurava; additionally, in N. berenice, the postdiscal band at space 4 on the ventral forewing is dislocated rather than continuous, and the white striae on the ventral wings are duller than those in N. kurava euplea; furthermore, the forewing termen is convex with a rounded apex in both sexes, compared to N. kurava and N. beroe (C. &amp; R. Felder, [1865]), where the forewing termen from spaces 2–6 is straight in males, with the apex produced (Evans, 1932, Corbet &amp; Pendlebury, 1956, Sadasivan et al., 2021).</p><p>Remarks. Recorded as a species new to Nepal by the first author in KC (2022), N. berenice plumbeomicans was seen for the first time on March 8, 2021, in Bhedetar, Dhankuta District at 732 m elevation (26°52'36.0"N 87°19'50.0"E); a male specimen was subsequently captured on November 13, 2021, from the same location along the riverside (Figs 3E, 3F) for further study and verification. Analysis of the male genitalia revealed a serrated distal end of the valva (Fig. 3G), in contrast to the hooked shape observed in N. kurava (see Sadasivan et al., 2021, and Inayoshi, 2024). Major surrounding vegetation of the study area included Castanopsis indica, Schima wallichii, and Shorea robusta .</p><p>Distribution. S. India, NE India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Varshney &amp; Smetacek, 2015); SE Bangladesh (Van Gasse, 2018); Nepal (New Record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751079BC06FFA9FAEDFA0FF7D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751079BC06FFA9FB42FB8AFB00.text	03A652751079BC06FFA9FB42FB8AFB00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nacaduba Moore 1881	<div><p>Genus Nacaduba Moore, [1881]</p><p>Type species: Lampides prominens Moore, 1877 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751079BC06FFA9FB42FB8AFB00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A65275107BBC04FFA9FA82FB72FA41.text	03A65275107BBC04FFA9FA82FB72FA41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caltoris Swinhoe 1893	<div><p>Genus Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893</p><p>Type species: Hesperia kumara Moore, 1878 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A65275107BBC04FFA9FA82FB72FA41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A65275107BBC04FFA9FED8FB54FE96.text	03A65275107BBC04FFA9FED8FB54FE96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantoporia Hubner 1819	<div><p>Genus Pantoporia Hübner, [1819]</p><p>Type species: Papilio hordonia Stoll, 1790 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A65275107BBC04FFA9FED8FB54FE96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A65275107BBC04FFA9FE8BFDB2FB03.text	03A65275107BBC04FFA9FE8BFDB2FB03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pantoporia sandaka subsp. davidsoni Eliot 1969	<div><p>Pantoporia sandaka davidsoni Eliot, 1969</p><p>Rahinda sandaka Butler, 1892, Type locality: N. Kanara, Karwar, India.</p><p>Material Examined. Photographic evidence: 1 ♂, NEPAL, AFU, Rampur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.35336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.65286" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.35336/lat 27.65286)">Chitwan District</a>, Bagmati Province (27°39'10.3"N 84°21'12.1"E, 162 m), 23-II-2020, 10:53–10:58 AM (Figs 3H, 3I) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Pantoporia sandaka is often mistaken for P. hordonia (Stoll, 1790), a common and widespread species in Nepal, owing to their similar appearances. In P. sandaka, the postdiscal gray line on the dorsal forewing is narrower than the submarginal orange line (Figs 3H), whereas the gray line is bolder than the orange line in P. hordonia, particularly, in the wet season form; in the dry season form of P. sandaka davidsoni, the gray postdiscal line diminishes and the orange submarginal lines get wider (Eliot, 1969, Ek-Amnuay, 2012). The gray speculum along the costa of the dorsal hindwing (Figs 3I) in male P. sandaka davidsoni is large and mixes with the discal band; this speculum is smaller in P. hordonia male (Eliot, 1969).</p><p>Remarks. Our team first observed P. sandaka in Nepal (Figs 3H, 3I) on the specified date and at the location mentioned above and subsequently reported it as a new record for Nepal in Sapkota et al. (2020). Major surrounding vegetation included Clerodendrum infortunatum L. ( Lamiaceae), Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. ( Fabaceae), Lantana camara, Mallotus Lour. sp. ( Euphorbiaceae), Mikania micrantha Kunth ( Asteraceae), Ziziphus sp., and Mangifera indica . The first author was able to replicate this finding through subsequent observations in Bhorletar, Lamjung District (28°08'56.0"N 84°15'21.0"E, 500 m) throughout 2019–2020, and in Bhedetar, Dhankuta District (26°52'46.0"N 87°20'05.0"E, 640 m) in March 2021, along riparian habitats.