taxonID	type	description	language	source
F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E.taxon	description	Fig. 4	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on the dead wood of Berrya cordifolia. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 3 – 14 × 2 – 10 × 0.5 – 0.2 mm (x ̄ = 7 × 6 × 0.3 mm, n = 8), effused-applanate, superficial, pulvinate to hemispherical, clustered, hard-textured, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.5 – 3.5 mm high × 0.3 – 0.5 mm diam. (x ̄ = 2 × 0.4 mm, n = 15), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostiolate, papillate, encircled with a flattened truncatum-type disc 0.2 – 0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.22 mm, n = 10). Peridium 40 – 60 μm wide, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 4 – 6 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, septate paraphyses. Asci 54 – 130 × 3 – 5 μm (x ̄ = 94 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with an apical ring bluing in Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores 6 – 8 × 3 – 4 μm (x ̄ = 7.5 × 3.5 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming light brown to dark brown at maturity, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2.0 – 2.5 cm diam. after six days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, brown in the middle, and pale brown at the margin in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
F08BA9AC85915E4CAF600F9CCAF2F19E.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. China (decaying wood) (Ke et al. 2024); Thailand (dead bark or wood, Berrya cordifolia) (Fournier et al. 2010 b; this study).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet chiangraiense refers to Chiang Rai Province, where the fungus was collected.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on the dead branch of Tamarindus indica. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.4 – 0.6 × 0.8 – 1.5 mm (x ̄ = 0.5 × 1.2 mm, n = 10), semi-immersed to superficial, with the base immersed, pulvinate to hemispherical, solitary or clustered, spherical surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata immersed in stroma, globose to subglobose, black. Peridium 18 – 30 μm wide, composed of several layers of hyaline to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 3 – 6 μm wide, hyaline, abundant, persistent, unbranched, septate. Asci 90 – 145 × 8 – 5 μm (x ̄ = 124 × 7 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with an apical ring not bluing in the Melzer’s reagent (without KOH pretreatment). Ascospores 10 – 12 × 4 – 7 μm (x ̄ = 11 × 5 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline at immature stages, dark brown when mature, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
187AE288FC895D75875E1B77BCD88780.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 1.0 – 2.0 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, slightly thinning towards the edge, with white color in the middle and pale yellow color in the margin of the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566.taxon	description	Fig. 6	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead wood of Swietenia macrophylla. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.5 – 0.7 × 0.3 – 0.6 mm (x ̄ = 0.6 × 0.5 mm, n = 10), semi-immersed to superficial, with the base immersed, pulvinate to hemispherical, clustered, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata immersed in the stroma, subglobose to hemispherical, black, ostiolate, papillate. Hamathecium 3 – 7 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 55 – 65 × 4 – 6 μm (x ̄ = 60 × 4.5 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with an apical ring not bluing in the Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores 5 – 6 × 2 – 3 μm (x ̄ = 5.4 × 2.8 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoidal inequilaterally, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming brown at maturity. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2.0 – 2.5 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, slightly thinning towards the edge, white color in the front view, and light brown in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
