identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BC831EBE20FFE2FDD5FBEBFA2B72B5.text	03BC831EBE20FFE2FDD5FBEBFA2B72B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia IN	<div><p>KEY TO THE SPECIES Of  DICKSONIA IN THE NEOTROPICS</p><p>Ambiguous yet potentially helpful characters are given in parentheses at the end of each couplet.</p><p>1. Petioles of fertile fronds relatively long, (20–) 45–90 cm, 1/4–1/2 of frond length, petioles and rachises densely covered with spreading dark reddish brown hairs with flexuous to soft tips but indurated bases, leaving a strongly scabrous epidermis from petiole to costules, not transient with softer woolly undercoat, undercoat thin, persistent; spreading red hairs present on midveins (paler spreading hairs on and between veins abaxially, numerous and persistent). [N Colombia, Venezuela?].......................................................................  Dicksonia lehnertiana</p><p>1. Petioles of fertile fronds relatively short, 5–25 cm long, less than 1/10 of frond length (in juvenile plants to 1/2 of frond length), petioles and rachises at least in unfurling fronds covered with softer hairs, outer darker layer ± transient with softer woolly undercoat, the latter may be thick in young fronds and completely missing in older fronds, epidermis smooth to weakly, rarely strongly scabrous; spreading hairs on midveins either absent or pale (hairs on and between lateral veins either scarce to absent or abundant and persistent)....................................................... 2</p><p>2. Fronds bipinnate-pinnatifid, pinnules all ± linear with rounded segments, each only fitting one sorus acroscopically; hairs on and between lateral veins common (adventitious buds absent, segment margins strongly revolute in fresh material). [N Colombia, N Peru]..........  D. stuebelii</p><p>2. Fronds to tripinnate-pinnatifid, pinnules mostly lanceolate, larger ones distinctly triangular, segments oblong with acute to obtuse tips, each potentially with several sori acroscopically and basiscopically; hairs on lateral veins rare, never between them (adventitious buds may occur; segment margins ± planar to weakly revolute, strongly revolute margins artifact of dried specimens).................................. 3</p><p>3. Pinnae to 35 X 12 cm, frond axes abaxially glabrescent, surface smooth, most adnate fertile segments basally constricted, sinuses between them notably triangular and usually becoming wider towards the pinnule base, sori 0.9–1.2 mm diam (adventitious buds absent; larger segments 3.5–7.0 X 2.3–3.2 mm, distance receptacle/sorus base to midvein 0.6–1.2 mm). [SE Brazil, adjacent Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay]..................................................................................................................  D. sellowiana</p><p>3. Pinnae to 77 X 29 cm, frond axes abaxially with matted or spreading hairs, the latter may leave a scabrous surface, most adnate fertile segments basiscopically decurrent, sinuses between the segments acute or rounded, not becoming wider towards the pinnule base; sori 0.9–2.0 mm diam. [Mesoamerica, Andes].................................................................................................. 3</p><p>4. Outer darker petiole hairs tangled and matted, thin-walled, partially collapsed (Mexico to Costa Rica) to wholly catenate (Panama to Ecuador); petiole bases with adventitious buds instead of the basal 1–2 pinna pairs (only Panama to Ecuador), producing small plants on the trunks when fronds are rotting (buds often shriveled and hidden among hairs in dried specimens); sori 1.0–1.2(–1.5) mm diam, usually not touching each other and leaving the midveins visible (larger segments 8.0–14.0 X 3.0– 4.5 mm, distance receptacle/sorus base to midvein 1.5–2.2 mm) [Mesoamerica, Chocó Region of Colombia, Ecuador]...............................................  D. navarrensis</p><p>4. Outer darker petiole hairs spreading, turgid, only in specimens appearing plastered (then hairs still straight in most parts, appearing bundled); petiole bases never with adventitious buds (lateral shoots may come directly from the trunk after injury); sori (1.2–)1.5–2.0 mm diam, mature ones often covering segments abaxially, usually touching each other and often hiding the midveins (larger segments 5.0–11.0 X 2.0–4.0 mm, distance receptacle/sorus base to midvein 0.7–1.5 mm) [Andes, higher elevations of Costa Rica,and coastal ranges of Venezuela].............................................................................................  D. karsteniana</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE20FFE2FDD5FBEBFA2B72B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE2FFFEFFF49FF34FA3F77DA.text	03BC831EBE2FFFEFFF49FF34FA3F77DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia karsteniana (Klotzsch) T. Moore, Ind. Fil.	<div><p>1.  DICKSONIA KARSTENIANA (Klotzsch) T.Moore,</p><p>Ind. Fil. 190: 313. 1860.  Dicksonia karsteniana (Klotzsch) H.Karst. Fl. Columb. 2: 179. 1869, hom. superfl.  Balantium karstenianum Klotzsch, Linnaea 29: 444. 1847.  Dicksonia sellowiana var. karsteniana (Klotzsch) Sodiro, Recens. Crypt. Vasc. Quit.: 22. 1883.</p><p>TYPE:  VENEZUELA. Aragua: Colonia Tovar, [ca. 10°24 ' 49"N, 67°17 ' 19"W, 2000–2300 m] without date, H. Karsten II 9 (lectotype B-20_0138452!, inadvertently designated by Tryon 1989: 105, isolectotypes HBG –photo US [5372, 5374], LE-00008012 [image], P-01414827) .</p><p>Dicksonia gigantea H.Karst., Fl. Columb. 2: 177. 1869.</p><p>TYPE:   COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: “Regiones nebulosas  Andium Bogotensium altitudine 2600 mtr in fruticetis montis  Guadalupe ”, H. Karsten s.n. (holotype not located, B?, LE?, W?;  isotype P-00642549!/- 00642550!/- 00642551!).</p><p>Dicksonia lobulata Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 6: 187. 1906.</p><p>TYPE:   COSTA RICA. San José:  Cerros de Velirla [sic],  Copey de Dota [ca. 09°35 ' 12"N, 83°47 ' 57"W], 2600–2700 m, Mar 1898, A. Tonduz 11789 (holotype P-00642548 [Herb. Christ];  isotypes BM-000097864!, BR-0000013343385 [image], K-000894776, P-01414859, S-R-1483 [image], US-00066375!).</p><p>Trunks to 10 m tall, 16 cm diam including old petiole bases, adventitious root mantle blackish brown, may add significantly to diam, with skirt of old fronds, well developed in tall, exposed plants, rather scant in shaded ones. Fronds to 270 cm long, monomorphic, erect to patent, larger ones arching. Petioles mostly 5–20 cm (in juveniles to 73 cm) long, appressed to the trunk, covered with turgid, setiform, reddish to orange-brown, erect hairs to 2.5 cm long, with paler (whitish, rarely orange-brown), woolly undercoat of ciliform to catenate hairs, varying from weakly developed and evanescent to thick and persisting. Laminae to 260 X 100 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, coriaceous, obovate to oblanceolate. Frond axes (rachises, costae, and costules) with varied indument, adaxially with persistent antrorsely curved to spreading hairs, relatively sparse on lower part of rachis, always dense on costae and costules, abaxially first with soft matted woolly hairs (undercoat), often worn off in older fronds, leaving costae and costules with pale or reddish ciliform hairs, spreading, sparse. Pinnae to 53.5 X 16.0 cm, sessile, oblong-lanceolate with attenuate tips, 15–20 pairs per frond, lower pairs reduced to ca. 1/4–1/10 length of longest medial pinnae, lowest ones pinnatifid with thin costae, appearing like a pinnule of medial pinnae. Pinnules to 9.0 X 1.8 cm, oblong- to triangular-lanceolate, basally auriculate, sessile to very short stalked. Segments 9.0 X 3.5 mm, sessile, oblique, weakly falcate, lobed to slightly dissected, margins flat to weakly revolute, proximal segments larger than medial ones. Midveins slightly to moderately hairy, hairs whitish, to 1.5 mm long, lateral veins glabrous. Sori 1.5–2.0 mm in diam, oblong when closed, circular when open, on the acroscopic and basiscopic side of the segment, one sorus per lobe, at the end of simple lateral veins, distance receptacle–midvein 0.7–1.5 mm. Indusia bivalved, outer one brown with entire cartilaginous margin, inner one light brown with subentire to slightly erose margins, beset with hyaline obovate cells; paraphyses catenate, contorted, longer than sporangia. Spores tetrahedral-globose with prolonged, depressed lobes, ca. 57 X 38 μm, exospore smooth, perispore bacillar-granular. Figures 1B, F, G, H, 5A–C.</p><p>Etymology —Named after G. C. W. Hermann Karsten (1817–1908), the German botanist who collected the type specimen and compared the three taxa formerly included in  Dicksonia sellowiana in his Flora Columbiae.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Rare in Costa Rica, common in the Andes from Colombia to Venezuela and Bolivia, in cool mountain rainforest to sub-páramo and open grassland at (1200–)1800–3300(–3600) m (Fig. 6).