taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AD4855FFCDC0399016FC3DFCF1FEE3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pleurotoma acuta Perry, 1811, OD. Diagnosis: Shell medium-sized to large, narrow to broad fusiform, with attenuated, usually long and nearly straight canal. Protoconch multispiral or paucispiral. Teleoconch whorls usually angulated at shoulder. Sculpture of sharp pronounced cords, including sinus area. Anal sinus deep, with nearly parallel sides. Operculum with apical nucleus. Marginal radular teeth duplex. Anterior (inner) half solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Central formation [sensu Kantor (2006)] either absent or very weak, represented by central tooth in shape of flat poorly developed cusp. Included species: Lophiotoma abbreviata (Reeve, 1843); L. acuta (Perry, 1811); L. bratasusa sp. nov.; L. brevicaudata (Reeve, 1843); L. jickelii (Weinkauff, 1875); L. kina sp. nov.; L. picturata (Weinkauff, 1876); L. polytropa (Helbling, 1779); L. ruthveniana (Melvill, 1923); L. semfala sp. nov.; L. vezzaroi Cossignani, 2015. Remarks: The genus was revised by Powell (1964) who recognized two subgenera (nominative one and Lophioturris Powell, 1964) differing on the basis of the protoconch – multispiral in the former and blunt paucispiral in the latter. Powell attributed five Recent species to Lophiotoma s. s. As specified in the Introduction section, previous analyses revealed that among those included species Lophiotoma albina should be excluded as it is more closely related to Gemmula - like species, while on the contrary L. polytropa attributed by Powell to Lophioturris is confidently included in Lophiotoma on the basis of an earlier phylogenetic analysis (Puillandre et al., 2012 b). The protoconch of L. polytropa is unknown so far. Lophioturris, with the type species Turris indica (Röding, 1798), clusters in one clade with Unedogemmula MacNeil, 1960 (type species Pleurotoma unedo Kiener, 1839), not related to Lophiotoma as defined here, and thus becomes junior subjective synonym of the latter. Among species treated as Lophiotoma by Powell (1964), only one species, L. ruthveniana (Melvill, 1923), is absent from our material and its position remains unconfirmed. The recently described Lophiotoma vezzaroi Cossignani, 2015 was sequenced and falls within the Lophiotoma The positions refer to the alignments provided in Appendices 1 and 2. clade as defined here. This species was described from the Philippines and found by us in Vanuatu; conchologically it is rather similar to L. ruthveniana.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFCCC03D901BFEC3FCFFF98D.taxon	description	(FIG. 4)	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFCCC03D901BFEC3FCFFF98D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Neotype of Lophiotoma acuta (here designated), MNHN IM- 2007 - 41179, the same specimen is designated as a neotype of Pleurotoma punctata (Schubert & Wagner, 1829). Three syntypes of Pleurotoma tigrina, MHNG (MHNG-MOLL- 51664). Syntypes of Lophiotoma microsticta,? USNM [fide Powell (1964), see below]. Type locality Cebu, Philippines. Type locality: Vanuatu, E Malo Island, 15 ° 43.4 ′ S, 167 ° 15 ′ E, flat sand and dead corals, 6 m (Expedition SANTO 2006, st. DR 84, R / V Aldric). Description (neotype) (Fig. 4 A – D): Shell medium thick, narrow fusiform, spire high, siphonal canal long narrow, slightly inclined to left. Protoconch (Fig. 4 D) conical, of nearly three evenly convex whorls, smooth first whorls, posteriormost half whorl with nine axial nearly straight riblets, more densely spaced in posterior part of protoconch. Protoconch diameter 0.78 mm, height 0.85 mm. Teleoconch whorls strongly angulated at shoulder, ten in total. Suture shallow, subsutural region wide, distinctly concave, subsutural cord low, triangular in profile, with 3 weak angular ridges, central one strongest. Subsutural region smooth on upper teleoconch whorls, with one spiral ridge appearing on fourth, two on sixth, three on seventh and seven on last whorl. Paired sinus cords strongest and form strong angulated shoulder. On upper whorls both cords similar in size and rounded on top, on penultimate and last whorls cords distinctly triangular in profile, upper much stronger. Base of spire whorls smooth on first whorl, with one spiral cord on two to sixth whorls, starting from seventh whorl number of cords gradually increases, and penultimate whorl with six slightly different in size narrow cords; interspaces three to four times broader than cords. Base of last whorl with five major spiral cords and several riblets between them, canal with 20 cords, becoming gradually broader, lower and more closely spaced anteriorly. Shell base gradually narrowing towards narrow and long nearly straight siphonal canal. Aperture pear shaped, outer lip concave in upper part and weakly convex below shoul- der, gradually passing into canal. Anal sinus deep, with nearly parallel sides, with straight posterior margin parallel to shell axis; outer lip in side-view rounded and opisthocline, stromboid notch ill-defined. Growth lines indistinct, closely spaced. Shell creamy, protoconch and two first teleoconch whorls light brown. Subsutural cord with regularly spaced brown spots, not extending beyond cord. Sinus cords with distinct dark brown regularly spaced spots occupying whole width of cord and separate on each cord, minor spiral cords with dense brown flecks. Aperture creamy inside. Measurements: SL 38.8 mm, AL (with canal) 19.7 mm, SW 11.0 mm. Radula examined in five specimens, all from Papua New Guinea, very similar in all specimens (Fig. 5 A, B). Radula membrane long, of 55 – 80 rows of teeth of which 25 – 30 not fully formed. Marginal teeth duplex. Anterior (inner) half solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Central formation absent or very weak, of flat poorly