identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B787EF1E54F93EFC99D715FA893EA0.text	03B787EF1E54F93EFC99D715FA893EA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Riolama grandis RECODER ET AL. 2020	<div><p>RIOLAMA GRANDIS RECODER ET AL.,  SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 7–9)</p><p>Riolama sp. nov. a, McDiarmid et al., 1988: 669.  Riolama sp. A ( Neblina), McDiarmid &amp; Donnelly, 2005: 515, 540; Kok, 2015: 501, fig. 7.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2EAC3B84-3D77- 4EA0-B8BB-8FB2B46C0D6D</p><p>Holotype: MZUSP 116620 (field number MTR 40320; Figs 7, 8A, 9A), an adult male from ‘Bacia do Gelo’, in the highlands of the Serra da  Neblina, Parque Nacional do Pico da  Neblina, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil (0°47’37”N, 66°01’25”W; 2.013 m a.s.l; datum WGS 84); collected on 18 November 2017 by M. T. Rodrigues, A. Camacho, F. Dal Vechio, I. Prates, J. M. Ghellere, R. Recoder and S. Marques-Souza.</p><p>Paratopotypes: Seven individuals, two adult males, MZUSP 116622, 116626 (field number MTR 40302, 40314), two adult females, MZUSP 116621, 116623 (field numbers MTR 40269, 40304) and three subadult females, MZUSP 116624, 116625, 116627 (field numbers MTR 40308, 40310, 40373), from the same locality as the holotype, collected between 18 November and 22 November 2017, by the same collectors as the holotype .</p><p>Paratypes: AMNH R-178714 (field number RGZ 12174), an adult male from Camp II, 3.5 km north-east of Pico Phelps (= Pico  Neblina), Cerro de la  Neblina, Departamento Río Negro, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (00°50’00” N, 65°58’48” W; 2100 m a.s.l.), collected by Richard G. Zweifel on 25 February 1984; USNM 284488 (RWM 17682), an adult female, Camp II, 3.5 km north-east of Pico Phelps, Cerro de la  Neblina, Departamento Río Negro, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (00°50’12”N, 65°58’48” W; 2.085 m a.s.l), collected by Alfred L. Gardner on 31 January 1985; MZUSP 116629, 116628, two subadult females</p><p>MRCA Cercosaurinae 60.7 76.3 69.9 - - - 12.4 -</p><p>and studies former</p><p>MRCA Gymnophthalminae 38.8 53.3 50.1 - - 57.0 14.7 -</p><p>study</p><p>Gymnophthalmidae this in</p><p>MRCA  Gymnophthalmidae 62.9 79.4 73.7 68.0 48.0 90.0 14.9 - 14.9</p><p>(</p><p>within</p><p>)</p><p>Mya events MRCA</p><p>Gymnophthalmidae</p><p>+</p><p>(former  Alopoglossidae)  Gymnophthalmidae 69.9 89.4 81.3 78.0 68.0 99.0 17.0 1.9 -</p><p>diversification timing of</p><p>MRCA Gymnophthalmoidea</p><p>estimated / ucld 73.4 94.0 PL 86.3 80.0 ucld 75.0 99.0 16.4 age</p><p>study estimated 1.6 al. et,</p><p>of the</p><p>Software Algorithm BEAST</p><p>/</p><p>treePL</p><p>/</p><p>r s PL, / 8 PL / 8s r</p><p>/</p><p>BEAST PL / s 8 r average and this</p><p>PL age. e Mulcahy study</p><p>Comparisons, Wiens Burbrink. al, et., et al 2006., al between with between (</p><p>i</p><p>BEAST</p><p>.</p><p>. 3</p><p>Table Study</p><p>study</p><p>This</p><p>&amp;</p><p>Zheng 2016</p><p>&amp;</p><p>Pyron 2014</p><p>Mulcahy 2012 Mulcahy 2012 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.01583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.77611107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.01583/lat 0.77611107)">Wiens</a> et <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.01583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.77611107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.01583/lat 0.77611107)">Difference</a> estimated <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.01583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.77611107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.01583/lat 0.77611107)">Difference</a> with this 2012) and (field numbers MTR 40266, 40346), from ‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.01583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.77611107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.01583/lat 0.77611107)">Base Velha’</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.01583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.77611107" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.01583/lat 0.77611107)">Serra</a> da  Neblina, Parque Nacional Serra da Neblina, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil (0°46’34”N, 66°00’57”W; 2010 m a.s.l.)  .</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet,  grandis, is a Latin adjective, meaning ‘big’ or ‘large’, in reference to the larger body size of this new species compared to congeners.