3BF3D690588C50BE8D5839E4C3204566.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. Australia (Pandanus tectorius) (Tan and Shivas 2022 a); Thailand (Swietenia macrophylla) (this study).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B.taxon	description	Fig. 8	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on the dead wood of Sterculia tragacantha. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 2 – 10 mm long × 3 – 8 mm broad and 0.25 – 0.35 mm thick (x ̄ = 7.5 × 5.5 × 0.3 mm, n = 10), hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, solitary or clustered, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.4 – 0.5 mm high × 0.3 – 0.4 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.45 × 0.35 mm, n = 15), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostioles papillate, encircled with a flattened truncatum-type disc 0.18 – 0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.2 mm, n = 10). Hamathecium 2.5 – 4.5 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 90 – 110 × 5 – 7 μm (x ̄ = 100 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 60 – 70 µm long with stipes 20 – 40 µm long, 6 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with an apical ring not bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores 7 – 9 × 3 – 6 μm (x ̄ = 8.5 × 4.4 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming dark brown at maturity, guttules present at the immature stage, with straight, spore length germ slit. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2 – 2.5 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, dark brown or black in the middle, and brown at the margin in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2147B750CED2549BA1776B263B9FD47B.taxon	distribution	Known distribution. Brazil (on an unidentified branch of a dicotyledonous tree) (Pereira et al. 2009); Thailand (on rotten wood, Sterculia tragacantha) (Suwannasai et al. 2013; this study).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69.taxon	description	Fig. 7	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on Antidesma madagascariense dead wood. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 1 – 3 cm long × 0.3 – 2 cm broad and 0.8 – 1.2 mm thick (x ̄ = 2 × 1.4 × 1 mm, n = 10), hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, shiny, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.25 – 0.6 mm high × 0.25 – 0.5 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.4 × 0.3 mm, n = 10), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostioles papillate, encircled with a flattened, truncatum-type disc, 0.2 – 0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.23 mm, n = 8). Hamathecium 3 – 5 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, septate paraphyses. Asci 27 – 42 × 2 – 3 μm (x ̄ = 36 × 2 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 17 – 25 µm long with stipes 9 – 15 µm long, 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with an apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores 7 – 9 × 3 – 4 μm (x ̄ = 7.6 × 3.6 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming brown at maturity, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 1.5 – 2.0 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, brown in the middle, and pale brown at the margin of the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5CC6F3EF01655012B3A796BFD7DB8A69.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. China (rotten wood) (Ke et al. 2024); Thailand (on corticated wood, Antidesma madagascariense) (Crous et al. 2020; this study).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20.taxon	description	Fig. 9	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on the dead wood of Syzygium polyanthum. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 8 – 15 mm long × 5 – 10 mm broad and 0.5 – 1.2 mm thick (x ̄ = 12 × 5.5 × 0.8 mm, n = 10), hemispherical, effused-pulvinate, clustered, developing within cuticle, surface black, carbonaceous. Ascomata 0.4 – 0.5 mm high × 0.3 – 0.4 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.45 × 0.35 mm, n = 10), immersed in the stroma, subglobose to globose, black, ostioles papillate, encircled with a flattened truncatum-type disc 0.2 – 0.25 mm diam. (x ̄ = 0.24 mm, n = 5). Hamathecium 1 – 2 μm wide, comprising long, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate paraphyses. Asci 74 – 110 × 5 – 7 μm (x ̄ = 97 × 6.7 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 70 – 77 µm long with stipes 29 – 32 µm long, 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with an apical ring not bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores 7 – 10 × 4 – 6 μm (x ̄ = 8.7 × 4.6 μm, n = 40), uniseriate, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline when immature, becoming dark brown at maturity, guttules at immature stage, with a spore length straight germ slit. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reaching 2 – 2.5 cm diam. after five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, white color in the front view, brown in the middle, and pale brown at the margin in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D28D608AAFA85EC4834A57EDF81E1D20.