taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B49601FFACFF97D273F9BEFDCAF923.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Conchiliolithus Nautilites (sphaericus) Martin, 1809 [nomen nudum] = Ammonites sphaericus Sowerby, 1814 (Opinion 420; ICZN 1956).	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFACFF94D260F8EAFAFFFAE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (from Korn & Ebbighausen 2008, emended) Species of Goniatites reaching a conch diameter of 70 mm. Conch globular at 10 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.90 – 1.00), pachyconic at 30 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.65 – 0.75) and thickly discoidal to thinly pachyconic at 50 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.55 – 0.65). Umbilicus very narrow in all stages larger than 10 mm dm (uw / dm ~ 0.05 – 0.10), slightly opening in the adult stage; umbilical wall rounded. Coiling rate in the adult stage moderately high (WER ~ 1.75 – 1.90). Ornamentation with crenulated biconvex and rectiradiate growth lines with low dorsolateral projection and higher ventrolateral projection; external sinus deep. Without spiral lines. Suture line with a V-shaped, moderately narrow external lobe (0.50 of the external lobe depth, 0.90 – 1.00 of the adventive lobe width) and a moderately high median saddle (0.40 of the external lobe depth). Flanks of the external lobe almost straight, ventrolateral saddle acute, adventive lobe V-shaped with almost straight flanks.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFACFF94D260F8EAFAFFFAE2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype UNITED KINGDOM – Lancashire • ‘ Bolland’; ‘ Mountain Limestone’ (Late Viséan); Gilbertson Coll.; NHM c 282; illustrated by Phillips (1836: pl. 19 figs 7 – 9), Korn & Ebbighausen (2008: text-fig. 16) and Nikolaeva (2008: pl. 9 fig. 1).	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFACFF94D260F8EAFAFFFAE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks The specimens from the Jerada Basin assigned to Goniatites crenistria by Korn & Ebbighausen (2008) do not belong to this species, based on the knowledge of the ontogeny of specimens from Sidi Amar. Therefore, a confirmed record of G. crenistria from North Africa does not exist. For comparison with the new species Goniatites amarensis sp. nov., an emended diagnosis of G. crenistria is presented here.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFAFFF9BD240FAAAFD3AFB42.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 1 A 90 F 56 - 8651 - 4 F 54 - 9 D 82 - C 59 E 55 D 4 F 0 C 3 Figs 5 – 6; Tables 1 – 2, A 1	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFAFFF9BD240FAAAFD3AFB42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species of Goniatites reaching a conch diameter of 120 mm. Conch globular at 10 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 1.00), thickly pachyconic at 30 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.80) and thinly pachyconic at 50 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.65). Umbilicus slightly opened in all stages (uw / dm ~ 0.20 between 5 and 20 mm dm), in the adult stage slightly narrower; umbilical wall rounded. Coiling rate low, increasing in the adult stage (WER = 1.75 – 1.90 between 50 to 100 mm dm). Ornamentation with crenulated, weakly biconvex and rectiradiate growth lines with low dorsolateral and ventrolateral projections; external sinus deep. Without spiral lines. Suture line with a V-shaped, moderately narrow external lobe (~ 0.60 of the external lobe depth, 1.40 of the adventive lobe width), and a moderate median saddle (~ 0.40 of the external lobe depth). Flanks of the external lobe almost straight, ventrolateral saddle subacute, adventive lobe V-shaped with weakly sinuous flanks.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFAFFF9BD240FAAAFD3AFB42.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after the type locality Sidi Amar.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFAFFF9BD240FAAAFD3AFB42.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype MOROCCO – Central Meseta • Sidi Amar, southern side of the Tabaïnout mountain ridge; coquina at the top of the Tabaïnout limestone (Late Viséan); 2011; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32215.1; illustrated in Fig. 5 A. Paratypes MOROCCO – Central Meseta • 3 specs; same data as for the holotype; MB. C. 32215.2 to MB. C. 32215.4.