identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E.text	F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon bahnphadengense J. Fourn. & M. Stadler	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon bahnphadengense J. Fourn. &amp; M. Stadler, Fungal Diversity 40: 30 (2010)</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on the dead wood of Berrya cordifolia . Sexual morph: Ascostromata 3–14 × 2–10 × 0.5– 0.2 mm (x ̄ = 7 × 6 × 0.3 mm, n = 8), effused-applanate, superficial, pulvinate to hemispherical, clustered, hard-textured, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.5–3.5 mm high × 0.3–0.5 mm diam. (x ̄ = 2 × 0.4 mm, n = 15), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostiolate, papillate, encircled with a flattened truncatum-type disc 0.2–0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.22 mm, n = 10). Peridium 40–60 μm wide, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 4–6 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, septate paraphyses. Asci 54–130 × 3–5 μm (x ̄ = 94 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with an apical ring bluing in Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores 6–8 × 3–4 μm (x ̄ = 7.5 × 3.5 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming light brown to dark brown at maturity, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2.0– 2.5 cm diam. after six days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, brown in the middle, and pale brown at the margin in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Phan District, Sai Khao, forest area near Wat Udom Waree, on decaying wood of Berrya cordifolia ( Malvaceae), 05 July 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 28 (MFLU 24-0526); living culture MFLUCC 24-0608 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>China (decaying wood) (Ke et al. 2024); Thailand (dead bark or wood, Berrya cordifolia) (Fournier et al. 2010 b; this study).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Morphologically, our collection (MFLUCC 24-0608) shows similar characteristics to the holotype of A. bahnphadengense (MFU 08-1552), including shiny, black, carbonaceous ascostromata; 8 - spored, cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci with an apical ring bluing in Melzer’s reagent; and uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, ascospores with narrowly rounded ends (Fournier et al. 2010 b). According to the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2), our strain (MFLUCC 24-0608) clusters with the ex-type strain of A. bahnphadengense (STMA 13115) with 89 % ML bootstrap and 0.84 PP support (Fig. 3). Based on the morpho-molecular evidence, we identified our collection as a new host record of A. bahnphadengense on Berrya cordifolia in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780.text	187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon chiangraiense Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde & Chethana 2025	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon chiangraiense Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde &amp; Chethana sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet chiangraiense refers to Chiang Rai Province, where the fungus was collected.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MFLU 24-0524.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on the dead branch of Tamarindus indica . Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.4–0.6 × 0.8–1.5 mm (x ̄ = 0.5 × 1.2 mm, n = 10), semi-immersed to superficial, with the base immersed, pulvinate to hemispherical, solitary or clustered, spherical surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata immersed in stroma, globose to subglobose, black. Peridium 18–30 μm wide, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 3–6 μm wide, hyaline, abundant, persistent, unbranched, septate. Asci 90–145 × 8–5 μm (x ̄ = 124 × 7 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with an apical ring not bluing in the Melzer’s reagent (without KOH pretreatment). Ascospores 10–12 × 4–7 μm (x ̄ = 11 × 5 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline at immature stages, dark brown when mature, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 1.0–2.0 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, slightly thinning towards the edge, with white color in the middle and pale yellow color in the margin of the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • near Nang Lae waterfall, Chiang Rai, on decaying wood of Tamarindus indica ( Fabaceae), 18 March 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 11 (MFLU 24-0524, holotype); ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 24-0606 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Annulohypoxylon is a speciose genus with more than 60 species; however, the present study shows the genus to be more diverse as predicted by Bhunjun et al. (2024). Based on the multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2), Annulohypoxylon chiangraiense (MFLUCC 24-0606) formed a distant lineage sister to A. archeri (SGNLB 5) and A. microdiscum (HMAS 285320) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 3). Annulohypoxylon chiangraiense fits within the generic concept of Annulohypoxylon by having spherical, carbonaceous ascostromata; 8 - spored, cylindrical asci; and ellipsoid, light- to dark-brown ascospores (Li et al. 2016). Annulohypoxylon chiangraiense differs from both A. archeri and A. microdiscum by having smaller ascostromata (0.4–0.6 × 0.8–1.5 mm vs. 8–20 × 5–10 mm and 0.5–4 × 0.3–2 cm) (Raei et al. 2012; Cruz et al. 2020). The asci of A. chiangraiense are shorter and wider (90–145 × 8–5 μm) than A. microdiscum (130–187 × 5–6.5 μm). However, asci were not observed in A. archeri (Cruz et al. 2020) . In A. chiangraiense, the apical ring does not turn blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent, whereas in A. microdiscum, the apical ring turns blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent (Raei et al. 2012). While ascospores of both A. archeri and A. microdiscum have a straight germ slit, such a character was not observed in the ascospores of A. chiangraiense (Raei et al. 2012; Cruz et al. 2020). When comparing the ITS base pair differences of A. chiangraiense with A. archeri and A. microdiscum, it shows 1.6 % (8 / 564) and 1.9 % (10 / 533) differences (without gaps), respectively. Based on the distinct morphology and phylogenetic evidence, we established Annulohypoxylon chiangraiense as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566.text	3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon crowfoothodgkiniae Y. P. Tan, Bishop-Hurley, Bransgr. & R. G. Shivas	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon crowfoothodgkiniae Y. P. Tan, Bishop-Hurley, Bransgr. &amp; R. G. Shivas, Index of Australian Fungi 1: 1 (2022)</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on dead wood of Swietenia macrophylla . Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.6 mm (x ̄ = 0.6 × 0.5 mm, n = 10), semi-immersed to superficial, with the base immersed, pulvinate to hemispherical, clustered, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata immersed in the stroma, subglobose to hemispherical, black, ostiolate, papillate. Hamathecium 3–7 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 55–65 × 4–6 μm (x ̄ = 60 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with an apical ring not bluing in the Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores 5–6 × 2–3 μm (x ̄ = 5.4 × 2.8 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoidal inequilaterally, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming brown at maturity. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2.0– 2.5 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, slightly thinning towards the edge, white color in the front view, and light brown in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Nang Lae Village, Chiang Rai, on decaying wood of Swietenia macrophylla ( Meliaceae), 21 May 2024, Zaw Lin Tun, AZ 2 (MFLU 24-0523); living culture MFLUCC 25-0023 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>Australia ( Pandanus tectorius) (Tan and Shivas 2022 a); Thailand ( Swietenia macrophylla) (this study).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In the multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2), our strain (MFLUCC 25-0023) and the ex-type strain of A. crowfoothodgkiniae (BRIP 72527 h) clustered with 91 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 3). When comparing the base pair differences between our strain (MFLUCC 25-0023) and the ex-type strain of A. crowfoothodgkiniae (BRIP 72527 h), the ITS shows a 0.3 % (3 / 894) difference, and there are no differences in LSU. The morphology of the holotype is not recorded. Therefore, we could not compare the morphology between the holotype and our strain. In here, we provide complete morphology with an illustration for A. crowfoothodgkiniae . Based on molecular evidence, we introduce our collection as a new host record of A. crowfoothodgkiniae from Swietenia macrophylla and also as a new geographical record from Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B.text	2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens (Y. M. Ju & J. D. Rogers) Y. M. Ju, J. D. Rogers & H. M. Hsieh	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens (Y. M. Ju &amp; J. D. Rogers) Y. M. Ju, J. D. Rogers &amp; H. M. Hsieh, Mycologia 97 (4): 861 (2005)</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Hypoxylon purpureonitens Y. M. Ju &amp; J. D. Rogers 1996 . Basionym.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on the dead wood of Sterculia tragacantha . Sexual morph: Ascostromata 2–10 mm long × 3–8 mm broad and 0.25–0.35 mm thick (x ̄ = 7.5 × 5.5 × 0.3 mm, n = 10), hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, solitary or clustered, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.4–0.5 mm high × 0.3–0.4 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.45 × 0.35 mm, n = 15), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostioles papillate, encircled with a flattened truncatum-type disc 0.18–0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.2 mm, n = 10). Hamathecium 2.5–4.5 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 90–110 × 5–7 μm (x ̄ = 100 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 60–70 µm long with stipes 20–40 µm long, 6 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with an apical ring not bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores 7–9 × 3–6 μm (x ̄ = 8.5 × 4.4 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming dark brown at maturity, guttules present at the immature stage, with straight, spore length germ slit. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2–2.5 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, dark brown or black in the middle, and brown at the margin in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Phan District, Sai Khao, forest area near Wat Udom Waree, on decaying wood of Sterculia tragacantha ( Malvaceae), 05 July 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 30 (MFLU 24-0527); living culture MFLUCC 24-0609 .</p><p>Known distribution.</p><p>Brazil (on an unidentified branch of a dicotyledonous tree) (Pereira et al. 2009); Thailand (on rotten wood, Sterculia tragacantha) (Suwannasai et al. 2013; this study).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2), our strain (MFLUCC 24-0609) clustered with the ex-type strain of A. purpureonitens (MFLUCC 14-1225) with 97 % ML bootstrap and 0.84 PP support (Fig. 3). Our fungal collection (MFLUCC 24-0609) shows morphological characteristics similar to the holotype of A. purpureonitens (WSP 71615), including effused-pulvinate ascostromata and unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, brown ascospores with a straight, spore-length germ slit (Pereira et al. 2009). In this study, we introduced our fungal collection as a new host record of A. purpureonitens on Sterculia tragacantha in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69.text	5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon spougei Suwannasai, M. P. Martin, Phosri & Whalley	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon spougei Suwannasai, M. P. Martín, Phosri &amp; Whalley, Persoonia 44: 353 (2020)</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on Antidesma madagascariense dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 1–3 cm long × 0.3–2 cm broad and 0.8–1.2 mm thick (x ̄ = 2 × 1.4 × 1 mm, n = 10), hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.25–0.6 mm high × 0.25–0.5 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.4 × 0.3 mm, n = 10), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostioles papillate, encircled with a flattened, truncatum-type disc, 0.2–0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.23 mm, n = 8). Hamathecium 3–5 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, septate paraphyses. Asci 27–42 × 2–3 μm (x ̄ = 36 × 2 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 17–25 µm long with stipes 9–15 µm long, 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with an apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores 7–9 × 3–4 μm (x ̄ = 7.6 × 3.6 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming brown at maturity, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 1.5–2.0 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, brown in the middle, and pale brown at the margin of the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, near Ang Kep Nam Huai Luang Than Thong Reservoir, on decaying wood of Antidesma madagascariense ( Phyllanthaceae), 05 July 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 24 (MFLU 24-0525); living culture MFLUCC 24-0607 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>China (rotten wood) (Ke et al. 2024); Thailand (on corticated wood, Antidesma madagascariense) (Crous et al. 2020; this study).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2), our strain (MFLUCC 24-0607) clustered with the ex-type strain of A. spougei (SWUF 09-032) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 2). Our fungal collection (MFLUCC 24-0607) exhibits morphological characteristics similar to the holotype of A. spougei (SWUFH 099), including black, shiny carbonaceous ascostromata; 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical asci, with an apical ring that bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent; and unicellular, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, brown ascospores (Crous et al. 2020). However, the ascospores of the A. spougei holotype show a straight germ slit along the full length of the spore, which is not observed in our isolate (MFLUCC 24-0607). Based on the morpho-molecular evidence, we identified our collection as a new host record of A. spougei on Antidesma madagascariense in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20.text	D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon violaceopigmentum Sir & Kuhnert	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon violaceopigmentum Sir &amp; Kuhnert, Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-016-0377-6, [9] (2016)</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on the dead wood of Syzygium polyanthum . Sexual morph: Ascostromata 8–15 mm long × 5–10 mm broad and 0.5–1.2 mm thick (x ̄ = 12 × 5.5 × 0.8 mm, n = 10), hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, clustered, developing within cuticle, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.4–0.5 mm high × 0.3–0.4 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.45 × 0.35 mm, n = 10), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostioles papillate, encircled with a flattened truncatum-type disc 0.2–0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.24 mm, n = 5). Hamathecium 1–2 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 74–110 × 5–7 μm (x ̄ = 97 × 6.7 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 70–77 µm long with stipes 29–32 µm long, 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with an apical ring not bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores 7–10 × 4–6 μm (x ̄ = 8.7 × 4.6 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming dark brown at maturity, guttules at immature stage, with a spore length straight germ slit. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2–2.5 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, brown in the middle, and pale brown at the margin in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Phan District, Sai Khao, forest area near Wat Udom Waree, on decaying wood of Syzygium polyanthum ( Myrtaceae), 05 July 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 31 (MFLU 24-0528); living culture MFLUCC 24-0610 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>Thailand (on dead wood, Syzygium polyanthum) (Kuhnert et al. 2017; this study).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The morphological description of our collection (MFLUCC 24-0610) aligns with the holotype of A. violaceopigmentum (MFLU 14-0314), including effused-pulvinate ascostromata; black, ostioles, papillate ascomata encircled by a flattened truncatum-type disc; 8 - spored, cylindrical asci; and brown, unicellular, inequilaterally ellipsoidal ascospores with broadly rounded ends and a straight germ slit along the spore length (Kuhnert et al. 2017). Based on the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2), our strain (MFLUCC 24-0610) clusters with the ex-type strain of A. violaceopigmentum (MFLUCC 14-1225) with 97 % ML bootstrap and 0.85 PP support (Fig. 3). Considering the morpho-molecular evidence, we conclude that our collection is a new host record of A. violaceopigmentum on Syzygium polyanthum in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
806C1BA37232544DA1F9660E6FD1ED71.text	806C1BA37232544DA1F9660E6FD1ED71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon Y. M. Ju, J. D. Rogers & H. M. Hsieh	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon Y. M. Ju, J. D. Rogers &amp; H. M. Hsieh, Mycologia 97 (4): 855 (2005)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Annulohypoxylon was introduced with A. truncatum as the type species (Hsieh et al. 2005). Kuhnert et al. (2017) conducted a concise revision of this genus based on molecular phylogeny and chemotaxonomic data, resulting in the identification of several additional species, such as A. massivum, A. violaceopigmentum, A. viridistratum, and A. yungensis . Annulohypoxylon is characterized by effused-pulvinate or pulvinate, glomerate stromata, waxy or carbonaceous tissue immediately beneath the surface and between perithecia, spherical, obovoid, with a carbonaceous stromata layer surrounding individual perithecia. Asci are light- to dark-colored, 8 - spored, cylindrical, stipitate, persistent, with discoid apical ring, amyloid or infrequently inamyloid, while ascospores are light- to dark-colored, ellipsoid or short fusoid, inequilateral, narrowly rounded, or with broadly rounded ends, with a germ slit, perispore dehiscent or indehiscent in 10 % KOH (Li et al. 2016). Annulohypoxylon species have mainly been recorded in tropical and subtropical regions as saprobes associated with dead dicotyledonous wood and as endophytes in seed plants (Kuhnert et al. 2017). Hyde et al. (2024) listed 60 species under this genus, while 73 species are included in the Index Fungorum (2025).</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses for Annulohypoxylon</p><p>Forty-six taxa of Annulohypoxylon were included in the combined data set (ITS, LSU, β-tub, and rpb 2) with Biscogniauxia petrensis (HKAS 102388) as the outgroup taxon. After alignment, the dataset comprised 2832 characters, including gaps (ITS = 585 bp, LSU = 850 bp, β-tub = 380 bp, rpb 2 = 1017 bp). The tree topology of the BI analysis (not shown) was similar to the ML tree. The best-scoring RAxML tree was obtained (Fig. 3), with a final likelihood value of - 19758.666775. The matrix had 1149 distinct alignment patterns with 46.81 % undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.248997, C = 0.254092, G = 0.262808, T = 0.234103; substitution rates AC = 1.551284, AG = 4.096946, AT = 1.717695, CG = 1.101636, CT = 7.150044, GT = 1.0; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.220052. In BI analyses, the average standard deviation of split frequencies was 0.008 after 3,000,000 generations of runs. The phylogenetic tree topology is similar to that by Kuhnert et al. (2017). Our strains (MFLUCC 24-0606, MFLUCC 24-0607, MFLUCC 24-0608, MFLUCC 24-0609, MFLUCC 24-0610, and MFLUCC 25-0023) cluster within Annulohypoxylon .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/806C1BA37232544DA1F9660E6FD1ED71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E.text	5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocystis bambusae (Henn.) Laessoe & Spooner	<div><p>Astrocystis bambusae (Henn.) Læssøe &amp; Spooner, Kew Bull. 49 (1): 13 (1994) [1993]</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Rosellinia bambusae Henn. 1908 . Basionym.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on dead culms of Bambusa vulgaris . Sexual morph: Stromata 1.2– 0.9 mm diam., 0.8–1 mm high, scattered, solitary, superficial, black, appear as black raised spots on the host surface, hexagonal prism-shaped, containing one ascoma, with a circle of black tissue at the bottom. Perithecia 0.5–0.7 mm diam., 0.4–0.5 mm high, comprising black, fragile, carbonaceous tissue. Peridium 15–45 μm wide, 5–8 layers, brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising 2–8 μm wide, oblong to cylindrical, septate, unbranched, cellular, paraphyses. Asci 55–90 × 5–6.5 µm (x ̄ = 75 × 6.2 µm, n = 30), 8 - or 6 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, persistent, apically rounded, with amyloid, cuboid, apical apparatus, staining blue in Melzer’s reagent, 2–3 µm high × 1.4–2.44 μm wide (x ̄ = 2.6 × 1.9 μm). Ascospores 10–13.5 × 4–6 µm (x ̄ = 12 × 5 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, unicellular, hyaline when immature, dark brown at maturity, aseptate, equilateral ellipsoid, with rounded ends, smooth, guttulate, with a straight germ slit nearly full-length, surrounded by a sheath. Asexual morph: undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on PDA reaching 2–2.5 cm diam. after 5 days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, slightly thinning towards the edge, white color in the front view, and light brown in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Mae Chan, Mae Chan District, on dead culms of Bambusa vulgaris ( Poaceae), 18 March 2024, Hsan Win (MFLU 24-0522), living culture MFLUCC 25-0022 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>China, India, Thailand ( Bambusa sp.); Ghana ( Oxytenanthera abyssinica); Philippines ( Bambusa sp., Schizostachyum sp.) (Læssøe and Spooner 1993; Li et al. 2024); Thailand ( Bambusa vulgaris) (this study).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Morphologically, our collection (MFLUCC 25-0022) exhibits characteristics similar to the holotype of A. bambusae (basionym: Rosellinia bambusae) (Merrill 5030) and other isolates of A. bambusae (GMB 0700). These similarities include scattered, solitary, superficial, black stromata containing one ascomata, with a circle of black tissue at the bottom and unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate asci, with an apical apparatus that stains blue in Melzer’s reagent (Li et al. 2024). The ascospores have a straight germ slit nearly full-length and are surrounded by a sheath (Ju and Rogers 1990; Li et al. 2024). However, the asci and ascospores in our collection (MFLUCC 25-0022, 55–90 μm and 10–13.5 μm, respectively) are smaller than the holotype (100–130 μm and 10.5–15 (– 16) μm) (Ju and Rogers 1990). Based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, β-tub, and rpb 2), our strain (MFLUCC 25-0022) clustered with other authentic strains (HAST 89021904 and GMB 0700) in a well-supported clade (89 % ML, 0.95 BYPP) (Fig. 1). Astrocystis bambusae has previously been recorded on Bambusa sp. in China, India, the Philippines, and Thailand (Ju and Rogers 1990; Læssøe and Spooner 1993; Li et al. 2024). In our study, we reported a new host record for A. bambusae on Bambusa vulgaris .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