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. Thailand (on dead wood, Syzygium polyanthum) (Kuhnert et al. 2017; this study).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on dead culms of Bambusa vulgaris. Sexual morph: Stromata 1.2 – 0.9 mm diam., 0.8 – 1 mm high, scattered, solitary, superficial, black, appear as black raised spots on the host surface, hexagonal prism-shaped, containing one ascoma, with a circle of black tissue at the bottom. Perithecia 0.5 – 0.7 mm diam., 0.4 – 0.5 mm high, comprising black, fragile, carbonaceous tissue. Peridium 15 – 45 μm wide, 5 – 8 layers, brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising 2 – 8 μm wide, oblong to cylindrical, septate, unbranched, cellular, paraphyses. Asci 55 – 90 × 5 – 6.5 µm (x ̄ = 75 × 6.2 µm, n = 30), 8 - or 6 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, persistent, apically rounded, with amyloid, cuboid, apical apparatus, staining blue in Melzer’s reagent, 2 – 3 µm high × 1.4 – 2.44 μm wide (x ̄ = 2.6 × 1.9 μm). Ascospores 10 – 13.5 × 4 – 6 µm (x ̄ = 12 × 5 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, unicellular, hyaline when immature, dark brown at maturity, aseptate, equilateral ellipsoid, with rounded ends, smooth, guttulate, with a straight germ slit nearly full-length, surrounded by a sheath. Asexual morph: undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on PDA reaching 2 – 2.5 cm diam. after 5 days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, white at first, cottony, slightly thinning towards the edge, white color in the front view, and light brown in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
5B8DF55F691752A69668B5754B8EF78E.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. China, India, Thailand (Bambusa sp.); Ghana (Oxytenanthera abyssinica); Philippines (Bambusa sp., Schizostachyum sp.) (Læssøe and Spooner 1993; Li et al. 2024); Thailand (Bambusa vulgaris) (this study).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E.taxon	description	Fig. 18	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet thailandica refers to Thailand, from where the fungus was collected.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on a dead branch of Fabaceae sp. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.5 – 1 mm in diam., well-developed, with groups of 10 – 15 perithecia, solitary to gregarious, erumpent, black, immersed, globose to subglobose or conical shape. Endostroma white to light yellow. Ascomata 410 – 450 μm high × 275 – 370 μm diam. (x ̄ = 434 × 326 μm, n = 10), perithecial, immersed in stromata, 2 – 4 perithecial arrangement, subglobose, with an individual ostiole. Ostiolar canal 200 – 253 μm high, 110 – 132 μm diam., cylindrical, periphysate, with yellowish pigment around ostioles. Peridium 10 – 25 μm wide, composed of 3 – 7 layers, hyaline to brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 2.4 – 6 μm wide, comprising dense, hyaline, aseptate, unbranched paraphyses, tapering towards the apex, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 80 – 150 × 11 – 23 μm (x ̄ = 107 × 16 μm, n = 25), polysporous, unitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate, with a J-apical ring and a long pedicel. Ascospores 6 – 8 × 1 – 3 μm (x ̄ = 7.5 × 2.3 μm, n = 30), multi-seriate, crowded, initially hyaline, becoming pale yellowish at maturity, oblong to allantoid, aseptate, slightly curved, smooth-walled, mostly with small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
91BF7F2A210354FF983DE06CE865E42E.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA at 25 – 28 ° C reach 2 cm in 10 days, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, cottony, white at first, becoming light brownish yellow in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC.taxon	description	Fig. 11	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on decaying submerged wood of Arecaceae sp. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 0.6 – 1.0 × 0.5 – 0.8 mm (x ̄ = 0.8 × 0.6 mm, n = 5), superficial, pulvinate to hemispherical, in clusters of uni-peritheciate pseudostromata, surface black, carbonaceous, lacking ascomatal projections. Ascomata 0.3 – 0.34 × 0.34 – 0.36 mm (x ̄ = 0.33 × 0.35 mm, n = 5), superficial, globose or subglobose to hemispherical, black, ostioles papillate. Peridium 25 – 38 μm wide, consists of 6 – 7 layers of brown to dark brown textura angularis cells. Paraphyses 4 – 8 μm wide, hyaline, abundant, persistent, unbranched, septate. Asci 85 – 115 × 9 – 17 μm (x ̄ = 97 × 12 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long pedicellate, with J +, cylindrical apical ring. Ascospores 13 – 17 × 7 – 9 μm (x ̄ = 15 × 8 μm, n = 30), overlapping 1 – 2 - seriate, hyaline, becoming opaque green and dark brown when mature, more or less equilaterally ellipsoid, straight, both ends often pointed, 1 - celled, guttulate, without appendages, a spore length germ slit on the ventral side, straight. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA at 25 – 28 ° C, reaching 6 cm in seven days, circular in shape, zonate with diffused margins, white color in front view, and pale yellow in reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