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFAFFF9BD240FAAAFD3AFB42.taxon	description	Description Holotype MB. C. 32215.1 is a fully chambered conch with a diameter of 54 mm (Fig. 5 A), giving a total size, including the body chamber, of approximately 95 mm. The conch is thinly pachyconic and involute (ww / dm = 0.65; uw / dm = 0.14); the flanks and venter form a broad convex arch and the umbilical margin is uniformly rounded. The coiling rate is moderately high (WER = 1.86). Shell remains are not preserved. The suture line shows a V-shaped external lobe with nearly straight flanks; the median saddle has a height of 0.40 of the external lobe depth. The external lobe is notably wide, with an external lobe / adventive lobe ratio of approximately 1.40. The subacute ventrolateral saddle and the adventive lobe have the same width. The adventive lobe is nearly symmetrical and has weakly sinuous flanks (Fig. 6 B). Paratype MB. C. 32215.3 has a conch diameter of 22.5 mm and is preserved without shell remains (Fig. 5 C). The conch is thickly pachyconic and involute (ww / dm = 0.79; uw / dm = 0.13); the flanks and the venter form a very broad convex arch and the umbilical margin is uniformly rounded. The phragmocone has about 20 chambers in the last preserved volution. Paratype MB. C. 32215.4 was sectioned, allowing the study of conch ontogeny from the initial stage up to a diameter of 29 mm (Figs 5 D, 6 A, Table A 1). At this diameter, nine and a half volutions are already present. The ontogenetic changes in conch geometry are relatively simple, consisting mainly of the reduction in whorl width relative to both the conch diameter and the whorl height. As a result, the two conch parameters ww / dm and ww / wh appear as nearly monophasic trajectories (Fig. 6 C – D). The ratio of umbilical width to conch diameter remains stable throughout ontogeny (Fig. 6 C), which is also evident in the cross-sectional illustration of the continuous opening of the umbilicus. The coiling rate changes only slightly, maintaining a value of about 1.50 between 2 and 23 mm conch diameter (Fig. 6 E). It appears to increase slightly in the last half evolution, reaching a value of 1.59.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFAFFF9BD240FAAAFD3AFB42.taxon	discussion	Remarks The specimens from Sidi Amar closely resemble those from the Jerada Basin in eastern Morocco in terms of conch morphology, and are therefore considered conspecific. The Jerada specimens were previously attributed to G. crenistria by Korn & Ebbighausen (2008). However, they reach a much larger conch size of up to 120 mm in diameter compared to G. crenistria from the Rhenish Mountains, which only attain about 70 mm in diameter. Another difference between G. crenistria and G. amarensis is observed in their conch ontogeny, now better understood from the material from Sidi Amar. Goniatites amarensis shows a stairway-like opening of the umbilicus, with the uw / dm ratio remaining nearly constant throughout ontogeny. In contrast, G. crenistria performs a near-closure of the umbilicus during the growth interval between 5 and 15 mm in conch diameter. Additionally, the rapid increase in the coiling rate in late ontogeny distinguishes G. amarensis from G. crenistria. In G. amarensis, the coiling rate rises from 1.50 to 1.85 between 20 and 55 mm in conch diameter, while in G. crenistria, it increases from around 1.60 to 1.70 over the same ontogenetic interval.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA0FF9DD21BFB49FE77FB00.taxon	description	Figs 7 – 11; Tables 3 – 5, A 2	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA0FF9DD21BFB49FE77FB00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (from Korn 2017, emended) Species of Goniatites reaching a conch diameter of 120 mm. Conch globular at 10 mm diameter (ww / dm = 0.90 – 1.10), thickly pachyconic at 30 mm diameter (ww / dm = 0.75 – 0.85) and thinly pachyconic at 50 mm diameter (ww / dm = 0.65 – 0.70). Umbilicus very narrow at 10 mm dm (uw / dm = 0.05 – 0.15), in the adult stage slightly opening; umbilical wall rounded. Coiling rate in the adult stage low (WER ~ 1.50). Ornamentation with crenulated rursiradiate and biconvex growth lines with moderate dorsolateral projection and lower ventrolateral projection; external sinus shallow. Delicate spiral lines around the umbilicus caused by crenulation of growth lines. Suture line with a V-shaped, moderately narrow external lobe (0.60 of the external lobe depth, 1.10 – 1.20 of the adventive lobe width) and a moderately high median saddle (0.35 – 0.40 of the external lobe depth); E lobe Y-shaped in very large stages. Flanks of the external lobe weakly sinuous, ventrolateral saddle acute, adventive lobe V-shaped with weakly convex flanks.