</p><p>Diagnosis: Following the generic diagnosis of Uzzell (1973), and comments by D. M. Harris and R. W. McDiarmid in Myers &amp; Donnelly (2001), the new species is attributed to the genus  Riolama by possessing well-developed limbs with five digits; digits laterally compressed with swollen tips, claws on all digits except for the first finger; tail slightly compressed laterally in section; head scales smooth, without striations; single frontonasal and frontal, paired prefrontals and frontoparietals; dorsal scales hexagonal to rectangular, imbricate, keeled; collar fold distinct; tympanum heavily pigmented and weakly depressed; oblique plicae rather than papillae on the posterior surfaces of the tongue. Additionally, the generic allocation is corroborated by molecular data.</p><p>Riolama grandis is distinguished from the remaining species of  Riolama by the following combination of traits: (1) large size for the genus (maximum SVL 87.8 mm); (2) head long, HL 0.25 (± 0.01) times SVL; (3) dorsal scales at midbody rectangular, slightly rounded on posterior borders, slightly imbricate, weakly keeled, length 2.5–3.0 times width; (4) 30–34 transverse rows of dorsal scales; (5) 37–42 total scales around midbody: (6) eight to ten longitudinal rows of ventral scales; (7) 19–23 transverse rows of ventral scales; (8) 30 or more temporal scales; (9) seven to nine supralabials on each side; (10) six infralabials on each side; (11) four to six scales in the occipital row; (12) six to eight scales in the postoccipital row; (13) 12–15 femoral pores on each side; (14) long limbs, HLL 0.50 (± 0.03) times SVL, when limbs appressed to trunk, tip of fourth finger overlaps hindfoot to middle of lower leg; (15) 16–21 subdigital lamellae under fourth finger; (16) 23–30 subdigital lamellae under fourth toe; (17) tongue covered by scale-like papillae on the anterior half and by chevron-like plicae on the posterior half; (18) head and body dark brown (in alcohol), generally lacking cream spots dorsally and ventrally; (19) chin grey with irregular dark blotches and two long cream marks laterally; and (20) hemipenis with laterals representing a series of roughly equidistant and remarkably developed flounces, each bearing a single spine; presence of a distinctly enlarged hook-shaped spine at the centre of the hemipenial flounces row.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 7, 8A): An adult male, with 87.8 mm SVL; body cylindrical, moderately stout, wider than deep; TRL corresponds to 46% of SVL. Head large, 1.56 times longer than wide, relatively distinct from neck; HL corresponds to 25% of SVL. Snout moderately broad, sides straight in dorsal view, ESD 0.39 times HL. Limbs well developed, pentadactyl with all digits clawed except for finger I. Forelimbs moderate, 29% of SVL. Hindlimbs moderately long, 46% of SVL. Tail long, two times SVL (posterior fifth regenerated), moderately robust, slightly compressed.</p><p>Head scales smooth with a few scattered sensorial pits. Rostral wider than high, visible from above; in broad contact with frontonasal (internasal), nasals and first supralabials. Frontonasal single, large, pentagonal, wider than long; in broad contact with nasals (separating nasals on midline) and prefrontals. Two large prefrontals, slightly longer than wide, shorter than frontal; in contact by a median suture about two thirds of length at margins; in contact with frontal, first supraocular and loreal. Frontal hexagonal, longer than wide, wider anteriorly; in contact with first, second and third supraoculars by a rounded suture; slightly shorter and wider than interparietal. Two large frontoparietals, pentagonal, similar in size to prefrontals, in median contact with each other by a large suture; in wide contact with frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietals and interparietal. Interparietal large, hexagonal, 1.6 times longer than wide, with straight margins with parietals, posterior end with a pointed border, trespassing the margins of parietals. Two large parietals, wider anteriorly; subequal to interparietal. A row of enlarged occipitals followed by a row of quadrangular postoccipitals; occipitals with five irregular scales, the median smallest and separated from interparietal by a contact between adjacent occipitals, the laterals largest, pentagonal; postoccipitals quadrangular, much larger than dorsals, the median pair largest, the laterals subsequently being smaller. Four supraoculars, first smallest, second largest, third and fourth subequal.