identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FCB1FC65EA0D.text	036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FCB1FC65EA0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barbenigmini Powell & Miller 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tribe  Barbenigmini Powell &amp; Miller ,  tribe nov.</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Barbenigma Powell &amp; Miller gen. nov. by current designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adult female with a combination of the following characters: with ventral thoracic spiracles protruding, each with pores in atrium; with spines; compound duct clusters of quadrilocular ducts; with tubular ducts; with conical setae with central raised area, these dome- or acorn-shaped.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FCB1FC65EA0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FF53FEC3EF89.text	036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FF53FEC3EF89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carayoneminae Richard 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subfamily  Carayoneminae Richard, 1986</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adult female with a combination of the following characters: trochanters each with two campaniform sensilla on each surface; trochanter and femur fused; tibia and tarsus separate; dorsal setae ornate fimbriate; labium about as wide as long, rotund; antennae each three-segmented, each with enlarged apical and subapical setae; without eyes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FF53FEC3EF89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FE73FE63ECCB.text	036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FE73FE63ECCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carayonemini Richard 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Tribe  Carayonemini Richard, 1986</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Carayonema Richard, 1986</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adult female with a combination of the following characters: with dorsal thoracic spiracles protruding, each without pores in atrium; with bilocular pores and clavate setae; without spines; without quadrilocular ducts; without tubular ducts.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B2E8F0DFF50FE73FE63ECCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
036887BC8B2E8F0AFF50FBF0FD32E9FA.text	036887BC8B2E8F0AFF50FBF0FD32E9FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barbenigma Powell & Miller & Keller 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Barbenigma Powell &amp; Miller ,  gen. nov.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Barbenigma biza Powell &amp; Miller sp. nov. by current designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Adult female with a combination of the following characters: antennae each three-segmented, apical and subapical setae differentiated. Legs reduced in size, tibia and tarsus not fused, trochanter with two campaniform sensilla on each surface, trochanter and femur fused. Ovisac band modified. Wax plates, multilocular pores, and eyes absent. With three pairs of abdominal spiracles, atria of both thoracic and abdominal spiracles each with ring of raised pores. Abdomen with eight quadrilocular duct and spine clusters. Setae on dorsum and margin robust and fimbriate, spines on dorsum and margin each with swollen rounded apices, setae and spines reduced in number.</p>
            <p> Notes:  Barbenigma species are similar to the four species previously placed in the  Carayoneminae in having: trochanters each with two campaniform sensilla on each surface, trochanter and femur fused, tibia and tarsus separate; dorsal setae ornate fimbriate; labium small and rotund; antennae each three-segmented, each with enlarged apical and subapical setae; and eyes absent.  Barbenigma species have (shared contrasting character states in species of  Baloghicoccus Kozár ,  Carayonema Richard ,  Foldicoccus Kozár , and  Mahunkacoccus Kozár are given in parentheses): compound duct clusters of quadrilocular pores (quadrilocular duct clusters absent); without bilocular pores (with bilocular pores); with spines (without spines); ventral thoracic spiracles, each with pores in atrium (dorsal thoracic spiracles, each without pores in atrium); with tubular ducts (without tubular ducts); and with dome-shaped or acorn-shaped setae (with flagellate setae). </p>
            <p> The species of  Barbenigma do not fit in any of the currently known subfamilies of  Ortheziidae . </p>
            <p> Barbenigma species are similar to the Australian ortheziid ant inquiline  A. williamsi in having: eyes absent; a reduced or absent ovisac band; no wax plates; a reduced number of antennal segments; and two campaniform sensilla on each surface of the trochanter. However,  Barbenigma species have (  A. williamsi character states in parentheses): three-segmented antennae (two-segmented); atria of thoracic and abdominal spiracles each with ring of pores (spiracular atria without pores); ventral clusters of quadrilocular pores and spines on abdomen (ventral quadrilocular pores present singly); few dorsal spines scattered over body (densely covered in spines); ventral spines absent except marginally and in pore clusters (entire venter densely covered in spines); and anal ring well developed with pores, situated at apex of abdomen (anal ring without pores, situated at center of body). </p>
