identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B34269FFFEFF9CFF212504FAE8FD7A.text	03B34269FFFEFF9CFF212504FAE8FD7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia Pease 1860	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  POLYBRANCHIA PEASE, 1860</p>
            <p> Polybranchia Pease, 1860: 141 . Type species:  Polybranchia pellucida Pease, 1860 (by monotypy). </p>
            <p> Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864: 145 . Type species:  Proctonotus orientalis Kelaart, 1858 (by monotypy), not in homonymy with Family  Phyllobranchus Girard, 1851 [Annelida]. </p>
            <p> Lobifera Pease, 1866: 206 , unnecessary replacement name for  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 . </p>
            <p> Polybranchus O’Donoghue, 1929: 737 , unjustified emendation for  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 . </p>
            <p> Phyllobranchillus Pruvot-Fol, 1933: 93 , replacement name for  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 . </p>
            <p> Branchophyllum Pruvot-Fol, 1947: 101 , replacement name for  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>Body oval, broader anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head with short, enrolled oral tentacles. Rhinophores bifurcated, papillate or smooth. Eyespots at base of rhinophores. Pericardium large, papillate or smooth. Anal papilla on right lateral side of body, at same level as heart, below ceratal bases. Numerous pedunculated, leaf-like cerata surround lateral sides of body, each penetrated with branches of digestive gland. Dorso-lateral cerata larger, smaller cerata on lateral sides. Cerata evenly papillated along dorsal surface vessels; two or three large papillae on dorso-medial surface of cerata, all other papillae of similar size; ventral surface of cerata often papillated. Small lateral cerata either lack digestive gland branches or have dense network of digestive gland extensions. Ceratal penduncles with small distal depressions. Body colour variable from translucent pale olive-green to brown or salmon pink. Cerata colour from translucent olive-green, light to medium brown, red or purple. Radula with single row of teeth forming an ascending and a descending limb; descending limb protruding off right side of pharynx. Ascus with teeth organized into single row. Teeth short and stout, each with hollow depression on dorsal side, half the length of a single tooth; depression interlocks with neighbouring teeth. Teeth cusp thick, resembling a rounded ‘dull blade.’ Penis long, typically smooth, occasionally with numerous warty papillae, in one species armed with a minute stylet.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Pease (1890) introduced the genus name  Polybranchia Pease, 1890 for the new species  Polybranchia pellucida Pease, 1860 , collected in the Hawaiian Islands. The diagnosis of the genus is short, but provided several important details that allow its identification: body with several rows of ‘deciduous’ (=autotomizable) ‘lobes’ (=cerata), with the branchiae (=digestive gland branches) embedded in the cerata; ‘cephalic tentacles’ (=rhinophores) bifurcate. Four years later, and apparently unaware of Pease’s (1860) paper, Alder &amp; Hancock (1864) introduced the new genus name  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 for the species  Proctonotus orientalis Kelaart, 1858 , originally described from India (Kelaart, 1858). The diagnostic characteristics of  Phyllobranchus include bifurcate ‘tentacles’ (=rhinophores) and ‘branchial leaves’ (=cerata) with distinct footstalks arranged in several rows; ‘tongue’ (=radular teeth) similar to that of  Hermaea Lovén, 1844 (Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864). All these characteristics, in addition to the features of the type species (see remarks on  Polybranchia orientalis below) confirm that the name  Phyllobranchus corresponds to the modern usage of  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 and, therefore, is a junior synonym. Two years later, Pease (1866) also unaware of Alder &amp; Hancock’s (1864) work, recognized he was mistaken about the identity of the ‘radiating lines’ enclosed in the ‘lobes’ he called ‘branchiae’ in his original description of  Polybranchia , and consequently considered that the name  Polybranchia (=multiple branchiae) was not descriptive of the characteristics of this group. Therefore Pease (1866) introduced the new name  Lobifera Pease, 1866 to replace  Polybranchia and included two additional new species,  Lobifera nigricans Pease, 1866 and  Lobifera papillosa Pease, 1866 (the former is currently considered a member of  Cyerce Bergh, 1870 ). This act constitutes an unnecessary replacement of an available name (ICZN, 1999: Article 10.6), thus  Lobifera maintains the same type species as  Polybranchia (ICZN, 1999: Article 67.8) and becomes an objective junior synonym. Subsequently, Pease (1871) became aware of the description of  Phyllobranchus by Alder &amp; Hancock (1864) and concluded it has the same characteristics as  Polybranchia and  Lobifera . Pease (1871) also indicated that Alder &amp; Hancock (1864) considered the ‘radiating lines enclosed’ in the ‘lobes’ (=cerata) to be true branchiae and consequently reverted to use the name  Polybranchia instead of  Lobifera . </p>