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA0FF9DD21BFB49FE77FB00.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype UNITED KINGDOM – Derbyshire • Derbyshire, without more precise locality information; ‘ greyish black swinestone’ (Late Viséan); Martin Coll.; NHM 43871; illustrated by Stubblefield (1951: pl. 7 fig. 1) and Korn (1988: text-fig. 28; 2017: text-fig. 5 a). Material examined MOROCCO – Central Meseta • 98 specs; Sidi Lamine; sample 3, Goniatites sphaericus Zone (Late Viséan); 2007; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32204.1 to MB. C. 32204.98 • 28 specs; same data as for preceding; 2009; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32205.1 to MB. C. 32205.28 • 23 specs; Sidi Lamine; sample 3, Goniatites sphaericus Zone (Late Viséan); 2010; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32206.1 to MB. C. 32206.23 • 17 specs; same data as for preceding; 2011; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32207.1 to MB. C. 32207.17 • 7 specs; Dechra Aït Abdallah; sample 1, Goniatites sphaericus Zone (Late Viséan); 2009; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32212.1 to MB. C. 32212.7 • 8 specs; same data as for preceding; sample 2; 2009; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32213.1 to MB. C. 32213.8 • 9 specs; same data as for preceding; sample 3; 2009; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32214.1 to MB. C. 32214.9 • 6 specs; same data as for preceding; float material; 1949; H. and G. Termier leg.; MB. C. 32215.1 to MB. C. 32215.6 • 1 spec.; Afroug; float material, Goniatites sphaericus Zone (Late Viséan); 2009; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32221.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA0FF9DD21BFB49FE77FB00.taxon	description	Description A detailed description of specimens from various regions, including an analysis of intraspecific variation, has been provided by Korn (2017). Therefore, only certain aspects of variation within the sample from Sidi Lamine are highlighted here. Goniatites sphaericus occurs in at least three variants at Sidi Lamine, which differ in the ratio of whorl width to conch diameter in the ontogenetic interval above 20 mm conch diameter: Variant 1 is represented by specimens MB. C. 32205.1 (Fig. 7 A), MB. C. 32206.1 (Fig. 7 B), MB. C. 32206.2 (Fig. 7 C), MB. C. 32204.1 (Fig. 7 D) and the cross sections of specimens MB. C. 32206.5 and MB. C. 32206.6 (Fig. 11 A – B). This variant can be considered as the intermediate, standard form. It shows a thickly pachyconic conch (ww / dm ~ 0.75) at a diameter of 40 mm. However, this does not imply that the inner whorls share the same geometry and ontogeny, as seen in the two cross sections. For instance, specimen MB. C. 32206.5 has a low coiling rate at 3 mm diameter (WER ~ 1.60), while specimen MB. C. 32206.6 has a significantly higher coiling rate (WER ~ 1.85). Other differences include MB. C. 32206.5 having a more broadly rounded venter, while MB. C. 32206.6 possesses an incurved umbilical wall. It seems impossible to assign adult specimens such as MB. C. 32205.1 and MB. C. 32207.4 to either of these subvariants without sectioning the conch. Variant 2 is represented by specimens MB. C. 32207.1 (Fig. 8 A), MB. C. 32205.2 (Fig. 8 B), MB. C. 32206.3 (Fig. 8 C) and MB. C. 32206.4 (Fig. 8 D). This variant is characterised by the most slender conch; at a conch diameter of 38 mm, specimen MB. C. 32207.1 has a ww / dm value of just 0.67. Variant 3 is represented by specimens MB. C. 32207.2 (Fig. 9 A), MB. C. 32207.3 (Fig. 9 B) and MB. C. 32204.2 (Fig. 9 C) and the cross sections of specimen MB. C. 32206.7 (Fig. 11 C). This variant is distinguished by a stout conch; for example, at 36 mm diameter, specimen MB. C. 32207.3 has a ww / dm value of 0.79, and at 22 mm conch diameter, specimen Sil 3 is nearly spherical (ww / dm = 0.94). The three variants can also be recognised in the material from Dechra Aït Abdallah (Fig. 10). At this locality, the first variant, which occupies the middle of the morphological spectrum, is the most commonly represented. Nearly all specimens display a very similar ornamentation, characterised by strongly crenulated growth lines. These growth lines exhibit a low dorsolateral projection, are weakly curved backwards on the flank, and form a broad, shallow ventral sinus. The pronounced crenulation gives rise to clearly visible spiral lines, particularly noticeable in specimen MB. C. 32204.1 (Fig. 7 D), where continuous fine spiral lines have developed. These spiral lines are significantly narrower than the spaces separating them.