            <p> The ortheziid subfamily  Newsteadiinae , which includes only the genus  Newsteadia Green 1902 (62 species), is defined by (  Barbenigma species character states presented in parentheses): first antennal segment conspicuously larger than other antennal segments (antennal segments about equal); dorsal wax lobes present (dorsal wax lobes absent); tubular ducts on dorsum between wax spines (tubular ducts present on dorsum but wax spines sparse); and venter without a band of spines inside ovisac band (ovisac band heavily modified).  Barbenigma species resemble  Newsteadia in having: tubular ducts with four loculi, these probably modified quadrilocular pores; tarsus longer than tibia; and tubular ducts on dorsum. Some species of  Newsteadia also have three-segmented antennae. However, the new genus differs in having (  Newsteadia characters given in parentheses): thick differentiated apical seta on apical antennal segment (hair-like apical seta on apical antennal segment); apical segment of antenna about equal to other segments (apical segment conspicuously larger than other segments); and tibia and tarsus separate (tibia and tarsus fused or only partly separated by fine suture). </p>
            <p> Barbenigma species and members of the subfamily  Ortheziinae are similar in having tibia and tarsus separate but differ in having (  Barbenigma species character states in parentheses): distinctive short, stout apical setae on terminal antennal segment (apical setae long, exceeding length of apical segment); and presence of two enlarged spines on tibia (enlarged spines on tibia absent).  Barbenigma species bear some similarity to certain species of the ortheziine tribe  Arctortheziini , which includes only the genus  Arctorthezia Cockerell, 1902 , in having a series of circular clusters of pores on margin and spiracles with associated pores. However,  Barbenigma species have eight ventral duct clusters, containing modified quadrilocular pores and spines, on margin and median area of abdomen, whereas  Arctorthezia species with pore plates (e.g.,  Arctorthezia pseudoccidentalis Morrison, 1925 and  A. vardziae Hadzibejli, 1963 ) have between 16–18 dorsal pore plates, each consisting of simple pores without loculi around body margin, sometimes extending up to thorax and head.  Arctorthezia is a more typical ortheziid with (  Barbenigma species character states are presented in parentheses): 7–8 antennal segments (antennae three-segmented); large eyes (eyes absent); body densely covered in spines (spines sparse); and with an ovisac band (ovisac band absent). The tribe  Ortheziini is defined by having (  Barbenigma species character states are in parentheses): tibia and tarsus bearing hair-like setae dorsally and spine-like setae ventrally (bearing spine-like setae dorsally and hair-like setae ventrally); and thoracic spiracles without pores (with a ring of pores). </p>
            <p> Barbenigma species are similar to members of the ortheziid tribe  Mixortheziini in having a reduced number of antennal segments and short anal-ring setae. However, the  Mixortheziini have an ovisac band, typical elongate legs, and the eye present. Some  Mixorthezia Morrison, 1925 species have large bare areas on the dorsum similar to  Barbenigma species but this feature is seemingly not restricted to any one subfamily (e.g.,  Orthezia nuda Ferris 1919 in  Ortheziinae ). </p>
            <p> Barbenigma species and the ortheziid tribe  Nipponortheziini are similar in having reduced antennal segments (usually three) but differ in having (  Barbenigma species character states in parentheses): long antennal segments (short antennal segments); eyes present (eyes absent); large, elongate labium (short, rotund labium); and wax plates present (wax plates absent). </p>
            <p> Barbenigma species are seemingly unrelated to the subfamily  Ortheziolinae , which is defined by (  Barbenigma species character states are presented in parentheses): a well-developed pseudobasal segment at the base of the antennae (no pseudobasal segment); three setae inserted in one basal socket on the labium (all setal sockets with only one seta); sclerotized plate anterior to anal ring (sclerotized plate absent), and claw digitule setiform (claw digitule spiniform). The  Ortheziolinae also are defined by having ‘thumb-like pores’ on each side of the anal ring but it is unclear whether the dome- and acorn-shaped setae concentrated in a cluster on the head of  Barbenigma could be homologous. </p>
            <p> Etymology: The genus name  Barbenigma is from the abbreviated name “  Barb ” (from Barbara) and the suffix “ enigma ”. The name serves as a dedication to Barbara Denno. She has contributed immensely to the coccidology community through her tireless dedication to ScaleNet and has supported DRM in his extensive collecting trips, including the trip on which the holotype of  B. boscus was collected. Moreover, the given name Barbara is derived from the Greek “ barbaros ”, meaning “stranger” or “foreign”. This comparison is fitting for a scale insect for which the family placement has been puzzling. The ending “ enigma ” is Greek for a riddle, or something or someone that is a puzzle or a mystery. The name is a neuter noun. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B2E8F0AFF50FBF0FD32E9FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