            <p> Trinchese (1896) noted that  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 is preoccupied by  Phyllobranchus Girard, 1851 (Annelida) but continued using the former name as valid. O’Donoghue (1929) misspelled  Polybranchia as  Polybranchus (unjustified emendation) and considered that this name has priority over  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 .However, Thiele (1931) indicated that  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 was preoccupied by  Polybranchia Latreille, 1825 (Insecta) and considered  Polybranchia (as  Lobifera Pease, 1866 ) a subgenus of  Caliphylla A. Costa, 1867. Pruvot-Fol (1933) argued that because both  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 and  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 are preoccupied, and  Lobifera was introduced for species with a transverse groove on the foot, none of those names are available/appropriate for this group. Therefore, Pruvot-Fol (1933) proposed the replacement name  Phyllobranchillus Pruvot-Fol, 1933 for both  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 and  Phyllobranchus Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864 . However,  Polybranchia Latreille, 1825 was introduced as a family-level name and consequently cannot enter in homonymy with a genus-level name (ICZN, 1999: Article 53.2). Additionally, as indicated above,  Lobifera is an unjustified substitute name for  Polybranchia and also an objective junior synonym as it retains the same type species (ICZN, 1999: Article 67.8). Pruvot-Fol (1947), after apparently forgetting her previous proposal to replace  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 with  Phyllobranchillus Pruvot-Fol, 1933 , again reiterated that  Polybranchia was preoccupied and proposed the new name  Branchophyllum Pruvot-Fol, 1947 to replace it. Later, Pruvot-Fol (1954) recognized that  Polybranchia Latreille, 1825 was a family-level name and, therefore,  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 remained available. </p>
            <p> A revision of the literature thus confirms that  Polybranchia Pease, 1860 is a valid name and includes species of  Sacoglossa with bifurcate rhinophores, cerata with branches of the digestive gland and a complete foot, lacking a transversal groove. Below we describe seven distinct species recovered in phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses, as well as two additional morphologically distinct taxa not studied herein, providing justifications for the usage of available names or the introduction of new ones. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFFEFF9CFF212504FAE8FD7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFFDFF9AFCB624EDFE89FA08.text	03B34269FFFDFF9AFCB624EDFE89FA08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia orientalis (Kelaart 1858)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA ORIENTALIS (KELAART, 1858)</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2–3, 5, 6G, 7, 8H–I)</p>
            <p> 
Proctonotus orientalis 
Kelaart, 1858: 106 . Type locality: ‘  Trincomalie’ (= Trincomalee, Sri Lanka). </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Original type material untraceable, not found at NHMUK.  Original drawings available at the library of the NHMUK.  Neotype (here designated): Vizhinjam, Kovalam, India, 20 Dec 2013, one specimen 20-mm long (LACM 3487), illustrated by Ravinesh et al. (2014)  . </p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p>  South of Lago de Oro Hotel ,  Verde Island Passage , Batangas, Luzon, Philippines, 11 May 2014, one specimen 35 mm live length, 11-mm long, isolate MM120 (CASIZ 199384)  .   