</p><p>Nasal single, large, broadly triangular, rounder anteriorly, nostril large, ovoid, just anterior and ventral of centre of nasal, nasal without grooves; in contact with rostral, frontonasal, loreal, frenocular and a postnasal; wide contact with first supralabial, short contact with second supralabial; postnasal triangular, short, between nasal and frenocular, loreal and supralabials. Loreal quadrangular, about as high as wide, separating frenocular from nasal, in contact with prefrontal, first supraocular, first superciliary and postnasal. Frenocular pentagonal, almost as high as long, highest medially, subequal to loreal. Six subocular scales between frenocular and postocular, the fourth largest. Six superciliaries, first largest, larger than loreal, longer than high, second longer than deep, third and fourth smallest, quadrangular; the fifth quadrangular, the sixth higher than long. One row of small scales between second to fourth supraoculars and second through fifth superciliaries. One small preocular between frenocular and first superciliar. Eyelids bordered by two irregular rows of pentagonal scales and two outer rows of small granules; lower eyelid with palpebral disc covered by large opaque pentagonal scales. Temporal scales numerous (36 on the right side) smooth, hexagonal to rounded, subimbricate; increasing in size posteriorly and dorsally. Ear opening broad, ovoid, aligned vertically, partially covered by small scales. Tympanum recessed, heavily pigmented. Eight supralabials, fifth under the eye, first, fourth and seventh largest, twice longer than wide, sixth highest.</p><p>Symphyseal scale wider than long, followed by a larger and undivided pentagonal postsymphyseal contacting the first two infralabials. Six infralabials on each side, third longest. Five pairs of mentals; first three pairs contacting the infralabials laterally; first and second contacting each other medially in a straight suture; first pair smaller, almost quadrangular, second pair largest and quadrangular, third pair much wider than long, almost pentagonal; third pair separated from infralabials by a row of elongated scales, the posterior two pairs separated from the infralabials by a series of large, irregular lateral scales, and separated from each other anteriorly by two large irregular scales and posteriorly by a series of small ovoid scales projected anteriorly. A distinct ventral groove between ear openings, slightly arched anteriorly, composed of an irregular row of granular scales. Collar distinct, anterior to pectoral scales, with seven scales in a single row; the median one pentagonal and largest, the remaining ones quadrangular and decreasing in size laterally. Collar fold distinct, filled with rounded, widely spaced, granular scales in six irregular rows; posterior border of medial collar scales partially overlapping anterior pectoral scale row. Gulars arranged in nine irregular transverse rows (including collar); rounded, wider than long, smaller anteriorly, increasing in size posteriorly; the five posterior rows of gulars with central scales widened, quadrangular, much larger than laterals. Sides of neck with small, subequal, subimbricate, pebblelike scales.</p><p>Dorsal scales arranged in transverse rows; first six rows with quadrangular or hexagonal scales, smooth; remaining dorsal scales on body and near tail more elongate, rectangular, imbricate, with slightly rounded posterior borders, keeled; keel on dorsal scales straight, not strongly marked; 34 transverse rows of dorsal scales between postoccipitals and posterior insertion of hind limbs; a total of 40 longitudinal rows of midbody scales (including 16 dorsal rows, six to eight lateral rows and ventrals); dorsal caudal scales similar to those on body, progressively loosing keels laterally. Transverse rows of dorsal body scales divided into two or three rows of nearly rounded lateral scales at midtrunk; anterior and posterior third of the area between limbs covered by small scales irregularly arranged; weak keels on more dorsally located lateral trunk scales; scales granular near insertion of forelimb.</p><p>Pectoral scales in two rows of seven/four scales laterally, one row of three scales medially; middle scale of three medial ones smaller than lateral ones. Ventral scales quadrangular, in 21 transverse rows and ten longitudinal rows at midbody; six scales in pre-anal shield in two rows, middle scale of anterior row large and quadrangular, lateral scales ovoid and reduced, middle scale of posterior row smaller than lateral scales which are subequal to middle scale of anterior row.</p><p>Arm covered dorsally and posteriorly with large, smooth scales; ventral surface of upper arm and inner surface of forearm with granular scales; flattened scales on surface of hand; five depressed fingers, four with claws, thumb clawless; tip of each finger slightly compressed; three scales on dorsal surface of thumb, six on second digit, eight on third, nine/ten on fourth and six/seven on fifth; dorsal scale of penultimate phalanx enlarged on all digits; five ventral scales, including one tubercle, on first digit, eleven on second, sixteen on third, 18/19 on fourth and 11 on fifth; two thenar tubercles in row with thumb tubercle along edge of hand; surface of palm covered with granular scales, some with central depressions; single, rounded, relatively protuberant outer tubercle at base of palm; fourth finger longest, followed in decreasing order by third, second, fifth and first.