</p><p>Distribution. Uttarakhand to NE India (Varshney &amp; Smetacek, 2015); Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China (Inayoshi, 2024); Nepal (New Record).</p><p>Corrections. The following three taxa were misidentified in our previous reports (KC &amp; Sapkota, 2020, 2022), and we hereby correct these following further analysis and review over time.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A65275107BBC04FFA9FE8BFDB2FB03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A65275107BBC0AFFA9FA2DFA8AFEE0.text	03A65275107BBC0AFFA9FA2DFA8AFEE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caltoris cahira subsp. austeni (Moore 1884)	<div><p>Caltoris cahira austeni (Moore, [1884])</p><p>Baoris austeni Moore, [1884], Type locality: Khasia Hills, Cherra Pungi, India.</p><p>Material Examined. 1 ♀, NEPAL, Paripatle, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=87.31033&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.000029" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 87.31033/lat 27.000029)">Dhankuta District</a>, Koshi Province (27°00'00.1"N 87°18'37.2"E, 1300 m), 1-IX-2021, Coll. Sajan KC (Figs 4A–4C) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Evans (1949) noted that Caltoris species cannot be reliably identified based solely on external morphology. According to Ek-Amnuay (2012), C. cahira austeni can be separated from the similarappearing Caltoris sirius sirius (Evans, 1926) by its smaller size and darker brown color. Males of C. cahira lack a spot in space 1b of the dorsal forewing, whereas in C. s. sirius, it is present in both sexes, albeit small (Corbet &amp; Pendlebury, 1956). The ventral hindwing in C. cahira austeni is dark chocolate-colored whereas that in C. s. sirius i s yellowish brown (Ek-Amnuay, 2012). Reliable identification requires male genitalia analysis, which reveals a deeply divided cuiller and valva in C. cahira austeni, in contrast to the shallow division in C. s. sirius (Evans, 1949; Zhang et al., 2010). The analysis of female genitalia in this study revealed that the shoulders of the lamella postvaginalis in Caltoris sirius fusca (a nominotypical specimen was unavailable) are arcuate, trapeziform, and appear to extend beyond the lamella (potentially due to damage to the lamella) (Fig. 4F). In contrast, in C. cahira austeni, the shoulders of the lamella postvaginalis are straight, pointed, and subequal in length to the lamella (Fig. 4 C, Zhang et al., 2010).</p><p>Remarks. This record, along with another from the same location, was published in KC and Sapkota (2022) as Caltoris s. sirius based on the presence of a spot in space 1b of the forewing (see Inayoshi, 2024); however, this character is shared by the female of C. cahira austeni as well (Smith, 2011, Ek-Amnuay, 2012). The latter species is more common and widespread in Nepal (Smith, 2011). Upon reexamining the female specimen collected from Paripatle, Dhankuta District (Figs 4A–4C), reconsulting Zhang et al. (2010) for reference on female genitalia, and dissecting a female specimen of Caltoris sirius fusca housed in MGCL (Figs 4D–4F), we realized our initial identification (C. s. sirius) was incorrect. Therefore, we retract the reports of C. s. sirius from Dhankuta District, published in KC and Sapkota (2022), and correct the identification herein to C. cahira austeni .</p><p>Distribution. Nepal (Smith, 2011); Sikkim to NE India (Varshney &amp; Smetacek, 2015); Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, and Malaysia (Inayoshi, 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A65275107BBC0AFFA9FA2DFA8AFEE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751075BC0AFFA9FE63FB61FE23.text	03A652751075BC0AFFA9FE63FB61FE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catochrysops Boisduval 1832	<div><p>Genus Catochrysops Boisduval, 1832</p><p>Type species: Hesperia strabo Fabricius, 1793 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751075BC0AFFA9FE63FB61FE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751075BC0AFFA9FE08FB92FAED.text	03A652751075BC0AFFA9FE08FB92FAED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catochrysops strabo subsp. strabo (Fabricius 1793)	<div><p>Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793)</p><p>Hesperia strabo Fabricius, 1793, Type locality: Tranquebar, India.</p><p>Material Examined. Photographic evidence: 1 ♂ ♀ (mating pair), NEPAL, Bhorletar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.217224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.165833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.217224/lat 28.165833)">Lamjung District</a>, Gandaki Province (28°09'57.0"N 84°13'02.0"E, 460 m), 18-III-2020 (Fig. 4G) .</p><p>Diagnosis. In Catochrysops strabo, the costal spot on the ventral side of the forewing is midway between the postdiscal band and the cell-end bar, whereas in C. panormus exiguus (Distant, 1886), the costal spot is closer to the postdiscal band (Corbet &amp; Pendlebury, 1956, Fleming, 1975, Ek-Amnuay, 2012, Smetacek, 2017).