Calumpan Peninsula ,  Mainit ‘ Bubbles’, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines, 16 April 2008, one specimen, 10-mm long, isolate MM068  (CASIZ 177601) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Body translucent brown with minute dark brown spots covering entire surface in some specimens, giving animal dark appearance (Fig. 5A). Rhinophores translucent, with single pale brown line and minute brown specks throughout; small translucent papillae without colour evenly distributed on their surface (Fig. 5B). Pericardium white, typically very conspicuous. Ceratal peduncle with snowy white pigment in depression. Cerata fan-shaped, translucent and speckled with cinnamon brown throughout, with two dorso-medial yellowish patches, some with single black dot (Fig. 6G). Two large papillae on dorso-medial surface of each ceras; one large, yellow, near ceratal tip; another smaller, yellow, below first papilla. Additional papillae on dorsal and ventral cerata surface white, minute and inconspicuous. Cerata margin outlined with pale yellow. Foot colour unknown.</p>
            <p>Internal morphology: Radular tooth count unavailable for 35-mm long specimen from the Philippines (CASIZ 199384), but active tooth with two rows of 13 blunt denticles on convex ventral surface (Fig. 7A); decreasing in size toward hooked cusp (Fig. 7A, C). For 10-mm long specimen from the Philippines (CASIZ 177601), the total number of radular teeth unknown; seven teeth in ascending limb (Fig. 7B). Ascus not observed in either specimen available (CASIZ 199384; CASIZ 177601); number of pre-radular teeth unknown.</p>
            <p>Penis elongate, smooth and slender; cylindrical from base to just below tip. Tip flattened, lacking penial stylet (Fig. 8H–I).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFFDFF9AFCB624EDFE89FA08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFF8FF99FF482512FE56FC08.text	03B34269FFF8FF99FF482512FE56FC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce nigra subsp. pallens Burn 1957	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyerce nigra pallens Burn, 1957: 5 , pl. 3 figs 8–11. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> H o l o t y p e:  Q u e e n s cl i f f, Vi c t o r i a, A u s t r a l i a, 2 0 November 1956 (MV F18603), collected by Robert F. Burn, not examined . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFF8FF99FF482512FE56FC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFF8FF99FF3324A3FE3EFCC8.text	03B34269FFF8FF99FF3324A3FE3EFCC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia pallens (Burn 1957)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA PALLENS (BURN, 1957)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 10A)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFF8FF99FF3324A3FE3EFCC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE7FF86FC5A2483FB54FC0B.text	03B34269FFE7FF86FC5A2483FB54FC0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia westralis Jensen 1993	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA WESTRALIS JENSEN, 1993</p>
            <p>(FIG. 10B)</p>
            <p> Polybranchia westralis Jensen, 1993: 227–231 , figs 17–19, 20A. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Holotype:  Cottesloe , Western Australia, Australia, 10 January 1983 (WAM S14569), collected by Fred Wells and Clay Bryce, not examined. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE7FF86FC5A2483FB54FC0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE6FF87FEDB2516FB12FD98.text	03B34269FFE6FF87FEDB2516FB12FD98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia jannae Medrano & Krug & Gosliner & Kumar & Valdés 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA JANNAE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 6A, 11, 12)</p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Holotype:  Yabob , Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 5 December 2012, 10-mm long, isolate MM069 (CASIZ 191544). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p>  Arthur’s Place , Mabini (Calumpan Peninsula), Batangas, Luzon Island, Philippines, 20 April 2008, one specimen, isolate MM066  (CASIZ 177697) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Colour typically translucent golden yellow to light brown with numerous small orange and purple spots throughout dorsum (Fig. 11). Rhinophores translucent with several white papillae. Small orange and purple patches extend on to rhinophores. Pericardium pigmented with snowy white. Cerata fan-shaped with a single white to yellow large papilla on dorsal-medial surface; small papillae with white tips present on both dorsal and ventral sides. Many orange and purple spots scattered throughout; deep purple line near base extends medially and vertically to half each ceras length and abruptly changes to a red-orange extending to distal end, without reaching white tipped margin (Fig. 6A). Unique white or yellow lines resembling cobweb present on entire surface of cerata (Fig. 6A).</p>