</p><p>Upper leg covered by large, flat scales on anterior surface; more dorsally situated scales granular, weakly keeled scales on dorsal and posterior surfaces of thigh; granular scales, some weakly keeled, on anterior and posterior surfaces of lower leg; ventral surface covered with large, flat scales. Femoral pores 14/14, some scales with one to four grooves extending to scale margins, especially on distal ones. Foot with large, flat scales dorsally; five digits, all clawed; first toe with three dorsal scales, second with seven, third with 11, fourth with 15/16, and fifth with ten, few divided; first toe with eight subdigital lamellae, second with 13/14, third has 19/20, fourth has 26/27 and fifth has 18/17, some partially or completely divided; small, granular scales on sole, some with central depressions.</p><p>Dorsal surface of tongue covered with many small scales on anterior half and chevron-shaped plicae on posterior half. Four infralingual plicae, slightly swollen, forming acute angle on midline, decreasing in size posteriorly. Maxilla and premaxilla with 24 bicuspid teeth on each side; teeth slightly curved, anterior cusps lower than posterior ones. Each dentary with 21 bicuspid teeth.</p><p>Colour of holotype: In alcohol, dorsum brown with a pair of faded light dorsolateral stripes, two to three dorsal scales wide, beginning on parietals and extending to base of tail, poorly defined on tail (Fig. 8A); a dark stripe, marginal to dorsolateral stripes; vertebral area between stripes mixed brown and dark brown; head dark brown with irregularly defined darker spots; temporal region and posterior supralabials brown mixed with dark grey; mental and inner sides of mandibular, gular and pectoral region whitish, spotted with bluish grey; outer edges of mandibles, gular and pectoral region, and ventral surfaces of body, limbs and tail bluish grey with scattered dark blotches (Fig. 8A); flanks greyish brown, each scale primarily dark; area around femoral pores and vent, beneath upper arms, and on ventral surfaces of hands and feet cream with dark mottles.</p><p>In life (Fig. 9A), background colour copper brown, dorsolateral stripes conspicuous; dorsolateral lines ochre anteriorly and brown posteriorly, black vertebral spots; head dark brown, chin and gular area cream with two transverse whitish stripes, chest and venter cream olive with black spots irregularly arranged; lateral scales black with yellowish tips; pre-anal region yellowish with black spots, black spots on legs; iris olive-cream. Lateral colour pattern extends dorsally and is visible from above. In preservative, background colour dark brown, dorsolateral stripes less conspicuous, lateral colour darker than dorsal, with yellowish dots. Ventral colour bluish grey.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype (in mm): SVL 87.8; TRL 40.8; HH 10.4; HW 14.1; HL 22.0; ESD 8.6; FEM 14.2; TIB 13.0; FTL 19.4; HUM 9.2; HAL 19.8; TAL 179.0.</p><p>Variation: The paratypes present variation in all scale counts except number of infralabials (Table 4). Temporals vary between 30 and 40; occipitals four to five (one individual with 7) and postoccipitals six to eight. Body size does not differ significantly between sexes (ANOVA, F = 3.73, P = 0.10). Males have proportionally larger FEM (ANCOVA, F = 8.33, P &lt;0.05) and HUM (ANCOVA, F = 8.55, P &lt;0.05), but the remaining morphometric variables do not differ significantly between sexes. Maxillary and premaxillary teeth vary between 20 and 25 on each dentary (N = 6). Colour in life is ontogenetically variable (Fig. 9B, C), with smaller individuals having a well-marked whitish bar above the eye that fades in larger specimens. Dorsal colour is lighter in smaller individuals, strongly contrasting with the lateral colour pattern. Most paratypes (N = 6) have well-marked black stripes medially to the dorsolateral stripes. In preservative, gular and ventral surfaces are whitish in smaller individuals but greyish in larger individuals, with light coloration restricted to white gular mottles in the larger specimens (N = 7). Testes of the male paratype (AMNH R-178714) are white and measure 4 mm in their largest dimension.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787EF1E54F93EFC99D715FA893EA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Recoder, Renato;Prates, Ivan;Marques-Souza, Sergio;Camacho, Agustín;Sales Nunes, Pedro M.;Vechio, Francisco Dal;Ghellere, José Mario;Mcdiarmid, Roy W.;Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut	Recoder, Renato, Prates, Ivan, Marques-Souza, Sergio, Camacho, Agustín, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Vechio, Francisco Dal, Ghellere, José Mario, Mcdiarmid, Roy W., Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2020): Lizards from the Lost World: two new species and evolutionary relationships of the Pantepui highland Riolama (Gymnophthalmidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 271-297
