identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B75218FF90B11FFF0AFC3E09063C72.text	03B75218FF90B11FFF0AFC3E09063C72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aleyrodes amnicola Bemis 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aleyrodes amnicola Bemis, 1904</p>
            <p>Fig. 1–4, 13–16, 29, 33, 42</p>
            <p> Aleyrodes amnicola Bemis 1904: 514 (description of nymphs and puparium, plate 27, fig. 4, 4a; syntypes from U.S.A., California, Stevens Creek, Santa Clara Valley, on  Salix laevigata , 4.xi.1901, at USNM) — Penny 1922: 23 (erroneous mention of  Washingtonia nuda as food plant). </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Slide mounted: 217 puparia, 22 ♂♂, 40 ♀♀ [at CSCA]: U.S.A., California: San Diego County: 2 puparia [with long caudal and posterior setae], 2 ♂♂, San Diego, on  Ceanothus sp. , 25.vi.1963, T.K. Palmer coll.; 6 puparia, Vista, 14.xi.1966, Waldrig and Krug coll.; 5 puparia, same data but on  Ribes sp. , 5.iv.1973, Anderson and Paddock coll.; 5 puparia, same data but on native gooseberry (  Ribes sp. ), 5.v.1983, H. Metcalf coll.; 13 puparia, 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Escondido, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 22.vii.1975, Gionfrido and Koide coll.; Orange County: 4 puparia, Trabuco Oaks, on  Pyrus communis, D.H. Byers and J.L. Johnson coll.; 11 puparia, Stanton, on pussy willow (  Salix sp. ), 26.vi.1979, Bennett and Stolte coll.; Los Angeles County: 13 puparia, Camp Baldy, on  Ceanothus sp. , ix.1931, D.D. Penny and G. Pohl coll.; 1 puparia, Hollywood, on gooseberry (  Ribes sp. ), 20.viii.1937, G. Burns coll.; 3 puparia, Pasadena, on  Ceanothus sp. , viii.1938, C. Gammon coll.; 3 puparia, 3 ♂♂, Westlake Village, on  Salix matsudana [now  S. babylonica ], 3.xii.1979, M. Pearson coll.; 5 puparia, 1 ♀, same data but on  Ribes sp. , 20.vi.1969, E.L. Paddock coll.; Ventura County: 2 puparia, 949 Main Street, on  Ceanothus sp. , 1.iv.1933, D. Fraser coll.; 6 puparia, Rancho Santa Paula and Saticoy, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 7.viii.1941, Gillogly coll.; 3 puparia, Cullignas Creek, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 3.ix.1942, Travis coll.; 5 puparia, Ojai, 9 viii 1967, Dilley and Buettner coll.; Santa Barbara County: 5 puparia, Orcutt, 19.xi.1973, Cupp and Rieneke coll.; 5 puparia, 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Santa Barbara, 27.x.1980, Pedroza and Elfstrom coll.; 16 puparia, 6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, Santa Barbara, on  Ceanothus sp. , 17.ix.1998, J. Kendall coll.; 3 puparia, Santa Barbara Botanical Gardens, on  Ceanothus sp. , 11.viii.1998, J. Kendall and J. Davidson coll.; San Luis Obispo County: 21 puparia, 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀, Arroyo Grande, on  Ceanothus thyrsiflorus , 27.x.1993, C. Krause coll.; 2 puparia, Arroyo Grande, in nursery,  Salix sp. , 22.x.2008, C.T. and C.K.; Monterey County: 2 puparia, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Carmel, 20.ix.1977, on  Salix sp. , Oliver and Willey coll.; 5 puparia, Carmel Valley, on  Ceanothus sp. , 2.x.1992, B. Oliver coll.; Fresno County: 3 puparia, Washington, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 12.v.1939, Gallion coll.; 4 puparia, 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀, Firebaugh, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 22.vii.1980, N. Smith coll.; Santa Clara County: 20 puparia, Los Gatos, on  Salix sp. , 18.vi.1939, W.W. Sampson coll.; 8 puparia [with long caudal setae], 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Stevens Creek Reservoir, on gooseberry (  Ribes sp. ), 14.v.1978, R. Gill coll.; San Mateo County: 6 puparia, San Mateo, on  Salix matsudana [now  S. babylonica ], 13.x.1971, P. Crane and H. Struttenegger coll.; Contra Costa County: 4 puparia, Pleasant Hill, on  Salix sp. , 26.x.1959, K.E. Danielson coll.; Sacramento County: 16 puparia, Sailor Bar, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 10.vii.1987, R. Dowell coll.; El Dorado County: 7 puparia, Gold Hill Road, 1 mi from Lotus Road, on  Ceanothus sp. , 30.v.2016, V. Popescu coll.; Placer County: 3 puparia, Apple Hill, on  Ceanothus sp. , 26.x.1987, R. Dowell coll. Dry material: U.S.A., California: Ventura County: 8 puparia, Calleguas Creek, on willow (  Salix sp. ), 2.ix.1947, P.B. Travis coll.; Santa Barbara County: 100 + puparia, Santa Barbara Botanical Gardens, on  Ceanothus sp. , 11.viii.1998, J. Kendall and J. Davidson coll.; San Luis Obispo County: 100 + puparia, Arroyo Grande, on  Ceanothus thyrsiflorus , 27.x.1993, C. Krause coll.; San Mateo County: 36 puparia, Redwood City, on  Salix sp. , x.1968, T.R. Haig coll.; Placer County: 80 puparia, Apple Hill, 26.x.1987, on  Ceanothus sp. , R. Dowell coll. </p>
            <p>Diagnostic characters. Pupal case translucent yellow to green with a broad dorsal dark brown stripe of variable width (Fig. 1, 2) to mostly yellow or mostly brown (Fig. 3, 4). Puparium usually with pebble-like ornamentation and numerous simple pores (eight to 16 per segment on each side at least on mesothorax) on medial area of cephalothorax and abdomen (Fig. 13–16, 29). Associated adult males with paramere narrowing preapically, with a wide subapical flange, as wide as about 0.45 of its length, and carina along medial margin of paramere contiguous to tip; aedeagus curved gradually at less than a 45-degree angle (Fig. 42).</p>