E52E52878EFF559F8D79FC67E4A3E461.text	E52E52878EFF559F8D79FC67E4A3E461.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocystis Berk. & Broome	<div><p>Astrocystis Berk. &amp; Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14 (no. 74): 123 (1873) [1875]</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Berkeley and Broome (1875) introduced Astrocystis, with A. mirabilis as the type species. Morphologically, this genus is characterized by uni- or occasionally multi-peritheciate stromata development, often beneath the host cuticle or on the surface; relatively short stipe asci; and ascus apical apparatus that are relatively small, amyloid, and stopper-shaped (Smith et al. 2003). Currently, 42 records are available in the Index Fungorum (2025).</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses for Astrocystis</p><p>For Astrocystis, 32 taxa were included in the combined data set (ITS, β-tub, and rpb 2) with Xylotumulus gibbisporus (ATCC MYA-4109), Xylaria glebulosa (GMB 1053), and X. schweinitzii (HAST 92092023) as outgroup taxa. The final alignment consisted of 1953 characters, including gaps (ITS = 435 bp, β-tub = 514 bp, and rpb 2 = 1004 bp). Both ML and BI analyses exhibit similar tree topology. The best-scoring RAxML tree was obtained (Fig. 1), with a final likelihood value of - 12708.0675. The matrix included 851 distinct alignment patterns, with 17.88 % undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.242776, C = 0.267065, G = 0.262377, and T = 0.227782; substitution rates were AC = 1.393798, AG = 4.050932, AT = 1.300292, CG = 1.282338, CT = 7.225689, and GT = 1.0; and the gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.297082. In the BI analyses, the average standard deviation of the split frequencies was 0.006 after 1,000,000 generations of runs. The phylogenetic tree topology is similar to the previous study by Li et al. (2024). According to the phylogenetic analyses, our strain MFLUCC 25-0022 clades within Astrocystis, with Astrocystis bambusae strains (HAST 8902190 and GMB 0700).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E52E52878EFF559F8D79FC67E4A3E461	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
A090A05970E250338C01436EEC16FB85.text	A090A05970E250338C01436EEC16FB85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diatrypella (Ces. & De Not.) De Not.	<div><p>Diatrypella (Ces. &amp; De Not.) De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 29 (1863)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Cesati and De Notaris (1863) introduced Diatrypella with D. verruciformis as the type species. This genus is characterized by stromata, which are conical to truncate, cushion-like or discoid, and usually delimited by a black zone within host tissues, umbilicate or sulcate ostiolar necks. Asci are cylindrical, polysporous, and long-stalked, and ascospores are hyaline to yellowish. Diatrypella species have a libertella-like coelomycete asexual morph (Kirk et al. 2008; Hyde et al. 2020 a). There are 74 Diatrypella species in Species Fungorum (2024), and only 23 of them have sequence data.</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis for Diatrypaceae</p><p>The ITS and β-tub combined data set consists of 144 taxa representing strains of Diatrypaceae, including Kretzschmaria deusta (CBS 826.72) and Xylaria hypoxylon (CBS 122620) as the outgroup taxa. The aligned data set comprises 1404 characters, including gaps (ITS = 504 bp, β-tub = 897 bp). The topology of the BI tree was similar to that of the ML tree. The best-scoring RAxML tree, with a final likelihood value of - 20102.616796, is shown in Fig. 17. The matrix comprises 944 distinct alignment patterns, with 36.45 % undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.222804, C = 0.272806, G = 0.233404, T = 0.270985; substitution rates AC = 1.101521, AG = 3.499467, AT = 1.354291, CG = 0.845871, CT = 4.738241, GT = 1.0; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.360572. In the BI analysis, the average standard deviation of split frequencies was 0.009 after 9,000,000 generations of runs. The phylogenetic tree topology is similar to the study by Dissanayake et al. (2024). According to the phylogenetic analyses, our strains, MFLU 24-0533 and MFLU 24-0534, formed a separate clade with Diatrypella oregonensis (CA 117 and DPL 200), D. pseudooregonensis (GMB 0041 and GMB 0040), and D. verruciformis (UCROK 1467 and UCROK 754) with 93 % ML bootstrap and 0.94 pp, while MFLUCC 24-0614 clusters with Paraeutrypella citricola (HVGRF 01 and HKAS 133111) with 99 % ML and 0.97 pp bootstrap support.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A090A05970E250338C01436EEC16FB85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E.text	91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diatrypella thailandica Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde & Chethana 2025	<div><p>Diatrypella thailandica Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde &amp; Chethana sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 18</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet thailandica refers to Thailand, from where the fungus was collected.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MFLU 24-0533.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on a dead branch of Fabaceae sp. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.5–1 mm in diam., well-developed, with groups of 10–15 perithecia, solitary to gregarious, erumpent, black, immersed, globose to subglobose or conical shape. Endostroma white to light yellow. Ascomata 410–450 μm high × 275–370 μm diam. (x ̄ = 434 × 326 μm, n = 10), perithecial, immersed in stromata, 2–4 perithecial arrangement, subglobose, with an individual ostiole. Ostiolar canal 200–253 μm high, 110–132 μm diam., cylindrical, periphysate, with yellowish pigment around ostioles. Peridium 10–25 μm wide, composed of 3–7 layers, hyaline to brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 2.4–6 μm wide, comprising dense, hyaline, aseptate, unbranched paraphyses, tapering towards the apex, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 80–150 × 11–23 μm (x ̄ = 107 × 16 μm, n = 25), polysporous, unitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate, with a J-apical ring and a long pedicel. Ascospores 6–8 × 1–3 μm (x ̄ = 7.5 × 2.3 μm, n = 30), multi-seriate, crowded, initially hyaline, becoming pale yellowish at maturity, oblong to allantoid, aseptate, slightly curved, smooth-walled, mostly with small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA at 25–28 ° C reach 2 cm in 10 days, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, cottony, white at first, becoming light