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA0FF9DD21BFB49FE77FB00.taxon	discussion	Remarks The nomenclatorial history of the species and the type specimen was outlined in detail by Stubblefield (1951). The material from Sidi Lamine exhibits very similar patterns of morphological variation to those recognised in the Rhenish Mountains (Korn 1988, 1990, 2017). This variation primarily concerns the ww / dm ratio, which is particularly pronounced in the inner whorls, though adult conchs also vary in this respect. Another aspect of variation is the coiling rate, although this is mainly evident during the juvenile stage between 2 and 7 mm conch diameter. Above 10 mm conch diameter, the whorl expansion rate stabilises at around 1.50 in all specimens. This relatively low coiling rate serves as the most reliable criterion for distinguishing G. sphaericus from C. crenistria, which has a whorl expansion rate of 1.70 or higher in the adult stage.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA6FF83D27FFB0CFED4FCFC.taxon	description	Figs 12 – 13; Tables 6 – 7, A 3	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA6FF83D27FFB0CFED4FCFC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species of Goniatites reaching a conch diameter of 80 mm. Conch thickly globular at 10 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 1.00), thickly pachyconic at 30 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.80) and thinly pachyconic at 50 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.70). Umbilicus very narrow at 10 mm dm (uw / dm ~ 0.05), in the adult stage slightly opening; umbilical wall rounded. Coiling rate in the adult stage low (WER ~ 1.50). Ornamentation with spiral lines that are coarser than the growth lines, which are rursiradiate and biconvex with moderate dorsolateral projection and lower ventrolateral projection; external sinus shallow. Suture line with a Y-shaped, moderately narrow external lobe (0.60 of the external lobe depth, 1.20 of the adventive lobe width) and a moderately high median saddle (0.45 of the external lobe depth). Flanks of the external lobe weakly sinuous, ventrolateral saddle acute, adventive lobe V-shaped with convex flanks.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA6FF83D27FFB0CFED4FCFC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype GERMANY – Harz Mountains • Lautenthal, without more precise information; “ Posidonomyenschiefer ” (Late Viséan); Roemer Coll.; GPIC Nr. 389; illustrated by Roemer (1850: pl. 6 fig. 16) and Gischler & Korn (1992: text-fig. 7 a). Material examined GERMANY – Harz Mountains • 2 specs; Winterberg quarry near Bad Grund; dyke fillings of the Goniatites spirifer Zone (Late Viséan); 2015; Knappe leg.; MB. C. 32222.1, MB. C. 32222.2. MOROCCO – Central Meseta • 5 specs; Sidi Lamine, sample 4; Goniatites spirifer Zone (Late Viséan); 2007; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32208.1 to MB. C. 32208.5. – Jerada Basin • 13 specs; OujdaBerguent road, 4 km south of the junction with the road to Jerada; Goniatites spirifer Zone (Late Viséan); 2007; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32220.1 to MB. C. 32220.13.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA6FF83D27FFB0CFED4FCFC.taxon	description	Description Specimen MB. C. 32208.1 (Fig. 12 A) is an incomplete, partly crushed conch about 70 mm in diameter, with a fairly well-preserved shell ornament. The ornamentation consists of spiral lines, with around 90 visible between the centre of the venter and the umbilical margin. The spiral lines are typically evenly spaced and slightly narrower than the gaps between them. Very fine granulation appears at the intersections with the much finer biconvex growth lines. Specimen MB. C. 32208.2 (Fig. 12 B) is an incomplete, deformed internal mould with a diameter of about 65 mm. The shell ornament is partially preserved, though