taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B987B4BD1CFFA5FFCDF97AECD4FAE7.taxon	description	Collecting data: Translated from field notes of the second author: “ RN 37 – Zethus, nest constructed around filamentous fungus (same set of fibers that RN 36 [belonging to a species of Trypoxylon] was hanging). No adult present. Four cells, three open and one closed. Marié River, 03. vii. 1999. In 15. vii. 1999, there was a dead adult in the plastic bag. Nest was probably being provisioned at the time of collecting, because there is a live larva in one of the cells. I was able to extract the larva and it is relatively small. Species most likely of progressive provisioning. The larva was placed in fixative with the adult ”. Overall aspect (Fig. 1 C): the nest is composed of four exposed cells that close a circle, following a counter-clockwise direction (when observed from above), around the fungus. A very long “ ornament ” (a lower prolongation) made of vegetable matter extends downwards following the fungus filament. Fixation: the nest is firstly attached through long strips of cut foliage and resinous matter that wrap around three filaments of a Marasmius fungus in a downward spiral (Fig. 1 D) that is then fixed in the basolateral side of what probably is the first cell. The following cells are fixed adjacently on the underside of the previous cell. Brood cells: The set of four cells were disposed in a circular pattern. Each cell spirals upward, with the fungus filament as a central axis. Each cell makes an approximate 160 ° turn, leaving the opening facing almost in the opposite direction of the bottom, giving a J-shape to the cell. The cells are more robust at the bottom, narrowing along the curvature and becoming cylindrical on the apical straight half. The cells are built in a manner that the bottom of each cell begins at approximately the same height in lateral view. The heights of the openings are also at the same level. Each cell is built adjacently on the underside of the previous one, where there is contact until about half of the cell length. Although very close, the fourth cell closes the circle but does not touch the first cell. The cells are made of long strips of cut leaves, tightly glued together, that spiral towards the opening (Fig. 1 E). While it is possible to discern each layer, it is difficult to stablish the end and beginning of each strip. The space between each strip is coated with a blackish resinous matter, leaving the light-brown apical margin of the strip free. Ornament (Fig. 1 F): projecting from the underside of each cell, a series of long leaf strips converge centrally towards the fungus filament, with six strips originating from under the first cell, seven from the second, two from the third and two from the fourth. These cuttings, once converged, lie parallel to the axis of the fungus filament, fixed to it. The spaces between leaf strips are also coated in dark resinous material, with the light uncoated margin outwards oriented. Other cuttings are placed along the ornament but only four form at the apical end. One fragment was broken off. Measurements: Length of fungus filament above nest = 85, 75 mm. Nest: height = 12.16 mm; width = 19.75 mm. Ornament = 29.39 mm. Cells: length = 8.43 mm ± 0.38 mm; distance between bottom of adjacent cells = 4.27 mm ± 0.35 mm; distance between bottom of cell and opening of previous cell = 11.24 mm ± 0.50 mm; opening diameter = 3.80 mm ± 0.10 mm.	en	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2025): New nests of Zethus reveal unexpected architecture variation in the olmecus species group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240126) 69: 1-9, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0126, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0126
03B987B4BD1FFFA6FFEFFA54EC57F97C.taxon	description	Overall aspect (Figs. 3 A, 3 B): The nest was fixed hanging on a fine piece of straw and is comprised of a cluster of fourteen adjacent exposed cells that are perpendicular to the substrate. Fixation: a single piece of straw runs adjacent to the lateral walls of the first cells of rows one, two and four and is partially englobed by a mixture of vegetable and resinous matter. Brood cells: there are fourteen cells, all barrel-shaped of similar height, aligned and arranged in five rows: four rows of three cells each and one row of two cells. The left lowermost cell is incomplete, empty and its color is now brownish instead of green like described in the journal. The first cell of rows three to five are completely open and empty (Fig. 3 C). The first cell of rows one and two and the second