</p><p>Notes —After careful comparison, we subsume the name  D. gigantea under  D. karsteniana, based on laminar characters and further corroborated by the following observations. The type locality near Bogotá at 2600 m falls into the general range and preferred elevation of  D. karsteniana, and all complete specimens that we have seen from the mountains around the Bogotá valley are clearly assignable to  D. karsteniana . As delimited here, the taxon formerly known as “  D. gigantea ” (Lellinger 1989), here recognized as  D. navarrensis, occurs mainly west of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia below 2000 m, whereas  D. karsteniana is commonly found in the main range of the Andes above 2000 m.  Dicksonia navarrensis is prevalent in Mesoamerica but there is a geographical overlap in Costa Rica, where  D. karsteniana also occurs at higher elevations.</p><p>Dicksonia karsteniana is a wide-ranging species in distribution and elevation. We observed two extremes in the hairy indument of  D. karsteniana that can be related to external factors: One with the outer layer of straight reddish brown hairs weakly developed on the petioles in favor of a denser, longer lasting woolly pale undercoat that extends all along the rachis, and the other one just the opposite, with well developed and exceptionally dark straight hairs but almost no undercoat and glabrescent distal petioles and rachises. In comparison with the other taxa that we here recognize, these differences may seem equally valid for treating the extreme forms of  D. karsteniana as separate species. However, we were able to observe several larger populations where most plants are intermediate in indument characters (i.e. outer layer and undercoat both well developed, the latter first covering upper petiole and rachis but soon caducous) and that extreme forms are correspondingly found in extreme habitats. For instance, persistent white woolly hairs on petioles and rachises are found in plants from exposed and cold conditions at high elevations. These plants are also smaller than average, rarely surpass 2 m trunk height and have fronds just ca. 125 cm long. Additionally, we observed transitions between the hairy and the regular form, e.g. in Ecuador along the mountain pass of Gualaceo towards the village of San Carlos de Limón, and in Colombia around the Laguna de la Cocha, where open páramos and closed elfin forests change quickly. More glabrescent plants with darker, straight petiole hairs are usually found at low population densities below 2000 m, growing in sheltered gullies and deep ravines that are notably cooler than the surrounding terrain. These individuals often attain the maximum length of fronds as given in the description but differ from plants from higher elevations in having the distal pinnae and outer pinnules/segments more ascending and more asymmetric (basiscopic side more pronounced). Furthermore, the low elevation plants constantly have soral diameters that are near the minimum of  D. karsteniana (1.5 mm) and thus are at first glance more similar to  D. navarrensis in this regard. The hairy form of  Dicksonia karsteniana had been previously segregated as  D. sellowiana var. arachneosa Sodiro, named for the hairs that are preserved in a cobwebby manner on the rachises and costae of dried specimens. The glabrescent extreme formed the basis for the synonym  Dicksonia spruceana Mett. ex Kuhn. Simply to be able to discuss these forms more easily in floristic treatments, we give them names at varietal status based on the available epithets, and provide a key. At the same time, we want to point out that many specimens may not be unambiguously assigned to a variety. The species is more common in Ecuador than documented here (see Fig. 6) but we had no opportunity yet to reassess the plethora of specimens in the local herbaria.</p><p>VARIETIES Of  DICKSONIA KARSTENIANA</p><p>1. Darker petiole hairs tangled and relatively few, transient with a denser, paler woolly undercoat; hairs adaxially on frond axes mostly pale (pale brown to grayish white, rarely mixed with partially red hairs) and spreading; hairs abaxially on rachises and costae spreading to matted, mostly whitish, rarely orange-brown, 2–5(–10) mm long, persisting in mature fronds (absent or fewer shorter hairs on costules and veins), leaving a strongly scabrous surface when abraded. [High elevations from Venezuela to N Peru]...............................  D. karsteniana var. arachneosa</p><p>1. Darker petiole hairs spreading at petiole base, differentiated from shorter woolly undercoat; hairs adaxially on frond axes mostly dark red-brown to blackish and appressed; hairs on frond axes abaxially if present soft and matted, evanescent, largely missing in mature fronds, costules and costae distally with few spreading hairs &lt;2 mm, leaving a smooth to faintly scabrous surface when abraded............................................ 2</p><p>2. Petioles with a discernable white undercoat persisting under outer layer of dark straight hairs, hairs on rachises and costae abaxially leaving a faintly scabrous surface; at least some sori kidney-shaped when closed and to 2 mm wide. [Range of the species]................................  D. karsteniana var. karsteniana</p><p>2. Petioles without discernable white undercoat, faintly developed or evanescent, only outer layer of dark straight hairs persisting; hairs on rachises and costae abaxially leaving a smooth surface; all sori ± round when closed and 1.5 mm wide. [Lower elevations of eastern Andean slopes]...................................................  D. karsteniana var. spruceana</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE2FFFEFFF49FF34FA3F77DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE2DFFEEFC4BFC8CFEC970D9.text	03BC831EBE2DFFEEFC4BFC8CFEC970D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia karsteniana VAR. KARSTENIANA	<div><p>1.1  DICKSONIA KARSTENIANA VAR. KARSTENIANA</p><p>Trunks to 10 m tall, skirt of dead fronds well developed; petioles with dark reddish brown setiform hairs well developed, covering a paler (white or orange) woolly undercoat; hairs adaxially on frond axes dark red-brown to blackish, atrorsely curved, ± appressed, frond axes abaxially covered with matted white hairs when young, soon glabrescent with remnants of cobwebby hairs in the axils, abaxially with few spreading hairs on costules and midveins, sparse to absent elsewhere; sori 1.5–2.0 mm diam. Figures 1H, 5A.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Range of the species. Cool mountain rainforest to elfin forests at (1400–) 1800–3100 m (Fig. 6).</p><p>Selected Specimens Examined —   Costa Rica.— CARTAGO: Cordillera de Talamanca, ridge heading northward from continental divide east of  Quebrada Siberia, ca. 2 km east of  Villa Mills, 09°33–34’N, 83°42’W, 2600–2750 m, 18 Feb 1986, M.H. Grayum, J. Dicke 6582 (MO)  .—   LIMÓN: Cerro Hoffman, Parque Internacional La Amistad, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.96667/lat 9.133333)">Valle de Silencio</a>, 09°08’N, 82°58’W, 2350–2450 m, 08 Sep 1984, G. Davidse, Ch. Herrera, M. H. Grayum 28643 (MO) ;   Atlantic slope, Valle de Silencio, along the R´ıo <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.95/lat 9.133333)">Terbi</a>, 0.5– 1.5 airline km W of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.95/lat 9.133333)">Costa Rican-Panamanian</a> border, 09°08’N, 82°57’W, 2300–2400 m, G. Davidse, Ch. Herrera, M. H. Grayum 28714 (MO)  .—  PUNTARENAS: 09°07 ' 15"N, 82°57 ' 55"W, 2500 m, 14 Apr 1996, F. A. Quesada, M. Moraga, A. Rojas 1406 (MO) .   Colombia. — ANTIOQUIA:  Belmira,  Alto del Yerbal, 06°38 ' 0.4"N, 75°41 ' 59" W, 2700 m, 16 Feb 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ıa 1907 (HUA, JAUM) ;   Envigado, parcelación  Talabera del Bosque, 06°07 ' 22"N, 75°32 ' 38"W, 2550 m, 25 Jan 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ıa 1899 (HUA, JAUM) ;   Jard´ın,  Cuchilla de Ventanas, Alto de Ventanas, sobre la v´ıa, 05°30 ' 12"N, 75°52 ' 07" W, 2560 m, 9 Jun 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 2125 (HUA, JAUM) ;   Vereda Quebrada Bonita, sector  Alto de Ventanas, 05°32 ' 30"N, 75°48 ' 27"W, 2870 m, 12 Jan 2007, W. Rodriguez et al. 4997 (HUA) ;   San José de la Monta ~ na, Vda El Caribe,  Finca Casita Vieja, 06°41 ' 29"N, 75°40 ' 50" W, 2980 m, 25 Jul 2002, W. Rodriguez el al. 3555 (COL, HUA, JAUM)  .—   BOYACÁ: Duitama, Correg. El Carmen, vereda  Santa Elena, finca  La Sierra, 05°50 ' 05"N, 73°00 ' 44"W, 2700 m, 08 Nov 1993, J. Betancur et al. 4220 (HUA, COL)  .—   CALDAS: Corregimiento de San Félix, sector  La Samaria, 05°25 ' 08"N, 75°20 ' 09"W, 2945 m, 25 Aug 2009, D. Sanin 3436 (HUA, FAUC)  .—   HUILA:  Pitalito, 01°52 ' 17"N, 76°02 ' 23"W, 1300 m, Jan 1943, R. E. Schultes, M. Villareal 5252 (MO)  .   MAGDALENA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.013888889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.013888889/lat 8.016666)">Cordillera Oriental Sierra de Perija</a>, 10°08 ' 06"N, 73°00 ' 05" W, 2375 m, 02 Feb 1945, M. Grant 10765 (HUA, COL)  .—   NORTE DE SANTANDER: Pamplona,  Páramo de Fontibón, 07°21 ' 12"N, 72°38 ' 56"W, 2450 m, 20 Feb 1939, A. H. G. Alston 7160 (MO)  .—   PUTUMAYO: Alta Cuenca del R´ıo Putumayo,  Valle de Sibundoy, lado  Sur, 2200 m, 03 Jan 1941, J. Cuatrecasas 11673 (COL)  .—   SANTANDER:  California, 07°22 ' 36"N, 72°56 ' 42"W, 1700–2950 m, 19 Jan 2013, J. Calle et al. 461 (HUA) ;   Charta, Carretera hacia el  Roble, 07°15 ' 39"N, 72°56 ' 29"W, 2900 m, 26 Mar 1987, C. Orozco et al. 4575 (COL, HUA)  .   Venezuela. — ARAGUA: Type of  Dicksonia karsteniana .   TACHIRA: Faldas debajo del Páramo de Tamá, cerca la frontera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.35/lat 7.4166665)">Colombo-Venezolana</a>, [ca. 07°25’N, 72°21’W] 2475–2550 m, 18–20 May 1967, J. A. Steyermark, G. C. K Dunsterville, and E. Dunsterville 98355 (COL) ;   Junin, Betanida,  