brownish yellow in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Nang Lae village, on a decaying branch of Morus sp. ( Moraceae), 18 March 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 14 (MFLU 24-0533, holotype) ; ibid., on a dead branch of Fabaceae sp. ( Fabaceae), 20 March 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 15 (MFLU 24-0534, topotype) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Our new fungal collection (MFLU 24-0533 and MFLU 24-0534) fits within Diatrypella by having conical-shaped stromata, white to light yellow, well-developed endostroma, cylindrical, polysporous, and long-stalked asci, and hyaline to yellowish ascospores (Hyde et al. 2020 a). According to the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (ITS and β-tub), our strains (MFLU 24-0533 and MFLU 24-0534) formed a separate clade sister to D. oregonensis (CA 117, DPL 200), D. pseudooregonensis (GMB 0039, GMB 000), and D. verruciformis (UCROK 1467, UCROK 754) with 93 % ML bootstrap and 0.94 PP support (Fig. 17). Morphologically, D. thailandica differs from D. oregonensis, D. pseudooregonensis, and D. verruciformis, as mentioned in Table 2. Diatrypella thailandica has polysporous asci, while D. oregonensis and D. pseudooregonensis have 8 - spored asci. Diatrypella verruciformis differs from our fungal collection by having diamond- or star-shaped ascomata (Table 2). When comparing the ITS and β-tub base pairs (without gaps) between D. thailandica (MFLU 24-0533) with D. oregonensis (CA 117), D. pseudooregonensis (GMB 0039), and D. verruciformis (UCROK 1467), there are 2.15 % (11 / 512), 3.3 % (16 / 485), and 2.73 % (14 / 512) base pair differences in the ITS and 2.17 % (18 / 828), 2.53 % (21 / 828), and 1.7 % (14 / 828) for β-tub, respectively. Based on both morphological and molecular evidence, we introduce Diatrypella thailandica (MFLU 24-0533) as a new species in Diatrypella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
63FA1191BB725099A27F5311F6CD8849.text	63FA1191BB725099A27F5311F6CD8849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halorosellinia Whalley, E. B. G. Jones, K. D. Hyde & Laessoe	<div><p>Halorosellinia Whalley, E. B. G. Jones, K. D. Hyde &amp; Læssøe, Mycol. Res. 104 (3): 368 (2000)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Halorosellinia was introduced by Whalley et al. (1999) as a monotypic genus to accommodate H. oceanica (previously referred to as Hypoxylon oceanicum). This genus is characterized by uniperitheciate ascomata immersed in a pseudostroma (Hyde et al. 2016). Halorosellinia currently comprises five species (Index Fungorum 2025). Only three Halorosellinia species are included in Wijayawardene et al. (2022), while five species are listed in the Index Fungorum (2025) and Hyde et al. (2024).</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses for Xylariaceae</p><p>For Xylariaceae, the ITS, rpb 2, and β-tub gene regions were used in the combined data set. Seventy-two isolates of Xylariaceae species were included in the analysis, with Hypoxylon fragiforme (HAST 383 and MUCL 51264) as the outgroup taxa. After alignment, the dataset comprises 2747 characters, including gaps (ITS = 580 bp, rpb 2 = 1122 bp, β-tub = 1045 bp). The topology of the BI tree was similar to that of the ML tree. The best-scoring RAxML tree, with a final likelihood value of - 49702.0557, is shown in Fig. 10. The matrix comprises 1637 distinct alignment patterns, with 16.93 % undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.243971, C = 0.271335, G = 0.241282, and T = 0.243412; substitution rates were AC = 1.350468, AG = 5.371719, AT = 1.169242, CG = 1.195494, CT = 7.102768, and GT = 1.0; and the gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.335659. In the BI analysis, the average standard deviation of split frequencies was 0.01 after 3,000,000 generations of runs. The phylogenetic tree topology is similar to the study by Konta et al. (2020 a). According to the phylogenetic analyses, our strains (MFLU 24-0536 and MFLUCC 25-0025) cluster with Halorosellinia xylocarpi (MFLU 18-0545) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support, while MFLUCC 24-0611 clusters sister to Stilbohypoxylon quisquiliarum (YMJ 172) with 90 % ML bootstrap and 0.98 PP support (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63FA1191BB725099A27F5311F6CD8849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC.text	D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halorosellinia xylocarpi Dayar & K. D. Hyde	<div><p>Halorosellinia xylocarpi Dayar &amp; K. D. Hyde, Mycosphere 11 (1): 158 (2020)</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on decaying submerged wood of Arecaceae sp. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 0.6–1.0 × 0.5–0.8 mm (x ̄ = 0.8 × 0.6 mm, n = 5), superficial, pulvinate to hemispherical, in clusters of uni-peritheciate pseudostromata, surface black, carbonaceous, lacking ascomatal projections. Ascomata 0.3–0.34 × 0.34–0.36 mm (x ̄ = 0.33 × 0.35 mm, n = 5), superficial, globose or subglobose to hemispherical, black, ostioles papillate. Peridium 25–38 μm wide, consists of 6–7 layers of brown to dark brown textura angularis cells. Paraphyses 4–8 μm wide, hyaline, abundant, persistent, unbranched, septate. Asci 85–115 × 9–17 μm (x ̄ = 97 × 12 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long pedicellate, with J +, cylindrical apical ring. Ascospores 13–17 × 7–9 μm (x ̄ = 15 × 8 μm, n = 30), overlapping 1–2 - seriate, hyaline, becoming opaque green and dark brown when mature, more or less equilaterally ellipsoid, straight, both ends often pointed, 1 - celled, guttulate, without appendages, a spore length germ slit on the ventral side, straight. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA at 25–28 ° C, reaching 6 cm in seven days, circular in shape, zonate with diffused margins, white color in front view, and pale yellow in reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chang Wat Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Pran Buri District, Pran Buri riverbank, 26 February 2023, Tharindu Bhagya, on decaying submerged wood of Arecaceae sp., TB (MFLU 24-0536), living culture, MFLUCC 25-0025 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>Thailand (submerged wood of Xylocarpus sp., Rhizophora sp., and submerged wood of Arecaceae sp.) (Dayarathne et al. 2020 b; this study)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Morphologically, our collection (MFLU 24-0536 / MFLUCC 25 - 0025) resembles the holotype of H. xylocarpi (MFLU 18-0545) in having superficial, carbonaceous, uni-perithecial pseudostromata; 8 - spored, cylindrical, unitunicate, long-pedicellate asci with a J +, cylindrical apical ring; and dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid, straight ascospores with both ends often pointed and a straight germ slit on the ventral side along the spore length (Dayarathne et al. 2020 b). However, asci (85–115 × 9–17 μm vs. 126–135 × 20–28 μm) and ascospores (13–17 × 7–9 μm vs. 20–26 × 10–14 μm) of our collection (MFLUCC 25-0025) are smaller than the holotype (Dayarathne et al. 2020 b). According to multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, rpb 2, and β-tub), our strains (MFLU 24-0536 and MFLUCC 25-0025) cluster with the ex-type strain of H. xylocarpi (MFLU 18-0545) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 10). Considering the morpho-molecular evidence, we conclude that our collection is a new host record on decaying submerged wood of Arecaceae sp. in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633.text	B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypomontagnella hibisci Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde & Chethana 2025	<div><p>Hypomontagnella hibisci Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde &amp; Chethana sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 15</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In reference to the host genus from which the fungus was collected</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MFLU 24-0532</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on a dead branch of Hibiscus sp. Sexual morph: Stromata effused-pulvinate, with conspicuous to inconspicuous perithecial mounds, surface blackish, carbonaceous tissue immediately beneath the surface and between the perithecial surface and perithecia. Ascomata 157–300 × 133–218 μm (x ̄ = 223 × 178 μm, n = 5), globose to spherical, ostioles higher than the stromatal surface. Peridium 13–26 μm diam., composed of thin-walled, brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2–3 μm wide, hyaline, filamentous, long, branched, aseptate, arising from the base of ascomata. Asci 78–100 × 5–6 μm (x ̄ = 90 × 5.4 μm, n = 25), the spore-bearing parts 46–53 µm long, 8 - spored, cylindrical, with J-, apical ring and a stipe of 28–36 µm long. Ascospores 7–9 × 3–5 μm (x ̄ = 8 × 4 μm, n = 30), unicellular, uni-seriate, slightly overlapping, ellipsoid, with narrowly rounded ends, slightly curved, hyaline to dark brown, smooth to finely roughened, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reach 1.5–2.5 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, flat, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang University premises, on a decaying branch of Hibiscus sp. ( Malvaceae), 08 March 2024, Zaw Lin Tun, AZ 01 (MFLU 24-0532, holotype); ex-type culture MFLUCC 24-0613 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hypomontagnella hibisci (MFLUCC 24-0613) is similar to Hypomontagnella in having stromata with conical, papillate ostioles and cylindrical asci with a short pedicel (Lambert et al. 2019). According to the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, our strains (MFLU 24-0532 and MFLUCC 24-0613) formed a separate lineage sister to H. monticulosa (MUCL 54604 and MFLUCC 24-0613) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 13). However, H. hibisci has globose to spherical perithecia and asci with J-, apical rings, whereas H. monticulosa has spherical to obovoid perithecia and asci with J + discoid apical rings (Chethana et al. 2021 a). Additionally, H. monticulosa differs from H. hibisci by having ascospores with a straight, spore-length germ slit, which is not observed in H. hibisci (Chethana et al. 2021 a). With the evidence of unique morphology and distinct phylogeny, we introduce H. hibisci as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B.text	6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypomontagnella monticulosa (Mont.) Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lamb.	<div><p>Hypomontagnella monticulosa (Mont.) Sir, L. Wendt &amp; C. Lamb., in Lambert, Wendt, Hladki, Stadler &amp; Sir, Mycol. Progr. 18 (1–2): 190 (2019)</p><p>Fig. 16</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on a dead branch of Macaranga peltata . Sexual morph: Stromata effused-pulvinate, with conspicuous to inconspicuous perithecial mounds, surface blackish, woody to carbonaceous tissue immediately beneath the surface and between the perithecial surface and the perithecia. Perithecia globose to subglobose, ostioles higher than the stromatal surface. Paraphyses 4–7 μm wide, hyaline, abundant, persistent, unbranched, septate. Asci 70–95 × 4–6.5 μm (x ̄ = 82 × 5.4 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 40–50 µm long with stipes 36–44 µm long, 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with J +, discoid apical ring. Ascospores 6–8 × 3–4 μm (x ̄ = 7.2 × 3.4 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with broadly to less frequently narrowly rounded ends, light brown to brown, smooth. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. The slow-growing colonies on the PDA reach 1.0– 1.5 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, flat, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Nang Lae village, on decaying branch of Macaranga peltata ( Euphorbiaceae), 18 March 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 10 (MFLU 24-0531); living culture, MFLUCC 24-0612 .</p><p>Known distribution and hosts.</p><p>Argentina ( Ficus maroma) (Lambert et al. 2019), French Polynesia (dead wood) (Lambert et al. 2019), Indonesia, Malaysia (lichen, Sargassum seaweed) (Zainee et al. 2018), Paraguay (dead wood) (Lambert et al. 2019), Thailand ( Leucaena leucocephala, Macaranga peltata) (Chethana et al. 2021 a, this study), USA ( Cladonia leporina) (U’Ren et al. 2016).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Morphologically, our collection (MFLUCC 24-0612) is similar to the ex-type strain of H. monticulosa (MUCL 54604), which was collected from a dead branch of Leucaena leucocephala in Thailand (Chethana et al. 2021 a). However, asci (70–95 μm vs. 85–110 μm) and ascospores (6–8 μm vs. 7.5–9.3 μm) of our collection (MFLUCC 24-0612) are shorter than the ex-type strain (MUCL 54604) (Chethana et al. 2021 a). According to multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, LSU, rpb 2, and β-tub), our strain (MFLUCC 24-0612) clusters with the ex-type strain of H. monticulosa (MUCL 54604) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 13). Based on the morpho-molecular evidence, we established the first host record of H. monticulosa on Macaranga peltata in Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
7C5C3D0944C557EC874CF912589A8731.text	7C5C3D0944C557EC874CF912589A8731.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypomontagnella Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lamb.	<div><p>Hypomontagnella Sir, L. Wendt &amp; C. Lamb., in Lambert, Wendt, Hladki, Stadler &amp; Sir, Mycol. Progr. 18 (1–2): 190 (2019)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Lambert et al. (2019) introduced Hypomontagnella to accommodate H. monticulosa as the type species and included several species previously described under Hypoxylon . Hypomontagnella differs from Annulohypoxylon and Jackrogersella by smooth perispores or transversally striate ornamentations. Additionally, Hypomontagnella species are distinguished from Hypoxylon species by woody to carbonaceous stromata that lack colored granules (Lambert et al. 2019). They have papillate ostioles, usually with black annulate discs, without apparent KOH-extractable pigments in mature stromata (Lambert et al. 2019). The cultures of Hypomontagnella species produce sporothrolide-type strong antifungal polyketides. Species in this genus have been reported as saprobic or endophytic on plants (Lambert et al. 2019). Six species are listed under Hypomontagnella in Hyde et al. (2024) and Index Fungorum (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C5C3D0944C557EC874CF912589A8731	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