03B787EF1E4CF93BFC9FD2F6FDD43B04.text	03B787EF1E4CF93BFC9FD2F6FDD43B04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Riolama stellata RECODER ET AL. 2020	<div><p>RIOLAMA STELLATA RECODER ET AL.,  SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 8B, 10, 11)</p><p>Riolama sp. nov. b, McDiarmid et al., 1988: 669.  Riolama sp. B ( Neblina), McDiarmid &amp; Donnelly, 2005: 515, 540; Kok, 2015: 501, fig. 7.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F3552C7E-55A2- 4A11-BC60-8977D050CB02</p><p>Holotype: MZUSP 116616 (field number MTR 40262; Figs 8B, 10), a male from ‘  Bacia do Gelo’, in the</p><p>* MTR 40313, a juvenile (24.4 mm SVL), represent an extreme outlier in body-size and was not included in morphometric statistics.</p><p>Paratopotypes: MZUSP 116617 (field number MTR 40309) an adult male;  MZUSP 116618 (MTR 40312) an adult female, and MZUSP 116619 (MTR 40313), a juvenile male, all from the same locality as the holotype (0°47’34”– 0°47’37”N; 66°01’25”– 66°01’33”W) collected between 18 November and 20 November 2017, by the same collectors as the holotype .</p><p>Paratypes: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.83666664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.83666664)">Five</a> individuals from Camp II, 3.5 km north-east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.83666664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.83666664)">Pico Phelps</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.83666664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.83666664)">Cerro</a> de la  Neblina, Departamento Río Negro, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (00°50’12”N, 65°58’48”W; 2085 m a.s.l), USNM 284491 (field number RWM 17671), USNM 284489 (RWM 17680), collected by Alfred L. Gardner on 31 January 1985 ;  USNM 562652 (RWM 17651), on 29 January 1985,  and USNM 562653 (RWM 17659), USNM 284490 (RWM 17660), on 30 January 1985,   collected by Roy W. McDiarmid; USNM 284492 (RWM 17284), from Camp II, 2.8 km north-east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.8333333)">Pico Phelps</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.8333333)">Cerro</a> de la  Neblina, Departamento Río Negro, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (00°50’00”N, 65°58’48”W; 2085–2100 m a.s.l), collected by Roy W. McDiarmid on 21 February 1984 ;   USNM 562654 (ALG 14138), from Camp II, 2.5 km north-east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8344444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.8344444)">Pico Phelps</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8344444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.98/lat 0.8344444)">Cerro</a> de la  Neblina, Departamento Río Negro, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (00°50’04”N, 65°58’48”W; 2085 m a.s.l), collected by Alfred L. Gardner on 20 March 1984  .</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet is the Latin adjective stellatus, which means ‘starred’, referring to the ventral and lateral colour pattern composed of light dots scattered on a dark background, which resemble a starry night sky.</p><p>highlands of the Serra da  Neblina, Parque Nacional do Pico da  Neblina, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil (0°47’34”N, 66°01’30”W; 2000 m a.s.l., datum WGS 84); collected on 18 November 2017 by M. T. Rodrigues, A. Camacho, F. Dal Vechio, I. Prates, J. M. Ghellere, R. Recoder and S. Marques-Souza.</p><p>Diagnosis: The generic diagnosis of  R. stellata follows that presented for  R. grandis above.  Riolama stellata is distinguished from the remaining species of  Riolama by the following combination of traits: (1) a small body size for the genus (maximum SVL 52.9 mm); (2) head short, HL 0.19 (± 0.01) times SVL; (3) dorsal scales at midbody slightly hexagonal, imbricate, broadly keeled, length 2.5–2.9 times width, dorsal rows clearly defined; (4) 33–38 transverse rows of dorsal scales; (5) 34–38 total scales around midbody; (6) six longitudinal rows of ventral scales; (7) 17–22 transverse rows of ventral scales; (8) 14–23 temporal scales; (9) six to seven supralabials on each side; (10) six to seven infralabials on each side; (11) five to seven scales in the occipital row; (12) five to seven scales in the postoccipital row; (13) eight to 11 femoral pores on each side; (14) short limbs, HLL 0.37 (± 0.02) times SVL, when limbs appressed to trunk, tip of fourth finger overlaps hindfoot to middle of third toe; (15) subdigital lamellae under fourth finger: 11–13; (16) subdigital lamellae under fourth toe: 14–19; (17) tongue surface entirely covered with plicae arranged in chevrons with anteromedial apices; (18) head and body dark (in alcohol), head dorsally and ventrally spotted with cream dots, body unspotted dorsally, ventrally black and heavily spotted with cream dots; (19) chin dark, blotched with cream marks; and (20) hemipenis with laterals consisting of a series of roughly equidistant and moderately developed flounces, each bearing a single spine; absence of the distinctly enlarged hook-shaped spine at the centre of the hemipenial flounces row.