some of it has been imprinted onto the internal mould. Four constrictions of the internal mould are clearly visible at 90 - degree intervals. These constrictions run in a concave arc across the flanks and tend to form a ventral projection. Specimen MB. C. 32220.1 (Fig. 12 C) is an internal mould of a specimen with a conch diameter of 47 mm. It is thinly pachyconic and involute (ww / dm = 0.69; uw / dm = 0.12), with a very low coiling rate (WER = 1.46). The whorl profile shows a broad venter and nearly subparallel flanks, with a rounded umbilical margin. The body chamber spans at least one complete volution and displays three constrictions, each with a low, wide dorsolateral projection that extends almost straight across the outer flank and venter. The shell ornament is impressed on the internal mould, consisting of fine spiral lines that are nearly as wide as the spaces between them. The cross sections of the comparative specimens MB. C. 32222.1 (Fig. 13 A) and MB. C. 32222.2 (Fig. 13 B) from Bad Grund in the Harz Mountains provide valuable insights into the ontogenetic development of conch geometry, which is not possible for the Moroccan specimens. Both specimens display almost identical conch geometry and ontogeny, reflected in parallel ontogenetic trajectories (Fig. 13 C – E). The whorl profile is C-shaped in all stages beyond 2 mm conch diameter, but the ww / dm ratio decreases steadily from 1.20 to 0.80 as the conch diameter increases from 2 to 48 mm. Simultaneously, the ww / wh ratio drops from 2.60 to 1.60. The ontogenetic trajectory of the coiling rate exhibits noticeable oscillation. An early ontogenetic stage with a low coiling rate (WER = 1.60) up to 2 mm shell diameter is followed by an accelerated coiling rate, reaching about 1.90 between 5 and 7 mm diameter, before decreasing again to approximately 1.50 between 30 and 50 mm diameter.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFA6FF83D27FFB0CFED4FCFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Specimens of Goniatites spirifer from Sidi Lamine were previously illustrated by Delépine (1941: pl. 5 figs 1 – 2) under the name “ Goniatites striatus ”. These show a preservation state very similar to the newly collected material. Goniatites spirifer is a common species in the Rhenish Mountains (Korn 1988, 1990), though reports of well-preserved three-dimensional specimens are rare. As a result, the species has occasionally been misinterpreted, as in the case of Nicolaus (1963), who incorrectly attributed stratigraphically older forms to G. spirifer.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBAFF81D274FEB6FCE6FE03.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Goniatites falcatus Roemer, 1850; by original designation.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBDFF86D22DFD7FFBB4FCC6.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Hibernicoceras hibernicus Moore & Hodson, 1958; by original designation.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBDFF8AD1C0FCCEFD23FC81.taxon	description	Figs 15 – 17; Tables 9 – 10, A 5	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBDFF8AD1C0FCCEFD23FC81.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species of Hibernicoceras with a thickly pachyconic conch at 5 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.80), a thickly pachyconic conch at 10 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.80) and a thickly pachyconic conch at 30 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.75). Umbilicus very wide in early juvenile stage (uw / dm ~ 0.50 at 2 mm dm) and becoming continuously narrower throughout ontogeny (uw / dm ~ 0.20 – 0.28 at 10 mm dm, uw / dm ~ 0.20 at 30 mm dm); umbilical wall sigmoidal in section with shallow spiral groove. Ornamentation at 20 mm conch diameter with wide-standing, rectiradiate growth-lines with low lateral projections. Spiral lines in a moderately wide zone on the inner flank; growth lines crenulated on the flank but almost smooth on the venter. Suture line with a weakly Y-shaped, moderately wide external lobe in the adult stage (0.60 – 0.70 of the external lobe depth; 1.45 of the adventive lobe width), and moderate median saddle (almost 0.45 of the external lobe depth). Ventrolateral saddle narrowly rounded, adventive lobe with slightly sinuous flanks.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBDFF8AD1C0FCCEFD23FC81.