            <p> Remarks. The pebble-like ornamentation is found only in this species in California. In a few specimens (on  Salix and  Ribes ) there are few to no pebble-like ornamentations but there are numerous simple pores as described above. Male paramere (Fig. 42) narrowing preapically and with wider subapical flange, as wide as about 0.45 of its length, differs from paramere of  A. proletella ,  A. pruinosus , and  A. spiraeoides (Fig. 43–45), in which paramere narrows apically and subapical flange is narrower, as wide as 0.25–0.35 of its length. The darkening of the dorsal median area of puparium is usually distinctive for this species (Fig. 1, 14, 15), but puparia can exhibit considerable variability in their color pattern, sometimes with brown areas extensive with only the marginal areas yellow (Fig. 2, 16), sometimes with a paler brownish yellow stripe bordered by brown on both sides along medial area of abdomen (Fig. 13), to having extensive yellow areas with a restricted medial brown stripe or being entirely yellow (Fig. 3, 4). These puparia present the same pebble-like ornamentation and high number of simple pores, and available corresponding adult males share paramere shape with specimens associated with puparia displaying typical color pattern and are therefore considered conspecific. </p>
            <p> Hosts. This species occurs in large numbers on  Salix L. (  Salicaceae ),  Ceanothus L. (  Rhamnaceae ), and  Ribes L. (  Grossulariaceae ), with one record on  Pyrus communis L. (  Rosaceae ). The mention by Penny (1922), repeated by Evans (2007), of  Washingtonia nuda (Torr.) A. Heller as a food plant for this species was based on Bemis’ (1904: 515) remark that ‘adults were issuing from the pupa-cases’ [found on the underside of leaves of  Salix laevigata ], ‘and many had settled upon the undersides of leaves of  Washingtonia nuda , which was growing under the hosts plants’. Since the adults were simply landing on the leaves and the species was never recorded feeding or developing on this plant, this plant should be removed from its host plant list. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Probably throughout California, although it seems to be more common along coastal areas south of the San Francisco Bay area. Evans (2007) mentioned this species from the Virgin Islands without further data, but the source of this record could not be found, and it is considered to be erroneous (G. Evans pers. comm.).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B75218FF90B11FFF0AFC3E09063C72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	von, Natalia;Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J.	von, Natalia, Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J. (2024): An analysis of the genus Aleyrodes Latreille (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in California, with three synonymies. Insecta Mundi 2024 (62): 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662108
03B75218FF9EB11DFF0AF988085C3E15.text	03B75218FF9EB11DFF0AF988085C3E15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus 1758)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus, 1758)</p>
            <p>Fig. 5, 6, 17, 18, 30, 34, 35, 43</p>
            <p> Phalaena (Tinea) proletella Linnaeus 1758: 537 (syntypes from Europe on  Brassica ,  Chelidonium , and on  Quercus ?). </p>
            <p> Phalaena culiciformis Geoffroy 1785: 306 (syntypes on  Chelidonium majus ). </p>
            <p> Coccus preanthis Schrank 1801: 147 . </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes proletella : Latreille 1801: 264 (change of combination) — Walker 1858: 307 (synonymy of  Aleyrodes chelidonii Latreille ) — Bondar 1923: 125 (synonymy of  Aleyrodes youngi Hempel ) — Haupt 1935: 256 (synonymy of  Aleyrodes brassicae Walker ) — Klimaszewski and Szelegiewicz 1962: 42 (synonymy of  Coccus preanthis Schrank ) — Mound and Halsey 1978: 99 (discussion of nomenclatorial history) — Zahradnik 1991: 113 (synonymy of  Aleyrodes euphorbiae Löw ). </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes chelidonii Latreille, 1807: 174 (replacement name for  A. proletella L. and synonymy of  Phalaena culiciformis ).  Aleyrodes brassicae Walker 1852: 1092 (syntypes from England on cabbage). </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes euphorbiae Löw 1867: 746 (syntypes from Austria on  Euphorbia peplus ). </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes preanthis : Cockerell 1902: 281 (change of combination). </p>
            <p> Aleurodes youngi Hempel, 1901: 385 (syntypes from Brazil, Iguape and Campinas, State of São Paulo, on cabbage). </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Slide mounted material:   84 puparia, 10 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ [at CSCA]: England: 2 puparia, Kent,  Wye , on ground ivy (  Glechoma hederacea ), viii.1960. O. Gameel coll.  ;   7 puparia, 1 ♀,  British Museum Laboratory Culture , on cabbage (  Brassica oleracea ), v.1966, B.R. Pitkin coll.  ;   Dominica: 21 puparia, St. Paul Parish, ATRC  Springfield , on cabbage (  Brassica oleracea ), 11.vi.1994, M. Rose coll.  ;   Taiwan: 2 puparia, Taipei, on  Rorippa indica , 6.v.1992, H.C. Wen coll.  ;   U.S.A., California, Santa Cruz County: 18 puparia, 1 ♂, 1 ♀,  Watsonville , on kale (  Brassica oleracea ), 31.vii.2001, Bowman coll.  ;  17 puparia, 9 ♂♂, same data but 8.viii.2001 ;   1 ♂, same data but on radicchio (  Cichorium intybus var. foliosum )  ;   17 puparia, same data but 22.viii.2001. Dry material: 50 puparia, England,  British Museum Laboratory Culture , on cabbage (  Brassica oleracea ), v.1966, B.R. Pitkin coll. </p>