</p><p>Description of the holotype (Figs 8B, 10): An adult male, with 47.2 mm in SVL; body cylindrical, elongate, wider than deep. TRL corresponds to 53% of SVL. Limbs short but well developed, limbs pentadactyl with all digits clawed except for finger I. Forelimb 24% of SVL and hindlimb 37% of SVL. Tail slightly flattened laterally in section, about 1.9 times the SVL. Head short, 1.2 times longer than wide, HL 0.19 times SVL, only slightly differentiated from neck; snout short, ESD 0.37 times HL.</p><p>Head scales smooth with scattered sensorial pits, more numerous on anterior region. Rostral wider than high, visible from above; broad contact with frontonasal. Frontonasal large, single, pentagonal, longer than wide, slightly wider posteriorly, wider and shorter than frontal, completely separating nasals. Two prefrontals, quadrangular, widest anterolaterally; in contact with each other by a median suture about half size of length at margins; in contact with frontonasal, frontal, first supraocular, thigh contact with first superciliary and loreal. Frontal hexagonal, large, slightly longer than wide, contacting first three supraoculars laterally. Two large frontoparietals, pentagonal, about 50% larger than prefrontals, contacting each other by a large suture; in wide contact with frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietals and interparietal. Interparietal large, pentagonal, longer than wide, with straight margins with parietals, posterior end with a straight border, coincident with margins of parietals. Two large parietals, much wider anteriorly; slightly longer than interparietal. A row of five occipitals followed by a row of six postoccipitals; middle occipital scale smaller than lateral ones, medial pair of postoccipitals larger than outers. Four supraoculars, first smallest, second largest, fourth smaller than third.</p><p>Nasal single, large, triangular, rounder anteriorly, nostril ovoid, near middle of nasal scale, nasal not grooved; in contact with rostral, frontonasal, loreal and frenocular, in wide contact with first supralabial, and short contact with second supralabial. Loreal quadrangular, two times higher than wide, in contact with frontonasal, prefrontal, first superciliary, preocular and frenocular, not contacting supralabials. Frenocular pentagonal, almost as high as long, shorter than loreal. Four subocular scales between frenocular and postocular, the third largest and extending ventrally between fourth and fifth supralabials. Seven superciliaries between loreal and posterior edge of eye, separating upper eyelid from supraoculars, first two largest. A single, small scale situated between second and third supraoculars and fourth and fifth superciliaries. One small preocular between frenocular and first superciliary. Eyelids bordered by a single row of small granules on upper eyelid and two irregular rows at lower eyelid; lower eyelid with palpebral disc covered by large opaque pentagonal scales. Twenty smooth temporal scales, hexagonal to rounded and subimbricate; increasing in size posteriorly and dorsally. Ear opening broad, ovoid, aligned vertically. Tympanum moderately recessed, heavily pigmented. Six supralabials, fourth under the eye, first and sixth largest, two times longer than wide, fifth highest.</p><p>Symphyseal scale wider than long, followed by a larger and undivided pentagonal postsymphyseal contacting the first two infralabials. Six infralabials on each side, first longest. Five pairs of mentals; first three pairs contacting the infralabials laterally, contacting each other medially in a straight suture; first pair smaller and almost quadrangular, second pair largest and quadrangular, third pair much wider than long, almost pentagonal; posterior two pairs separated from infralabials by a series of large, irregular lateral scales, and from each other by two rows of elongate scales projected anteriorly. A distinct groove between ear openings, separating mentals from gulars, composed of an irregular row of granular scales. Collar distinct, anterior to pectoral scales, consisting of a row of seven enlarged rectangular scales between anteromedial insertions of forelimbs; medial scale largest and more quadrangular than others; collar fold distinct, with rounded, widely spaced, granular scales in two irregular rows. Gular scales arranged in eight transverse rows (including collar); anterior four transverse rows of gulars with subequal scales; posterior rows of gulars with paramedian scales presenting two longitudinal rows of greatly enlarged rectangular gulars, larger posteriorly. Lateral scales on neck roughly quadrangular, slightly protuberant; scales between the lateral extension of collar and forelimb small, granular.