developed regularly positioned cusp, looking like folds of membrane. Remarks: The species is very variable in terms of coloration and shell shape. The base colour can be from pure white to light orange and even light brown (subsutural region, shell base and canal) with lighter sinus area. With some reservation two colour forms can be distinguished, although intermediate specimens can also be found. In the light form, the brown spots are more scarce and usually confined to major cords, especially to subsutural and sinus ones, while the smaller cords have separate brown speckles. In the dark form (Fig. 4 H), the entire shell can be light brown, with a lighter band along the sinus cords. The large brown spots on the subsutural cord dissolve in the lower part into brown band, occupying the entire subsutural zone. The brown spots on minor cords can be as large as those on sinus cords. The canal and anterior part of the aperture can also be brownish. Transitional specimens between forms can be found. The dark form was found within the entire distribution area of the species. In Vanuatu, which is most rich in sequenced material, 66 % of specimens were represented by the light form, 24 % by the dark form and 10 % were attributed to intermediate forms (total number of checked specimens 94). A rather distinct form is found in Vietnam and the Philippines (Fig. 4 J) – the shells are large (reaching 51 mm in our material), relatively heavy and with a less pronounced sinus cord, and the spots and speckles are rather fine, except those on the subsutural cord. In the molecular tree based on COI they are sister to the rest of Lophiotoma acuta, but do not form a monophyletic group. The syntype of Lophiotoma microsticta Casey, 1904 [illustrated by Powell (1964): pl. 233, figs 4 – 5], with shell of 59.7 mm in length, is rather similar to this form. Protoconchs studied in eight specimens are rather uniform, consisting of 2.75 whorls. Number of axial riblets varies from 6 to 11, protoconch height 0.88 – 0.95, diameter 0.8 – 0.83 mm. The species is most similar to L. semfala sp. nov. and some specimens can hardly be distinguished; nevertheless, the morphology of the sinus cords seems to be rather uniform in L. acuta – on the last whorl (in adult specimens) the upper cord is much more pronounced than the lower and has a distinct triangular shape with sharp upper edge, while in L. semfala sp. nov., the cords are nearly similar to each other and are more obtuse and rounded on top (Fig. 6). The species was treated as broadly distributed and strongly variable. Powell (1964) listed a number of nominal taxa in the synonymy of this species, including Pleurotoma jickelii Weinkauff, 1875 and Pleurotoma picurata Weinkauff, 1876. On the basis of molecular and morphological analysis, these two species appeared to be valid. Pleurotoma acuta Perry, 1811 was described without locality data or shell measurements. The original shell illustration is a bit grotesque, although suitable for positive identification. Few existing types described by Perry (1811) are stored in the NHMUK (Dance, 1986) and the type of P. acuta is not among them. Due to the complicated taxonomic situation with the L. acuta complex, a neotype is here designated. The name Pleurotoma marmorata (non Pleurotoma marmorata Link, 1807 = Turris chaldea Kilburn, Fedosov & Olivera, 2012) was listed by Lamarck (1816) (pl. 439, fig. 6, included in references, p. 8). Later Lamarck (1822: 95) renamed the species P. tigrina, citing his own figure, but still proposed the name Pleurotoma marmorata for another species, which became the homonym for the third time. Three syntypes of Pleurotoma tigrina are in MHNG (MHNG-MOLL- 51664) (Fig. 4 F – G herein) and it is seemingly conspecific with L. acuta in our current understanding, being closer to the ‘ dark’ form. Judging from the syntypes of P. marmorata Lamarck, 1822 (MHNG-MOLL- 51663) the species belongs to the genus Unedogemmula and was listed in synonymy of Lophiotoma (Lophioturris) indica (Röding, 1798) by Powell (1964). The syntype of Lophiotoma microsticta Casey, 1904 was illustrated by Powell (1964: pl. 233, figs 4, 5) and claimed to be deposited in USNM. Nevertheless, we were not able to find it in the collections. Judging from the photo it has the same sculpture pattern as L. acuta, that is, the dominating upper sinus cord; therefore, we confirm the opinion of Powell (1964), that it is a synonym of L. acuta. The type material of Pleurotoma punctata was not traced despite queries in the corresponding museums and the original illustration is rather crude, although the general outline is similar to that of L. acuta. In order to fix the problem and to stabilize the nomenclature, we designate the neotype of Pleurotoma acuta Perry, 1811 as the neotype of P. punctata as well; thus, the latter name is now a junior objective synonym of P. acuta. Pleurotoma peaseana Dunker, 1871 [Pleurotoma (Turris) peaseana Dunker, 1871: 154 (Indian Ocean)] is another species of doubtful affinity, which was synonymized with L. acuta by Powell (1964). It was illustrated only in Weinkauff (1876, in Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1875 – 1887: 66, pl. 2, fig. 10). The illustration depicts a rather stout shell with moderately elongate canal, much shorter than in both L. acuta and L. semfala. The species may not be closely related to L. acuta. We were not able to trace the type despite querying museums where Dunker’s type material might be stored. Powell (1964) synonymized the species with L. acuta without providing any arguments, an opinion followed by Oyama (1966) and Higo, Callomon & Gotō (1999). Moreover, Weinkauff (1876, in Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1875 – 1887) described the protoconch of P. peaseana as consisting of three smooth semitranslucent whorls with poorly visible suture, not mentioning the characteristic axial ribs in the posteriormost part of the protoconch. This seems more similar to the protoconch of Unedogemmula and we exclude the species from synonymy of L. acuta. Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) – tropical Indo-west Pacific (from Vanuatu to Vietnam). Judging from published data, it also includes South Africa (Kilburn, 1983), Red Sea (Verbinnen & Dirkx, 2007), Japan (Okutani, 2000), Fiji, Queensland (Australia) (Powell, 1964), New Caledonia (uncatalogued MNHN material).	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFC8C03F900EF916FA90FCB0.taxon	description	(FIG. 7) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 E 586542 - B 03 B- 4133 - 93 F 7 - 55 B 79 FFD 5 A 33 Type material: Holotype MNHN IM- 2007 - 41337. Type locality: Vanuatu, Aoré I. Aimbuei Bay, 15 ° 32.8 ′ S, 167 ° 11.6 ′ E, white coral sand, 3 – 8 m (Expedition SANTO 2006, st. LD 35, R / V Alis annex). Etymology: semfala – the ‘ same’ in Bislama, the creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu. Used as noun in apposition to reflect the similarity to Lophiotoma acuta. Description (holotype) (Fig. 7 A – C): Shell medium thick, narrow fusiform, spire high, siphonal canal long narrow, slightly inclined to left. Protoconch conical, eroded, rendering exact whorl count and sculpture examination doubtful, of about three evenly convex whorls. Protoconch diameter 0.73 mm, height 0.85 mm. Teleoconch whorls angulated at shoulder, ten in total. Suture very shallow, indistinct, subsutural region wide, distinctly concave, subsutural cord low, triangular in profile, with three angular ridges on last whorl, central one strongest. On upper teleoconch whorls, only central ridge persists. Subsutural region smooth on upper teleoconch whorls, with one spiral ridge appearing on fourth, two on sixth, three on seventh and five on last whorl. Paired sinus cords strongest forming angulated shoulder. On upper whorls both cords nearly equal in size, obtusely triangular, on penultimate and last whorls cords more angulate, although still rounded on top, only on last whorl upper cord distinctly stronger than lower. Base of spire whorls smooth on first four whorl, with one spiral cord on fifth to sixth whorls, starting from seventh whorl number of cords gradually increases, and penultimate whorl with seven narrow cords of slightly different size, median much stronger; interspaces three to four times broader than cords. Base of last whorl with three major spiral cords and several riblets between them, canal with 20 cords, becoming gradually broader, lower and more closely spaced anteriorly. Shell base gradually narrowing towards narrow and long nearly straight siphonal canal. Aperture pear shaped, outer lip concave in upper part and weakly convex below shoulder, gradually passing into canal. Anal sinus deep, with nearly parallel sides, with straight posterior margin, parallel to shell axis; outer lip in side-view rounded and opisthocline, stromboid notch well defined. Growth lines indistinct, closely spaced. Shell creamy, protoconch and three first teleoconch whorls very light brown. Subsutural cord with regularly spaced brown spots, not extending beyond cord, broader on last three whorls. Sinus cords with distinct dark brown regularly spaced spots occupying whole width of cord and separate on each cord, minor spiral cords with dense brown flecks. Aperture creamy inside. Measurements: SL 41.8 mm, AL (with canal) 20.9 mm, SW 10.6 mm. Radula examined in three specimens, two from Papua New Guinea and one from the Philippines, very similar in all examined specimens (Fig. 5 H). Radula membrane medium long, of 33 – 50 rows of teeth of which 9 – 16 not fully formed. Marginal teeth duplex. Anterior (inner) half solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half major and accessory limbs rather thin, bifurcate at about 45 ° angle. Central formation absent. Remarks: The new species is represented only by six specimens, including the holotype and despite the limited material, two rather distinct forms can be recognized. The ‘ light’ form that includes the holotype has fewer brown spots and the base colour is uniformly creamy. The brown spots on the subsutural cord are in most specimens confined to the cord itself and do not extend beyond, but in the holotype on some whorls there are brownish blurred extensions of the spots to the subsutural region. Available specimens other than the holotype are smaller and less speckled. The ‘ dark’ form is represented by two specimens only, one being juvenile (Fig. 7 F – G). It has slightly darker base colour, with a light brown shell base and canal and with the subsutural region below the subsutural cord uniformly brown. There was no correlation between geographic distributions, since one specimen of the dark form was collected in the Philippines, while another in Papua New Guinea at similar depths. The sinus cords of the adult specimen of the dark form are also sharper on top on the last whorl. On most parts of the teleoconch whorls, the sinus cords are either similar in size, or the lower even slightly more pronounced, than the upper, but on the last whorl the situation is reversed. An intact protoconch persists only in the juvenile of the dark form (Fig. 7 G), it consists of 2.75 whorls, diameter 0.68 mm, height 0.73, which is significantly smaller than in holotype, although the existing material is insufficient for estimates of variation. The species is extremely similar to Lophiotoma acuta, which also has dark and light forms. It can be distinguished in most cases by being less pronounced and more rounded on the top sinus cords, providing a less angulated appearance to the shell shoulder, as well as the cords being more similar in size (Fig. 6, compare A, B with C, D), and domination of the lower cord over the higher one on the teleoconch whorls. The protoconch of Lophiotoma acuta is slightly larger (Fig. 8), while the radula is longer (consists of 55 – 80 rows of teeth vs. 33 – 50 rows in L. semfala sp. nov.). Distribution: The species was found in the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu. In all these localities, it is sympatric with L. acuta. Judging from available material (only six sequenced specimens), it is much more rare than L. acuta, for which we had sequenced more than 160 specimens. Although we did not sequence any specimens from New Caledonia, judging from the shell characters the species is also found in New Caledonia (uncatalogued MNHN material).	