            <p>Diagnostic characters. Puparium usually translucent yellow (Fig. 6), although it can be slightly to moderately pigmented in colder months in temperate regions (Martin et al. 2000). Medio-dorsal area of cephalothorax and anterior abdomen never with pebble-like ornamentation and usually with only up to eight simple pores per segment on each side (Fig. 17, 18, 30). Adult male with paramere narrowing apically, with a narrow subapical flange as wide as about 0.25–0.30 of its length, and carina along medial margin of paramere interrupted subapically; aedeagus abruptly curved at a 90-degree angle at mid-length (Fig. 43).</p>
            <p> Remarks. We have been unable to distinguish the puparia from those of  A. spiraeoides . However, adult males of  A. proletella differ from all other California  Aleyrodes including  A. spiraeoides by the aedeagus abruptly bent at a 90-degree angle at mid-length and carina along medial margin of paramere interrupted subapically (Fig. 43), versus aedeagus gradually curved at less than a 45-degree angle and carina along medial margin of paramere contiguous to tip in the other three species (Fig. 42, 44, 45). </p>
            <p> Hosts. Polyphagous but seems to prefer crucifers (  Brassicaceae ). In California found only on  Brassica oleracea L. (  Brassicaceae ) and  Cichorium intybus L. (  Asteraceae ). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Originally described from Europe, this species is now known from Russia, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Bermuda, Brazil, numerous countries in Africa, and NE states and Oregon State in the U.S.A. (Mound and Halsey 1978; Hernández-Su á rez et al. 2012; Oregon Department of Agriculture 2016). In California it was only reported from several collections on ornamental kale and radicchio in the Monterey Bay Area of Santa Cruz County in 2001. While cabbage and other related plants are commonly grown commercially in the Monterey Bay area, this species has apparently not been resampled on any of these crops or on ornamental cabbage or kale since the original collections in 2001, and its current status in the state is unknown.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B75218FF9EB11DFF0AF988085C3E15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	von, Natalia;Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J.	von, Natalia, Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J. (2024): An analysis of the genus Aleyrodes Latreille (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in California, with three synonymies. Insecta Mundi 2024 (62): 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662108
03B75218FF9CB11BFF0AFBAE08373E3B.text	03B75218FF9CB11BFF0AFBAE08373E3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aleyrodes pruinosus Bemis 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aleyrodes pruinosus Bemis, 1904</p>
            <p>Fig. 7–9, 19, 20, 31, 36, 44</p>
            <p> 
Aleyrodes pruinosus 
Bemis 1904: 491 (description of nymphs, puparium, and adults; plates 33, 34, fig. 40–55; syntypes on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , from U.S.A., California, Avalon,  Catalina Islands , E. Ehrhorn coll., and Leland Stanford Junior University, 1902, F.E. Bemis coll., at USNM). </p>
            <p> 
Aleyrodes pruinosus euphorbiarum 
Cockerell 1911: 462 (description of puparium and adult female; syntypes from U.S.A., Colorado, Glenwood Springs, E. Bethel coll., on  Euphorbia robusta , at USNM). </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Slide mounted material: 178 puparia, 225 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀ [at CSCA]: U.S.A., California, 5 puparia, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, on  Heteromeles sp. , x.1930; San Diego County: 1 puparium, San Diego, on crab apple (  Malus sp. ), 11.ix.1967, F. Yaruss coll.; 3 puparium, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Chula Vista, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 14.xii.1973, Knott and Webb coll.; 13 puparia [some with long caudal setae], 8 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, El Cajon, on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , 14.v.1975, Opel, Rys, and Dietz coll.; Orange County: 16 puparia, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, El Modena, on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , x.1931, Penny coll.; 3 puparia, Anaheim, on California holly (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 15.i.1932, M.R. Olson coll.; Riverside County: 2 puparia, U.C. Riverside, on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , 6.x.1967, R.J. Gill coll.; 1 puparium, Corona, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 30.iii.1981, Reeves and Harris coll.; Los Angeles County: 8 puparia [some with long caudal and posterior setae], Catalina Island, Toyon Canyon, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 