Pico 
de Vela, 2400 m, 19 Aug 1980, F. Delascio-Ch.9063 (UC)  .—   SUCRE: Cerro Turimuquire, N facing slopes between La Trinidad and  Quebrada El Boqueron SW of Cocoilar, 1700–1840 m, 03 May 1945, J. A. Steyermark 62468 (K)  .—   VARGAS:  Cordillera de la Costa, Serrania del Litoral,  Monumento Natural Pico Codazzi,  Carretera Arco de la Colonia Tovar,  Pto. Cruz, 2.5 km desde el Arco, SE del centro turistico  Villa Bahareque, margenes de la quebrada la fuente entre alto lagunazo y villa Bahareque 6, 07°13.5 ' W, 10°26’N, 1850–1950 m, Aug 1999, J. Mostacero and R. Castillo 275 (UC)  .   Ecuador. — CARCHI:  Huaca, 00°37 ' 52"N, 77°43 ' 36"W, 3100–3200 m, 19 Feb 1989, H. van der Werff, W. Palacios 10602 (MO)  .—   COTOPAXI:  Sigchos, 00°36 ' 00"S, 78°50 ' 27"W, 3176 m, 23 Jul 2003, J. Ramos, L. Ramos, R. Tigse 6423 (UC)  .—   MORONA-SANTIAGO:  Gualaceo, 03°00 ' 28"S, 078°38 ' 36"W, 3074 m, 10 Aug 2002, T. B. Croat, L. Hannon, P. Schmidt 86411 (MO) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.23333/lat -3.4833333)">Gualaquiza</a>, 03°29’S, 78°14’W, 1510 m, 18 July1993, A. Gentry 80042 (MO)  .—   TUNGURAHUA:  R´ıo Zu~ nac Reserve of Fundación EcoMinga, adjacent to  Llanganates National Park, ca. 5 km N of  Banos-Mera ~ highway, upper watershed of  R´ıo Zunac ~, 01°22 ' 06"S, 078°08 ' 59"W, 2000 m, 09 May 2014, J.L. Clark, D.A. Neill and L. Clavijo 14201 (ECUAMZ)  .—   ZAMORA-CHINCHIPE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.483333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.11667/lat -4.483333)">Tapichalaca</a>, 04°29´S, 79°07´W, 2370 m, 10 Oct 2003, M. Lehnert 1000 (GOET, UC)  .   Peru. — AMAZONAS: Chachapoyas, Carretera Chachapoyas - Mendoza, km 51 de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.599335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2376666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.599335/lat -6.2376666)">Chachapoyas</a>, 9 km detrás de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.599335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2376666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.599335/lat -6.2376666)">Molinopampa</a>, 06°14.26’S, 77°35.96’W, 2700 m, 04 Aug 2002, M. Lehnert 233 (GOET, UC, USM)  .—   CUZCO: LA Convención, Quellouno, 12°35 ' 34"S, 72°13 ' 49"W, 2346 m, 24 Aug 2007, L.  Valenzuela 10177 (AMAZ n.v., CUZ, HUT n.v., MO, USM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.36667/lat -13.05)">Urubamba</a>, 13°03’S, 72°22’W, 3100 m, 16 October 2002, M. Lehnert 433 (GOET, UC, USM)  .—   PASCO: Oxapampa, Dist. Huancabamba, sector  Quebrada Yanachaga (P. N.  Yanachaga-Chemillen), 10°22 ' 46"S, 75°27 ' 43"W, 2910 m, 14 Feb 2004, L. Franco Mellado N. 0607 (MO)  .  Bolivia. — COCHABAMBA: Carrasco, 17°50’S, 64°42’W, 2600 m, 05 Mar 1988, M. Nee, J. Solomon, T. Ruiz de Centurion, M. Saladias 36507 (UC);   Chapare, entre Villa Tunari y <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.833336/lat -17.2)">Cochabamba</a>, detras <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.833336/lat -17.2)">Corani</a>, 17°11’S, 65°54’W, 2800 m, 09 Sep 2000, M. Lehnert 60 (GOET, LPB, UC),   entre <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.833336/lat -17.2)">Villa Tunari</a> y Cochabamba, km 389, 17°12’S, 65°50’W, 2500 m, 09 Sep 2000, M. Lehnert 68 (GOET, LPB, UC)  .—   LA PAZ: Franz Tamayo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.95/lat -14.616667)">Madidi</a>, 14°37’S, 068°57’W, 2420 m, 31 Oct2001, I. Jiménez 690 (LPB) ;   Sur Yungas, Chulumani, sendero de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.51833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.51833/lat -16.36)">Huncané</a> á <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.51833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.51833/lat -16.36)">San Ignacio</a>, 16°21.6’S, 67°31.1’W, 2400 m, 21 Dec 2002, M. Lehnert 543 (GOET, LPB, UC)  .—   SANTA CRUZ: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.9/lat -18.716667)">Valle Grande</a>, 18°43’S, 63°54’W, 2100 m, 07 June 1996, M. Kessler 6345 (LPB, UC)  .</p><p>Notes —We include in  Dicksonia karsteniana var. karsteniana one precociously fertile plant from Colombia, Prov. Narino ~ (L.E. Mora 4469, COL). This plant grew presumably in the open along the road, but it is not reported whether it had already developed a trunk or not. The two bipinnnate-pinnatifid fronds measure 62 X 10 cm and 70 X 13 cm including 20 cm and 18 cm petiole, respectively, and appear more like pinnae of a regular-sized frond. The glabrescent fronds show the typical hairy indument with a well-developed undercoat at the petiole base, and the sori are relatively large (1.4–1.8 mm wide), both features speaking more for  var. karsteniana than  var. spruceana .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE2DFFEEFC4BFC8CFEC970D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE2CFFEEFF5DF992FAE87078.text	03BC831EBE2CFFEEFF5DF992FAE87078.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia karsteniana var. arachneosa (Lehnert 2018) Lehnert 2018	<div><p>1.2.  Dicksonia karsteniana var. arachneosa (Sodiro) Lehnert,  comb. nov.</p><p>Dicksonia sellowiana var. arachneosa Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr. Ecuador 7: 83. 1893, Sodiro, Crypt. Vasc. Quitenses, 44. 1893.</p><p>TYPE: ECUADOR. “ Crece en la región arbórea superior del volcán  Corazón ”, L. Sodiro s. n. (not located).</p><p>Trunks rarely more than 2 m tall, skirt of dead fronds well developed, indument of hairs on frond axes well developed, adaxially pale brown to grayish white, spreading, abaxially mostly white or (in northeastern Colombia and Venezuela) pale orange-brown, spreading to matted, if lost or abraded usually leaving a scabrous surface, hairs on costules abaxially usually dense, thick and appressed, hairs on midveins and lateral veins variable, few to many; sori 1.5–2.0 mm diam. Figures 1B, F, G, 5B.</p><p>Etymology —The name refers to the often cobwebby appearance of the white hairs on the frond axes.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat — Venezuela to northern Peru, maybe more widely distributed, in temperate upper mountain rainforest to sub-páramo and open grassland at 2400–3300 (–3600) m (Fig. 6).</p><p>Specimens Examined —   Colombia. — CUNDINAMARCA:  Alto de Cuchuco hacia La Aguadita, km 34 de la carretera, 2600 m, 24 Mar 1974, C. E. Acosta-Arteaga 203 (P)  .—   MAGDALENA:  Serran´ıa de Perijá,  Correg. Manaure,  Sabana Rubia, 2500 m, 05 Mar 1959, R. Romero-Castaneda ~ 7445 (COL)  .—   NARINO ~:  Pasto,  Corregimiento El Encano, Vda. Santa Clara, 01°09 ' 41"N, 77°09 ' 21"W, 2900–3100 m, 27 Jun 2003, J. Benavides 3349 (HUA) ;   Laguna de la Cocha, 01°06 ' 01"N, 77°09 ' 49"W, 2400 m, 05 Jan 1945, J.A. Ewan 16663 (UC) ;  2800 m, 01 May 1939, A. H. G. Alston 8322 (MO);  Laguna de la Cocha, 01°09 ' 51"N, 77°09 ' 23"W, 2900–2950 m, 16 Feb 2015, M. Lehnert et al. 3153 (HUA, BONN, Z);  01°09 ' 45"N, 77°09 ' 09"W, 2800–3000 m, 18 Jun 2007, D. Molina et al. 503 (HUA) .—   NORTE DE SANTANDER: Mun. Pamplonita, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.010925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.010435" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.010925/lat 25.010435)">Vereda Pica Pica</a>, 07°25 ' 37.5676"N, 72°34 ' 39.3341"W, 2700 m, 03 Dec 2011, L.G. Lopez Herrera 414 (COL)  .—   PUTUMAYO:  Sibundoy, 01°13 ' 25"N, 76°54 ' 60"W, 2400 m, 04 May 1939, A. H. G. Alston 8387 (US?)  .—   SANTANDER: Mun. Tona, Santa Rita, por la carretera de  Bucaramanga a  Pamplona, antes del  Páramo de Berlin, 3160 m, M.T. Murillo and R. Jaramillo-M. 1221 (COL)  .—   TOLIMA: Murillo,  Vda. Pajonales, Finca El Fifi, 04°52 ' 50"N, 75°09 ' 17"W, 2810 m, 24 Mar 2003, E. Correa 2555 (HUA)  .   Venezuela. — TRUJILLO: Pass above  Boconó, [ca. 09°14 ' 44"N, 70°12 ' 08"W,] 2550 m, 21 Jan 1939, A. H. G. Alston 6483 (COL)  .   