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype IRELAND – County Leitrim • Townland of Carraun, north-east slope of Dough Mountain, two miles south-west of Kiltyclogher; beds a few feet above the highest beds with G. sphaericostriatus (Late Viséan); Moore and Hodson Coll.; GSM ZI 3025; illustrated by Moore & Hodson (1958: pl. 3 figs 1 – 2), re-illustrated here in Fig. 15 A. Material examined MOROCCO – Central Meseta • 24 specs; Sidi Amar, southern side of the Tabaïnout mountain ridge; Late Viséan; 2011; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32217.1 to MB. C. 32217.24.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBDFF8AD1C0FCCEFD23FC81.taxon	description	Description Specimen MB. C. 32217.1 is the largest of the available specimens, with a conch diameter of 42 mm (Fig. 15 B). The specimen is fully chambered and has undergone two phases of corrosion. The first phase occurred during embedding, which resulted in the destruction of the body chamber and the erosion of much of the shell surface. After this, the specimen acted as a ‘ benthic island’, serving as a substrate for crinoids to attach. The second phase of erosion and corrosion occurred more recently, during the weathering of the surrounding shales. Consequently, only small fragments of the shell ornamentation have been preserved. The specimen is thinly pachyconic and involute (ww / dm = 0.70; uw / dm = 0.12); the preserved shell fragments exhibit fine spiral lines on the inner flank and widely spaced, apparently uncrenulated growth lines on the venter. Specimen MB. C. 32217.2 is a somewhat corroded, fully septate conch with a diameter of 23 mm (Fig. 15 C). It is thickly pachyconic and subinvolute (ww / dm = 0.82; uw / dm = 0.23) with a moderately depressed whorl profile (ww / wh = 1.84) and a low coiling rate (WER = 1.54). Although much of the shell surface has eroded, some details are well preserved in the dorsal whorl area. The specimen possesses very coarse growth lines that curve backwards from the umbilicus, along with around ten spiral lines on the inner flank, which are much finer than the growth lines. The six sectioned specimens (MB. C. 32217.4 – MB. C. 32217.9) show remarkable similarity in both conch geometry and ontogeny (Figs 16, 17 A – F), resulting in minimal variation in the conch parameter diagrams (Fig. 17 G – I). All specimens display a continuous transition from the early juvenile stage, characterised by a kidney-shaped whorl profile, to the middle ontogenetic stage, where the whorl profile becomes C-shaped. This shift is clearly reflected in the ontogenetic trajectories. The ww / wh ratio increases nearly to 3.00 up to a conch diameter of 3 mm, then decreases almost continuously to around 1.60 at a diameter of 20 mm. Similarly, the uw / dm trajectory rises to 0.50 by 2.5 mm in conch diameter, followed by a gradual decline to 0.20 at 30 mm. A common feature across in all cross sections is the sinuous umbilical wall, which becomes more pronounced in varying degrees once the conch reaches a diameter larger than 9 mm.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFBDFF8AD1C0FCCEFD23FC81.taxon	discussion	Remarks Moore & Hodson (1958) described the type species as Hibernicoceras hibernicus, using a masculine ending, although Hibernicoceras actually requires a neuter ending. The authors consistently used this spelling, so it must be assumed that it was intentional. Since Moore & Hodson (1958) did not clarify whether they used “ hibernicus ” as an adjective (“ Irish ”) or as a noun (“ the Irish ”), the ending probably does not require a correction to “ hibernicum ” according to Article 34.2 of the ICZN Code (ICZN 1999). The specimen illustrated by Liang & Wang (1991) as Hibernicoceras hibernicum does obviously not belong to this species, as it exhibits spiral lines on the flank. Hibernicoceras hibernicus is distinguished from most other species in the genus primarily by its stout conch. The ww / wh ratio of approximately 0.75 at a 30 mm conch diameter is higher than that of many other species, which typically do not exceed a value of 0.70. This is especially true for species such as H. mediocre, H. carraunense, and H. alentejoense (Korn & Ebbighausen 2008), which have longdistance growth lines. The species is particularly characterised by a sigmoidal umbilical wall with a spiral groove, rarely seen in other species.