            <p>Internal morphology: In a 10-mm long specimen from Papua New Guinea (CASIZ 191544), radulae with 24 teeth: four in ascending limb, four distinct teeth and 16 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 12A). In specimen from the Philippines (CASIZ 177697), radula with 29 teeth: six in ascending limb, five distinct teeth and 18 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 12D). Additional teeth encased in ascus in both specimens (Fig. 12C, F); number unknown. Leading tooth with two rows of 12 blunt denticles on basal surface in Papua New Guinea specimen (CASIZ 191544), enlarged near base and decrease in size toward hooked cusp (Fig 12B), and with two rows of 14 blunt denticles on convex ventral surface in Philippines specimen (CASIZ 177697). Denticles small near base; enlarged as they ascend toward cusp and reduced in size at hooked cusp (Fig. 12E).</p>
            <p>Penial morphology not observed; both specimens were castrated by parasitic copepods.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE6FF87FEDB2516FB12FD98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE5FF83FEDC2035FEA7FDFF.text	03B34269FFE5FF83FEDC2035FEA7FDFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia jensenae Medrano & Krug & Gosliner & Kumar & Valdés 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA JENSENAE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 6A–C, 8, 13, 14)</p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Holotype:  West Philippine Sea coast, Calatagan, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, 13–15 May 2014, live animal 51 mm in length, 25-mm long preserved, isolate MM121 (NMP 041295). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p>  Kahului Harbor ,  Maui ,  Hawaiian Islands , 20 June 2011, one specimen, isolate JG028 (CPIC 00379), 10-mm long; one specimen, isolate JG029 (CPIC 00376), 10-mm long; one specimen, isolate JG030 (CPIC 00376), 9-mm long.  Anini Beach , Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands, 12 July 2016, one specimen, 9-mm long, isolate MM029 (CPIC 01778)  .   Hekili Point , Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 21 June 2016, one specimen, 19-mm long when alive, 6-mm long preserved, isolate MM030 (CPIC 01649)  .   Mama’s Fish House , Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 25 June 2016, one specimen, 11-mm long, isolate MM031 (CPIC 01650)  ;  one specimen, 5-mm long, isolate MM032 (CPIC 01651) ;  one specimen, 3 mm-long, isolate MM033 (CPIC 01652) .   Verde Island Passage coast, Calatagan, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines, 9 May 2014, one specimen, 8 mm-long, isolate MM119 (CASIZ 199267)  ;  8 May 2014, one specimen, isolate MM118 (CASIZ 199266) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Colour translucent dark grey or completely translucent in smaller animals; small white papillae throughout body (Fig. 13). Faded white patches may be present throughout dorsum. Rhinophores translucent with several white papillae; upper portion of dorsal rhinophores with thin, translucent dark grey or pale yellow medial line. Pericardium translucent grey with few white spots. Cerata fan-shaped with yellow or white pigment on the 2–3 larger papillae; overall translucent olive-green with white web-like network on dorsal surface. Ceratal peduncles with snowy white pigment in depression. Dark black patch, above peduncle depression (Figs 6B–C, 13A, C, D). Small cerata pale yellow. Foot translucent grey with white spots, except for translucent and colourless animals in which foot is only with white spots.</p>
            <p>Internal morphology: In a 9-mm long specimen from Maui, Hawaiian Islands (CPIC 00376), radula with 29 teeth: six in ascending limb, five distinct teeth and 18 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 14A). In a 9-mm long specimen from Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands (CPIC 01778), radula with 38 teeth: six in ascending limb, five distinct teeth and 27 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 14D). Additional teeth encased in ascus in specimen CPIC 00376 (Fig. 14C); number unknown. Ascus with three pre-radular teeth in specimen CPIC 01778 (Fig. 14F). Teeth shape variable; slightly slender in Kaua‘i specimen (CPIC 01778), with upper surface convex, more straight in specimen from Maui (CPIC 00376). Leading tooth with two rows of ten worn-down denticles on basal surface, increasing in size near base and decreasing at ‘hooked’ cusp (Fig. 14B) in Maui specimen (CPIC 00376) and with two rows of 14 denticles on basal surface, increasing then decrease in size from base towards hooked cusp (Fig. 14E) in Kaua‘i specimen (CPIC 01778).</p>