0777540039715843993CA1103C1CD36C.text	0777540039715843993CA1103C1CD36C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon Bull.	<div><p>Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1: 168 (1791)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Bulliard (1791) introduced Hypoxylon to accommodate H. fragiforme (basionym: H. coccineum) as the type species. The sexual morph of this genus is characterized by ascomata embedded in a colorful, effused, or pulvinate stroma containing secondary metabolites (Ju and Rogers 1996). The ascomata are perithecioid, monostichous, and open separately through umbilicate, rarely slightly papillate ostioles. The asci are 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, stipitate, and provided with a typically amyloid apical apparatus. The ascospores are unicellular, ellipsoid, and brown and have a germ slit on the most convex side of the inequilateral ascospores (Ju and Rogers 1996). The asexual morph is characterized by a nodulisporium-like morph, but other types of conidial states have also been observed, such as sporothrix-like, virgariella-like, and periconiella-like (Ju and Rogers 1996). The evolutionary relationships of hypoxylaceous fungi have been studied using phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and morphological data (Kuhnert et al. 2021). Most of the Hypoxylon species have been able to produce highly bioactive secondary metabolites, which are released from the stromata (Ju and Rogers 1996; Kuhnert et al. 2014 b; Fournier et al. 2016). Hypoxylon species have a cosmopolitan distribution and are recorded as saprotrophs that grow on dead wood, endophytes in seed plants, and facultative parasites on diseased hosts (Ju and Rogers 1996; Stadler 2011; Kuhnert et al. 2014 a; Daranagama et al. 2018; Helaly et al. 2018; Rogers 2018). Hyde et al. (2024) listed 200 species under this genus, while 466 are included in the Index Fungorum (2025).</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses for Hypoxylaceae</p><p>For Hypoxylon, 150 taxa were included in the combined data set (ITS, LSU, rpb 2, and β-tub). Graphostroma platystomum (CBS 270.87), Natonodosa speciosa (CLM RV 86), Xylaria arbuscula (CBS 126415), and X. hypoxylon (CBS 122620) were used as the outgroup taxa. After alignment, the dataset comprised 3003 characters, including gaps (ITS = 614 bp, LSU = 822 bp, rpb 2 = 1017 bp, β-tub = 550 bp). Both the ML and BI analyses exhibit a similar tree topology. The best-scoring RAxML tree was obtained (Fig. 13), with a final likelihood value of - 75469.623433. The matrix included 1852 distinct alignment patterns, with 29.09 % undetermined characters or gaps. The estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.247189, C = 0.251478, G = 0.262907, and T = 0.238426; substitution rates were AC = 1.284950, AG = 4.479967, AT = 1.344479, CG = 1.074839, CT = 6.471802, and GT = 1.0; and the gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.313445. In the BI analysis, the average standard deviation of the split frequencies was 0.01 after 5,000,000 generations of runs. The phylogenetic tree topology is similar to the study by Karimi et al. (2023). According to the phylogenetic analyses, our strains (MFLU 24-0530, MFLUCC 25-0024, MFLUCC 24-0613, MFLU 24-0532, and MFLUCC 24-0612) cluster within Hypoxylon and Hypomontagnella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0777540039715843993CA1103C1CD36C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E.text	8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon thailandicum Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde & Chethana 2025	<div><p>Hypoxylon thailandicum Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde &amp; Chethana sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet thailandicum refers to Thailand, where the fungus was collected.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MFLU 24-0530.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on a dead branch of Bambusa vulgaris . Sexual morph: Stromata 0.3–1 cm long × 0.1–0.5 cm wide, pulvinate, with conspicuous perithecial mounds, gregarious, surface bright orange; orange-red granules immediately beneath the surface and between ascomata, the tissue below the perithecial layer inconspicuous. Ascomata 200–220 × 195–203 × 180–210 µm (x ̄ = 210 × 200 × 190 µm, n = 5), globose, ostiolate. Peridium 21–27 μm wide, two-layered, outer layer composed of dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci 60–105 × 8–11 µm (x ̄ = 80 × 9.4 µm, n = 15), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, pedicellate, with an inamyloid, apical ascal apparatus. Ascospores 13–18 × 7–10 µm (x ̄ = 16 × 8.4 µm, n = 30), uniseriate, slightly overlapping, one-celled, ellipsoid, with narrowly rounded ends, straight, initially light brown, becoming brown to dark brown at maturity, rough surface, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. The slow-growing colonies on the PDA reach 1–2 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Mae Chan District, Mae Chan village, on a dead branch of Bambusa vulgaris ( Poaceae), 18 March 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 06 (MFLU 24-0530, holotype); ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 25-0024 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, LSU, rpb 2, and β-tub), our novel isolates (MFLU 24-0530 and MFLUCC 25-0024) formed a separate lineage sister to H. begae (S 99 and YMJ 215) and H. blackburniae (BRIP 72467 b) with 97 % ML bootstrap and 0.95 PP support (Fig. 13). Morphologically, our new fungal collection (MFLUCC 25-0024) is similar to Hypoxylon by having ascomata embedded in colorful effused or pulvinate stromata (Ju and Rogers 1996). Due to the lack of morphological data for H. begae and H. blackburniae, we could not compare the morphological characters between these three species. When comparing the ITS base pair differences (without gaps) between H. thailandicum (MFLUCC 25-0024) with H. begae (YMJ 215) and H. blackburniae (BRIP 72467 b), there are 9.5 % (46 / 482) and 9.12 % (44 / 482) differences, respectively. For β-tub, there is a 10.21 % (43 / 423) base pair difference (without gaps) between H. thailandicum (MFLUCC 25-0024) and H. begae (YMJ 215). However, due to the lack of sequence availability, we were unable to compare the base pair differences between H. thailandicum (MFLUCC 25-0024) and H. blackburniae (BRIP 72467 b). Additionally, the absence of rpb 2 sequences prevented a comparison among H. begae, H. blackburniae, and our collection. Based on the available morphological and phylogenetic evidence, we propose H. thailandicum as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27.text	2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraeutypella citricola (Speg.) L. S. Dissan., Wijayaw., J. C. Kang & K. D. Hyde	<div><p>Paraeutypella citricola (Speg.) L. S. Dissan., Wijayaw., J. C. Kang &amp; K. D. Hyde, Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e 63864, 14 (2021)</p><p>Fig. 19</p><p>Eutypella citricola Syd. &amp; P. Syd., Hedwigia 49: 80 (1909), nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Basionym.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on a dead branch of Swietenia macrophylla . Sexual morph: Stromata immersed in the bark of dead branches, erumpent, aggregated, circular to irregular in shape, superficial, carbonaceous. Endostroma white to light yellow. Ostiole opening separately, papillate or apapillate, central. Ascomata 840–880 μm high × 430–455 μm diam. (x ̄ = 867 × 446 µm, n = 10), perithecial, with groups of 5–10 perithecia arranged in a valsoid configuration, black, subglobose, clustered, immersed in ascostroma with an ostiolar neck. Necks 220–265 μm long (x ̄ = 248 µm, n = 10), papillate, central ostiolar canal filled with paraphyses. Peridium 25–48 μm wide, composed of two layers of textura angularis to textura prismatica; inner layer cells hyaline, outer layer cells brown to dark brown. Hamathecium 3–5 μm wide (x ̄ = 4 µm, n = 15) comprises hyaline, long, narrow, unbranched, aseptate, guttulate cells, paraphyses arising from the base of perithecia. Asci 56–94 × 5–7 μm (x ̄ = 67 × 6.4 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to cylindrical clavate, long pedicellate (35–55 μm), J- apical ring. Ascospores 7–9 × 2–3 μm (x ̄ = 8 × 2.4 μm, n = 40), overlapping 2–3 seriate, allantoid, hyaline to light brown, smooth, aseptate, usually with small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA at 25–28 ° C reaching 3–5 cm in five days, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, cottony, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Nang Lae village, on a decaying branch of Swietenia macrophylla ( Meliaceae), 08 April 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 16 (MFLU 24-0535); living culture, MFLUCC 24-0614 .