taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A787DFFFA0FFAAFF020952FB83E661.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The epithet refers to the distinctive waxy or “ pruinose ” appearance of the pileus surface. Diagnosis: — The species is morphologically distinguishable by its pruinose pileus surface, large basidiospores (11.4 – 19.8 × 6.2 – 12.8 µm) and absence of lecythiform caulocystidia. Holotype: — URUGUAY. Maldonado, Sierra de las Ánimas, on cow dung, (34 ° 48 ’ 33 " S, 58 ° 15 ’ 31 " W, 209 m a. s. l.), 23 March 2021, G. Morera & S. Lupo (MVHC 5749). Description: — Pileus 0.5 – 2.3 × 0.5 – 1.5 cm, hemispherical, almost parabolic or bell-shaped to conical in lateral view, pale brown (5 C 6; Brownish Orange) to homogeneous ocher (6 D 7; Light Brown), hygrophanous, with pruinose surface shiny to more opaque, generally dry, translucent-striate. Margin slightly incurved, entire, crenate or wavy, distinctively pale or concolorous to darker brown (8 F 8; Dark Brown). Lamellae subdistant to proximal, adnexed to subfree, chestnut and waxy face usually concolorous with pileus; the edge of the lamella appears smooth and concolorous with the surface. Stipe 1 – 13 × 0.2 – 0.5 cm, somewhat broadened at the base, without basal tomentum, pale (5 A 2; Orange white) to yellowish brown (5 B 6; Greyish Orange), rather ochraceous where cut (5 A 5; Light Orange), surface smooth to finely pubescent and striate, sometimes showing deposits of ferruginous spores, fibrous and fragile. Ring absent. Context 0.2 cm, concolorous with the pileus to slightly darker (5 D 7; Golden Brown). No bluing reaction. Smell farinaceous. Spore print ferruginous brown. Basidiospores (11.4) 12.2 – 19.2 (19.8) × 6.2 – 11.3 (12.8) µm, Q = 1.65 – 2, Qm = 1.85, subangular in frontal view and oblong with one side slightly flattened in lateral view (amygdaliform), smooth, pigmented, yellowish brown to ochre (in KOH), 1 µm thick wall, with a conspicuous central germinal pore. Basidia 14 – 28 × 8 – 16 µm, with 4 sterigmata, globose, subglobose to broadly clavate, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 9.9 – 24.7 × 5.3 – 10.6 µm, leptocystidia lecythiform, neck, 0 – 4.5 × 1.1 – 4.3 µm and capitate apex, 2 – 5.1 µm. Pleurocystidia not observed. Hymenophoral trama of intertwined to subparallel hyphae, 1 – 1.5 µm in diameter. Pileipellis as a hymeniform cystodermis, with pyriform, ampuliform, clavate, or more unusual, irregular elements, 20 – 53.3 × 12.2 – 36 µm, interspersed with cylindrical pileocystidia, 13.1 – 54.8 × 3.3 – 11.3 µm and hairs, viz., filiform pileocystidia, 30 – 140 × 2 – 3.2 µm. Pileus trama consisting of a layer of pigmented hyphae and sphaerocysts. Stipe hyphae 5.8 – 20 µm, parallel, thick-walled, yellowish brown. Caulocystidia of different types, some consisting of clustered or isolated hairs 50 – 140 × 1 – 2 µm and spheroid elements (13.6 × 12.5 µm), occasionally with a capitate apex, others shaped as irregularly ventricose elements (10.3 – 22.4 × 4.7 – 6.6 µm) and others cylindrical to subutriform (20 – 32.6 × 2.7 – 4.6 µm), sometimes branched. Distribution and habitat: — gregariously on cow and horse dung (up to 11 specimens). Described from Uruguay, probably present in Pakistan and USA according to