29.v.1981, R. Gill coll.; San Bernardino County: 28 puparia, Ontario, on  Heteromeles sp. , 7.xii.1934, G. Pohl coll.; Ventura County: 13 puparia, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Ventura, on toyon berry (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 2.viii.1933, F.R. Lewis coll.; Santa Barbara County: 8 puparia, Santa  Rosa Island, Cow Canyon, 450 ft, on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , 31.xii.2000, F. Hrusa coll.; Alameda County: 1 ♀, U.C. Berkeley campus, on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , 29.ix.1937, F.L. Blanc coll.; 9 puparia, same data but 14.i.1939, W.W. Sampson and E.A. Drews coll.; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, same data but 19.i.1939; 15 puparia, same data but 8.ii.1939; 4 puparia, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Berkeley, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 10.x.1941, M.R. Bell coll.; 4 puparia, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, same data but 3.vi.1991, J. Ball coll.; San Francisco County: 10 puparia, Golden Gate Park, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 24.i.1939, W.W. Sampson and E.A. Drews coll.; Sacramento County: 8 puparia, Sacramento, 1408 W St., on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , 3.v.1939, Ohrt coll.; 7 puparia, same data but 2311 14 th St., Kondo leg.; Napa County: 23 puparia, 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), viii.1933, E. Swift coll.; Yuba County: 2 puparia, Marysville, on  Heteromeles arbutifolia , 15.iii.1933, Fosen coll. Dry material: U.S.A., California, San Diego County: 60 puparia, El Cajon, 14.v.1975, Opel, Rys, and Dietz coll.; Orange County: 3 puparia, Santa Ana Canyon, on Christmas berry (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 16.x.1942, House and Slaap coll.; Ventura County: 100+ puparia, El Rio, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 8.x.1947, C.G. Barrett coll.; Santa Clara County: 40 puparia, Gilroy, on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia ), 24.i.1947, J. Gallion and L. Plesse coll. </p>
            <p>Diagnostic characters. Puparium uniformly grayish brown usually with narrow translucent yellow margin (Fig. 7–9); dorsum and surrounding leaf surfaces usually coated with a powdery white wax that gives the pupal cases a purplish cast. Medio-dorsal area of cephalothorax and anterior abdomen never with pebble-like ornamentation and usually with only up to eight simple pores per segment on each side (Fig. 19, 20, 31). Adult male with paramere narrowing apically, with a narrow subapical flange, as wide as 0.30 of its length and carina along medial margin of paramere contiguous to tip; aedeagus gradually curved at a 45-degree angle (Fig. 44).</p>
            <p> Remarks. The more extensive dark color can usually be used to distinguish the puparium of this species from that of other  Aleyrodes in California. However,  A. amnicola and  A. spiraeoides can also display extensive dark color.  Aleyrodes pruinosus can be recognized from darker puparia of the former by the absence of pebble-like ornamentation and the lower number of pores, and adult males by the shape of male parameres (see under  A. amnicola ). We have been unable to find any morphological differences in the puparium and adults between this species and  A. spiraeoides . However, puparium is relatively larger in  A. pruinosus as are vasiform orifice length and width, although ranges overlap (Table 1). It is possible that this species name is also a synonym of  A. spiraeoides . </p>
            <p> Hosts. Commonly found on toyon (  Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roemer ), with one record on  Malus Miller (  Rosaceae ). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Throughout California wherever toyon occurs. Recorded also from Colorado, Washington, Florida, Texas, and Massachusetts States in the U.S.A. and from Mexico (Evans 2007).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B75218FF9CB11BFF0AFBAE08373E3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	von, Natalia;Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J.	von, Natalia, Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J. (2024): An analysis of the genus Aleyrodes Latreille (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in California, with three synonymies. Insecta Mundi 2024 (62): 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662108
03B75218FF9AB102FF0AFB510FEE3C17.text	03B75218FF9AB102FF0AFB510FEE3C17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance 1900	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, 1900</p>
            <p>Fig. 10–12, 21–28, 32, 37–41, 45</p>