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB1FF88D1DBFC8BFB69FA84.taxon	description	Figs 18 – 19; Tables 11, A 6	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB1FF88D1DBFC8BFB69FA84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species of Hibernicoceras with a thickly pachyconic conch at 5 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.80), a thickly pachyconic conch at 10 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.80) and a thinly pachyconic conch at 30 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.65). Umbilicus very wide in early juvenile stage (uw / dm ~ 0.45 at 2 mm dm) and becoming continuously narrower throughout ontogeny (uw / dm ~ 0.15 – 0.20 at 10 mm dm, uw / dm ~ 0.15 at 30 mm dm); umbilical wall sigmoidal with shallow spiral groove. Ornamentation at 20 mm conch diameter with moderately wide-standing, rectiradiate growth-lines with low lateral projections. Spiral lines in a narrow zone on the inner flank; growth lines weakly crenulated on the flank but almost smooth on the venter. Suture line with a weakly Y-shaped, moderately wide external lobe in the adult stage (0.70 – 0.75 of the external lobe depth; 1.45 of the adventive lobe width), and a moderate median saddle (almost 0.45 of the external lobe depth). Ventrolateral saddle very narrowly rounded, adventive lobe with slightly sinuous flanks.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB1FF88D1DBFC8BFB69FA84.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype IRELAND – County Leitrim • Townland of Carraun, north-east slope of Dough Mountain, two miles south-west of Kiltyclogher; beds a few feet above the highest beds with G. sphaericostriatus (Late Viséan); Moore and Hodson Coll.; GSM ZI 3014; illustrated by Moore & Hodson (1958: pl. 6 figs 1 – 2), re-illustrated here in Fig. 18 A. Material examined MOROCCO – Central Meseta • 18 specs; Sidi Amar, southern side of the Tabaïnout mountain ridge; Late Viséan; 2011; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32218.1 to MB. C. 32218.18.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB1FF88D1DBFC8BFB69FA84.taxon	description	Description Specimen MB. C. 32218.1 (Fig. 18 B) is an incomplete, fully chambered conch with a diameter of 32 mm. The conch is almost entirely covered by a recrystallised shell, which may also be encrusted. It is thinly pachyconic and involute (ww / dm = 0.65; uw / dm = 0.14), with a moderately high whorl expansion rate (WER = 1.90). The two sectioned specimens MB. C. 32218.2 and MB. C. 32218.3 (Fig. 19 A – B) are largely identical in terms of their conch geometry but differ in the development of the umbilical width. In specimen MB. C. 32218.2, the umbilicus opens slowly after reaching a conch diameter of 8 mm, with the uw / dm ratio remaining almost constant at 0.19. In contrast, specimen MB. C. 32218.3 exhibits a tubular umbilicus with a stagnant umbilical width, leading to a decreasing uw / dm ratio, which eventually reaches 0.11. Both specimens show a sinuous umbilical wall from a conch diameter of about 8 mm. In particular, specimen MB. C. 32218.2 displays a distinct incurve in the middle of the umbilical wall.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB1FF88D1DBFC8BFB69FA84.taxon	discussion	Remarks Moore & Hodson (1958) described the species as Hibernicoceras mediocris, i. e., with a masculine ending, although Hibernicoceras actually requires a neuter ending. As “ mediocris / mediocre ” is an adjective, the ending needs to be corrected to “ mediocre ” according to Article 34.2 of the ICZN Code (ICZN 1999). Hibernicoceras mediocre differs from most other species in the genus by its rectiradiate growth lines, which have a rather pronounced ventrolateral projection. Additionally, the growth lines in H. mediocre are finer than those found in most other species. The specimens identified by Liang & Wang (1991) as Hibernicoceras mediocris, with a ww / dm ratio of about 0.70 at 40 mm conch diameter, appear to be too stout to be attributed to this species.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB3FF88D26EFA2AFB87F80A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Adelphoceras meslerianum Girty, 1909; by original designation.