the occurrence of identical DNA sequences. Additional specimens examined: — URUGUAY. Maldonado, Sierra de las Ánimas, on cow dung (34 ° 48 ′ 33 ″ S, 58 ° 15 ′ 31 ″ W elev. 209 m a. s. l.), 23 March 2021, G. Morera & S. Lupo (MVHC 5748, MVHC 5755 and MVHC 5756); Lavalleja, surroundings of Salto del Penitente, Eucalyptu s sp. plantation on cow and horse dung (34 ° 23 ’ 34.1808 ″ S, 55 ° 2 ’ 47.8206 " W, elev. 311 m a. s. l.), 22 May 2022, G. Morera & S. Lupo (MVHC 5750, MVHC 5751, MVHC 5752, MVHC 5753, MVHC 5754, MVHC 5759, MVHC 5760, MVHC 5761). Conocybe magnispora (Murrill) Singer (1950 a: 135) (WU-MYC 0041435), Conocybe pubescens (Gillet) Kuhner (1935: 85) (WU-MYC 0020759), Conocybe singeriana Hauskn. (1996: 256) (WU-MYC 0022129), Conocybe merdaria Arnolds & Hauskn. (2003: 239) (WU-MYC 0022987) and Conocybe watlingii Hausknecht (1996: 193) (WU-MYC 0021238).	en	Morera, Guillermo, Kuhar, Francisco, Rodriguez, Luisina, Carrera, Ignacio, Davyt, Danilo, Rizzo, Sandra Lupo (2024): A new species and new records of dung-associated bolbitiaceous fungi (Bolbitiaceae, Basidiomycota) from Uruguay. Phytotaxa 678 (2): 109-124, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.678.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.678.2.2
03A787DFFFADFFA8FF020B88FB33E585.taxon	description	Description: — Pileus 1 – 2.5 × 0.8 – 1.5 cm, bell-shaped to conical, yellowish brown (5 A 5; Light Orange), hygrophanous, with a smooth surface, eroded in mature stage, opaque, dry, smooth, not pruinose. Margin slightly recurved, distinctive dark brown (6 E 8; Brown) to concolorous with surface. Lamellae close to tight, adnate to adnexed, surface darker brown than pileus (6 E 7; Brown), edge smooth. Stipe 3 – 6 × 0.2 cm, cylindrical, concolorous with surface (yellowish to light brown), darkening with time after being broken, with slight longitudinal striations, fibrous and brittle. Ring absent. Context pale brown (6 D 8; Light Brown), not bluing Smell farinaceous. Spore print ferruginous brown. Basidiospores (9.7) 9.9 – 12.8 (12.9) × 5.1 – 7.1 (8.6) µm, Q = 1.5 – 2, Qm = 1.8, smooth, oblong, pigmented, yellowish brown to ferruginous; wall 1 µm thick, with droplets and an inconspicuous central rounded germ pore. Basidia 14.2 – 27.9 × 8.9 – 11.4 µm, with 2 – 4 sterigmata, clavate to subclavate, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 11.1 – 18.4 × 3.9 – 7.3 µm, leptocystidia, lecythiform; neck 1.1 – 3.7 × 0.9 – 2.2 µm and capitate apex, 1.6 – 3.9 µm. Stipe hyphae 6.3 – 12.12 µm, parallel, yellowish brown, thick-walled. Pleurocystidia not observed. Hymenphoral trama intertwined hyphae to 1 µm in diameter. Pileipellis a hymeniform cystodermis, with sphaeropeduculate to clavate elements: 12 – 36.3 × 5.2 – 19.9 µm, interspersed with a few cylindrical pileocystidia (up to 30 µm length). Pileus trama composed of inflated hyphae or spherocysts. Caulocystidia isolated or in small groups, hair-like elements, 33 – 80 × 1.8 – 1.9 µm, irregular elements, 30 × 5.4 µm, and ventricose globose caulocystidia, 16.9 – 19.3 × 8.2 – 8.8 µm, with conspicuous to absent capitate apex. Distribution and habitat. Described from China, probably occurring in India (according to our phylogenetic analysis) and now registered in Uruguay, growing gregariously (up to 4 specimens), on cow dung. Additional specimens examined: — URUGUAY. Maldonado, Cerro Largo, Paso del Centurión, forest ecosystem, from cow dung (32 ° 8 ’ 28.9458 " S 53 ° 43 ’ 51.276 " W, elev. 75 m a. s. l.), 1 April 2021, B. Corallo (MVHC 5757). Conocybe fuscimarginata Arnolds & Hauskn. (1969: 210) (WU-MYC 0003105), Conocybe elegans Watling 263 (1983) (WU-MYC 0006510) and Conocybe incarnata (Jul. Schäff) Hauskn. & Arnolds (2003: 246) (WU-MYC 0021897). Pholiotina coprophila (Kühner) Singer, Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta im. V. L. Komarova 6: 434 (1950 a). (Fig. 6) Basionym: — Galera coprophila Kühner, Botaniste 17 (1 – 4): 169 (1926). Description: — Pileus 1 – 1.25 × 0.5 – 1.3 cm, convex to flat in lateral view, grayish brown (6 E 4; Brown), hygrophanous, smooth or slightly rough surface, shiny, translucent-striate when wet. Margin incurved to decurved, entire, concolorous with the surface (6 C 2; Brownish Grey). Lamellae subdistant, attached or adnate, entire, ochraceous (6 C 6; Brownish Orange). Stipe 2 – 2.5 × 0.25 cm, isodiametric cylindrical base, yellowish (5 C 5; Brownish Orange) to pale whitish (5 A 2; Orange-white); surface with longitudinal striae and fibrous consistency. Ring absent. Context slim, light brown. Smell not distinctive. Spore print dark brown. Basidiospores 10.3 – 14.3 (14.6) × 5.3 – 8.5 µm, Q = 1.5 – 2, Qm 1.8, oblong, smooth, pigmented, yellowish brown to ferruginous with 1.6 µm thick wall and a visible germ pore with truncated apex. Basidia 12.6 – 26.1 × 8.5 – 12.6 µm, with 4 sterigmata, spheropedunculate to subclavate, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 20.9 – 51 × 7.1 – 16 µm, lageniform to long-necked lageniform, hyaline leptocystidia with a ventricose base and non-capitate apex and a 1.5 µm thick wall. Pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama made up of interwoven hyphae, up to 1.5 µm diam. Pileipellis a hymeniform cystodermis with pyriform to ampuliform elements measuring 17.2 – 37.9 × 9.2 – 22.5 µm, scarce cylindrical elements, 33.4 – 33.9 × 6 – 8 0.4 µm, and hairs, 85 – 120 × 3 – 5 µm. Pileus trama composed of yellowish intermingled hyphae, 2.5 µm in diameter. Stipe hyphae 6.3 – 12.12 µm in diameter, yellowish brown, parallel, thick-walled. Caulocystidia clusters of cylindrical to clavate-inflated and some lageniform elements, 22.7 – 64.9 × 6.5 – 25.8 µm. Distribution and habitat: Spread in temperate steppes and meadows with extensively pastured regions worldwide (Singer 1950 a, Hausknecht 2009, Niveiro & Albertó 2012). This is the first specimen collected from Uruguay growing gregariously (up to 3 basidiomes) on cow dung. Specimen examined: — URUGUAY. Maldonado, Cerro Largo, Paso del Centurión, forest ecosystem, on cow dung (32 ° 8 ’ 28.9458 " S 53 ° 43 ’ 51.276 " W´´, elev., 75 m a. s. l.), 1 April 2021, B. Corallo (MVHC 5758).	en	Morera, Guillermo, Kuhar, Francisco, Rodriguez, Luisina, Carrera, Ignacio, Davyt, Danilo, Rizzo, Sandra Lupo (2024): A new species and new records of dung-associated bolbitiaceous fungi (Bolbitiaceae, Basidiomycota) from Uruguay. Phytotaxa 678 (2): 109-124, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.678.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.678.2.2