Ecuador. — AZUAY: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.01389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7/lat 35.01389)">Gualaquiza</a>, 02°58.579’S, 78°48.478’W, 3200–3300 m, 29 Oct 1955, A. Beaverhausen 3810 (STU).  — CANAR ~: Azogues-Pindilig road, km 8–10 from Azogues, 02°42’S, 078°47’W, 3000–3100 m, 08 Jun 1979, B. LØjtnant and U. Molau 14245 (AAU, MO). — CARCHI: Colonia Huaquena ~, 00°35 ' 05"N, 77°42’W, 3300 m, 29 Jun 1994, A.L. Fay 4319 (MO);  3200–3500 m, 02 Jun 1989, G. Tipáz 104 (MO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.1256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.385083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.1256/lat -4.385083)">Tulcán</a>, 00°50’N, 78°03’W, 3150–3250 m, 17 May 1973, L. Holm-Nielsen, S. Jeppensen, B. LØjtnant, B. Øllgaard 5645 (UC).  — LOJA: Cajanuma, 04°07’S, 79°10’W, 2980 m, 15 March 2008, N. Cumbicus, R. Sinche 457 (STU), same locality, 2880 m, 08 Dec 2010, M. Lehnert 2323 (STU). — PICHINCHA: “In silv. suband. m. Corazón”, Dec 1907, L. Sodiro s.n. (PH [image], S [image]).  — ZAMORA-CHINCHIPE: Cerro Toledo, along the road down to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.1256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.385083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.1256/lat -4.385083)">Vilcabamba</a>, 04°23.105’S, 79°07.536’W, 2900 m, 03 Jul 2014, M. Lehnert 2833 (BONN, LOJA)  .   Peru. — AMAZONAS: Mendoza, road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.600586&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.234717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.600586/lat -6.234717)">Molinopampampa-Mendoza</a>, 06°14.083’S, 77°36.035’W, 2487 m, 08 November 2010, M. Lehnert 2015 (USM), M. Lehnert 2017 (USM)  .</p><p>Notes —We have not been able to locate and consult any confident type material of the basionym for this variety. However, the characteristic appearance of plants and specimens with the persisting white woolly hair is described by Sodiro (1893) and clearly visible in the consulted authentic Sodiro material from the locus classicus (“In silv. suband. m. Corazón”, Dec 1907, L. Sodiro s.n. [PH, S]).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE2CFFEEFF5DF992FAE87078	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE2CFFE9FCE8FAF1FDB57708.text	03BC831EBE2CFFE9FCE8FAF1FDB57708.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia karsteniana var. spruceana (Kuhn) Noben & Kessler & Weigand & Tejedor & Rodr´ & Gallego & Lehnert 2018	<div><p>1.3.  Dicksonia karsteniana var. spruceana (Kuhn) Lehnert,  comb. et stat. nov.</p><p>Dicksonia spruceana Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 153. 1869.</p><p>TYPE: PERU. San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Mte. Campana, [ca. 06°07’S, 76°40’W] 1855–1856, R. Spruce 472 8 (lectotype B!, inadvertently designated by Tryon 1989: 105, isolectoypes A-00020971 [image], BM-000586133!/- 000097860!, GH-00020972!, K-000006839!/– 00006840!/– 00006841!, LD-1763634!/- 1763698![image], P-01414987![image]).</p><p>Trunks to 4(–6) m tall, skirt of dead fronds weakly developed; petioles with dark reddish brown setiform hairs well developed, paler (white or orange) woolly undercoat weakly developed; hairs adaxially on frond axes dark red-brown to blackish, antrorsely curved, ± appressed, petioles and lower rachises abaxially covered with matted white hairs when young, soon glabrescent, no remnants of cobwebby hairs in the axils, upper rachises, costae, costules, and midvein abaxially with few to many spreading hairs, reddish, soft, to 3 mm long, leaving a smooth to faintly scabrous surface when abraded, sparse to absent elsewhere; sori ± 1.5 mm diam. Figures 1H, 5C.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Found on the eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador and Peru, expected farther north (Colombia) and south (Bolivia). Present in lower mountain rainforests at (1400–) 1800–2000 m, usually in small numbers under a dense canopy, in deep ravines or sinkholes that are notably cooler than the surroundings (Fig. 6).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined —  Ecuador.— ZAMORA-CHINCHIPE: Estación Cientifica San Francisco, 03°58’S, 79°04’W, 1820 m, Sep 2008, N. Cumbicus, J. Homeier, E. Jaramillo, B. Medina 4113 (STU), 5 Oct 2003, M. Lehnert 957 (GOET, UC), 2000–2010 m, 21 Sep 2010, M. Lehnert 1877 (QCA, STU).  Peru. — HUÁNUCO: SW slope of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.416667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.73333/lat -9.416667)">R´ıo Llullapichis</a> watershed, on the ascent of Cerros del Sira, shallow valley just beyond Camp 4 (Peligroso), 09°25’S 074°44’W, 1540 m 25 Jul 1969, T.R. Dudley 13254 (MO).   — SAN MARTIN: Huallaga,  Saposa, alrededores de la  Canaan, 2000 m, 28 Aug 2001, V. Quipuscoa, M. V´ılchez T., D. Anazco ~ B2630 (UC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE2CFFE9FCE8FAF1FDB57708	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE2BFFE9FF49FDACFAA37059.text	03BC831EBE2BFFE9FF49FDACFAA37059.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia lehnertiana Noben, F. Giraldo, W. Rodriguez and A. Tejedor 2018	<div><p>2.  Dicksonia lehnertiana Noben, F.Giraldo, W.Rodriguez and A.Tejedor,  sp. nov.</p><p>TYPE:   COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Yarumal,  Sector Morro Azul, antiguo camino a  Cede ~ no, 06°57 ' 24"N, 75°33 ' 51"W, 2550 m, 13 Mar 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 1964 (holotype HUA!;  isotype JAUM!).</p><p>Compared to other Neotropical species of the genus,  Dicksonia lehnertiana is relatively small and stands out by having persistent, dark reddish brown, spreading bristly hairs on petioles and leaf axes paired with a very thin pale undercoat. The other species have the hairs not bristly ( D. sellowiana,  D. karsteniana var. spruceana) and usually also a thicker undercoat ( D. karsteniana var. karsteniana) that may be dominant in the petiolar indument ( D. karsteniana var. arachneosa,  D. navarrensis,  D. stuebelii).</p><p>Trunks to 1.5 m tall, 10–12(–25) cm in diam, including cover of persisting petiole bases, dead fronds may be retained for some time but not accumulating in a persistent skirt, usually without; adventitious root mantle weakly developed; adventitious buds absent. Fronds to 200 cm long, monomorphic, erect to patent, larger ones arching. Petioles relatively long, (20–) 45–90 cm, 1/4–1/2 of frond length, appressed to the trunk for 10–20 cm, densely covered for all of its length with spreading, long, stiff hairs to 2.5 cm long, dark reddish brown, their bases indurated, persisting, the tips flexuous to soft, inconspicuous undercoat of pale (white to light brown) lightly matted catenate hairs with short ciliform tips, dense, persisting. Laminae 110–150 X 50–75 cm, bipinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate, coriaceous, elliptic or obovate. Frond axes (rachises, costae and costules) with a similar hairy indument as the petiole, ± antrorsely curved, becoming gradually shorter (ca. 2 mm long), spreading hairs and undercoat approximating each other regarding color and structure toward costules; hairs adaxially less spreading than abaxially, hairs persisting to long lasting, leaving a scabrous surface if removed. Largest pinnae 25–38 X 14 cm, pinnae sessile, triangular- to oblong-lanceolate with attenuate tips, 12–16(–18) pairs per frond, the basal ones mostly 1/2 the length of longest pinnae, rarely 3–4 basal pairs tapering to almost pinnule size (but then pinnae still with thick costae, and free petiole part substantial). Pinnules to 7.5 X 1.8 cm, sessile, basally auriculate, oblong-triangular to lanceolate. Segments to 7.0 X 3.3 mm, sessile, basally patent, distally weakly oblique, straight to weakly falcate, margins crenate to serrate, flat to weakly revolute; proximal segments either the largest or not significantly smaller than following ones. Veins adaxially glabrous except for a few scattered ciliform hairs to 1 mm long on midveins, abaxially densely hairy on the veins, few to many between the veins, hairs to ciliform to partly catenate, pale (whitish to yellowish brown) to partially red, especially on midveins. Sori (1.2–) 1.4–1.8 mm in diam, oblong when closed, circular when open, on the acroscopic and basiscopic side of the segment, one sorus per unbranched lateral vein, distance receptacle to the midvein 0.8–1.0 mm; indusia bivalved, outer one brown with entire cartilaginous margin, inner one dark brown with erose to weakly lacerate margins bearing small hyaline obovate cells; paraphyses dark red, catenate with clavate tip, tortuous, slightly longer than sporangia. Spores tetrahedral-globose with prolonged, depressed lobes, spores not measured, exospore smooth, perispore bacillar-granular. Figures 1A, D, 7A.