D67773CC30AE58789C0FDB4DD040DBEC.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. Thailand (submerged wood of Xylocarpus sp., Rhizophora sp., and submerged wood of Arecaceae sp.) (Dayarathne et al. 2020 b; this study)	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633.taxon	description	Fig. 15	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In reference to the host genus from which the fungus was collected	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on a dead branch of Hibiscus sp. Sexual morph: Stromata effused-pulvinate, with conspicuous to inconspicuous perithecial mounds, surface blackish, carbonaceous tissue immediately beneath the surface and between the perithecial surface and perithecia. Ascomata 157 – 300 × 133 – 218 μm (x ̄ = 223 × 178 μm, n = 5), globose to spherical, ostioles higher than the stromatal surface. Peridium 13 – 26 μm diam., composed of thin-walled, brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2 – 3 μm wide, hyaline, filamentous, long, branched, aseptate, arising from the base of ascomata. Asci 78 – 100 × 5 – 6 μm (x ̄ = 90 × 5.4 μm, n = 25), the spore-bearing parts 46 – 53 µm long, 8 - spored, cylindrical, with J-, apical ring and a stipe of 28 – 36 µm long. Ascospores 7 – 9 × 3 – 5 μm (x ̄ = 8 × 4 μm, n = 30), unicellular, uni-seriate, slightly overlapping, ellipsoid, with narrowly rounded ends, slightly curved, hyaline to dark brown, smooth to finely roughened, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
B0C3A28D4C4350379064D8FB59AF9633.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA reach 1.5 – 2.5 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, flat, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B.taxon	description	Fig. 16	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on a dead branch of Macaranga peltata. Sexual morph: Stromata effused-pulvinate, with conspicuous to inconspicuous perithecial mounds, surface blackish, woody to carbonaceous tissue immediately beneath the surface and between the perithecial surface and the perithecia. Perithecia globose to subglobose, ostioles higher than the stromatal surface. Paraphyses 4 – 7 μm wide, hyaline, abundant, persistent, unbranched, septate. Asci 70 – 95 × 4 – 6.5 μm (x ̄ = 82 × 5.4 μm, n = 20), the spore-bearing parts 40 – 50 µm long with stipes 36 – 44 µm long, 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with J +, discoid apical ring. Ascospores 6 – 8 × 3 – 4 μm (x ̄ = 7.2 × 3.4 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with broadly to less frequently narrowly rounded ends, light brown to brown, smooth. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. The slow-growing colonies on the PDA reach 1.0 – 1.5 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, flat, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
6CFB1552E384563CA0BFD92B6618326B.taxon	distribution	Known distribution and hosts. Argentina (Ficus maroma) (Lambert et al. 2019), French Polynesia (dead wood) (Lambert et al. 2019), Indonesia, Malaysia (lichen, Sargassum seaweed) (Zainee et al. 2018), Paraguay (dead wood) (Lambert et al. 2019), Thailand (Leucaena leucocephala, Macaranga peltata) (Chethana et al. 2021 a, this study), USA (Cladonia leporina) (U’Ren et al. 2016).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E.taxon	description	Fig. 14	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet thailandicum refers to Thailand, where the fungus was collected.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on a dead branch of Bambusa vulgaris. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.3 – 1 cm long × 0.1 – 0.5 cm wide, pulvinate, with conspicuous perithecial mounds, gregarious, surface bright orange; orange-red granules immediately beneath the surface and between ascomata, the tissue below the perithecial layer inconspicuous. Ascomata 200 – 220 × 195 – 203 × 180 – 210 µm (x ̄ = 210 × 200 × 190 µm, n = 5), globose, ostiolate. Peridium 21 – 27 μm wide, two-layered, outer layer composed of dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci 60 – 105 × 8 – 11 µm (x ̄ = 80 × 9.4 µm, n = 15), 8 - spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, pedicellate, with an inamyloid, apical ascal apparatus. Ascospores 13 – 18 × 7 – 10 µm (x ̄ = 16 × 8.4 µm, n = 30), uniseriate, slightly overlapping, one-celled, ellipsoid, with narrowly rounded ends, straight, initially light brown, becoming brown to dark brown at maturity, rough surface, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