cell of rows two and three are completely sealed (Fig. 3 D). The remaining cells present different degrees of incomplete opening of the cap, each one with a developed adult inside (Fig. 3 D). External cell walls are comprised by irregular-shaped cuttings of leaves intercalated by dark resinous substance, giving it a scale-like appearance (Figs. 3 B, 3 D). Internal walls and the border of the openings are made of finely macerated vegetable matter, giving a more regular appearance. Measurements: Nest: length = 20.40 mm; width = 15.54 mm; height = 12.30. Cell opening diameter = 2.89 mm ± 0.22 mm.	en	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2025): New nests of Zethus reveal unexpected architecture variation in the olmecus species group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240126) 69: 1-9, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0126, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0126
03B987B4BD1FFFA0FCA1F8E7EC1AFD27.taxon	description	Collecting data: collected in 24. viii. 1991 in the Reserva Ducke, Manaus. The nest was found suspended by a fine root in a small earth bank. There were six females in the nest at the time of collecting. Cell content was not examined. Overall aspect (Figs. 4 A- 4 C): The nest consisted of an approximate spherical structure, bearing a dome made of cut leaves on the upper part. Unfortunately, no details about the dome were taken at the time of collecting and desiccation of the leaves led to its rapid fragmentation. The lower portion of the nest remained mostly intact and comprised a group of vertically oriented and adjacent brood cells, all aligned parallel to the root, with their opening directed upwards. Laterally and in the bottom, the cell set was surrounded by layers of leaf fragments, similar to those making up the dome. Fixation: the nest used a ramified root as substrate, with two more robust segments and several thin, more delicate segments which were broken, but previously continued into the nest. The more robust portions appear to be the main support of the nest, one in each side of an outermost cell of the cluster (third cell of the second row). The root reemerged from the nest below, making a loop under it. Brood cells: total of 25 cells, arranged in six rows with 3, 3, 7, 5, 4 and 3 cells. This arrangement in rows is indicated here simply for mapping purpose and does not imply the order in which they were built. The second row presents a cavity that superficially resembles a cell, but closer examination reveals it is not, as it does not possess the typical concentric walls and it is much shallower than the cells. Cell openings are circular to ellipsoid. Cell walls are built with a finely macerated material (Fig. 4 D), which is impossible to determine foliar structure beyond some sparse trichomes. Borders of some openings may present small leaf fragments. Cover: we refer here basically to the layers covering the lower portion of the nest around the cell set. It comprised of cuttings of foliage arranged in several layers. Leaf fragments were majorly strips with few fragments presenting short and / or irregularly shapes (Fig. 4 E). The material presents leaves of different morphology regarding trichomes, which when present can be restricted to veins or along the whole fragment. Also, coloration and vein pattern of leaves vary. Most fragments present one serrated margin, usually along the length of the fragment, that indicates where the leaves were cut by the wasp. The “ teeth ” of these serrations are curved. Leaf fragments appear to be randomly arranged, glued together only at some points, rather than the entire extent and so leaving wide spaces between each strip. Measurements: Root: length above nest = 9 cm; ramification until nest attachment = 4.43 cm; length inside nest = 2.61 cm. Nest: greatest length = 47.53 mm; greatest height = 37.49 mm. Cell area: greatest length = 51.94 mm; greatest width = 29.43 mm. Cell depth = 18.16 mm ± 2.16 mm; cell opening diameter = 3.92 mm ± 0.27 mm. Leaf cover of variable width: greatest width = 18.07 mm; smallest width = 3.36 mm. Leaf fragments: greatest length 9.1 mm; smallest length = 3.3 mm; greatest width = 2.9 mm; smallest width = 0.8 mm. Length / width ratio of leaf fragments: greatest = 9.1; smallest = 2.5.	en	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Melo, Gabriel A. R. (2025): New nests of Zethus reveal unexpected architecture variation in the olmecus species group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240126) 69: 1-9, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0126, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0126