            <p>Penis long, smooth and cylindrical in the Hawaiian Islands (CPIC 01778) and the Philippines’ specimens (CASIZ 199267) (Fig. 8A, B). Penis of 8-mm long specimen from the Philippines (CASIZ 199267) bent at mid-length, tip coiled and blunt (Fig. 8A). Penis of 9-mm long specimen from the Hawaiian Islands (CPIC 01778) erect and wide at base, mid-length varies in width and narrows toward the loosely coiled unarmed blunt tip (Fig. 8B).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE5FF83FEDC2035FEA7FDFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE2FF80FC582238FB70F8B7.text	03B34269FFE2FF80FC582238FB70F8B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia samanthae Medrano & Krug & Gosliner & Kumar & Valdés 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA SAMANTHAE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 6D, 8C–D, 15, 16)</p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Holotype:  Maui , Hawaiian Islands, 28 June 2016, 17-mm long, isolate MM034 (LACM 3466). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p> Guam, one specimen, isolate U003 .   Saudi Arabia,  Red Sea , 4 March 2013, one specimen, 20-mm long, isolate MM067 (CASIZ 192424)  .   Moloa‘a Beach , Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands, 7 July 2016, one specimen, 9-mm long, isolate MM028 (CPIC 01772)  .   Hekili Point , Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 13 June 2011, one specimen, 2-mm long, isolate Maui 01 (CPIC 00291)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Colour pale olive-green to tan or brown, with evenly distributed small white papillae on dorsum (Fig. 15). Rhinophores translucent with white frosted dorsal tips and several white papillae evenly throughout. Snowy white pigment below eyespots extends towards snowy white pericardium. Cerata translucent, olive-green or dark tan in colour; dorso-medial surface with large green patch enclosed by dense white pigment (Fig. 6D). White colour extends from distal tip and stops before ceratal base; diminishes before reaching white margin (Fig. 6D). Two medial papillae, one large and one small, white, made inconspicuous by white dorso-medial surface on cerata. Peduncle depression lacks colour. Few white dots and many small, dark-brown spots on foot.</p>
            <p>Internal morphology: In a 9-mm long specimen from Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands (CPIC 01772), radula with 28 teeth: six in ascending limb, six distinct teeth and 16 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 16B). In a 2-mm long specimen from Maui, Hawaiian Islands (CPIC 00291), radula with 33 teeth: six in ascending limb, four distinct teeth and 23 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 16C). Ascus lost in specimen CPIC 01772 (Fig. 16B). Additional teeth encased in ascus in specimen CPIC 00291 (Fig. 16E); number unknown. Leading tooth with two rows of 11 blunt denticles on basal surface in Kaua‘i specimen (CPIC 01772), larger near base and decrease in size toward hooked cusp (Fig. 16A), and with two rows of 12 blunt denticles on basal surface in Maui specimen (CPIC 00291), also larger near base and decrease in size toward ‘hooked’ cusp (Fig. 16D).</p>
            <p>Penis long and smooth. Penis compressed from prostate sac to blunt tip, resembling a thin ribbon (Fig. 8C–D). Penial stylet absent.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE2FF80FC582238FB70F8B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFEFFF8EFEC52510FB26FE61.text	03B34269FFEFFF8EFEC52510FB26FE61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia burni Medrano & Krug & Gosliner & Kumar & Valdés 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA BURNI SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 6E, 17)</p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Holotype:  Neds Beach , Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, Australia, 12 April 2011, ~40-mm long, isolate Ps 709LIC (AM C.469619). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p>Lord Howe, Australia, tissue sample only, isolate 11How01 (AM tissue collection 54988).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Colour translucent with white patches formed of congregated dots between oral tentacles, below base of rhinophores and on pericardium. Rhinophores with several white papillae throughout and each with orange-red dot on dorsal tip. Each ceras with single, large, white papillate knob on dorso-medial surface; small orange-red dot near white knob on each large ceras (Figs 6E, 17). Few cerata with faint, dark purple patches on ceratal margins (Figs 6E, 17). Foot translucent with white dots.