            <p> Aleurodes spiraeoides Quaintance 1900: 36 (description of nymph, puparium, and adult male, plate 4, fig. 45–49, plate 8, fig. 74; syntypes from U.S.A., California, Los Angeles, on  Fuchsia , 23.x., A. Craw coll.; Los Angeles on  Sonchus , 21.x.1887, D.W. Coquillett coll.; Alameda on  Convolvulus [now  Calystegia ]  occidentalis , xi.1887, A. Koebele coll.; same but on  Malvia rotundifolia [now  Malva pusilla ], 5.xi.1885; and California, no locality given, on  Iris , 20.x.1880, J.H. Comstock coll., at USNM). </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes spiraeoides : Bemis 1904: 530 (description of egg, adult male and female, additional host plant records; plate 35, fig. 56–60) — Quaintance and Baker 1914: 101, illustrations of puparium and adults, photograph of puparium on leaf, plate 38, fig. 1–13; plate 46, fig. 6). </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes diasemus Bemis 1904: 516 (description of nymph and puparium; syntypes from U.S.A., California, on  Symphoricarpos racemosus [now  S. albus ], Leland Stanford Junior University campus, along San Francisquito Creek, 18.ix.1901; on  Ribes glutinosum [now  R. sanguineum var. glutinosum ] near Menlo Park, ix.1901, Alameda, vi.1901, and King Mountain, viii.1901, at USNM but currently presumed lost) — Russell 1948: 78 (change of combination; discussion of type material). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Asterochiton diasemus : Quaintance and Baker 1914: 105 (change of combination). </p>
            <p> Trialeurodes diasemus : Quaintance and Baker 1915: xi (change of combination). </p>
            <p> 
Aleyrodes essigi 
Penny 1922: 23 (description of larva, puparium, and adult; illustrations of puparium and adult, fig. 1; syntypes from U.S.A., California,  Mission San Jose , on  Ulmus sp. , ix.1916, E.O. Essig coll., at CAS). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Aleyrodes osmaroniae Sampson 1945: 58 (description of puparium, fig. 1; holotype from U.S.A., California, Berkeley University campus, Strawberry Creek Canyon, on  Osmaronia [now  Oemleria ] cerasiformia, 14.vi.1941, W.W. Sampson coll., at BME). New synonymy. </p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Slide mounted material: 460 puparia, 68 ♂♂, 55 ♀♀ [at CSCA unless indicated otherwise]: U.S.A., California, 14 puparia [identified as  A. osmaroniae by W.W. Sampson] #27; Imperial County: 5 puparia, El Centro, on  Aster exilis , 12.vii.1973, R.A. Flock coll.; 2 puparia, Brawley, 7.xi.1975, on yerba santa (  Eriodictyon californicum ), Flock and Pineda coll.; San Diego County: 9 puparia, Fallbrook, on  Fraxinus sp. and milkweed (  Asclepias sp. ), 19.xi.1973, N. Metcalf coll.; 15 puparia, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Rancho Santa Fe, 26.x.1973, P. Gomes coll.; 6 puparia, San Diego, on unknown shrub, 9.xii.1987, J. Kenyon coll.; 2 puparia, San Ysidro, on  Myoporum sp. , 22.viii.1988, J. Kenyon coll.; 2 puparia, La Mesa, on  Myoporum sp. , 10.xi.1996, D. Kellum coll.; 2 puparia, El Cajon, 16.v.1934, L.W. Fox coll.; Orange County: 9 puparia, 1 ♀, Santa Ana, on Jerusalem cherry (  Solanum pseudocapsicum ), 5.i.1932, T.E. McLead coll.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Westminster, on  Myoporum sp. and iceplant (  Carpobrotus edulis ), 16.i.1973, Ellis and Lilly coll.; 16 puparia [some with long setae], Laguna Beach, on  Myoporum laetum , 5.xi.2010, J. Bethke and N. Nisson coll.; Riverside County: 2 puparia [with long setae], Riverside, on  Euphorbia supina [now  Euphorbia maculata ], viii.1982, J. LaSalle coll.; 1 puparium [with long setae], Moreno, on potatoes (  Solanum tuberosum ), 25.ix.1979, E. Reeves coll.; San Bernadino County: 2 puparia, San Bernardino Mountains, on  Burchellia sp. , W.W. Sampson coll.; 8 puparia, Ontario, 5.xii.1937, on  Rosa sp. , G.A. Pohl coll.; Los Angeles County: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Anaheim, on  Citrus sp. , 1.xi.1932, M.A. Olsen; 1 ♀, San Marino, on  Citrus sp. , 30.xii.1935, T. Gallion coll.; 9 puparia, Long Beach, on  Iris sp. , 20.ii.1936, A.E. Bottel coll.; 5 puparia, El Monte, 23.vii.1938, on weed in ‘berry patch’, E.H. Schlenz coll.; 5 puparia, same data but 31.vii.1938; Santa Catalina Island, Toyon Canyon, on sow thistle (  Sonchus sp. ), 29.v.1981, R.J. Gill coll.; 10 puparia [with long setae], Los Angeles, on  Fuchsia sp. , 18.xi.1986, Burke coll.; Ventura County: 2 puparia, Ojai Valley, on weed, 20.i.1932, E. Smith coll.; 16 puparia, 13 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Saticoy, on  Penstemon sp. , 18.xi.1933, Barrett coll.; 4 puparia, Hueneme, on flowering apple (  Malus sp. ), 20.ix.1933; 15 puparia, Camarillo, on  Iris sp. , 9.iii.1939, A.H. Calf coll.; Monterey County: 6 puparia, Salinas, on rose (  Rosa sp. ) and  Malva parviflora , viii.1986, W.C. Wasik coll.; 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, San Ardo, on potato (  Solanum tuberosum ), 31.viii.2001, Oliver coll.; Santa Barbara County: 4 puparia, Santa Barbara, 16.v.1972, on pansy (  Viola sp. ), C.C. Benedict coll.; 4 puparia, same data but on  Iris sp. , 26.v.1972; 3 puparia, Carpinteria, on  Gerbera sp. , 18.xi.2001, J. Davison coll.; 3 puparia, on  Ceiba speciosa , 9.x.2003, M. Perry coll.; San Luis Obispo County: 2 puparia, 1 ♂, on  Fuchsia sp. , 14.xii.1967, J. Williams coll.; 5 puparia, San Luis Obispo, on ‘skeleton weed’, 11.vii.1980, B. Lilley coll.; 6 puparia, 1 ♂, Nipomo (in nursery), on  Iris sp. , 17.viii.2001, C. Taylor coll.; Tulare County: 2 puparia, Exeter, on ornamental, 4.x.1935, J.M. Awbrey coll.; Merced County: 29 puparia, Merced, on  Veronica sp. , 15.xi.1928, D.P. Wheeler coll.; 1 puparium [with long setae], Los Baños, on tomatoes (  Solanum lycopersicum ), 9.vi.1992, V. Castellano coll; Santa Cruz County: 14 puparia, Watsonville, sow thistle (  Sonchus sp. ), 8.viii.2001, Bowman coll.; 1 ♂, same data but on kale (  Brassica oleracea ); Stanislaus County: 14 puparia [some with long setae], Knights