</p><p>Etymology —The main author and co-authors of this paper take great pleasure in naming this species after Dr. Marcus Lehnert (1975–), senior author of this paper, in recognition to his outstanding contribution to fern research in general, and our knowledge of tree ferns in particular.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Northern Colombia at 2500– 2650 m in low montane forest with strong Caribbean influence. May occur in adjacent N Venezuela where similar conditions are found (Fig. 6).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined (Paratypes) — Colombia. — ANTIOQUIA: Yarumal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.40688&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9876833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.40688/lat 6.9876833)">Morro Azul</a>, 06°59.261’N, 75°24.413’W, 2550 m, 01 Feb 2015, M. Lehnert 3017, 3019, 3020 with M. Kessler, W. Rodriguez, F. Giraldo (BONN, HUA) ;   Morro Azul, o <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.564384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.956786" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.564384/lat 6.956786)">Cerro La Marconi</a>, Camino viejo a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.564384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.956786" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.564384/lat 6.956786)">Cede</a> ~ no, 6.9567861 N, 75.5643861 W, 2650 m, 12 Aug 2001, F. Giraldo 2573 (HUA, JAUM)  .</p><p>Discussion —The species was already recognized as distinct by F. Giraldo in 2000, but its description was postponed until a thorough taxonomic reappraisal of the Neotropical species of the genus was available.  Dicksonia lehnertiana is a peculiar species in that it shows features of juvenile plants of other Neotropical  Dicksonia species, like overall small size, ± ovate laminae, and long petioles with stiffly spreading hairs and weakly developed undercoat. At its presently known occurrences, however, it grows in large quantities without any other  Dicksonia species growing nearby. Its preference for open habitats may argue for an ecological adaptation of a more widespread species like  D. karsteniana, but this can be dismissed for two reasons. First,  D. lehnertiana keeps its distinguishing characters (e.g. stiffness of hairs) when it ventures into the forest understory. Second, other  Dicksonia taxa show the tendency to increase the woolly undercoat and shorten the petioles when growing under exposed conditions, as observed in  D. karsteniana var. arachneosa and  D. stuebelii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE2BFFE9FF49FDACFAA37059	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE2BFFEAFC84FA11FEB17745.text	03BC831EBE2BFFEAFC84FA11FEB17745.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia navarrensis Christ	<div><p>3.  DICKSONIA NAVARRENSIS Christ,</p><p>Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 6:188. 1906.</p><p>TYPE:   COSTA RICA. San José:  Valley of the Rio Navarro, [ca. 09°57 ' 54"N, 83°58 ' 05"W, 1400–1800 m] K. Wercklé 1905 (holotype P-00642552! [Herb. Christ];  isotype K-000894778!).</p><p>Dicksonia ghiesbreghtii Maxon, Contr, U.S. Natl. Herb. 17:155. 1913.</p><p>TYPE:  MEXICO. Chiapas: Without locality, A.B. Ghiesbreght 353 (holotype US-00066374!, isotypes BM-000050846!, GH-00008277!, NY-149027!/- 149028! [fragments of US], P-00642547 [fragment of US]).</p><p>Trunks to 8 m tall, 19.5 cm in diam including persistent old petiole bases, with additional varying cover of adventitious roots, these usually rusty red when young; with a loose skirt of old fronds; adventitious buds occurring regularly on the petiole bases instead of the lowest pinna pairs (ML pers. obs.; Calderón-Sáenz 2000). Fronds to 400 cm long, monomorphic, erect to patent, larger ones arching. Petioles mostly 10–25 cm (in immature plants to 70 cm) long, covered with woolly, pale, yellowish to orange hairs with an outer layer of longer reddish to brown hairs, all hairs thin-walled, all catenate (Panama to Ecuador) or only the longest hairs turgid (Mexico to Costa Rica); lowest pinnae may be replaced by adventitious buds (Panama to Ecuador). Laminae to 330 X 153 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, coriaceous, obovate to oblanceolate, basally tapering. Frond axes (rachises, costae, costules) smooth, few hairs on upper part of rachis, not persistent, costae and costules covered with ciliform hairs, adaxially reddish, antrorsely curved, to 1.5 mm long, abaxially pale brown to white, appressed to matted, partially catenate, to 2 mm long. Pinnae to 76.5 X 28.5 cm, sessile, oblong-lanceolate with attenuate tips, ca. (18–)22–26 pairs per frond, lower pairs reduced to ca. 1/3–1/4 the length of longest medial pinnae, lowest ones pinnate-pinnatifid with strong costa. Pinnules to 12.0 X 2.4 cm, oblong to triangular-lanceolate, sessile to subsessile, basally truncate to weakly auriculate, apically attenuate. Segments to 13.5 X 4.8 mm, sessile, weakly falcate, lobed to weakly dissected, margins flat to weakly revolute, proximal segments larger than medial ones. Veins glabrous or midvein abaxially with few whitish hairs to 1 mm long. Sori 0.9–1.4 mm diam, oblong when closed, circular when open, on the acroscopic and basiscopic side of the segment, each at the end of a lateral vein on a separate lobes, distance receptacle to the midvein 1.5–2.2 mm. Indusia bivalved, outer one brown with entire cartilaginous margin, inner one light brown with subentire to erose margins, beset with few obovate, hyaline cells. Paraphyses catenate, pale, fragile, slightly longer than sporangia. Spores tetrahedral-globose with prolonged, depressed lobes, 51 X 36 μm, exospore smooth, perispore bacillar-granular. Figures 1E, I, J, 5D.</p><p>Etymology —The name refers to the R´ıo Navarro near San José, Costa Rica, the type locality.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Distributed from Mesoamerica to the northern Andes, in evergreen montane rainforests at 940–2450(–2800) m (Fig. 6).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined —   Mexico. — CHIAPAS:  Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacá, 17°11 ' 24"N, 92°54 ' 15"W, 2000 m, 16 Dec 1971, D. E. Breedlove 23214 (MO)  .—   OAXACA: Cerro Zempoaltepetl, 17°09 ' 09"N, 96°00 ' 29"W, 2000–2438 m, 19 Sep 1970, J. T.  Mickel and S. W. Leonard 4680 (UC) ;   Teotitlán, 17°01 ' 58"N, 96°31 ' 12"W, 2133–2255 m, 16 Oct 1969, J. T.  Mickel and R. L. Hellwig 4126 (UC)  .   El Salvador. — CHALATENANGO: E slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.15/lat 14.35)">Los Esesmiles</a>, 14°21’N, 89°09’W, 2500 m, 24 Mar 1942, J. M. Tucker 1127 (MO)  .—   SANTA ANA:  Parque Nacional Montecristo, 14°23 ' 18"N, 89°23 ' 02"W, 2250 m, 08 May 1979, R. Seiler 1143 (UC)  .   Guatemala. — HUEHUETENANGO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.65/lat 15.516666)">Todos Santos Cuchumatan</a>, 15°31’N, 91°39’W, 2600 m, 26 Feb 2009, M. M. J. Christenhusz, M. S. Vorontsova, J. Jiménez Barrios, K. Watson and C. Espada Mateos 5358 (BM, MO)  .   Honduras. — EL PARAÍSO:  Yuscarán, 13°55 ' 50"N, 86°53 ' 43"W, 2000 m, 22–25 Mar 1975, C. H. Nelson and E. Vargas N. 2547 (MO)  .—   FRANCISCO MORAZÁN:  Distrito Central, 14°12 ' 30"N, 87°05 ' 39"W, 1800–2100 m, 25 March 1951, C. V. Morton 7486 (MO)  .—  OCOTEPEQUE: La Labor, 14°28’N, 89°04’W, 1870 m, 12 Jun 1985, E. M. Mart´ ınez S. and O. Téllez – V. 13001 (GH n.v., MO) .—   SANTA BÁRBARA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.916667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.11667/lat 14.916667)">Cuesta de Piedra Caliza</a>, 10 km oeste de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.916667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.11667/lat 14.916667)">Lago Yojoa</a>, 14°55’N, 88°07’W, 2200–2350 m, 28–30 April 1973, A. F. Clewell and D.L. Hazlett 3930 (MO)  .   Nicaragua. — JINOTEGA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.7/lat 13.7)">Municipio de Bocay. Reserva Natural Kilambé</a>, 13°42’N, 85°42’W, 1200–1700 m, 11–19 Jan 2001, R. M. Rueda et al. 15668 (MO)  .—   MATAGALPA: Behind La Selva Negra Hotel, slopes of Cerro Picacho, near the border with <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.916664/lat 13.0)">Dept. Jinotega</a>, 13°00’N, 85°55’W, 1200–1540 m, 23 May 1985, G. Davidse, A. Grijalva P. and M. Sousa S. 30367 (MO)  .—   NUEVA SEGOVIA: 13°58 ' 50"N, 86°11 ' 30"W, 1255–1660 m, Jul 2006, L.D. Paguaga and N.  Toval 41 (HULE n. v., MO)  .   Costa Rica. — CARTAGO: Carpintera, 1850 m, 10 Apr 1908,  Brade 119 (P) ;   Valle de la Estrella, 09°46 ' 23"N, 83°57 ' 39"W, 1500 m, 26 January 1980, H.  Churchill 3271–2 (STU, VT) ;   Canton de Paraiso, 09°44 ' 53"N, 84°07’W, 1600 m, 10 January 1997, S. Salas, A. Rodrigues, and A. Stot 187 (MO)  .—   HEREDIA:  Volcan Barva, 10°08.5 ' N, 84°07’W, 2450–2800 m, 28 Apr 1986, M.H. Grayum 7471 (MO) ;   Braulio Carillo National Park, 10°20’N, 84°10’W, 1215 m, 13 Nov 1986, E. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.166664/lat 10.333333)">Hennipman</a>, M. C. Roos, G. P. Verduyn, P. Velhoen 6872 (MO) ;   P. N. Tapanti-Cerro de la Muerte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.78308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.752283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.78308/lat 9.752283)">Reserva Tapanti</a>, sendero “Arbol Caido”, 09°45.137’N, 83°46.985’W, 1300–1400 m, 17 Nov 2012, M. Lehnert 2650 (BONN)  .   LIMÓN: Cantón de Limón, 09°46 ' 15"N, 83°20 ' 15"W, 1060–1330 m, 10 Aug 1995, A. Rojas, G.  Herrera, M. H. Grayum 2248 (MO)  .—   PUNTARENAS: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.008335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.008335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.008335/lat 57.008335)">Cantón Coto Brus</a>, 08°57 ' 03"N, 82°45 ' 03"W, 1900–2100 m, 20 April 1999, A. Rojas 5074 (MO)  .—   SAN JOSÉ:  Cerro Tablazo, 09°50 ' 07"N, 84°01 ' 58"W, 1900 m, 20 Jul 1909, A. C. Brade 203 (STU)  .   Panama. — PANAMÁ: Valle de Antón, road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.09423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.645133" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.09423/lat 8.645133)">Altos de Maria</a>, 08°38.708’N, 80°05.654’W, 940 m, 03 Jan 2016, M. Lehnert 3493 (BONN, Z)  .   Colombia. — ANTIOQUIA: Andes, Vereda Cascajeros, cabecera de la Quebrada La Chaparrala, 05°36 ' 15"N, 75°54 ' 10"W, 1950 m, 16 May 2000, F.  Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 2055 (HUA, JAUM) ;   Anor´ı, Reserva La Forzosa, Sector Muros de Piedra,  Qda, El Chaquiral, 06°58 ' 53"N, 75°08 ' 32"W, 1660 m, 28 Sep 2003, W. Rodriguez et al. 4041 (HUA) ;   Vereda El Roble, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.11905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.986011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.11905/lat 6.986011)">Finca La Forzosa</a>, 6.9733306, -75.1329444, 1700 m, 12 Apr 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 2022 (HUA, JAUM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.11905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.986011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.11905/lat 6.986011)">Vereda Villa Fátima</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.11905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.986011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.11905/lat 6.986011)">Alto la Aguada</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.11905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.986011" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.11905/lat 6.986011)">Quebrada la Soledad</a>, 6.9860111, -75.1190528, 1440 m, 30 Jan 2015, F. Giraldo 2899 (HUA) and M. Lehnert 2994 (BONN, HUA, Z) ;   Corregimiento de Providencia, 07°18 ' 59"N, 75°03 ' 23"W, 1428 m, 08 Oct 2013, P.  Trujillo and R. Sabala 7020 (HUA) ;   Amalfi, v´ıa principal hacia Medell´ ın, sector la Cascada, 06°42 ' 19"N, 75°09 ' 52"W, 1650 m, 16 Apr 2000, F.  Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 2035 (HUA, JAUM) ;  carretera que conduce a la vereda El Guayabito, 06°52 ' 55.3"N, 75°05 ' 28.8"W, 1650 m, F. Giraldo 2045 (HUA, JAUM);   Medell´ın,  Paraje Boquerón, por la carretera al mar, 06°14 ' 27"N, 75°30 ' 49"W, 2200 m, 14 Oct 1982, J. Hernandez et al. 519 (HUA) ;   Yarumal, Corregimiento de Cede ~ no, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.380585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.012125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.380585/lat 7.012125)">Vereda La Palmita</a>, orillas del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.380585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.012125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.380585/lat 7.012125)">Rio San Julián</a>, 7.0121250N, - 75.3805861W, 1680 m, 17 Mar 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 1983 (HUA, JAUM)  .—   CAUCA: Parque Nacional Munchique, road W towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.88575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.7044668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.88575/lat 2.7044668)">Pacific</a> slope, 02°42.268’N, 76°53.145’W, 2060 m, 12 Feb 2015, M. Lehnert et al. 3122 (BONN, HUA, Z) ;   Reserva Natural Tambito, 02°30 ' 25"N, 75°00 ' 08"W, 1590 m, 23 Aug 2000, O. L. Casa ~ nas 495 (COL)  .—   CHOCÓ: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.51667/lat 6.383333)">Darién</a>, 06°23’N, 76°31’W, 1250–1350 m, D. B. Lellinger 1980 (COL)  .—   HUILA: Palestina, Vereda La Guajira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.18694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6563889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.18694/lat 1.6563889)">Reserva Natural Comunitaria La Rivera</a>, zona de amortiguación PNN cueva de Los Guacharos, 1.6563889N, - 76.1869444W, 1970 m, 23 Aug 2005, A. León 700 (FMB)  .—   NARINO ~: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.1333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.96667/lat 1.1333333)">Ricaurte</a>, 1.1333333, -77.9666667, 1750 m, 28 Nov 1981, A. W. Gentry 35129 (COL) ;  La Planada, 02°38.457’N, 77°58.942’W, 1700 m, 14 Feb 2015, M. Lehnert et al . 3141 (BONN, HUA, Z).—   RISARALDA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.109314&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.2549334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.109314/lat 5.2549334)">Cerro Montezuma</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.109314&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.2549334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.109314/lat 5.2549334)">Reserva Montezuma</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.109314&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.2549334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.109314/lat 5.2549334)">PN Tatama</a>, 05°15.296’N, 76°06.559’W, 2080 m, 07 Feb 2015, M. Lehnert et al. 3077 (BONN, HUA, Z) ;   Mistrato, Mpio.de Mistrato, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.039444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.039444/lat 5.4075)">Correg.de La Leguada</a>, 5.4075000N, - 76.0394444W, 1500 m, 28 Apr 1992, J. Betancur 3243 (COL).   — VALLE DE CAUCA: Dagua, cuenca del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.039444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.039444/lat 5.4075)">R´ıo Dagua</a>, Km 23 de la carretera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.039444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.039444/lat 5.4075)">Cali-Dagua</a>, 2050 m, 25 Sep 1991, E. Calderon S. 103 (COL) ;   La Cumbre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-15.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.7044668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -15.0/lat 2.7044668)">Corregimiento de Bitaco</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-15.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.7044668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -15.0/lat 2.7044668)">Reserva Agua Bonita</a>, 02°42.268’N, 76°35 ' 11"W, 1700–1900 m, 10–15 Dec 1998, W. Vargas 5236 (HUA, CUVC).   Ecuador. — CARCHI: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-15.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.7044668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -15.0/lat 2.7044668)">Chical</a>, 01°02 ' 37"N, 78°15 ' 00"W, 1300–1500 m, 25 Sep 1979, A. Gentry and G. Schupp 26567 (MO) ;   Cerro Golondrias, 00°53’N, 78°10’W, 1740–1780 m, 24 Apr–01 May 1993, B. Boyle and L. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.166664/lat 0.8833333)">Dalmau</a> 1757 (MO) ;   Reserva Ind´ıgena <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.416664/lat 0.8833333)">Awá</a>, 00°53’N, 78°25’W, 1800 m, 17–27 Aug 1992, G. Tipaz, M. Tirado, C. Aulestia, N. Gale and P. Ortiz 1842 (MO)  .</p><p>Notes — Christ (1906), when describing  Dicksonia lobulata and  D. navarrensis, specifically refers to the specimens in his herbarium as types. According to TL-2 (http://www.sil.si. edu), Christ’ s herbarium remained largely in his hometown of Basel (BAS) except for the pteridophytes, which were transferred to Paris (P). For this reason, we regard the specimens at P with the label information “Herb. Christ, Bale ˆ” as holotypes, of which there are one for each name. Similarly, the type of  D. ghiesbreghtii at US is regarded here as an originally designated holotype, since Maxon (1913) refers to the specimen at US as “type” and to material of the same gathering deposited in other herbaria as “duplicates.” A putative isotype of  D. navarrensis at BM is just a small sterile frond ca. 40 cm long with 10 pinna pairs (Herbarium Christensen 679, annotated “Herb. H. Christ, Bale ˆ”).</p><p>Dicksonia navarrensis corresponds with “  Dicksonia gigantea” sensu Lellinger (1989), but the latter name appears to be more correctly placed under  D. karsteniana, which see for further discussion.