036887BC8B288F00FF50FF1BFCEFE9B7.text	036887BC8B288F00FF50FF1BFCEFE9B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barbenigma biza Powell & Miller & Keller 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Barbenigma biza Powell &amp; Miller ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>  Holotype: adult ♀, mounted singly. FLORIDA: Alachua Co., Gainesville, 23 III 1999, on  Rumex hastatulus (  Polygonaceae ), coll. R. Esser, E99-879, FSCA_00073114 (FSCA). </p>
            <p>  Paratypes: FLORIDA: Alachua Co., Gainesville,  Paynes Prairie Preserve , 23 III 1999, on  Rumex hastatulus , coll. R. Esser and C. Zamora, E99-879 (1 ad. ♀ and 1 first-instar? nymph (FSCA_00073115) on 2 slides) (FSCA);   Brevard , Co.,  Merritt Island , 4 VII 1988, on  Stenotaphrum secundatum (  Poaceae ), coll. S. Walker (5 ad. ♀♀ (FSCA_00073116– FSCA _00073120),  1 second-instar? nymph (FSCA _00073121) on 6 slides) (FSCA, USNM);  Palm Beach Co., West Palm Beach, 15 XI 1965, on  Stenotaphrum secundatum , coll. R.S. Mullin, N. Bezona, 124942 (2 ad. ♀ (FSCA_00073122–FSCA_00073123 on 2 slides) (FSCA)  . </p>
            <p> Other material examined:   FLORIDA: Broward Co., Lighthouse Point, 17 VI 1974, on  Stenotaphrum secundatum , coll. F. Donaldson (1 second-instar? nymph (FSCA _00073124) and  1 third-instar? nymph (FSCA_ 00073125) on 2 slides) (FSCA);  Orange Co.,  Maitland , 5 XI 1969, in soil (lawn), coll. H.M. VanPelt, DPI# 125664 (3 second-instar? nymphs (FSCA_00073126–FSCA_00073128) on 3 slides) (FSCA);   Marion Co.,  Belleview , 15 IX 1966, in soil, coll. H. Myers (1 second-instar? nymph (FSCA_00073129) on 1 slide) (FSCA);   Miami-Dade Co., Miami, 14 X 1971, on  Cocos nucifera (  Arecaceae ), coll. R. Brown, B-7925 (1 second-instar? nymph (FSCA _ 00073130) on 1 slide) (FSCA). </p>
            <p> Etymology: The epithet  “ biza ” is an abbreviation of the English word “bizarre” and is to be treated as a noun in apposition. </p>
            <p>Adult female (Figs 1–4)</p>
            <p>Description: Slide-mounted holotype 1.25 mm long, 1.1 mm wide; paratypes (n=8) 0.64−1.26 mm long, 0.23−0.95 mm wide; body rotundly oval in mature female (Figs 1–2), narrow elongate in young females (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p>Dorsum with robust fimbriate setae (Figs 1c, 3m), each with up to five tines, sparse, two present marginally on each side of each abdominal segment, one present submedially on each abdominal segment, roughly in single longitudinal line on thorax and head, holotype with one instance of two setae arising from single socket on head, longest seta on submedial area of abdomen 19 µm long (paratypes 18–23 µm), longest seta on margin 22 µm long (paratypes 16–30 µm), longest seta on head 22 µm long (paratypes 19–24 µm). Dorsal spines each without setal base (Figs 1o, 3n), with swollen, rounded apex, sparse, one to three on each side of each abdominal segment, longest spine on submedial area of abdomen 17 µm long (paratypes 14–19 µm), longest spine on thorax and head 14 µm long (paratypes 14–23 µm). Tubular ducts scattered over body (Figs 1q, 3o). Multilocular pores absent. Short conical setae similar to simple pores, either dome-shaped or acorn-shaped, with conical projection, definite setal base (Figs 1b, 3a), one to several clustered near base of each antenna, 4 µm in height, 4 µm wide (paratypes 3–5 µm by 3–4 µm). Simple pores each with slightly raised, rounded center, scattered over body (Figs 1e, 3f). One paratype specimen with structure near each antenna with unequal sides, without base, longest side 7 µm. Anal lobes each bearing enlarged fimbriate seta 48 µm long (paratypes 27–33 µm), enlarged capitate seta broken on holotype (paratypes 48–53 µm), spine with swollen apex, 27 µm long (paratypes 17–21 µm), on each side of anal ring (Fig. 1n). Microtrichia absent. Derm smooth.</p>
            <p>Anal ring (Fig. 3l) wrapping around margin, invaginated in pocket, forming setal basket, with ring of conical pores, bearing six robust anal-ring setae with truncate apices, about equal in size, each about 39 µm long (paratypes 29−33 µm), 0.7 times (paratype 0.7−1.0 times) as long as greatest diameter of anal ring.</p>
            <p>Venter with two pairs of thoracic spiracles (Figs 1d, 3d), spiracular openings projecting above derm, three pairs of abdominal spiracles (Fig. 1f), spiracular openings flush with derm.Atria of thoracic and abdominal spiracles each with ring of pores, without loculi, in single row. Anterior thoracic spiracles with 10 (paratypes 6–9) pores in ring around opening, 12 µm in diameter (paratypes 10–12 µm). Abdominal spiracles with 7–11 (paratypes 7–11) pores in ring around opening, anterior abdominal spiracular opening 13 µm in diameter (paratypes 12–15 µm). Body setae (Fig. 1k) with blunt apices, not capitate, those on abdomen longer than those on thorax and head, longest seta on thorax or head 14 µm long (paratypes 10–14 µm), longest seta on abdomen 36 µm long (paratypes 31–39 µm). Robust fimbriate setae and spines with swollen apices marginal. Eye absent. Labium two-segmented, small, about as wide as long, round, bent upward on holotype (paratypes 34–44 µm long by 31–42 µm wide), only one seta arising from basal sockets. Vulva wide, 230 µm wide (paratypes 72–201 µm), with smooth margins, one heavily sclerotized lateral bar on each side of vulva. Margins of abdominal segments with heavily sclerotized areas (probably muscle attachment points) (not illustrated in Figs 1, 3, see Fig. 2), the posterior two sclerotizations each typically with two associated tubular ducts on each side. Compound duct clusters (Figs 1i, 3i, 4 Ab and Ba) present