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFCAC0209263FC06FA94FAC2.taxon	description	(FIG. 9 E)	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFCAC0209263FC06FA94FAC2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Murex (Fusus) polytropus, whereabouts unknown; syntypes of Pleurotoma fascialis, MHNG (personal communication of P. Stahlschmidt, not seen). Type locality: Not stated. Diagnosis: Shell medium-sized, exceeding 50 mm, thick, turriform, with thick brown periostracum, shell dark-purplish brown. Sculpture of strong spiral elements, with rounded or angulate subsutural cord followed by notably elevated paired and broadly spaced sinus cords. Shell periphery and base with dense elevated cords, similar in size to sinus cords and with intermediate finer ridges. Siphonal canal medium long, nearly straight; aperture rather wide, purplish to greyish inside. Radula (Fig. 5 C) with duplex marginal teeth. Anterior (inner) half solid, lanceolate, slightly asymmetrical, with nearly straight anterior margin and convex posterior margin, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Accessory limb narrowing interiorly, where it fuses with major limb. Central formation absent. Remarks: The species is rather distinct from all other congeners in having a strong, tightly adhered periostracum and uniformly coloured dark shell.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFCAC0209263FC06FA94FAC2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Powell (1964) recorded the species from the Philippines, Moluccas, New Britain and New Caledonia. The species is considered rare. Nevertheless, Lozouet & Plaziat (2008) found it common in the mangrove environments of the lower estuary of the Abatan River (Bohol, Philippines). All the sequenced specimens originated from this locality. The species was successfully recollected several years later in the mentioned biotope (Kantor, Fedosov, unpublished).	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD5C0219260FAF8FCF2FA59.taxon	description	(FIG. 9 C, D)	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD5C0219260FAF8FCF2FA59.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lectotype [designated by Powell (1964)] and three paralectotypes in NHMUK. Type locality: Masbate Island, Philippines, reefs at low tide. Diagnosis: Shell small, turriform, with contrasting black spots on white background colour, and short siphonal canal, giving shell stout appearance. Sculpture of strong spiral elements, with rounded or angulate subsutural cord followed by notably elevated bisected sinus cord, and one fainter ridge on spire whorls. Shell base with dense elevated cords, sometimes interchanged by fine ridges. Microsculpture of dense very fine spiral treads throughout shell surface. Siphonal canal short and rather robust; aperture rather wide with moderately deep anal sinus. Inside of outer lip with distinct lirae. Remarks: The small and robust-looking shell of L. abbreviata differs from notably more elongated, with long siphonal canal L. jickelii, L. vezzaroi, L. semfala sp. nov. and L. kina sp. nov. In turn, the variegated colour pattern readily distinguishes L. abbreviata from tan L. brevicaudata and dark-brown L. polytropa. While being distinctive among congeners, L. abbreviata resembles small species of the genus Iotyrris, I. devoizei and I. kingae, primarily in colour pattern. However, both mentioned Iotyrris species have an even shorter siphonal canal and thus proportionally much higher spire. Besides, the spiral elements are denser, and the whorl profile is less angulate, because of the lower sinus cord in Iotyrris species. Powell recognized two subspecies in addition to the nominotypical: L. abbreviata lifouensis (Sowerby, 1907) known only from Lifou, Loyalty Islands; and L. abbreviata ustulata (Reeve, 1846) with unknown type locality. The latter subspecies differs markedly in shell from the nominotypical one and its status remains unclear, as suggested by Powell (1964). We also did not have specimens from Lifou available for sequencing and therefore the status of L. abbreviata lifouensis remains unresolved. Concerning the latter, Cernohorsky (1972) claimed that the shells corresponding to both nominotypical and lifuensis subspecies were collected sympatrically in Fiji. Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) is Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. According to published data, it is also found in the Philippines (Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986) eastward to Fiji (Cernohorsky, 1972).	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD4C02191CAFA7EFC46FA71.taxon	description	(FIG. 9 A, B)	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD4C02191CAFA7EFC46FA71.