</p><p>Dicksonia navarrensis can be separated from  D. karsteniana and  D. sellowiana by having larger segments (8–14 X 3.0– 4.5 mm) with small sori (0.9–1.4 mm in diam) vs. smaller segments (5–11 X 2–4 mm) with larger sori (1.5–2 mm in diam) in  D. karsteniana, and smaller segments (3.5–7.0 X 2.3–3.2 mm) with small sori (0.9–1.2 mm in diam) in  D. sellowiana . Additionally, the receptacles are more distant from the segment midveins (on average 1.5–2.2 mm in  D. navarrenssis vs. 0.7–1.5 mm in  D. karsteniana and 0.6–1.2 mm in  D. sellowiana). Proximal segments are larger than medial ones in  D. navarrensis and  D. karsteniana vs. proximal segments more or less the same size as the medial ones in  D. sellowiana . Plants of  D. navarrensis have petioles covered with matted, woolly hairs (vs. petioles with straight hairs and soft matted undercoat in  D. karsteniana).  Dicksonia karsteniana never has entirely woolly hairs, and plants that resemble  D. navarrensis most in laminar dissection and sorus size come from the lower elevations of the eastern Andean slopes and have only the straight dark petiole hairs remaining in mature fronds, woolly hairs being sparse or soon shed. Axes are predominantly smooth to slightly rough in  D. navarrensis, generally smooth in  D. sellowiana, but variable in  D. karsteniana, so we do not include it as a distinguishing character for these taxa as was done in previous studies (Lellinger 1989). Lellinger (1989) reported soral paraphyses without a glandular terminal cell in  D. navarrensis (as  D. gigantea) and soral paraphyses often with a dark red, nonswollen, glandular terminal cell in  D. karsteniana, as a further distinguishing character. This character, however, is ambiguous because paraphyses are often broken off in older fronds and especially in dried material. We cannot confirm such a correlation and assume that all species treated here have paraphyses with clavate terminal cells and that the red color is dependent on external factors.</p><p>The most outstanding distinguishing character of  Dicksonia navarrensis is the presence of adventitious buds at the petiole bases (Calderón-Sáenz 2000). These sprout into small plants once the rest of the leaf has rotted. Consequently, these small plants are usually not preserved in herbarium specimens, and the buds, once dry, are hard to recognize as such among the woolly hairs on the petiole. We can confirm the presence of these buds for the populations from central Panama throughout the Colombian Chocó region, but we have no such information for Costa Rica and places north, neither from our own observations nor specimen labels or the literature (e.g. Véliz and Vargas 2006).</p><p>None of the type specimens of the names united here under  Dicksonia navarrensis contains petiole material, which could show the presence of adventitious buds and the characteristic dark catenate hairs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE2BFFEAFC84FA11FEB17745	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE28FFEAFF5DFD16FB7872E3.text	03BC831EBE28FFEAFF5DFD16FB7872E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., Sp. Fil.	<div><p>4.  DICKSONIA SELLOWIANA Hook.,</p><p>Sp. Fil. 1: 67. 1844.  Balantium sellowianum (Hook.) C. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 134. 1836.</p><p>TYPE:  BRAZIL. Without locality, without date, F. Sellow s.n. [no. 9] (lectotype K-000589710!, designated by Tryon and Stolze, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s., 20: 105 (1989); isolectotype HBG [photo GH, US, fragment NY]).</p><p>Trunks mostly to 3 m, exceptionally to 10 m tall, 15–20 cm in diam including persistent petiole bases, with additional cover of adventitious roots of varying extent, with skirt of old fronds; no adventitious buds but lateral sprouting after injury or decapitation possible. Fronds to 200 cm long, monomorphic, erect to patent, larger ones arching. Petioles short, less than 20 cm, appressed to the trunk for most of the length, basally covered with long hairs to 2.5 cm long, turgid, ciliform, dark reddish brown, basally mixed with yellowish to orange catenate hairs, these forming an ephemeral undercoat covering the crozier but absent in mature fronds, leaving the epidermis smooth (or slightly rough near the very petiole base) if abraded. Laminae to 180 X 60 cm, bipinnate-pinnatifid to almost tripinnate, coriaceous, oblanceolate. Frond axes (rachises, costae, and costules) mostly green to yellowish with age, rarely rachis brown to blackish, smooth, few hairs on upper part of rachis, costae adaxially with reddish ciliform hairs, tortuous to atrorsely curved to 1.5 mm long, costule with similar hairs but fewer and becoming gradually paler, all axes abaxially glabrescent with appressed pale tortuous hairs from crozier indument, ususally absent in mature fronds, rarely with spreading hairs persisting (Argentina), scattered red hairs or dense white ones (Uruguay). Pinnae 35 X 11 cm, sessile, oblong-lanceolate with attenuate tips, 24–28 pairs per frond, basal ones strongly tapering. Pinnules to 6 X 1 cm, sessile, basally auriculate, oblong-triangular to triangular-lanceolate. Segments to 7.0 X 3.3 mm, sessile, weakly falcate, margins crenate to serrate, flat to weakly revolute; proximal segments not significantly smaller than medial ones. Veins glabrous. Sori 0.9–1.4 mm in diam, oblong when closed, circular when open, on the acroscopic and basiscopic side of the segment, one sorus per unbranched lateral vein, distance receptacle to the midvein 0.6–1.2 mm. Indusia bivalved, outer one brown with entire cartilaginous margin, inner one light brown with slightly subentire to slightly erose margins; paraphyses catenate. Spores tetrahedral-globose with prolonged, depressed lobes, spores not measured, exospore smooth, perispore bacillar-granular. Figure 7C.</p><p>Etymology —Named after Friedrich Sellow (also ‘Sello,’ 1789–1831), German gardener, botanist, and plant collector in South America, chiefly in Brazil; worked as assistant gardener under Carl L. Willdenow (1765–1812) at the Berlin Botanical Garden.</p><p>Vernacular Names —‘Xax´ım,’ or ‘xaxim bugio’ (Brazil), ‘chanch´ıe manso’ (Argentina).</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Southeastern Brazil in the Mata Atlantica ˆ, and adjacent Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay at 100–1300 m (Fig. 6). Found mainly in cloud forests and Araucaria forests as defined by Neves et al. (2017).</p><p>Selected Specimens Examined —   Brazil.— ESPÍRITO SANTO: Castelo Trilha da Balança,  Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, 20°31 ' 37"S, 41°06 ' 06"W, 1250–1600 m, 02 Jun 2008, P.H. Labiak 4832 (RB-00532205)  .—   MINAS GERAIS: Catas Altas, cadeia do Espinhaço, RPPN  Caraca,  Bocaina, 20°07 ' 25"S, 43°27 ' 53"W, 1300 m, P. B. Schwartsburd 1779 (RB-00824355)  .— PARANÁ: Iguassú, 1949, Rizzini 652 (RB-00656254);   Guarapuava, 25°21 ' 50"S, 51°27 ' 41"W, 24 February 1971, G. Hatschbach 26489 (MO) ;   Palmas, rod. para Ponta Serrada, 12 Dec 1980,  Hatschbach 43455 (US)  .—  RIO DE JANEIRO: 22°47 ' 29"S, 43°27 ' 53"W, November 1879, A. Glaziou 11718 (K, MO);   Nova Friburgo,  Distrito de Macaé de cima, próximo à cabeceira do rio das flores, 1350 m, 29 Apr 1990, S. C. Kurtz 89 (RB-00656264)  .—   RIO GRANDE DO SUL:  Gramado, [ca. 09°23 ' 49"S, 50°53 ' 39"W] 18 Jan 1964, A. Burkart 25037 (SI) ;   Caxias do Sul, 10 Dec 1999, L. Scur 297 (RB-00702372) ;   “von Alegrete über die Missiones durch den nördlichen Teil des Staates nach  Porto Alegre, Mai–Nov 1826,” F. Sellow [#8] (paralectotypes B-20_0138600/-20_0138601/- 20_0138603/-20_0138604) ;   Santa Cruz, 29°42 ' 13"S, 52°26 ' 01"W, 100 m, 1904, A. Stier s.n. (STU)  .—  SANTA CATARINA: 26°57 ' 40"S, 50°12 ' 27"W, 1905, S. Bento and Noetsch 24 (UC);  1300 m, 10 September 1969, U. Eskuche 1642–10 (UC);   Mun. Itaiópolis, roadside between Dr. Pedrinho and Itaió, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.666668/lat -26.733334)">Indian village</a>, 26°44’S, 49°40’W, 800 m, 20 March 2008, M. J. M. Christenhusz, S. Lehtonen, and P. B. Swartsburd 5015 (MO)  .  Paraguay. — ALTO PARANÁ: [ca. 25°39’S, 54°37’W?] 1909/1910, K. A. G. Fiebrig 5796 (SI) .   Argentina. — MISIONES: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.066666/lat -26.55)">San Pedro</a>, [ca. 26°33’S, 54°04’W,] 550 m, M. J. Belgrano 592 (SI) ;   Gral. M. Belgrano, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.01564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.015722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.01564/lat -16.015722)">Dos Hermanas</a>, 26°16 ' 56.6"S, 53°42 ' 56.3"W, 766 m, L.M. Miguel et al. 72 (CTES, K) ;  Guaran´ ı, 23 Nov 1993, S. G. Tressens 4631 (SI) .—   ENTRE RÍOS:  Paraná, 830 m, 16 Jan 1914, P. K. H. Dusén 14425 (SI-169105)  .   Uruguay. — MONTEVIDEO:  Montevideo, 07 Apr 1912, C. Osten 6132 (SI) ;   Jul 1841  Fruchart s.n. (K)  .