marginally, clusters of tubular ducts with quadrilocular centers, spines arising from between quadrilocular tubular ducts, clusters set in sclerotized ring, three pairs on submargins of abdomen, one on each side of each of segments VI –VIII, two medially (one posterior to vulva, one anterior to vulva), eight duct clusters total on abdomen, median clusters 32–34 µm in diameter (paratypes 19–39 µm), 26 ducts per median cluster (paratypes 14–27), marginal clusters 27–28 µm in diameter (paratypes 22–32 µm), 15–21 ducts per marginal cluster (paratypes 10–18). Multilocular pores absent. Dome- and acorn-shaped setae, with raised rounded blunt apex, singly or in cluster on head, about same size as those on dorsum. Simple pores few, scattered on thorax and abdomen, about same size as those on dorsum. Microtrichia absent. Derm smooth. Anal lobes indistinct, each side of lobe area bearing group of two enlarged capitate setae, 52 µm long (paratypes 52–53 µm), one small fimbriate seta (both broken on holotype) (paratypes 10–12 µm), one spine with swollen apex, 21 µm long (paratypes 20–21 µm). Antennae (Fig. 1a) each three-segmented, segments short, segments I and III subequal in length, total length about 78 µm (paratypes 53–66 µm), segment I about 30 µm long (paratypes 18–37 µm), segment II about 17 µm long (paratypes 15–18 µm), apical segment about 31 µm long (paratypes 24–35 µm). Apical segments each with one long fleshy apical seta, straight with rounded blunt tip (broken on holotype) (paratypes 34–38 µm), one short fleshy subapical seta, curved with rounded blunt tip, 17 µm long (paratypes 15–20 µm), third fleshy seta at apex, microseta adjacent to apical setae, one capitate spine on apex, unspecialized setae long and straight. Pseudobasal antennal segment absent. Legs (Figs 1h, 3e) reduced in size, all about equal, trochanter and femur fused, two campaniform sensilla on each surface of trochanter, tibia and tarsus not fused, tarsus one-segmented, coxa 54 µm long (paratypes 45–51 µm), trochanter + femur 60 µm long (paratypes 54–63 µm), tibia 25 µm long (paratypes 19–22 µm), tarsus 43 µm long (paratypes 34–38 µm), tibia/tarsus 0.6 (paratypes 0.5–0.6), claw 19 µm long (paratypes 14–23 µm). Leg setae sparse, straight, spiniform dorsally and setiform ventrally, enlarged spines between tibia and tarsus absent. Sensory pore between tibia and tarsus present, sensory seta between tibia and tarsus absent. Tarsal digitules absent. Claw digitules each spine-like with acute apex, shorter than claw, claw denticle absent.</p>
            <p> Notes:  Barbenigma biza differs from  B. boscus (described below) (  B. boscus character states in parentheses) in having: more spines on the dorsal abdomen, spines typically occurring in pairs on submargin of each side of each abdominal segment (spines occurring singly); body setae with blunt, but not capitate, apices (body setae with capitate apices); spines on the dorsum short, 14–23 µm long (spines on the dorsum long, 22–31 µm long); and dorsal fimbriate setae short, 16–30 µm long (dorsal fimbriate setae long, 26–39 µm long). </p>
            <p>We illustrated two forms of adult female. The change in body shape between young adult females (Fig. 3) and older females with eggs (Fig. 1) is remarkable, with the young adult females thin and elongate, half the length and only a quarter of the width of mature females. These young adult females are so different in body shape that they were labeled as “male”, perhaps because previous curators thought they were second-instar nymphs or pre-pupae. However, they have both a distinct vulva, with lateral sclerotized bars, and quadrilocular duct clusters that we posit are homologous with an ovisac band (Figs 3, 4B). We found no morphological differences between either form beyond the difference in body shape.</p>
            <p>The simple pores on the thorax and abdomen may not be homologous to the ones on the head, and we call these simple pores rather than setae. The ones on the head have a lot of depth, easily visible when the structures are viewed from the side. However, those on the thorax and abdomen (both ventral and dorsal) did not have such obvious depth.</p>
            <p>Third-instar? nymph</p>
            <p>(Fig. 5)</p>
            <p>Description: Slide-mounted specimen 0.76 mm long, 0.28 mm wide, body elongate oval (n=1).</p>
            <p>Dorsum with robust fimbriate setae (Fig. 5j, n), often with up to five tines, sparse, in segmental rows on abdomen, thorax, and head, arranged in two pairs of longitudinal lines (submedial and lateral) on abdomen, longest seta on submedial area of abdomen 20 µm long, longest seta on margin 23 µm long, longest seta on head 17 µm long. Dorsal spines without setal base (Fig. 5m), with enlarged base, swollen, rounded apices, in segmental rows on abdomen, thorax, and head, arranged in two pairs of longitudinal lines near fimbriate setae, longest spine on submedial area of abdomen 24 µm long, longest spine on thorax and head 24 µm long. Small tubular ducts (Fig. 5l) most abundant on abdomen, rare on thorax, present submedially and mediolaterally on abdomen. Multilocular pores absent. Discoidal pores absent. Pair of dome- or acorn-shaped setae (Fig. 5a), 4 µm in height, 4 µm width. Anal lobes indistinct, each side of lobe area bearing two enlarged fimbriate setae, 27 µm long, and spine 27 µm long on each side of anal ring. Microtrichia (Fig. 5k) uncommon, in small patches on thorax and abdomen. Entire derm alveolar with polygonal and elongate cell-like reticulations (Fig. 5c, f, k).</p>