</p><p>Dorsal scales arranged in transverse rows; first six rows with hexagonal scales, as wide as long, imbricate, smooth; remaining dorsal scales on body and near tail more elongate, hexagonal, more than two times longer than wide, more imbricate and keeled posteriorly; keels broad; dorsal scales not forming longitudinal rows; 34 transverse rows of dorsal scales between postoccipitals and posterior insertion of hind limbs; 38 longitudinal rows of midbody scales (including 16 dorsal rows, eight lateral rows each side and ventrals); dorsal caudal scales similar to those on body, progressively loosing keels laterally. Lateral scales progressively smaller than dorsals towards venter; nearly rectangular at mid-trunk, imbricate, divided into two occasionally three rows per dorsal row; granular scales irregularly arranged over about a third of the lateral area between limbs; weak keels on more dorsally located lateral trunk scales; scales granular near insertion of hind limb.</p><p>Pectoral scales in two rows, ten scales in anterior row and seven in posterior one. Ventral scales quadrangular, in 18 transverse rows and six longitudinal rows at midbody; six scales in pre-anal shield in two rows, anterior middle scale largest, pentagonal, bordered laterally by anterior and posterior pair of about equal size and posteromedially by a small quadrangular scale.</p><p>Forelimb covered dorsally and posteriorly with large, smooth scales on anterior and posterior surfaces of upper arm and forearm; ventral surface of upper arm covered with granular scales; hands covered dorsally with flattened, quadrangular plates; five short fingers, thumb reduced and clawless, four other digits clawed, depressed, with compressed tip; two scales on dorsal surface of thumb, five on second digit, six on third, seven on fourth and five on fifth; thumb with three subdigital lamellae, basal one in form of keeled tubercle, other two flattened; second digit with eight ventral scales, third with nine/ten, fourth with 12 and fifth with seven, most undivided, all flattened; two additional tubercles in row with basal thumb tubercle along border of palm; palm covered by granular scales, some with central depressions; slightly rounded, protuberant tubercle located on posterolateral border of palm; fourth digit longest, followed in decreasing order by third, second, fifth and first.</p><p>Hindlimbs covered on anterior and dorsal surfaces of thighs with large scales, generally smooth, few slightly keeled; scales on posterior surface of thigh small, granular; scales on ventral surface rounded; scales on ventral surface of lower leg large, smooth, those on dorsal surface smaller, some weakly keeled, becoming granular near foot. Femoral pores nine/nine, with one to three grooves extending to scale margins. Feet covered dorsally by large flattened scales; five short digits, all clawed; scales on dorsal surface of toes smooth, numbering three on first toe, five on second, eight on third, ten on fourth and six on fifth; five subdigital lamellae on first toe, seven on second, 12 on third, 14 on fourth and nine on fifth, some scales partially or completely divided; four semicircular tubercles on inner edge of basal lamellae on third toe; scales on sole of foot small, granular, often with central depression.</p><p>Tongue surface entirely covered with plicae arranged in chevrons with anteromedial apices; some plicae divided, especially posteriorly, into fragments of variable length. First infralingual plicae distinct, long and pointed; other three rounded and meeting in acute angle on midline. Eighteen teeth on each side of upper jaw; anterior ones curved and primarily unicuspid, posterior ones more erect and bicuspid; posterior cusp much higher than anterior one. Mandible with seventeen teeth on each side; morphology similar to maxillary teeth.