</p><p>Known distribution.</p><p>Wide host range and widely distributed in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions (Senwanna et al. 2021).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Based on the phylogenetic analyses, our collection (MFLUCC 24-0614) clustered with other strains of P. citricola (HKAS 13311 and HVGRF 01) with 100 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 17). Morphologically, our collection is similar to the holotype of P. citricola (HMAS 290660), which was collected from the dead twigs of Acer palmatum in China (Dissanayake et al. 2021). Both specimens share similar morphological characteristics, including immersed, erumpent, aggregated, superficial, carbonaceous stromata; black, subglobose, clustered ascomata immersed in the ascostroma with an ostiolar neck; 8 - spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical-clavate, long pedicellate asci with a J- apical ring; and allantoid, hyaline to light brown, aseptate ascospores, usually with small guttules (Dissanayake et al. 2021). However, our collection has a shorter neck (220–265 µm vs. 360–390 µm) and longer asci (56–94 µm vs. 70–75 µm) than the holotype (Dissanayake et al. 2021). Based on the morpho-molecular evidence, Paraeutypella citricola has been recorded from Thailand on various woody plants, including Hevea brasiliensis (Senwanna et al. 2021), Magnolia sp. (de Silva et al. 2022), and Microcos paniculata (Afshari et al. 2023) . We identified our collection as a new host record of Paraeutypella citricola from Swietenia macrophylla from Thailand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D95C3B42DBE250A3BE83694941A3E59B.text	D95C3B42DBE250A3BE83694941A3E59B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraeutypella L. S. Dissan., J. C. Kang, Wijayaw. & K. D. Hyde	<div><p>Paraeutypella L. S. Dissan., J. C. Kang, Wijayaw. &amp; K. D. Hyde, Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e 63864, 11 (2021)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Paraeutypella was introduced by Dissanayake et al. (2021) to accommodate P. guizhouensis as the type species, together with P. citricola and P. vitis, which were previously classified under Eutypella sensu lato . The genus is characterized by erumpent, clustered, irregularly shaped, dark brown to black, poorly developed stromata, 8 - spored asci; and ascospores that are allantoid, overlapping, and subhyaline (Trouillas et al. 2011; de Almeida et al. 2016; Dissanayake et al. 2021). A coelomycetous asexual morph has been recorded in this genus, which was characterized by black, subconic, multi-loculate, largely prosenchymatous conidiomata with yellowish conidial masses. Conidia are hyaline, single-celled, slightly curved, and guttulate (Glawe and Jacobs 1987). There are six species listed in the Index Fungorum (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D95C3B42DBE250A3BE83694941A3E59B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF.text	15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilbohypoxylon chiangraiense Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde & Chethana 2025	<div><p>Stilbohypoxylon chiangraiense Rathnayaka, K. D. Hyde &amp; Chethana sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet chiangraiense refers to Chiang Rai Province, where the fungus was collected.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MFLU 24-0529.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Saprobic on a dead branch of Saraca sp. Sexual morph: Stromata superficial, visible as a black conical or globose structure on the host surface, solitary, showing yellow scales on mature stromata, carbonaceous, brittle, fragile. Ascomata 420–440 × 450–510 μm (x ̄ = 427 × 471 μm, n = 10), black, carbonaceous, globose to mammiform, 1 per stroma, covered with remnants of the host tissue, ostioles papillate. Peridium 10–20 μm wide, thick-walled, composed of several layers of cells of textura angularis, dark brown to black. Paraphyses 2–3 μm wide, filamentous, cylindrical, aseptate, unbranched, longer than asci. Asci 48–58 × 7–9 μm (x ̄ = 53 × 8 μm, n = 10), unitunicate, cylindrical, long pedicellate, apically rounded, with a J +, apical ring (rarely seen). Ascospores 21–27 × 10–14 μm (x ̄ = 24 × 12 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, hyaline when immature, dark brown at maturity, equilateral ellipsoidal to broadly fusoid, unicellular, guttulate, with a spiral germ slit over the whole spore length. Asexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characters.</p><p>Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. The slow-growing colonies on the PDA reached 1–1.5 cm diam. After five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Rai, Nang Lae village, on decaying branch of Saraca sp. ( Fabaceae), 18 March 2024, Achala Rathnayaka, AA 13 (MFLU 24-0529, holotype); ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 24-0611 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Based on the multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, rpb 2, and β-tub), our collections (MFLU 24-0529 and MFLUCC 24-0611) formed a distinct lineage sister to S. quisquiliarum (YMJ 172) with 90 % ML bootstrap and 0.98 PP support (Fig. 10). Stilbohypoxylon chiangraiense shares morphologies similar to the Stilbohypoxylon genus by having superficial, solitary, globose stromata, cylindrical asci with a J +, apical ring; and brown, ellipsoidal ascospores with a spiral germ slit. However, asci are very rarely observed in S. chiangraiense . Stilbohypoxylon quisquiliarum differs from our fungal collection in that its yellow scales turn brown when mature, which are present on the stromata. In addition, our fungal collection has shorter ascospores (21–27 μm) than S. quisquiliarum (27.5–28.5 μm) (Petrini 2004). The base pair differences between S. chiangraiense (MFLUCC 24-0611) and S. quisquiliarum (YMJ 172) are as follows: ITS = 1.9 % (11 / 578), β-tub = 11.9 % (123 / 1033). Considering the morpho-molecular data analysis, we established S. chiangraiense as a new species in Stilbohypoxylon .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
4941AF0DE617540695A84A4CCC6B16E9.text	4941AF0DE617540695A84A4CCC6B16E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stilbohypoxylon Henn.	<div><p>Stilbohypoxylon Henn., Hedwigia 41: 16 (1902)</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Stilbohypoxylon was established by Hennings (1902) to accommodate S. moelleri as the type species. Morphologically, this genus is characterized by black, globose to pulvinate stromata, cylindrical asci with a J +, apical ring; and brown, ellipsoidal ascospores surrounded by a thin mucilaginous sheath and a straight or spiral germ slit. Stilbohypoxylon species have geniculosporium-like asexual morphs (Hennings 1902; Rogers and Ju 1997; Petrini 2004; Daranagama et al. 2018). Based on morphology and phylogenetic studies by Daranagama et al. (2018) and Wendt et al. (2018), Stilbohypoxylon was accepted in Xylariaceae . Stilbohypoxylon species cluster with Xylaria species in two subclades, providing evidence that this genus is polyphyletic (Hsieh et al. 2010; Li et al. 2017; Daranagama et al. 2018; Wendt et al. 2018). Hyde et al. (2024) listed 20 species under this genus, while 18 are included in the Index Fungorum (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4941AF0DE617540695A84A4CCC6B16E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rathnayaka, Achala R.;Chethana, K. W. Thilini;Manowong, Areerat;Bhagya, Amuhenage T.;Win, Hsan;Tun, Zaw L.;Mapook, Ausana;Hyde, Kevin D.	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