            <p>Anal ring (Fig. 5i) wrapping around margin, invaginated in pocket, forming setal basket, with conical projections mostly obscured, with tubular structure on each side of ring, bearing six short spine-like anal-ring setae with rounded apices, about equal in size, each about 10 µm long, 0.3 times as long as greatest diameter of anal ring.</p>
            <p>Venter with two pairs of thoracic spiracles (Fig. 5c), spiracular openings each slightly projecting above derm, each atrium with ring of 4–6 pores, without loculi, in single row around spiracle, spiracular opening 10 µm in diameter. Abdomen with three pairs of spiracles (Fig. 5e) on anterior segments, each volcano shaped, difficult to distinguish from cell-like reticulations, with unobvious tracheae. Robust fimbriate setae, in segmental rows on abdomen, in two pairs of longitudinal lines on abdomen (submedial and lateral), present marginally on thorax and head, longest seta on abdomen 34 µm long, longest seta on thorax 16 µm long, shorter slightly enlarged setae in cluster on segment VIII, 8 µm long, slightly longer enlarged setae near base of each antenna. Spines with enlarged base, swollen, rounded apices, submarginal on abdomen, thorax, and head, longest spine on head 25 µm long (Fig. 5f). Eye absent. Labium two-segmented, small, about as wide as long, round, only one seta arising from all basal sockets. Vulva absent. Multilocular pores absent. Modified quadrilocular ducts absent. Dome- or acorn-shaped setae with raised rounded blunt apex scattered on head, same size as those on dorsum. Small tubular ducts uncommon, arranged in longitudinal line mediolaterally on each side of head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments. Anal lobes indistinct, each anal lobe area bearing two enlarged fimbriate setae, 28 µm long, one spine (apex obscured by wax) on each side. Entire derm alveolar with polygonal cell-like reticulations. Antennae each three-segmented, segments short, total length 59 µm long, segment I 19 µm long, segment II 16 µm long, apical segment 27 µm long. Apical segment with long fleshy apical seta, straight with rounded blunt tip, 35 µm long, short fleshy subapical seta, curved with rounded blunt tip, 18 µm long, third fleshy seta at apex, 28 µm long, two microsetae adjacent to apical setae, each clubbed apically, unspecialized setae spine-like. Segment I with small, hair-like seta near base. Pseudobasal antennal segment absent. Legs (Fig. 5b) reduced in size, all about equal, trochanter and femur fused, with two campaniform sensilla on each surface, tibia and tarsus not fused, tarsus one-segmented, coxa 54 µm long, trochanter + femur 48 µm long, tibia 18 µm long, tarsus 29 µm long, tibia/tarsus 0.6, claw 18 µm long. Leg setae sparse, straight, spiniform dorsally and ventrally, enlarged spines between tibia and tarsus absent. Sensory pore between tibia and tarsus present, sensory setae between tibia and tarsus absent. Tarsal digitules absent. Claw digitules each spine-like with acute apex, shorter than claw, claw denticle absent.</p>
            <p>Notes: This specimen was collected with a second-instar nymph (described below) but no adult females. We include it in material examined but not as a paratype for this reason.</p>
            <p>Second-instar? nymph</p>
            <p>(Figs. 4D, 6)</p>
            <p>Description: Slide-mounted specimen 0.42–0.53 mm long, 0.22–0.35 mm wide, body rotund oval (n=7).</p>
            <p>Dorsum with hair-like setae (Fig. 6k), sparse, in three pairs of longitudinal lines (submedial, mediolateral, submarginal), in segmental rows on abdomen, scattered on thorax and head, longest seta on submedial area of abdomen 6–10 µm long, longest seta on thorax or head 5–9 µm long. Spines absent. Multilocular pores absent. Tubular duct in center of circular area present on head (Fig. 6b). Dome-shaped setae, on submedial apex of head, set on raised area, 4–5 µm in height, 4 µm wide, sparse (Fig. 5l). Simple pores (Fig. 6e, j) scattered on thorax and abdomen, sparse. Anal lobes indistinct, each with single apical seta. Microtrichia absent. Entire derm coriaceous.</p>
            <p>Anal ring (Fig. 6g, h) usually ventral, sometimes wrapping around margin, invaginated in pocket, forming setal basket, with 6 or 8 pores anterior to anal opening, bearing six short spine-like anal-ring setae each with acute to slightly rounded apex, about equal in size, each about 10 µm long, most specimens with setae coming straight up on slide, difficult to measure, about 0.7 times as long as greatest diameter of anal ring, 15–23 µm in diameter, derm with heavier sclerotization around anal ring.</p>