</p><p>Remarks. A mating pair of Catochrysops sp. (Fig. 4G) was discovered at the given location along a rural trail by a riverside. Initially published as C. panormus exiguus in KC and Sapkota (2020), the identification was based on the diagnostic key provided above; however, we have since realized that this character is not always reliable. Perhaps a more dependable distinguishing feature is the submarginal spots on the ventral forewing of C. panormus exiguus, which are typically broken into arrow shapes compared to the continuous spots in C. s. strabo (see Inayoshi, 2024). Although this character for C. panormus is present in the female individual in our photograph (Fig. 4G, left individual), it is absent in the male individual (Fig. 4G, right individual), whose costal spot is not clearly visible either, and the bands are plain. Owing to the uncertainty surrounding the identification, we retract this record of C. panormus exiguus and propose that the individuals represent a variation of the more common and widespread C. s. strabo .</p><p>Distribution. Nepal (Smith, 2011); India, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Varshney &amp; Smetacek, 2015), to Myanmar (Inayoshi, 2024); Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, S. China, Malaysia, and Singapore (Inayoshi, 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751075BC0AFFA9FE08FB92FAED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751075BC0AFFA9FA53FB64FA13.text	03A652751075BC0AFFA9FA53FB64FA13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polytremis Mabille 1904	<div><p>Genus Polytremis Mabille, 1904</p><p>Type species: Gegenes contigua Mabille, 1877 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751075BC0AFFA9FA53FB64FA13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
03A652751075BC09FFA9FA0FFAEEFDF3.text	03A652751075BC09FFA9FA0FFAEEFDF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polytremis lubricans subsp. lubricans (Herrich-Schaffer 1869)	<div><p>Polytremis lubricans lubricans (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)</p><p>Goniloba lubricans Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, Type locality: Java.</p><p>Material Examined. Photographic evidence: 1, sex unknown, NEPAL, AFU, Rampur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.35347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.655416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.35347/lat 27.655416)">Chitwan District</a>, Bagmati Province (27°39'19.5"N 84°21'12.5"E, 150 m), 26-IX-2021 (Fig. 4H) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Dorsal forewing with hyaline discal yellow spots from spaces 2–8 except 5, and cell spots which are usually conjoined in males; spot 1b non-hyaline; hindwing (dorsal and ventral) with discal spots from spaces 2–6, spots in spaces 4 and 5 conjoined (Evans, 1949; Ek-Amnuay, 2012).</p><p>Remarks. At the given location, inside a mango orchard, we observed a hesperiid that resembled Pelopidas conjuncta narooa Moore, 1878 (Fig. 4H). The initial identification as Pelopidas Walker, 1870, was based on the presence of a cell spot on the ventral hindwing, a feature absent in similar Baorini, except in some cases of Parnara Moore [1881], where the spot is positioned differently (at the cell-end rather than the upper corner (personal observation)). Additionally, the purplish sheen on the ventral wings and the absence of a brand on the dorsal forewing (assuming it was a male) led us to confirm that it was Pelopidas conjuncta narooa based on Evans (1949). The record was subsequently published in KC and Sapkota (2022).</p><p>However, after comparing our images with those in Kunte et al. (2024), we reevaluated our identification and now propose it is potentially a form of Polytremis lubricans (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869), a more common and widespread species in the study area, although Evans (1949) noted that Polytremis does not have a cell spot on the ventral hindwing. To confirm the identity of Pelopidas conjuncta narooa in Nepal, a specimen is required, as recommended by Van der Poel and Smetacek (2022). The nominotypical subspecies has been recorded in Nepal's eastern regions twice (Van der Poel &amp; Smetacek, 2022).</p><p>Distribution. Nepal (Smith, 2011), India (including the Andamans), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia (Inayoshi, 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A652751075BC09FFA9FA0FFAEEFDF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	KC, Sajan;Pariyar, Surendra;Sapkota, Anisha	KC, Sajan, Pariyar, Surendra, Sapkota, Anisha (2025): Refining Nepal's butterfly records: self-corrections and notes on previously recorded Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11 (2): 363-377, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.11.2.363, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.363