</p><p>Colour of holotype: Background coloration in life is dark brown on dorsum and black on ventral, lateral, gular and mental regions (Fig. 11). Dull orange-brown dorsolateral stripes extending to the tail, dorsally bordered by faded black parallel stripes. Black surfaces with several small whitish blotches. Limbs black with small whitish blotches on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tail dark brown. Colour in preservative (Fig. 8B) is similar, face and dorsal surface of head dark brown with many small, rounded, cream spots, somewhat poorly defined; lower mandible and gular region grey, slightly bluish, with small, irregular whitish spots; dorsum dark brown with irregular light brown dashes, no rounded dots; longitudinal, dorsolateral cream stripe, 0.5 to 2.5 scales wide extending from occipital scales on head to posterior part of tail, less distinct on tail; dorsally tail dark brown with light brown dashes; sides blackish brown with many small, rounded, cream or whitish dots on all transverse scale rows; ventral surfaces of body, forelimbs, hindlimbs and tail leadgrey and marked with many, small rounded whitish spots; venter slightly yellowish anteriorly; one to four spots on each ventral scale, ventral spots larger than lateral ones; pattern on pre-anal shield similar; spots on ventral surface of tail more scattered and considerably smaller than those on other parts of venter; fore- and hindlimbs, including toes, blackish brown with white or cream dots similar to sides; palms and soles greyish, without spots.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype (in mm): SVL 47.2; TRL 24.9; HH 5.0; HW 7.3; HL 9.1; ESD 3.4; FEM 6.2; TIB 5.7; FTL 8.2; HUM 4.4; HAL 8.8; TAL 90.4.</p><p>Variation: The type series shows some variation in quantitative morphological traits, as presented in Table 4. Temporals vary between 14 and 23; occipitals five to seven; postoccipitals five to seven (Supporting Information, Table S2). Sexes do not differ significantly in size (ANOVA, F = 0.38, P = 0.55), but males are proportionally larger in HW than females (ANCOVA, F = 19.80, P&gt; 0.01).</p><p>Additionally, the following morphological traits show some variation among the paratypes when compared to the holotype: right prefrontal smaller than left (N = 1); posterior fifth of right frontal separated into second scale (N = 1); frontal and left frontoparietal fused, replaced by anomalous crenulate scale sutures (N = 2); a weakly defined depression (similar to nasal groove) from nostril to supralabial scale (N = 4); four or six subocular scales (N = 5); six superciliaries (N = 4); seven or eight scales on lower border of upper eyelid (N = 9); six or seven scales on upper border of lower eyelid (N = 6); four to six scales in middle of palpebral disc (N = 6); seven supralabials on left side (N = 2); seven infralabials (N = 1); three pairs of chin shields, sometimes three pairs and one shield on only one side (N = 5); seven, eight or ten scales in collar (N = 7); 12 or 13 scales in anterior pectoral scale row (N = 9); pre-anal shield of seven to ten scales (N = 12); tongue plicae divided or not, or with large number of scales, especially on middle part (N = 11); 18 (N = 2) to 19 (N = 1) teeth on each side of upper jaw; mandible with 17 (N = 2) to 18 (N = 1) teeth on each side.</p><p>In life, paratypes are dorsally dark brown, but dorsolateral stripes fade to pale brown in some adult males, and in all females and juveniles. Dark brown marks occur between dorsolateral lines in larger individuals. Light longitudinal body stripes may begin on first or fourth supraocular scales or on parietal scales; straight blackish longitudinal lines bordering light dorsolateral stripes sometimes ending middorsally or extending to tail. Lateral colour deep black with white spots in adult males; dark brown with small brown spots the same colour as dorsolateral lines in adult females and juveniles. A small juvenile (MTR 40313) has a lateral dark brown colour with light brown blotches arranged in longitudinal lines. In preservative, venter and gular regions deep black in males with well-marked white spots; in females, venter and gular regions are dark brown, with small light brown spots, light brown midventral colour and cream gular region. Ventral and gular regions in juveniles entirely cream without spots.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787EF1E4CF93BFC9FD2F6FDD43B04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Recoder, Renato;Prates, Ivan;Marques-Souza, Sergio;Camacho, Agustín;Sales Nunes, Pedro M.;Vechio, Francisco Dal;Ghellere, José Mario;Mcdiarmid, Roy W.;Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut	Recoder, Renato, Prates, Ivan, Marques-Souza, Sergio, Camacho, Agustín, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Vechio, Francisco Dal, Ghellere, José Mario, Mcdiarmid, Roy W., Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2020): Lizards from the Lost World: two new species and evolutionary relationships of the Pantepui highland Riolama (Gymnophthalmidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 271-297