            <p>Venter with two pairs of thoracic spiracles (Fig. 6c), spiracular openings projecting above derm, atrium with ring of 4–5 pores, without loculi, in single row, spiracular opening 7–9 µm in diameter.Abdominal spiracles unobvious or absent. Hair-like setae sparse, in two pairs of longitudinal lines (marginal and submedial), longest seta on submedial area of abdomen 4–9 µm long, longest seta on thorax or head 6–9 µm long. Eyes absent. Labium two-segmented, small, about as wide as long, round, 25–31 µm long, 30–34 µm wide, only one seta arising from basal sockets. Vulva absent. Multilocular pores absent. Modified quadrilocular ducts absent. Tubular ducts, each in center of circular area, present on each side of head, sometimes also present between antennal bases, smaller ducts present near base of each leg. Dome- or acorn- shaped setae; 4–5 µm in height, 4 µm wide, sparse. Simple pores sparsely scattered on head, anterior to each coxa, and laterally on anterior abdominal segments, same size as those on dorsum. Cluster of 6 short hair-like setae anterior to anal ring, 3–4 µm long, two elongate hair-like setae on each side of anal ring, 23–27 µm long. Anal lobes indistinct, each lobe area with two hair-like setae, 9–11 µm long, single dome- or acorn-shaped seta set on raised base on margin (Fig. 6g, h). Antennae coriaceous, each three-segmented, segments short, total length 27–49 µm long, segment I 8–16 µm long, segment II 9–12 µm long, apical segment 17–22 µm long. Apical segment with long fleshy apical seta, straight with rounded blunt tip, 31 µm long, short fleshy subapical seta, curved with a rounded blunt tip, 9–15 µm long, unspecialized setae hair-like. Pseudobasal antennal segment absent.</p>
            <p>Legs coriaceous, reduced in size, all about equal, trochanter and femur fused, with two campaniform sensilla on each surface, tibia and tarsus not fused, tarsus one-segmented, area anterior to each coxa with more sclerotization, coxa 32–39 µm long, trochanter + femur 28–35 µm long, tibia 6–14 µm long, tarsus 9–18 µm long, tibia/tarsus 0.7–0.9, claw 11–15 µm long. Leg setae sparse, straight, spiniform dorsally and setiform ventrally, enlarged spines between tibia and tarsus absent. Sensory pore between tibia and tarsus present, sensory setae between tibia and tarsus absent. Tarsal digitules absent. Claw digitules each spine-like with acute apex, shorter than claw, claw denticle absent.</p>
            <p>Notes: Only one of the six nymphs examined was collected in association with an adult female to verify the identification. However, we could find no differences between the specimens and utilized all of them in the description.</p>
            <p>First-instar? nymph</p>
            <p>(Fig. 7)</p>
            <p>Description: Slide-mounted specimen 0.34 mm long, 0.14 mm wide, body rotund oval (n=1).</p>
            <p>Dorsum with hair-like setae (Fig. 7h) sparse, arranged in rows, with two pairs of longitudinal lines (submedial and submarginal) on abdomen, thorax, and head, about 9 µm long. Spines and fimbriate setae absent. Small tubular ducts (Fig. 7j) uncommon, restricted to abdomen. Tubular ducts (Fig. 7b) in center of circular area on each side of head, present on alveolar nodules. Multilocular pores absent. Simple pores scattered on abdomen, each with slightly raised center (Fig. 7e, g). Pair of acorn- or dome-shaped seta (Fig. 7a, k) on submedial apex of head, 4 µm in height, 4 µm in width. Simple pores sparsely scattered on thorax and abdomen. Anal lobes indistinct, each lobe area bearing two hair-like setae, 25 µm long, one acorn-shaped seta on posterior margin (Fig. 7f). Microtrichia absent. Entire derm alveolar with polygonal and elongate cell-like reticulations (Fig. 7b, c, f, i).</p>
            <p>Anal ring (Fig. 7f) ventral, near abdominal apex, invaginated in pocket, forming setal basket, with 6 pore-like structures at anterior apex of ring, bearing six short, spine-like, anal-ring setae each with slightly rounded apex, about equal in size, 8 µm long, 0.4 times as long as greatest diameter of anal ring.</p>
            <p>Venter with two pairs of thoracic spiracles (Fig. 7c), spiracular openings slightly projecting above derm, atrium with ring of 4–5 pores, these without loculi, in single row, spiracular opening 8 µm in diameter.Abdominal spiracles unobvious or absent. Hair-like setae in two pairs of longitudinal lines (submedial and lateral) on each side of body, present on each abdominal segment, 8 µm long. Spines and fimbriate setae absent. Eye absent. Labium not clearly visible. Vulva absent. Multilocular pores absent. Modified quadrilocular ducts absent. Simple pores present near each pair of legs, with associated small tubular duct, also present in submarginal line on each side of some anterior abdominal segments, these about the same size as those on dorsum. Small tubular ducts uncommon, arranged in longitudinal line mediolaterally on each side of head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments.Anal lobes indistinct, each lobe area bearing enlarged hair-like seta on margin, about 6 µm long, two hair-like ventral setae level with anal ring, each about 25 µm long. Acorn-shaped seta submedially, between antennal bases, 3 µm in height, 3 µm width. Entire derm alveolar with polygonal cell-like reticulations. Cluster of 4 short hair-like setae anterior to anal ring, 3–4 µm long, two elongate hair-like setae on each side of anal ring, 23–27 µm long, acorn-shaped seta on each side of anal ring at posterior apex. Antennae each three-segmented, segments short, total length 39 µm.Apical segment with long fleshy apical seta, straight with rounded blunt tip, 29 µm long, short fleshy subapical seta, curved with rounded blunt tip, 14 µm long, third fleshy seta at apex, 19 µm long, unspecialized setae long and hair-like. Pseudobasal antennal segment absent. Legs reduced in size, all about equal. Trochanter and femur fused, with two campaniform sensilla on each surface. Tibia and tarsus not fused, tarsus one-segmented. Coxa 37 µm long, trochanter + femur 31 µm long, tibia 10 µm long, tarsus 16 µm long, tibia/tarsus 0.6, claw 12 µm long. Leg setae sparse, straight, spiniform dorsally and ventrally, enlarged spines between tibia and tarsus absent. Sensory pore between tibia and tarsus present, sensory setae between tibia and tarsus absent. Tarsal digitules absent. Claw digitules each spine-like with acute apex, shorter than claw, claw denticle absent.</p>