Ferry, on  Bidens sp. , 18.x.1978, Bingham coll.; 2 puparia [with long setae], on  Verbena sp. , 4.v.1981, Zorn and Bingham coll.; Contra Costa County: 2 puparia, Antioch, on  Iris sp. , 21.i.1931; 2 puparia, 1 ♂, on peppers (  Capsicum sp. ), 20.vii.1992, J. Caprile coll.; Alameda County: 13 puparia [some with long setae], 8 ♂♂ [syntypes of  Aleyrodes essigi, CAS type #6189], Mission San Jose, on  Ulmus sp. , ix.1916, E.O. Essig coll. [CAS]; 16 puparia, Berkeley, 5.iii.1934, E.A. Drews and W.W. Sampson coll.; 4 puparia, same data but on  cerasiformis , 20.xi.1934, W.W. Sampson coll.; 8 puparia [paratypes of  Aleyrodes osmaroniae ], Strawberry Creek Canyon, U.C. Berkeley, on  Osmaronia [now  Oemleria ]  cerasiformis, W.W. Sampson coll.; 1 puparia [holotype of  Aleyrodes osmaroniae , circled, BME type #850] + 4 puparia [paratypes of  Aleyrodes osmaroniae ], same data but [BME]; 1 ♂, Hayward, on azalea (  Rhododendron sp. ), 22.x.1938, F.J. March coll.; San Francisco County: 18 puparia, Golden Gate Park, on  Iris sp. , 24.i.1934 &amp; 24.i.1939, W.W. Sampson and E.A. Drews coll.; 26 puparia, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data but on  Myoporum laetum ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, San Francisco, on primrose (  Primula sp. ), 5.ix.1936, R. Kausen coll.; 4 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, Albany, on  Iris sp. , x.1992, B. Campbell; San Joaquin County: 9 puparia [with long setae], Stockton, on tomato (  Solanum lycopersicum ), 4.vii.1984, T. Gantenbein coll.; Calaveras County: 1 puparium, 2 ♂♂, Big Trees, 13.viii.1992, D. Norfolk and K. Kenston coll.; Sacramento County: 2 ♂♂, Sacramento, on rose (  Rosa sp. ), 6.xii.1932, McFarlane coll.; 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Courtland, on  Malva sp. , 19.iv.1933, Bachman coll.; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Sacramento, on  Mahonia sp. , 18.xi.1936, Wilkinson coll.; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Folsom, on  Citrus sp. , 31.viii.1937, W.P.A. coll.; 3 ♀♀, Mills District, on privet (  Ligustrum sp. ), 7.x.1937, W. Travioli coll.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Mayhews, 11.x.1937, W. Travioli coll.; 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Folsom, on privet (  Ligustrum sp. ), 8.ix.1937, H.H. Keifer coll.; 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀, same data but 8.ix.1939; 1 puparium, 1 ♂, on  Aster sp. , 31.vii.1939, C. Schiller coll.; 3 puparia, Sacramento, on  Penstemon sp. , 16.xii.1942, J.B. Steinweden coll.; 4 puparia, same data but on  Iris sp. , vi.1977, R.J. Gill coll.; 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Sacramento, on rose (  Rosa sp. ), 24.i.1987, R.J. Gill coll.; 12 puparia, Galt, on  Stevia sp. , 6.viii.1997, Wilson and Thompson coll.; Yolo County: 5 puparia, Woodland, on  Cercis sp. , xi.1937, Wymore coll.; 1 puparium, Davis, on Arizona ash (  Fraxinus velutina ), 23.ix.1937, R.W. Downey coll.; 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Bryte, on Oregon grape (  Berberis aquifolium ), 26.ix.1937; 5 puparia [with long setae], on strawberry (  Fragaria sp. ), 3.x.1985, J. Wagoner coll.; Sonoma County: 1 puparium, Sonoma, on  Hypericum sp. , 13.viii.1973, I. Violotti coll.; 5 puparia, Cloverdale, on honeysuckle (  Lonicera sp. ), 10.vi.1980, R.J. Gill coll; Napa County: 4 puparia,  St. Helena , on  Hypericum sp. , 6.iii.1934, Niles coll.; Yuba County: 2 ♂♂, Wheatland, on orange (  Citrus × sinensis ), 14.vii.1937, Schaffer coll.; Mendocino County: 2 puparia, 4 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, Fort Bragg, on  Rhododendron sp. , 17.v.1936, M.L. Jones coll; Humboldt County: 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Feildbrook, on  Rhododendron sp. , 22.ii.2000, Haggard coll; Bute County: 8 puparia, Chico, on  Fuchsia sp. , 26.x.1938, R. Swett coll.; 6 puparia, Wheatland, on Jerusalem cherry (  Solanum pseudocapsicum ), 12.iii.1936, Branson and Lehrer coll.; 3 puparia, Sutter County, Yuba City, on rose (  Rosa sp. ), 27.viii.1931, L.S. Jones coll.; Lassen County: 1 puparium [with long setae], Hillside Cemetery, on  Hemizonia [now  Deinandra ]  lobbii, T.C. Fuller coll.; Shasta County: 1 puparium [with long setae], on  Fragaria sp. , 5.ix.1961, J. Rodigou coll.; Arizona, Coconino County: 17 puparia, Flagstaff, on  Euphorbia sp. , xi.2004, D. Byrne coll.; interception from Texas, 2 ♀♀, on salal (  Gaultheria shallon ), 5.ii.1996, W. Bianchi coll. Dry material: U.S.A., California, Riverside Co.: 1 puparium, Banning, on  Tecomaria capensis , 26.viii.1942, Lower coll.; San Benito County: 4 puparia, Hollister, on honeysuckle (  Lonicera sp. ), 22.iv.1948, R.P. Allen coll.; 1 puparium, same data but on privet (  Ligustrum sp. ), 23.iv.1948, Gammou and Allen coll.; Madera County: 50 puparia, Chowchilla, on  Iris sp. , 11.viii.1948, E. Danison coll.; Sacramento County: 1 puparium, Sacramento, on  Penstemon sp. , 16.xii.1942, J.B. Steinweden coll. </p>
            <p>Diagnostic characters. Puparium translucent yellow to tan (Fig. 10–12), elliptical but outline sometimes distorted (undulate or elongate) due to development amongst leaf hairs. Medio-dorsal area of cephalothorax and anterior abdomen never with pebble-like ornamentation and usually with only up to eight simple pores per segment on each side (Fig. 21–24, 32). Adult male with paramere narrowing apically, with a narrow subapical flange, as wide as 0.30–0.35 of its length and carina along medial margin of paramere contiguous to tip; aedeagus gradually curved at a 45-degree angle (Fig. 45).</p>