—   TACUAREMBO: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.95/lat -31.68)">Tacuarembo</a>, [ca 31.68°S, 55.95°W, 100–250 m] January 1876, J. Arechavaleta 430 (P)  .</p><p>Notes —  Dicksonia sellowiana is here defined as a species confined to the Mata Atlantica ˆ(southeastern Brazil and adjacent Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay) and is generally smaller in size of the whole plant, segments, and sori than the previously included Andean species,  D. karsteniana and  D. navarrensis . For further discussion, see  D. navarrensis . Lellinger (1989) reported soral paraphyses that are shorter than the sporangia as further distinguishing characters of  D. sellowiana from the Andean  D. navarrensis (as  D. gigantea) and  D. karsteniana . We were unable to verify this because the shorter paraphyses may just be the result of fragmentation in the consulted specimens. Field studies may shed more light on this issue.</p><p>Dicksonia sellowiana is listed in Brazil as endangered (IBAMA 1992; CNCFlora 2012) because of strong decline in many regions due to extraction for horticultural purposes. However, the species is locally still mono-dominant in the forest understory, e.g. in Santa Catarina state, near the town of Urubici (www.fernsoftheworld.com) and in the S~ ao Joaquim National Park (AT pers. obs.). The Uruguayan records are the southernmost of the genus in continental South America. The population in Tacuarembo (J. Arechavaleta 430) is still extant at a location regionally known as “La gruta de los helechos” and relatively near to the Brazilian population. A natural occurrence in Montevideo, which is the reported locality of some older specimens (C. Osten 6132; Fruchart s.n.), is dubious because neither has the species been recollected there recently nor do the local climate and vegetation appear suitable for  Dicksonia (Tejera and Beri 2005) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE28FFEAFF5DFD16FB7872E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
03BC831EBE37FFF5FF49FF0BFAD571AC.text	03BC831EBE37FFF5FF49FF0BFAD571AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicksonia stuebelii Hieron., Hedwigia	<div><p>5.  DICKSONIA STUEBELII Hieron.,</p><p>Hedwigia 45: 228, t. 12, f. 1. 1906.</p><p>TYPE:   PERU. Amazonas: Tambo Ventilla,  Pascomayo to Moyobamba, A. Stübel 1076 (lectotype B-20_0138741, inadvertently designated by Tryon 1989: 105;  isolectotype [original drawing] B-20_0138743).</p><p>Trunks to 4 m, but fertile plants can also be trunkless, 10–15 cm in diam, with additional cover of adventitious roots of varying extent, dead fronds persisting for some time, but not forming skirt below crown; adventitious buds lacking. Fronds to 150 cm long, monomorphic, erect, larger ones slightly arching distally. Petioles short, not longer than 21 cm and then appressed to the trunk for most of their length, at base covered with soft, catenate hairs to 3.5 cm long, yellowish to orange at the very base, changing to stronger, more ciliform hairs to 4.5 cm, reddish, in upper parts, additionally covered with a whitish, woolly undercoat extending onto the rachis. Laminae to 150 X 40 cm, bipinnate-pinnatifid, oblanceolate, firmly coriaceous. Frond axes (rachises, costae, and costules) smooth to slightly rough, densely covered with whitish, woolly hairs, matted, persistent. Pinnae to 20 X 3.8 cm, sessile, triangularlanceate with attenuate tips, ca. 22–28 pairs per frond. Pinnules to 2.1 X 0.5 cm, sessile, basally slightly auriculate, linear-oblong, with obtuse to short acute tips. Segments to 2 X 2 mm, sessile, isodiametric, round, margins revolute. Veins abaxially covered with whitish hairs, adaxially glabrous. Sori 1.2–1.5 mm in diam, round to weakly kidney-shaped when closed, circular when open, one sorus per segment on the acroscopic side of the segment; indusia bivalved, outer one green to grayish brown with pale cartilaginous margin, inner one pale brown to grayish brown with undulate margin; paraphyses of the same length as sporangia, catenate, tortuous, forming a conglomerated mass. Spores tetrahedral-globose with prolonged, depressed lobes, spores not measured, exospore smooth, perispore bacillar-granular. Figures 1C, G, 7B.</p><p>Etymology —The name commemorates M. Alphons Stübel (1835–1904), German geologist who explored South America in 1868–1877, gathering a broad spectrum of data and material, including the type of the species.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat —Presumably endemic to the Huancabamba region of northern Peru, in stunted, high montane forests scrub and páramos at 2410–3450 m; one record from northern Colombia may represent this species (Fig. 6).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined —   Colombia. — CESÁR: Sierra de Perijá, 25 km E of  Codazzi, on the Venezuelan border, [ca. 10°00 ' 50"N, 72°57 ' 28"W,] 3200 m, 16 Feb 1945, M.L. Grant 10975 (COL)  .  Peru. — AMAZONAS: Mendoza, 06°14.083’S, 77°36.035’W, 2487 m, 11 Aug 2010, M. Lehnert 2016 (BONN, USM), M. Lehnert 2019 (BONN, USM);  06°12.845’S, 77°40.656’W, 2413 m, 11 Aug 2010, M. Lehnert 2021 (BONN, USM);   Chachapoyas, upper slopes and summit of  Cerrro Yama-Uma above  Taulia, 12–15 km SE of Molinopampa, [06°12 ' 27"S, 77°40 ' 07"W,] 3200–3450 m, 11 Aug 1962, J.J. Wurdack 1679 (K, UC)  .—   CAJAMARCA:  Santa Cruz, 06°39 ' 26"S, 79°01 ' 31"W, 3280 m, 02 Nov 2001, V.I. Sanchez and M. Sanchez 1111 (UC)  .</p><p>Notes —  Dicksonia stuebelii is easily separated from  D. navarrensis,  D. karsteniana, and  D. sellowiana by the shape of the pinnules (linear-oblong in  D. stuebelii vs. oblong-lanceolate in  D. navarrensis,  D. karsteniana, and  D. sellowiana) and segments (isodiametric, rounded vs. oblong, often falcate) as well as the position of sori (restricted to the acroscopic side vs. on both sides).  Dicksonia stuebelii is the only species of the genus in South America that is regularly fertile when being trunkless (but see discussion of  D. karsteniana var. karsteniana).  Dicksonia stuebelii and  D. lehnertiana both have relatively narrow fronds and dense laminar pubescence abaxially, including at least some hairs present between the veins, but each species has completely different hairs on petioles and frond axes (soft woolly appressed in  D. stuebelii vs. spreading, stiff bristles in  D. lehnertiana).</p><p>In the Cordillera Colán,  Dicksonia stuebelii occurs practically side by side with  D. karsteniana, which here grows in small forest patches within the open páramo (AT pers. obs.). A similar setting is found between Molinopampa and Mendoza, where white sandstone outcrops alternate with swampy areas, and a notable increase of humidity from west to east. This region has experienced severe deforestation during the last two decades (ML pers. obs.), which apparently fostered the contact between the two species:  Dicksonia karsteniana survives the clearing of the forest as stunted plants whereas  D. stuebelii expands into the secondary scrub from the natural karst areas. Under these conditions,  D. karsteniana (i.e.  var. archneosa) approaches the phenotype of  D. stuebelii in having small pinnules with revolute margins and dense persistent hairy indument on the frond axes. Nevertheless, the diagnostic features as given in the key remain valid, although the possibility of natural hybrids between the two species (putative hybrid Lehnert 226) cannot be discarded.</p><p>Specimens of Uncertain Identity —E.L. Little, Jr. 9015.— Colombia.— HUILA: Camp on W side of R´ıo Venadito, 25 km SE of La Bodega, [ca. 03°09 ' 15.3"N, 74°45 ' 57.4"W] 2390 m, 01 Dec 1944 (COL-000279175). This specimen has large pinnules (to 11 X 3 cm) with erect, red to bicolorous hairs abaxially on costae, costules, and veins. With its large sori (1.6–2.0 mm diam.) and its adaxially dark lamina, it most resembles  Dicksonia lehnertiana and may represent a hitherto unknown extreme in size. However, without the petioles, which should bear bristly hairs, its identification remains uncertain. The frond axes bear remnants of short erect red hairs but the abraded areas are smooth, not scabrous as would be expected from  D. lehnertiana . Adding the distance between the localities, we find it advisable to first try to gather more material of this phenotype before making a decision whether to treat it as a separate species or to accommodate it within the description of  D. lehnertiana .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC831EBE37FFF5FF49FF0BFAD571AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noben, Sarah;Kessler, Michael;Weigand, Anna;Tejedor, Adrian;Rodr´, Wilson D.;Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo;Lehnert, Marcus	Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo, Lehnert, Marcus (2018): A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4): 839-857, DOI: 10.1600/036364418X697634, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418x697634