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lectotype and two paralectotypes in the NHMUK [designated by Powell (1964)] (not illustrated). Type locality: Ticao Island, Philippines, H. Cuming collection. Diagnosis: Shell small, turriform, with prominent spiral sculpture; spire coloured light-brown or tan, siphonal canal dark-brown. Whorl outline indistinctly convex, as subsutural cord separated from succeeding cords by wide and deep depression. Sinus cord wide, composed of two ridges with rather shallow interspace, followed by two cords on whorl’s base. Interspaces between cords sculptured by fine treads. Shell base convex, constricted to rather slender siphonal canal, sculptured with dense spiral to oblique cords. Aperture elongate, anal sinus moderately deep, wide, angulated at tip. Outer aperture lip with white callus, distinctly lirate within. Remarks: Lophiotoma brevicaudata is one of the easily recognizable species, primarily because of its characteristic colour pattern with tan or light brown background colour, and dark siphonal canal. Crests of spiral ridges are sometimes dark-brown as well. In particular, rather monotonous coloration of the spire readily sets L. brevicaudata apart from the most closely related L. abbreviata. At the same time, L. brevicaudata is notably lighter, and in maturity smaller than L. polytropa. In addition to colour pattern, a rather short siphonal canal, as compared to L. acuta, L. jickelii, L. vezzaroi, L. semfala sp. nov. and L. kina sp. nov., allows rather straightforward identification of L. brevicaudata among congeners. The radula was examined in one sequenced specimen from Vanuatu (Fig. 5 D). The radula is very similar to other congeners, with duplex marginal teeth. The anterior (inner) half is solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In the posterior half the major and accessory limbs bifurcate at an angle of about 45 °, rather thin. The central formation was not studied due to radula preparation. Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) is from Philippines to Vanuatu. According to MNHN material, also New Caledonia.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD4C023927AFA5FFAA1FBAE.taxon	description	(FIG. 10 A – F) Pleurotoma picturata Weinkauff, 1876 in Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1875 – 1887: 66, pl. 2, fig. 10. Type material: Lectotype (here designated) ZMB Moll 112610, ex-Paetel collection, Philippines, SL 41 mm; paralectotype ZMB Moll 112610. Type locality: Philippines (originally Indischer Ocean). Diagnosis: Shell solid, narrow turriform, with high spire and moderately long siphonal canal. Protoconch of 3.75 – 4 slightly convex whorls; early three whorls smooth and glossy, latest whorl sculptured with 14 – 17 axial riblets (Fig. 10 E). Protoconch diameter 0.93 – 1.12 mm, height 1.13 – 1.25 mm. Teleoconch whorls distinctly angulated; spire whorls sculptured with fine subsutural cord, and strong bifurcated sinus cord, and fine threads on subsutural area and whorl base. Adapical whorl portion between subsutural cord and sinus cord distinctly concave. Shell base shortly constricted to slender siphonal canal. Shell base with eight to nine fine threads interchanging with sharp narrow spiral ridges, canal with 13 – 15 threads. Aperture elongate. Anal sinus wide and rather deep, quadrangular in its apex. Aperture usually with 9 – 12 distinct lirae inside. Background colour cream, with distinct dark-brown spots on subsutural and sinus cords. Brown spots on subsutural cords surrounded by somewhat nebulose lighter brown or reddish blotches. Shell base with indistinct light-brown band. Spiral threads with regular light-brown dots, protoconch light-brown; aperture cream inside. Radula examined in one sequenced specimen from New Ireland (MNHN IM- 2013 - 53422, Fig. 5 E). Radula membrane long, of about 50 rows of teeth, of which 20 not fully formed. Radula very similar to other congeners, with duplex marginal teeth. Anterior (inner) half solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half, major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Central formation indistinct. Remarks: The species is represented in our material by eight specimens from Bismarck Sea (Madang lagoon and New Ireland), ranging in height from 24.5 to 32.1 mm, showing modest variation in conchological characters. The only feature that is found to vary notably is the shape of the anal sinus. It is moderately deep and wide with an angulated outline in specimen MNHN IM- 2013 - 53422 (Fig. 10 C, D), and even wider in Weinkauff ’ s type, collected from the Philippines. The sinus is U-shaped, and very deep in some other sequenced specimens. Despite the fact that no specimens of L. picturata from the Philippines were sequenced in the present study, we confidently apply the name to this clade of our molecular tree, based on conchological features that are shared by the studied type specimen from ZMB and sequenced specimens. No other specimens of L. picturata, mentioned by Weinkauff, were studied. Since a species morphologically close to L. picturata – L. bratasusa sp. nov. – was recognized in our analysis, in order to fix the identity of Lophiotoma picturata, we here designate the studied syntype ZMB Moll 112610 as a lectotype, thereby setting the type locality as the Philippines. Morphologically L. picturata is very close to L. bratasusa sp. nov.; however, there are some minor, but rather stable, characters that allow unmistakable differentiation of the two species. Firstly, the two species differ in the number of protoconch whorls – the former species has a protoconch of 3.75 – 4 whorls, while the latter – with 3.25 whorls only. Correspondingly the diameter and height of the protoconchs are slightly larger in L. picturata (Fig. 8). Shell proportions and coloration also offer some minute differences. Lophiotoma picturata is more turriform in outline (due to comparatively shorter siphonal canal), and the black or dark brown spots on the subsutural region are surrounded by less contrasting light-brown or reddish blotches. On the contrary, L. bratasusa has a more fusiform outline, and the dark spots on the subsutural region are more contrasting in appearance. Weinkauff (1876 in Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1875 – 1887), when describing the species, cited Pleurotoma variegata sensu Reeve (1843), non Kiener (1840). The illustration of Reeve (1843: pl. 1, species 2) depicts the shell from the dorsal side which has a vague resemblance to P. picturata, although positive identification is hardly possible. Powell (1964) synonymized Pleurotoma picturata with Lophiotoma acuta and this viewpoint was accepted by subsequent authors. Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) is Papua New Guinea. The lectotype was collected in the Philippines and the original type locality was ‘ Indian Ocean’, so its range should be broader, but this needs confirmation.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD6C02492B7FBF3FED5F892.taxon	description	(FIG. 10 G – L) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 768 A 32 A 5 - 678 A- 4 F 03 - 8 FC 4 - 270 EB 8 DE 197 C Type material: Holotype MNHN IM- 2013 - 51244, SL 26.0 mm; paratype 1, MNHN IM- 2013 - 12566, paratype 2, MNHN IM- 2013 - 53827. Type locality: Papua New Guinea, Kavieng Lagoon, E of Kulinus I., Silver Sound, 02 ° 42.3 ′ S, 150 ° 39.1 ′ E, 7 – 10 m, coarse sand, coral patches (Expedition KAVIENG 2014, st. KR 54). Etymology: bratasusa – sibling in Pidgin English, refers to the revealed sister relationship between the new species and morphologically similar L. picturata. Used as a noun in apposition. Description (holotype): Shell solid, narrow fusiform with high spire and rather long siphonal canal. Protoconch of 3.25 slightly convex whorls. Earlier 2.75 whorls smooth and glossy; latest 0.5 whorl sculptured with fine arcuate riblets, widely set at earlier portion and more dense at transition to teleoconch. Protoconch diameter 0.89 mm, height 1.13 mm. Teleoconch of nine angulated whorls, suture shallow and inconspicuous. Subsutural region distinctly concave; suture immediately bordered by fine thread, followed by typically low subsutural cord, and three to seven regularly set spiral threads. Sinus cord bifurcated, formed by two subequal ridges on early whorls, adapical ridge notably stronger on penultimate and last teleoconch whorls. Abapical whorls portion (= whorl’s base) sculptured with four fine threads, fourth slightly stronger than preceding. Shell base shortly constricted to slender siphonal canal, sculpture of shell base of 11 fine threads, fourth and sixth elevated to form sharp spiral ridges. Siphonal canal with 15 threads, spirally oriented and widely set adapically and dense, weakly delineated from one-another and oblique towards canal’s tip. Aperture elongate; outer aperture lip convex adapically, rounded in side view. Anal sinus typically deep and rather narrow with rounded apex. Aperture smooth inside, or bearing 8 – 9 weak lirae. Background colour cream, with distinct contrast dark-brown spots on subsutural and smaller dots on sinus cords. Spiral threads with regular light-brown dots, giving them appearance of dashed lines. Protoconch orange; inside of aperture cream. Radula (holotype) (Fig. 5 F) long, of about 55 rows of teeth, of which 25 nascent. Radula very similar to other congeners, with duplex marginal teeth. Anterior (inner) half solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Central formation absent. Remarks: Lophiotoma bratasusa sp. nov. varies notably in shell shape, sculpture pattern and coloration. The two ridges of bisected sinus cord may be equally strong, subequal or differ notably, to the extent that the lower ridge is not stronger than succeeding spiral threads. Dark spots on the subsutural cord, typically well developed, may be lacking entirely in the light form (Fig. 10 L), or on the contrary the light brown band on the shell base may be pronounced, and the tip of the siphonal canal coloured dark-brown (Fig. 10 J). The species is undoubtedly closest to L. picturata, although some differences between the two exist (see remarks under L. picturata), of which key are the number of protoconch whorls (4 in L. picturata v. 3.25 in L. bratasusa sp. nov.) and the colour pattern on the subsutural cord (with extended lighter blotches in L. picturata or without in L. bratasusa sp. nov.). Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) is Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD1C026927FFF4BFC1EFBCD.taxon	description	(FIG. 11)	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD1C026927FFF4BFC1EFBCD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Neotype MNHN IM- 2013 - 13275 (here designated). Type locality: Papua New Guinea, Tab Island, inner slope, 05 ° 10.2 ′ S, 145 ° 50.3 ′ E (Expedition PAPUA NIUGINI, st. PR 42). Description (neotype): Shell thin, fusiform (Fig. 11 A – C), with high spire and long narrow siphonal canal very slightly inclined to left. Protoconch conical (Fig. 11 D), of about 3.75 evenly convex whorls, posteriormost 0.75 whorl before transition to teleoconch with ten distinct arcuate ribs, more closely spaced towards transition to teleoconch. Protoconch diameter 1.0 mm, height 1.22 mm. Teleoconch whorls weakly angulated at shoulder, 10.5 in total. Suture moderately deep, distinct, subsutural region wide, distinctly concave. Subsutural cord distinct, narrow on upper four teleoconch whorls, rounded on top, with two additional angular ridges appearing in upper part of cord on 5 th and subsequent whorls. Ridges become progressively stronger and on last whorl cord of three distinct sharp triangular in profile ridges, middle one most elevated. Subsutural region smooth on upper teleoconch whorls, with one spiral ridge appearing on third whorl, two on the fourth, three on fifth, up to six on the last whorl. Paired sinus cords strongest, separated by interspace four times wider than cords, broadly obtuse triangular in profile and of same strength on last whorl. On upper whorls both cords similar in size, very closely spaced on upper four whorls progressively broader spaced on later whorls. Base of spire whorls smooth on upper two whorls, with one spiral cord on the third