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFEFFF8EFEC52510FB26FE61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFEEFF8CFCA327D0FCCAF894.text	03B34269FFEEFF8CFCA327D0FCCAF894.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia schmekelae Medrano & Krug & Gosliner & Kumar & Valdés 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA SCHMEKELAE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 6, 8E –G, 18, 19)</p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p> Holotype: Bocas del Toro, Panama, 29 July 2015, one specimen 15-mm long, isolate MM064 (LACM 3468).</p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p> Curaçao, 24 August 2004, one specimen 8-mm long, isolate MM102 (LACM 2004 – 98.1). Bocas del Toro ,  Panama, 28 July 2015, one specimen 13-mm long, isolate MM062 (CPIC 01412); one specimen 14-mm long, isolate MM063 (CPIC 01413) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Colour pale to dark olive-green with specks of brown scattered over dorsum; specks disappear at lateral edges of body, covered with papillae. Rhinophores translucent olive-green with white papillae throughout. White pigmentation 01413; number unknown in specimen LACM 3468. Active tooth with two rows of ten blunt denticles (CPIC 01413) or two rows of 11 blunt denticles (CPIC 01412) on basal surface. Denticles small near base, larger toward distal portion, but decreasing in size at hooked cusp (Fig. 19B, E).</p>
            <p>Penis elongate, cylindrical, distally bearing numerous warty papillae and lacking a penial stylet in both specimens examined (LACM 2004–98.1; LACM 3468) (Fig. 8E–G). Base wide, narrowing toward tip in specimen from Curaçao (LACM 2004–98.1); specimen from Panama (LACM 3468) with uniformly wide penis from base until last quarter of length, then narrowing towards tip (Fig. 8G). Penis wavy, with distal loop, and blunt tip in Curaçao specimen (LACM 3468); erect with blunt tip in Panama specimen (LACM 2004–98.1) (Fig. 8E–F).</p>
            <p>forming small inverted triangle behind eyespots. Pericardium pale olive-green, lighter than rest of body, lacking brown specks (Fig. 18). Large cerata translucent olive-green; dorso-medial surface with single minute black dot near distal margin and two enlarged papilla; ventral surface covered with many small white papillae (Fig. 6F). Small cerata dark, olive-green, with 2–3 dark spots at tips. Ceratal peduncles with snowy white pigmentation in depression. Foot olive-green with scattered specks of brown and large white spots dispersed throughout.</p>
            <p>Internal morphology: In a 14-mm long specimen from Panama (CPIC 01413), radula with 35 teeth: six in ascending limb, six distinct teeth and 23 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 19A). In a 13-mm specimen from Panama (CPIC 01412), radula with 37 teeth: six in ascending limb, nine distinct teeth and 22 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 19D). Ascus with four pre-radular teeth in specimen CPIC</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFEEFF8CFCA327D0FCCAF894	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFECFF8AFC55255DFECCFB36.text	03B34269FFECFF8AFC55255DFECCFB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia mexicana Medrano & Krug & Gosliner & Kumar & Valdés 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA MEXICANA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 3, 6H, 8J, 20, 21)</p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>  Holotype: Los Arcos,  Bahia de Banderas , Jalisco, Mexico, 26 February 2006, one specimen, 10-mm long, isolate MM065 (CASIZ 174098). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined</p>
            <p>  Bahía Magdalena , Puerto San Carlos, Mexico, 1 September 2015, one specimen 10-mm long, isolate MM060 (CPIC 01483)  .   Bahía Magdalena , Puerto San Carlos, Mexico, 1 September 2015, one specimen 10-mm long, isolate MM061 (CPIC 01484)  .  El Anclote, Nayarit, Mexico, one specimen, 11-mm long, isolate MM108 (LACM 174951) .  Mazatlán, Mexico, isolate MM111 B, tissue only. </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>External morphology: Body and rhinophores lacking papillae. Colour translucent dark brown with numerous white specks; rhinophores translucent olive-green with few white dots; pericardium pigmented with snowy white. Cerata with one or two large black dots on the dorso-medial surface and with few small black dots scattered throughout. Foot olive-green with scattered white specks.</p>