8CECEFFF0DB3539FADEE0E56590A994E.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. The slow-growing colonies on the PDA reach 1 – 2 cm diam. after seven days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27.taxon	description	Fig. 19	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on a dead branch of Swietenia macrophylla. Sexual morph: Stromata immersed in the bark of dead branches, erumpent, aggregated, circular to irregular in shape, superficial, carbonaceous. Endostroma white to light yellow. Ostiole opening separately, papillate or apapillate, central. Ascomata 840 – 880 μm high × 430 – 455 μm diam. (x ̄ = 867 × 446 µm, n = 10), perithecial, with groups of 5 – 10 perithecia arranged in a valsoid configuration, black, subglobose, clustered, immersed in ascostroma with an ostiolar neck. Necks 220 – 265 μm long (x ̄ = 248 µm, n = 10), papillate, central ostiolar canal filled with paraphyses. Peridium 25 – 48 μm wide, composed of two layers of textura angularis to textura prismatica; inner layer cells hyaline, outer layer cells brown to dark brown. Hamathecium 3 – 5 μm wide (x ̄ = 4 µm, n = 15) comprises hyaline, long, narrow, unbranched, aseptate, guttulate cells, paraphyses arising from the base of perithecia. Asci 56 – 94 × 5 – 7 μm (x ̄ = 67 × 6.4 μm, n = 20), 8 - spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to cylindrical clavate, long pedicellate (35 – 55 μm), J- apical ring. Ascospores 7 – 9 × 2 – 3 μm (x ̄ = 8 × 2.4 μm, n = 40), overlapping 2 – 3 seriate, allantoid, hyaline to light brown, smooth, aseptate, usually with small guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27.taxon	description	Culture characteristics. Ascospores are germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from one side of the ascospore. Colonies on the PDA at 25 – 28 ° C reaching 3 – 5 cm in five days, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, cottony, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
2D28D00C1D4A5D138A8E923EDBB3BB27.taxon	distribution	Known distribution. Wide host range and widely distributed in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions (Senwanna et al. 2021).	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF.taxon	description	Fig. 12	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet chiangraiense refers to Chiang Rai Province, where the fungus was collected.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF.taxon	description	Description. Saprobic on a dead branch of Saraca sp. Sexual morph: Stromata superficial, visible as a black conical or globose structure on the host surface, solitary, showing yellow scales on mature stromata, carbonaceous, brittle, fragile. Ascomata 420 – 440 × 450 – 510 μm (x ̄ = 427 × 471 μm, n = 10), black, carbonaceous, globose to mammiform, 1 per stroma, covered with remnants of the host tissue, ostioles papillate. Peridium 10 – 20 μm wide, thick-walled, composed of several layers of cells of textura angularis, dark brown to black. Paraphyses 2 – 3 μm wide, filamentous, cylindrical, aseptate, unbranched, longer than asci. Asci 48 – 58 × 7 – 9 μm (x ̄ = 53 × 8 μm, n = 10), unitunicate, cylindrical, long pedicellate, apically rounded, with a J +, apical ring (rarely seen). Ascospores 21 – 27 × 10 – 14 μm (x ̄ = 24 × 12 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, hyaline when immature, dark brown at maturity, equilateral ellipsoidal to broadly fusoid, unicellular, guttulate, with a spiral germ slit over the whole spore length. Asexual morph: Undetermined.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
15643B0DC30C577AB93F47A23D7CBEBF.taxon	description	Culture characters. Ascospores germinated on the PDA within 24 hours at 25 ° C. Germ tubes are produced from both sides of the ascospore. The slow-growing colonies on the PDA reached 1 – 1.5 cm diam. After five days at 25 ° C, circular in shape, cottony, slightly less dense towards the edge, white color in the front view, and pale yellow in the reverse view.	en	Rathnayaka, Achala R., Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Manowong, Areerat, Bhagya, Amuhenage T., Win, Hsan, Tun, Zaw L., Mapook, Ausana, Hyde, Kevin D. (2025): Taxonomy, phylogeny, and bioactive potential of Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Thailand: novel species discovery, new host and geographical records, and antibacterial properties. MycoKeys 120: 35-117, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.120.155915