            <p>Notes: The illustration and description are based on a single specimen that was mounted laterally and not completely cleared, making it difficult to determine the exact location of some structures. This specimen was collected in association with the holotype adult female.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B288F00FF50FF1BFCEFE9B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
036887BC8B3D8F1DFF50FF1BFDF7EF8B.text	036887BC8B3D8F1DFF50FF1BFDF7EF8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barbenigma boscus Powell & Miller & Keller 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Barbenigma boscus Powell &amp; Miller ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>  Holotype: adult ♀, mounted singly. NEBRASKA: Furnas Co., Arapahoe, junction of Highway 6 and 46 (40.308056, -99.863611), 8 July 2023, on roots of  Bromus inermis (  Poaceae ) on roadside, coll. D.R. Miller and B.D. Denno, 2023-07304, FSCA _00073131 (FSCA). </p>
            <p> Paratypes: 2 adult ♀♀ with same data as holotype mounted singly on 2 slides (FSCA_00073132–FSCA_ 00073133) (FSCA, USNM) . </p>
            <p> Etymology: The species epithet is a noun in apposition derived from the Medieval Latin word  “ boscus ” meaning “bush”, referring to the duct clusters on this species. </p>
            <p>Adult female (Figs 8 and 9)</p>
            <p>Description: Slide-mounted holotype 1.18 mm long, 0.90 mm wide, with several large eggs retained inside body; paratypes (n=2) 1.04−1.29 mm long, 0.74 mm wide; body rotund oval.</p>
            <p>Dorsum with robust fimbriate setae (Fig. 8r), with up to five tines, sparse, one present marginally on each abdominal segment, one present medially on each abdominal segment, roughly in single longitudinal submedial line on thorax and head, longest seta on medial area of abdomen 26 µm long (paratypes 30–36 µm), longest seta on margin 31 µm long (paratypes 36–39 µm), longest seta on head 25 µm long (paratypes 25–27 µm). Dorsal spines (Fig. 8q) each without setal base, with swollen, rounded apex, sparse, one to three on each side of each abdominal segment, longest spine on medial area of abdomen 31 µm long (paratypes 27–31 µm), longest spine on thorax and head 22 µm long (paratypes 28–29 µm). Tubular ducts (Fig. 8h, n, p) scattered over body. Multilocular pores absent. Short conical setae dome- or acorn-shaped (Fig. 8b) one to several clustered near base of each antenna, 4 µm in height, 4 µm wide (paratypes 4–5 µm by 4 µm). Simple pores (Fig. 8c, s) each with slightly raised rounded center, scattered over body. Some specimens with unknown structure (Fig. 8t) near each antenna with unequal sides, without base, longest side 6–7 µm. Anal lobes (Fig. 8o) indistinct, each lobe area bearing enlarged fimbriate seta, 45 µm long (paratype 39 µm), enlarged capitate seta 56 µm long (paratype 59 µm), spine with swollen apex 25 µm long (paratype 34 µm), on each side of anal ring. Microtrichia absent. Derm smooth.</p>
            <p>Anal ring (Fig. 8o) wrapping around margin, invaginated in pocket, forming setal basket, with ring of pores, bearing six robust anal-ring setae each with truncate apices, one paratype specimen with seven anal-ring setae, about equal in size, 40 µm long (paratype 41 µm), 0.9 times (paratype 0.8 times) as long as greatest diameter of anal ring.</p>
            <p>Venter with two pairs of thoracic spiracles (Fig. 8f), spiracular openings projecting above derm by about 7 µm, three pairs of abdominal spiracles, spiracular openings flush with derm; thoracic and abdominal spiracle atria each with ring of pores, these without loculi, typically in single row around spiracle, one thoracic spiracle on holotype with one pore in double row, 7–11 (paratypes 9–10) pores in ring around anterior thoracic spiracle, opening 16 µm in diameter (paratypes 17–18 µm), 8–11 (paratypes 10–11) pores in ring around each abdominal spiracle, first abdominal spiracular opening 14 µm in diameter (paratypes 15–17 µm). Body setae (Fig. 8j) with capitate apices, those on abdomen longer than those on thorax and head, longest seta on thorax or head 18 µm (paratypes 18 µm), longest seta on abdomen 36 µm (paratypes 33–40 µm). Robust fimbriate setae and spines with swollen apices, marginal. Dome- and acorn-shaped setae, each with raised rounded blunt apex, in cluster on head, about same size as those on dorsum. Eye absent. Labium two-segmented, small, about as wide as long, round, 34 µm long, 36 µm wide (paratype 35 µm by 40 µm), only one seta arising from all basal sockets. Vulva wide, 215 µm wide (paratypes 192–194 µm), with smooth margins, with heavily sclerotized lateral bars on either side of vulva. Margins of abdominal segments with heavily sclerotized areas (probably muscle attachment points) (not illustrated in Fig. 8 but see Fig. 9B), the posterior two sclerotizations each typically with two associated tubular ducts on each side (Fig. 9B). Compound duct clusters (Fig. 8l) present marginally, clusters of tubular ducts (Fig. 8k) with quadrilocular centers, spines (Fig. 8m) arising from between quadrilocular ducts, clusters set in sclerotized ring, three pairs on abdomen, one on each side of each of segments VI–VIII, two medially (one posterior to vulva, one anterior to vulva), eight duct clusters total on abdomen, 16–22 ducts per median