            <p>Internal morphology: In an 11-mm long specimen from Nayarit, Mexico (LACM 174951), radula with 32 teeth: seven in ascending limb, six distinct teeth and 19 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 21A). In a 10-mm long specimen from Jalisco, Mexico (CASIZ 174098), radula with 25 teeth: five in ascending limb, five distinct teeth and 15 teeth encased in tissue in descending limb (Fig. 21D). Additional teeth encased in ascus in both specimens (Fig. 21C, F); number unknown. Leading tooth with two rows of ten blunt denticles on convex basal surface in specimen from Nayarit (LACM 174951); two rows of 13 blunt denticles on basal surface in specimen from Jalisco (CASIZ 174098). Denticles small near base, larger distally, decreasing in size at hooked cusp, in both specimens (LACM 174951; CASIZ 174098) (Fig. 21B, E).</p>
            <p>Penis long, smooth and cylindrical. Wider at base and narrowing towards tip (Fig. 8J). Penial stylet not observed.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFECFF8AFC55255DFECCFB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE9FF88FCE227F4FBCEFD89.text	03B34269FFE9FF88FCE227F4FBCEFD89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lobifera papillosa Pease 1866	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lobifera papillosa Pease, 1866: 206–207 . </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Untraceable, not found at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University [see: Kay &amp; Clench (1976) and Johnson (1994) for additional information on Pease’s collection].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE9FF88FCE227F4FBCEFD89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE9FF88FF7A243EFD2EFD2B.text	03B34269FFE9FF88FF7A243EFD2EFD2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia pellucida Pease 1860	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polybranchia pellucida Pease, 1860: 141 . </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Untraceable, not found at the NHMUK (Kay, 1965).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE9FF88FF7A243EFD2EFD2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE9FF88FC572324FB7BF9BF.text	03B34269FFE9FF88FC572324FB7BF9BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia prasina (Bergh 1871)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA PRASINA (BERGH, 1871)</p>
            <p> Phyllobranchus prasinus Bergh, 1871: 52–87 , pl. 1, figs 6–8, pls 5b–8, pl. 10, figs 1–16, pl. 11, fig. 22. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Untraceable, not found at ZMUC.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE9FF88FC572324FB7BF9BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE8FF89FCB327F6FB65FD84.text	03B34269FFE8FF89FCB327F6FB65FD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia rubicunda (BERGH 1871)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA RUBICUNDA (BERGH, 1871)</p>
            <p> Phyllobranchus rubicundus Bergh, 1871: 87–92 , pl. 10, figs 17–22, pl. 11, figs 1–21. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Untraceable, not found at ZMUC.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE8FF89FCB327F6FB65FD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFE8FF89FCB42302FBC7F9EC.text	03B34269FFE8FF89FCB42302FBC7F9EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polybranchia sagamiense (Baba 1955)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> POLYBRANCHIA SAGAMIENSE (BABA, 1955) </p>
            <p> Branchophyllum orientale var. sagamiense Baba, 1955: 9–10 , 40–41, fig. 8, pl. 3, figs 7–8. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Location unknown.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFE8FF89FCB42302FBC7F9EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
03B34269FFD7FFB6FF3C25A0FEBDFB30.text	03B34269FFD7FFB6FF3C25A0FEBDFB30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mourgona borgninii (TRINCHESE 1896)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MOURGONA BORGNINII (TRINCHESE, 1896)</p>
            <p> Phyllobranchus borgninii Trinchese, 1896: 375–382 , figs 1–19. </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
            <p>Location unknown.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B34269FFD7FFB6FF3C25A0FEBDFB30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Medrano, Sabrina;Krug, Patrick J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Kumar, A. Biju;Valdés, Ángel	Medrano, Sabrina, Krug, Patrick J., Gosliner, Terrence M., Kumar, A. Biju, Valdés, Ángel (2019): Systematics of Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) based on molecular and morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 76-115