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB3FF88D26EFA2AFB87F80A.taxon	discussion	Remarks The European and North African species of the genus Girtyoceras were compared by Korn & Ebbighausen (2008), who grouped them based on conch morphology and ornamentation. They noted that 16 species had been described from European material, but only a few of these species have been characterised in detail, particularly with regard to the ontogenetic development of their conch geometry and ornamentation. However, this ontogenetic approach is essential for accurately defining species within the genus, as distinguishing between species often requires comparing specimens of the same size or ontogenetic stage. Without ontogenetic series, it is difficult to recognise the subtle variations in conch shape and ornamentation that differentiate species of Girtyoceras.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB2FF8ED279FD8BFB35FCF8.taxon	description	Fig. 20; Table 12	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB2FF8ED279FD8BFB35FCF8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Species of Girtyoceras with a discoidal, subinvolute conch at 15 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.45; uw / dm ~ 0.15) and a thinly, involute conch at 35 mm diameter (ww / dm ~ 0.35; uw / dm ~ 0.10). Umbilical margin rounded. Venter rounded up to 12 mm conch diameter; sharpening of the venter begins at 30 mm dm. Internal mould in the preadult stage with very weak, slightly biconvex and rectiradiate constrictions. Without riblets.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB2FF8ED279FD8BFB35FCF8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype GERMANY – Harz Mountains • ‘ Grund’ (most probably the Iberg near Bad Grund); “ Posidonienkalk ” (Late Viséan); Roemer Coll.; GPIC Nr. 420; illustrated by Roemer (1852: pl. 13 fig. 35) and Gischler & Korn (1992: text-fig. 7 a). Material examined MOROCCO – Central Meseta • 2 specs; Sidi Lamine, sample 3; 2010; Korn and Ebbighausen leg.; MB. C. 32210.1, MB. C. 32210.2.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB2FF8ED279FD8BFB35FCF8.taxon	description	Description Holotype GPIC 420 (Fig. 20 A) has a conch diameter of 35 mm. It is thinly discoidal and involute (ww / dm = 0.34; uw / dm = 0.11) with an extremely high coiling rate (WER = 2.51). At this stage, the venter is not yet acute, and the rounded umbilical margin shows no indication of a ridge. In some areas, remains of the shell are preserved; the fine growth lines follow a biconvex course with a pronounced ventrolateral projection. Constrictions appear as shallow notches on the flank. The suture line shows the typical course for Girtyoceras, with a V-shaped external lobe, a median saddle reaching half the height of the ventrolateral saddle and a V-shaped adventive lobe. Specimen MB. C. 32210.1 (Fig. 20 C) is an incomplete conch with a diameter of 16 mm. It is thickly discoidal and subinvolute (ww / dm = 0.47; uw / dm = 0.15) with a moderate coiling rate (WER = 1.98). The internal mould is nearly smooth except for one rather weak constriction with a biconvex course.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
03B49601FFB2FF8ED279FD8BFB35FCF8.taxon	discussion	Remarks Roemer described species named Goniatites discus two times (Roemer 1850, 1852). These are demonstrably different species: the species established in 1850 comes from the Iberg Limestone of the Frasnian stage and is a gephuroceratid ammonoid; the form described in 1852 is a Girtyoceras. Thus, Goniatites discus Roemer, 1852 represents a homonym of Goniatites discus Roemer, 1850 and was revised under the new name Girtyoceras ibergense by Korn in Gischler & Korn (1992). Although only a few specimens are available, it is possible to distinguish G. ibergense from other species of Girtyoceras. Stratigraphically younger species, such as G. brueningianum (Schmidt, 1925) and G. goii Korn, 1988, always display a distinct umbilical ridge, weak ribbing and a considerably earlier sharpening of the venter. It is more challenging to differentiate it from species known from the Bowland Shales of England. Despite similarly weak ornamentation, G. premeslerianum Moore, 1946 and G. platyforme Moore, 1946 exhibit a 1.5 times wider umbilicus. Girtyoceras simplex Moore 1946 is distinguishable from G. ibergense by the tapering of the external side starting at a conch diameter of 23 mm.	en	Korn, Dieter, Ebbighausen, Volker (2025): Late Viséan (Mississippian) ammonoids (Cephalopoda) from the Central Moroccan Meseta. European Journal of Taxonomy 989: 50-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.989.2885, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2885/13085