cluster (paratypes 15–25), 14–16 ducts per marginal cluster (paratypes 15), median clusters 27–32 µm in diameter (paratypes 22–33 µm), marginal clusters 25–30 µm in diameter (paratypes 25–29 µm). Multilocular pores absent. Simple pores few, scattered on thorax and abdomen, about same size as those on dorsum. Microtrichia absent. Derm smooth. Anal lobes indistinct, each lobe area bearing cluster of two enlarged capitate setae, 53–57 µm long (paratype 56 µm), one small seta (fimbriate on one side but not on other on holotype, fimbriate on paratype specimens), 15 µm long (paratype 14 µm), and one spine with swollen apex, 26 µm long (paratype 33 µm). Antennae (Fig. 8a) each three-segmented, segments short, segments I and III subequal, holotype antennae coming straight up on slide, paratypes total length 83–88 µm, segment I 34–37 µm long, segment II 24–28 µm long, apical segment 34 µm long. Apical segment with one long fleshy apical seta, straight with a rounded blunt tip, 30 µm long (paratypes 34 µm), one short fleshy subapical seta, curved with a rounded blunt tip, 18 µm long (paratypes 17 µm), a third fleshy seta at apex, microseta adjacent to apical setae, one capitate spine on apex, unspecialized setae long and straight. Pseudobasal antennal segment absent. Legs (Fig. 8i) reduced in size, all about equal. Trochanter and femur fused, with two campaniform sensilla on each surface. Tibia and tarsus not fused, tarsus one-segmented. Coxa 52 µm long (paratypes 47–49 µm), trochanter + femur 68 µm long (paratypes 67–68 µm), tibia 26 µm (paratypes 26 µm), tarsus 47 µm long (paratypes 46–47 µm), tibia/tarsus 0.6 (paratypes 0.6), claw 22 µm long (paratypes 19–21 µm). Leg setae sparse, straight, spiniform dorsally and setiform ventrally, enlarged spines between tibia and tarsus absent. Sensory pore between tibia and tarsus present, sensory seta between tibia and tarsus absent. Tarsal digitules absent. Claw digitules each spine-like with acute apex, shorter than claw, claw denticle absent.</p>
            <p> Notes: See the ‘Notes’ section of  B. biza for a comparison of the two species. </p>
            <p> As in  B. biza , the simple pores on the thorax and abdomen may not be homologous to the ones on the head, and we call these simple pores rather than setae. The ones on the head have a lot of depth, easily visible when seen in lateral view; however, those on the thorax and abdomen (both ventral and dorsal) did not have such obvious depth. </p>
            <p>The antennae of the adult females of both new species are very difficult to measure accurately because the segments are short and round, rarely lying flat (see Figs 4C, D; 9C). When mounted flat, they are crushed and distorted. One of the paratype specimens is mounted in such a way that it was impossible to measure the setae and spines in and around the anal ring.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B3D8F1DFF50FF1BFDF7EF8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
036887BC8B3E8F1DFF50FE72FA72ED98.text	036887BC8B3E8F1DFF50FE72FA72ED98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carayoneminae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to species of  Carayoneminae , based on slide-mounted adult females (revised from Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty 2000) </p>
            <p> 1(0) Quadrilocular tubular duct clusters present; bilocular pores absent; thoracic spiracles ventral............ (  Barbenigmini ) 2 </p>
            <p> – Quadrilocular tubular duct clusters absent; bilocular pores present; thoracic spiracles dorsal............ (  Carayonemini ) 3 </p>
            <p> 2(1) Ventral setae with acute apices; dorsal spines typically occurring in pairs on submargin of each side of each abdominal segment..........................................................  Barbenigma biza Powell &amp; Miller ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> – Ventral setae with capitate apices; dorsal spines typically occurring singly on submargin of each side of each abdominal segment........................................................  Barbenigma boscus Powell &amp; Miller ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 3(1) Second segment of antenna heavily sclerotized................................  Carayonema orousseti Richard, 1986</p>
            <p>– Second segment of antenna not sclerotized................................................................. 4</p>
            <p> 4(3) Tibia and tarsus fused..............................  Mahunkacoccus mexicoensis Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty, 2000</p>
            <p>– Tibia and tarsus not fused.............................................................................. 5</p>
            <p> 5(4) Umbelliform setae present.................................  Foldicoccus monikae Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty, 2000</p>
            <p> – Umbelliform setae absent..........................  Baloghicoccus costaricaensis Kozár &amp; Konczné Benedicty, 2000</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/036887BC8B3E8F1DFF50FE72FA72ED98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Powell, Erin C.;Miller, Douglass R.;Keller, Oliver	Powell, Erin C., Miller, Douglass R., Keller, Oliver (2024): Barbenigma Powell & Miller, a bizarre new genus and two new species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from the United States. Zootaxa 5529 (2): 293-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5529.2.4