            <p> Remarks. Puparium of  A. proletella appears to be identical but that species prefers cruciferous hosts; reliable identification can be achieved by examination of male genitalia (see under  A. proletella ). Puparia of  A. pruinosus also seem to be undistinguishable morphologically from those of  A. spiraeoides , usually differing by their relatively larger size and larger vasiform orifice (although ranges overlap; see Table 1) and color pattern, uniformly grayish brown usually with narrow margin yellow, although some specimens of  A. spiraeoides present also an extensive tan coloration (e. g., Fig. 10); we have been unable to distinguish between the adults of these two species. Puparia with long setae could be mistaken for the European  A. lonicera Walker, 1852 which can also have long setae (known so far in the USA only from Florida) but differ from it by vasiform orifice yellow and abdominal segments lacking median tubercles, versus vasiform orifice often dark and usually with shallow median tubercles on abdominal segments II–V or II–VI in  A. lonicera (Martin et al. 2000; Stocks 2012). Their adults differ by the two diffuse dark spots on fore wing in  A. spiraeoides , versus only one in  A. lonicerae (Martin et al. 2000; Stocks 2012). </p>
            <p>In his description of this species, Quaintance (1900) mentioned the absence of pores on dorsum of puparium. Although pores might not be visible in specimens that have been improperly cleaned or are unstained, they are present in all well-preserved specimens that we examined (e. g., Fig. 21–24, 32).</p>
            <p> New synonymies. Bemis (1904) described  A. diasemus based on an unspecified number of nymphs and puparia collected on leaves of  Symphoricarpos racemosus (now  S. albus ) and  Ribes glutinosum from three localities in Alameda and San Mateo Counties in California deposited at USNM (Type No. 7096). Quaintance and Baker (1914) transferred the species to  Asterochiton Maskell and later (Quaintance and Baker 1915) to  Trialeurodes Cockerell. Russell (1948: 78) examined four slides at USNM labeled by Bemis as  A. diasemus , without type labels and slightly mismatching the date or locality given for the types in the description, that she suspected represented the syntypes of this species, and concluded that the species belonged in the genus  Aleyrodes rather than  Trialeurodes . Unfortunately, no specimens labeled as  A. diasemus were currently located at the USNM (I. Stocks and G. Evans pers. comm.), and its types are therefore presumed lost. Bemis’ (1904) description of the puparium mentioned the presence of 12 pairs of extremely long, stout spines. The position that he described for these ‘spines’ agrees with the position of the marginal, dorsal, and caudal setae characteristic of  Aleyrodes , and we believe that these ‘spines’ correspond to enlarged setae. Bemis (1904) also mentioned a considerable variation in the amount and kind of wax secretions: ‘specimens may have both lateral and dorsal wax, or either alone, or none; when present the lateral fringe is of coalesced crystalline wax rods either free from or covered by flocculent wax; the dorsal secretion is in the form of a submarginal series of separate crystalline wax rods, rather long and curved downward.’ According to Russell (1948), the specimens of  A. diasemus studied by Bemis were collected and mounted together with  Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (identified by Bemis as  Aleyrodes glacialis Bemis ). Therefore, it is possible that the wax pattern described by Bemis (1904) under  A. diasemus for some puparia corresponded to specimens of  T. vaporariorum , explaining the unusual variability he noted. Some puparia of  A. spiraeoides at the CSCA collection collected from  Fragaria sp. ,  Myoporum ,  Solanum lycopersicum , and  Verbena sp. display a variable number of very long (longer than vasiform orifice) setae (e. g., Fig. 24) which agree in their positions with the ‘long spines’ described by Bemis (1904). The number of long setae in these populations ranges from none to up to 12 pairs, with much variability regarding which particular setae are enlarged, although the caudal pair is most commonly involved, and in some specimens only one of a pair of setae is extremely long and the other one is of the short length usual for this species. Also, we observed some specimens on  Euphorbia sp. ,  Hemizonia lobbii ,  Fuchsia sp. , and  Solanum tuberosum with long caudal setae (e. g., Fig. 23). This variability observed among specimens from the same populations on the same leaves and even within the same specimens indicates that the length of the setae of the puparia is variable and does not represent interspecific differences, being most likely the result of their development on pubescent leaves. Mound (1963) showed that the number, size, and placement of dorsal setae in  Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) may be correlated with the amount, distribution, and shape of leaf hairs on the host surfaces, and we suspect that a similar explanation applies in this case. Since other than the wax pattern, which is here interpreted to be the result of the mixed series used for the description, and the long ‘spines’, which are a match for the long setae observed on some puparia of  A. spiraeoides developing on pubescent leaves, the description of  A. diasemus is congruent with the characteristics of  A. spiraeoides ,  A. diasemus is here considered a junior subjective synonym of  A. spiraeoides . </p>