to fourth whorl, two on fifth, and then fast enlarging in number up to 11, strongly different in size cords on penultimate whorl. Base of last whorl with 15 cords, five of which much more prominent; canal with 34 cords, becoming gradually lower anteriorly. Cords slightly nodulose on intersections with growth lines. Shell base sharply narrowing towards narrow and long nearly straight siphonal canal. Aperture pear shaped, strongly constricted posteriorly, with parietal callus producing distinct tooth, outer lip concave in upper part and strongly convex below shoulder, gradually passing into canal. Anal sinus deep, narrow, with nearly parallel sides, and nearly straight posterior margin, parallel to shell axis; outer lip in side view rounded and opisthocline, stromboid notch well-defined. Shell light brown, protoconch and two first teleoconch whorls slightly darker. Subsutural cord (s) with light brown irregularly shaped spots. Sinus cords with narrow and irregularly spaced brown spots, minor spiral cords with spots sometimes chevron shaped and smaller flecks. Aperture light creamy, lirated deep inside. Measurements (neotype largest of our specimens): SL 39.4 mm, AL (with canal) 19.8 mm, SW 10.7 mm. Radula (neotype) (Fig. 5 G) long, of about 65 rows of teeth, of which 25 nascent. Radula similar to other congeners, with duplex somewhat stout marginal teeth. Anterior (inner) half is solid, lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Central formation distinct, of small sharp narrow cusp. Remarks: The species is rather variable in terms of sculpture and coloration. All intermediate specimens can be found from very light, hardly speckled specimens from Vietnam (Fig. 11 K) to very dark ones from Mozambique, similar to the dark form of L. acuta (Fig. 11 J). Interestingly, the dark form was found only in Mozambique and the only two studied specimens from this region were dark. The degree of development of spiral cords (other than subsutural and sinus cords) can also be rather different: there can be as few as four subequal cords on the subsutural zone, up to six strongly unequal cords in the neotype. In all studied specimens, there are two or even sometimes three closely spaced cords immediately below the suture. On the contrary, in L. acuta and L. semfala sp. nov. the subsutural cord is single, sometimes with two much weaker additional threads running along it. This allows a reliable differentiation of L. jickelii from both L. acuta and L. semfala sp. nov. There seems to be geographically determined shell variability, with only dark forms sampled in Mozambique, and very light ones in Vietnam; however, very limited material available from the mentioned localities does not allow us to draw final conclusions. The species was for a long time considered to be a synonym of L. acuta (Powell, 1964: 305 and many others), or a Red Sea subspecies of L. acuta. The name was used as a valid one recently for specimens from the Philippines (Heralde et al., 2007; Fedosov et al., 2011), but its validity was never addressed from the viewpoint of taxonomy. The type of Pleurotoma jickelii Weinkauff, 1875 originated from C. Jickeli’s collection, which is now partially stored in the Humboldt Museum, Berlin (http: // www. conchology. be /? t = 9001 & id = 21727). Nevertheless, the types were not found in the Berlin Museum, nor in SMF, where the material of some other Weinkauff species is kept. Therefore, we consider them to be lost. The species was described from Massawa (presently Eritrea) based on a beach-collected specimen. The illustration of Weinkauff & Kobelt (1875 – 1887): pl. 4, figs 2, 3) is a bit ambiguous and depicts the large shell (SL 53 mm) with poorly pronounced sinus cords and nearly straight sided bases of spire whorls, similar to those in our specimens. Powell (1964: pl. 180, fig. 19) illustrated a specimen of ‘ form jickelii ’ from the Red Sea very similar to ours and provided an adequate and accurate description of Lophiotoma acuta form jickelii. Finally, Verbinnen & Dirkx (2007) discussed the occurrence of Lophiotoma acuta in the Red Sea and the status of L. acuta jickelii (Weinkauff, 1875). They illustrated the shell of acuta (fig. 21) as well as two shells which represent L. jickelii (21 a, 21 b). We were able to examine one shell, collected in Egypt (Fig. 11 O) and it, as well as specimens illustrated by Verbinnen & Dirkx, falls within intraspecific variability of a single species as defined herein by molecular data. In the absence of sequenced material from the Red Sea and due to the confusing situation with the taxonomy of the species, we designate herein the specimen collected in Tab Island, Papua New Guinea, Madang Lagoon (Fig. 11 A – C) as the neotype of Lophiotoma jickelii. The species is most similar to Lophiotoma kina sp. nov., found in Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. For differences see the remarks for Lophiotoma kina sp. nov. The species can be readily distinguished from L. acuta by its less pronounced subequal sinus cords rounded on top, while in L. acuta the upper sinus cord is much more pronounced than the lower and both sinus cords have a sharp upper edge. Lophiotoma jickelii also differs from both L. acuta and L. semfala sp. nov. in that the subsutural cord is subdivided into several cords on the last and penultimate whorls in the former species while in the latter two it is uniform with a sharp upper edge and very weak additional ridges. The studied radula of L. jickelii has a broader anterior solid part of marginal teeth and a more pronounced cusp on the central formation. Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) – tropical Indo-West Pacific from Mozambique to Vietnam, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu. Based on published data also the Red Sea.