            <p> The type series of  A. essigi Penny, 1922 , described from  Ulmus sp. in Alameda County, was borrowed from CAS in order to diagnose this species. It comprises four slides and three vials with host leaves and dry puparia. The dry material shows numerous puparia on the underside of pubescent leaves (Fig. 12). One of the slides includes five puparia and is in very bad preservation state, with air having leaked inside and puparia barely visible. A second slide includes eight puparia, which are poorly cleared, and whose characters are also obscured by the pharate adults in several of them. The puparia display a variable number of long setae in different positions and not consistent among the specimens (e. g., Fig. 25, 26), and some have the same setae very short (e.g., Fig. 27). Not a single specimen seems to present all four pairs illustrated as being very long by Penny (1922: fig. 1) and his drawing seems to have been a composite. The contour of the puparia varies from broadly elliptical to undulate or slightly elongate (Fig. 25–27). The remaining two slides include adults, one an emerging male, and the other one seven adult males. None of the specimens were properly cleaned or stained, but the male genitalia is visible in all of them. No differences between the syntypes of  A. essigi deposited at CAS and specimens of  A. spiraeoides with enlarged setae were found, nor between the adult male syntypes and adult males of  A. spiraeoides , and therefore  A. essigi is here considered to represent a junior subjective synonym of  A. spiraeoides , the name simply representing specimens of  A. spiraeoides developing on pubescent leaves as in the case of  A. diasemus discussed above. Penny (1922) described the adult ‘female’, likely a typo since all specimens in the type series are males, of  A. essigi as having ‘immaculate’ wings. The apparent lack of the two diffuse spots on the wings usually visible in  A. spiraeoides can be explained by the fact that these spots are not always evident in slide mounted specimens. </p>
            <p> Sampson (1945) described  Aleyrodes osmaroniae from puparia collected with specimens that he identified as  A. spiraeoides on  Osmaronia [now  Oemleria ] cerasiformia in Alameda County, and he diagnosed it from  A. spiraeoides by the presence of a chitinized margin. The holotype and paratypes deposited at BME and paratypes deposited at CSCA were examined. In some specimens there appears to be a fine submarginal line along the puparium, and the marginal area so delimited appears darker, but no ‘chitinized’ areas were detected. The unusual appearance of the margin is interpreted here to represent the result of uneven staining of the cuticle, which is highly variable in the type series and within separate areas of the margin on some specimens (e. g., Fig. 28). The same submarginal line (on some sections of the puparium or along its entire contour) was observed in other specimens of  A. spiraeoides (e. g., Fig. 23, 25, 27) and in other  Aleyrodes species (e. g., Fig. 14, 16, 17, 20), and it might be an artifact caused by one of the surfaces (dorsal or ventral) of the puparium being folded away from the margin during slide mounting. No differences were found among the type specimens of  A. osmaroniae and puparia of  A. spiraeoides , and therefore  A. osmaroniae is here considered a junior subjective synonym of  A. spiraeoides . </p>
            <p> Hosts. Polyphagous, in California most common on  Iris Tournefort ex. L. and  Gladiolus L. (  Iridaceae ) but recorded from a wide range of plants (see Table 2). Penny (1922) recorded it from  Ceanothus among other hosts, Creek Canyon, U.C. Berkeley, on  Oemleria cerasiformis, W.W. Sampson coll. [BME type #850]. Figures are not to scale. but since all the specimens we examined from  Ceanothus correspond to  A. amnicola , we consider that record as doubtful and omit it from its host plant list. Landis et al. (1958) provided additional host plants based on specimens from the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, and Idaho States). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Throughout the state, especially in urbanized areas. Recorded also from Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Hawaii, Louisiana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Texas, and Washington States in the U.S.A., and from Canada, Mexico, and Venezuela (Landis et al. 1958; Evans 2007).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B75218FF9AB102FF0AFB510FEE3C17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	von, Natalia;Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J.	von, Natalia, Gill, Ellenrieder Raymond J. (2024): An analysis of the genus Aleyrodes Latreille (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in California, with three synonymies. Insecta Mundi 2024 (62): 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14662108