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFD3C02892ACFBE7FED5F890.taxon	description	(FIG. 12) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BB 330 B 09 - 7334 - 4 F 5 D-B 7 FF- 30 F 43737680 A Type material: Holotype MNHN IM- 2013 - 16307, paratype MNHN IM- 2013 - 13278. Type locality: Papua New Guinea, Madang Lagoon, W Tab Island, inner slope, 05 ° 10.1 ′ S, 145 ° 50.2 ′ E, 3 – 6 m (Expedition PAPUA NIUGINI, st. PR 237). Etymology: kina – the shell in Pidgin English, one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea. Used as a noun in apposition. Description (holotype): Shell medium thick, fusiform, with high spire and long narrow siphonal canal very slightly inclined to left (Fig. 12 A – C). Protoconch (intact in the specimen MNHN IM- 2013 - 12950) conical, eroded of about 2.75 evenly convex whorls, posteriormost half whorl before transition to teleoconch with nine axial riblets (Fig. 12 H). Protoconch diameter 0.88 mm, height 0.93 mm. Teleoconch whorls weakly angulated at shoulder, 9.5 in total. Suture shallow, subsutural region wide, distinctly concave, subsutural cord low, on upper five whorls narrow, rounded on top. On sixth whorl, additional angular ridge appearing in upper cord part, which becomes progressively stronger and on last whorl cord consists of two distinct ridges, adapical one being twice lower than abapical ridge. Subsutural region smooth on upper teleoconch whorls, with one spiral ridge appearing on fourth, three on fifth, four on sixth and eight on last whorl. Paired sinus cords strongest, separated by interspace three times wider than cords, obtuse triangular in profile and nearly of same strength on last whorl. On early whorls both cords similar in size, with upper one being more pronounced on last and penultimate whorls. Base of spire whorls smooth on upper three whorls, with one spiral cord on fourth whorl, two on fifth, three on the sixth and seven on penultimate. Base of last whorl with three major spiral cords and two smaller ones between them, canal with 22 subequal cords, becoming gradually lower anteriorly. Shell base sharply narrowing towards narrow and long nearly straight siphonal canal. Aperture pear shaped, strongly constricted posteriorly with parietal callus producing distinct tooth, outer lip concave in upper part and weakly convex below shoul- der, gradually passing into canal. Anal sinus deep, V-shaped, posterior margin nearly straight, parallel to shell axis; outer lip in side view rounded and opisthocline, stromboid notch well-defined. Growth lines indistinct, closely spaced. Shell light creamy, protoconch and three first teleoconch whorls slightly darker. Subsutural cord (s) with light brown irregularly shaped spots. Sinus cords with very weak light brown regularly spaced flecks, as well as minor spiral cords; spots occupying whole width of cord. Aperture light creamy, lirated deep inside. Measurements (holotype largest specimen): SL 31.0 mm, AL (with canal) 15.7 mm, SW 9.3 mm. Radula (Fig. 5 I) is similar to other congeners, with duplex marginal teeth. Anterior (inner) half solid, narrowly lanceolate, dorso-ventrally compressed with sharp lateral cutting edges. In posterior half, major and accessory limbs bifurcate at about 45 ° angle, rather thin. Central formation was not examined due to radula preparation. Remarks: The species is most similar to L. jickelii and can be distinguished by the more pronounced sinus cords and correspondingly more angulated whorls, generally less intensively coloured shell, with only very weak brown flecks on the sinus cords and other spiral elements. It also has a smaller protoconch (although the protoconch was available only in three specimens), consisting of 2.75 – 3 whorls in L. kina sp. nov. vs. 3.5 – 4.0 in L. jickelii (3.75 in most specimens) (Fig. 8). Distribution: Confirmed distribution of the species (based on sequenced specimens) is Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFDDC028927FFF4BFB34F9E1.taxon	description	(FIG. 9 F – G)	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
03AD4855FFDDC028927FFF4BFB34F9E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype MMM – Cupra Marittima. Type locality: New Place Birat Samal Island, Philippines. Tangle net at 100 – 200 m. Material examined: Three specimens sequenced (Table S 1), one specimen Tinina Balut Island, Philippines, tangle net at 100 – 200 m. Diagnosis: Shell medium sized (up to 39 mm), turriform, with prominent spiral sculpture; shell coloured with dense irregularly shaped brown to dark brown spots, siphonal canal off-white to tan. Whorl outline moderately convex, angulated at sinus. Sinus cords paired, subequal in size, with narrow interspace. Subsutural ramp and shell base sculptured with varying in width and prominence cords and finer riblets. Shell base convex, strongly constricted to rather slender siphonal canal, sculptured with dense spiral to oblique cords. Aperture elongate, anal sinus moderately deep, wide, angulated at tip. Aperture distinctly lirate inside. Radula examined in one poorly preserved specimen from Tinina, Balut Island (Fig. 9 G), in all respects similar to other studied herein species of Lophiotoma. Remarks: The species was confused previously with Lophiotoma ruthveniana. Okutani (2000) illustrated a specimen very similar to Lophiotoma abbreviata. Although described from the Philippines, our material and the record of Okutani suggest that its distribution extends from Japan to Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu from 10 to 15 to more than 100 m depth. Distribution: Vanuatu (sequenced specimens), Japan, Philippines and Papua New Guinea.	en	Puillandre, Nicolas, Fedosov, Alexander E., Zaharias, Paul, Aznar-Cormano, Laetitia, Kantor, Yuri I. (2017): A quest for the lost types of Lophiotoma (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae): integrative taxonomy in a nomenclatural mess. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 243-271
