identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
073587F7FFDB5A69622FFBFAFAC4FBD9.text	073587F7FFDB5A69622FFBFAFAC4FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus acutissimus Maas & H. Maas 2016	<div><p>1. Costus acutissimus Maas &amp; H.Maas, sp. nov. — Fig. 3; Map 2</p><p>Costus acutissimus is characterized by narrow leaves with a long-acute apex (hence the specific name),a very short ligule (1–2 mm long),a globose inflorescence (6–8 cm diam) terminating a separate flowering shoot, green appendaged bracts and white flowers with yellow nectar guide. — Type: Van Valkenburg et al. 2768 (holo WAG 3 sheets [WAG0120332, WAG0120333, WAG0120334]; iso BR, LBV [LBV0003152, LBV0003153], MO, P), Gabon, Nyanga, Moukalaba, Doudou National Park, Chantier SFN-Bakker, 250 m, 16 Feb. 2004 .</p><p>Terrestrial herb to c. 3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.5–2 cm diam, falling apart into separate fibers with age and leaving a distinct horizontal rim at the nodes near the base of the shoot; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 1–2 mm long; petiole 1–3 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous to sparsely covered with minute appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long and upper margin of ligule and sheaths with irregular curly fibers to c. 10 mm long; lamina narrowly elliptic, 17–30 by 3.5–7 cm, glabrous on both sides, base obtuse to cordate, apex long-acute to sometimes acuminate (acumen to c. 20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, globose, 6 – 8 by 6– 8 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 10–30 cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule sparsely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous; margin of bracts and calyx lobes densely covered with irregular curly fibers c. 1 mm long. Flowers 2 per bract; bracts pale green, chartaceous, broadly ovate-triangular, 2–4 by 2–3 cm, callus absent; appendages green, ascending, broadly ovate-triangular, 1–2 by 1–2 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 20–25 mm long, callus absent; calyx 25–28 mm long, sometimes split to the base on one side, lobes narrowly triangular, 5–7 mm long, callus absent; corolla white (not seen); labellum white, inner side with yellow nectar guide (not seen); stamen yellow (not seen). Capsule ellipsoid to obovoid, 10–17 by 7–10 mm. Seeds c. 1.5 by 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In moist valley bottom and on steep hill side. At elevations of 250–500 m. Flowering and fruiting: February, May.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of only 8 km 2 in two quite disjunct locations that both are part of National Parks, we assess this species as Vulnerable (VU): D2.</p><p>Other specimen examined. CAMEROON, South-West Province, S of Esukutang, 300–500 m, 25 May 1988, Thomas et al. 7938 (MO) .</p><p>Note — Young shoots of C. acutissimus often show swollen nodes and small bulbils in the upper part of the shoot (Fig. 3b). Old shoots have distinct horizontal rims of c. 1 mm high, presumably remnants of withered sheaths (Fig. 3a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFDB5A69622FFBFAFAC4FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFDB5A6E6161FB25FB12FE9A.text	073587F7FFDB5A6E6161FB25FB12FE9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus afer Ker Gawl. - Plate 1823	<div><p>2. Costus afer Ker Gawl. — Plate 1a; Map 3</p><p>Costus afer Ker Gawl. (1823) t. 683; K.Schum. (1904) 392. — Type: A specimen from cultivated material in the greenhouses of the Horticultural Society at London (Chelsea) from material collected in Sierra Leone by G. Don (holo CGE).</p><p>Costus sarmentosus Bojer (1835) 262, t. 8; K.Schum. (1904) 394, syn. nov. — Type (lectotype selected by Lock (1985: 7): Bojer (1835) plate 8, drawn from a plant from Zanzibar.</p><p>Costus trachyphyllus K.Schum. (1892) 420; (1904) 409, syn. nov. — Type: Schweinfurth ser. III, n. 206 (lecto K, selected by Lock (1984) 842), Congo Kinshasa, Orientale, Mbrwole River (‘bei Mruole am Nabambisso’), 1 Mar. 1870.</p><p>Costus edulis De Wild.&amp; T.Durand in Durand &amp; De Wildeman (1899) 141. — Type: Dewèvre 916a (holo BR), Congo Kinshasa, Nyangwe, Mossungulore, anno 1896.</p><p>Costus oblitterans K.Schum. (1904) 393, syn. nov. — Syntypes: Unknown collector s.n. (B destroyed), Ghana (‘Goldcoast’), without location; Millen s.n. (B destroyed), Nigeria, Lagos .</p><p>Costus deistelii K.Schum. (1904) 393, syn.nov. — Type: Deistel 498 (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, South-West Province, Buea, Feb. 1900.</p><p>Costus subbiflorus K.Schum.(1904) 394,syn.nov. — Type: Volkens 50 (B destroyed;lecto BM, designated here), Tanzania, Lushoto Distr., ‘ Usambara, von Derema bis Magila (‘Msassaberg’), häufig im Urwald z. B. bei Punga Ninga’, 900 m, 21 Jan. 1893; other syntypes: Engler 715 (B destroyed), Tanzania, ‘ Usambara’, Amani, 800–900 m, Nov. 1902 ; Buchwald 360 (B destroyed), Tanzania, ‘ Usambara’, Mt Lutindi between Kwa Mburaka and Kisula, 19 Jan. 1896 ; Liebusch 17 (B destroyed), Tanzania, ‘ Usambara’, Tanga, Pamota, 800–1000 m, 15 Mar. 1900 .</p><p>Costus pterometra K.Schum. (1904) 394, syn. nov. — Type: Schweinfurth III-204 (holo B destroyed;lecto K 2 sheets,designated here), South Sudan, ‘Ghasaquellengebiet, Land der Niamniam am Nabambisso’, 20 Feb.1870.</p><p>Costus anomocalyx K.Schum. (1904) 396, syn. nov. — Type: Baumann 8 (holo B destroyed), Togo, ‘ Misahöhe, 496 m ü. M.’, 15 Mar. 1894.</p><p>Costus megalobractea K.Schum. (1904) 407, syn. nov. — Type: Braun s.n., anno 1888 (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, South Province, Gross-Batanga.</p><p>Costus bingervillensis A.Chev. (1920) 627, syn. nov. — Type: Chevalier 15214 (lecto P, designated here), Ivory Coast, Bingerville region, Abidjan, Dabou, 19 Mar. 1905; other syntypes: Chevalier 17280 (LY, P p.p.), Ivory Coast, Bingerville, 14–18 Dec. 1907; the specimen in P is a mixed collection of C. afer and C. lucanusianus; Chevalier 19883 (P), Ivory Coast, Tabou, banks of Bas-Cavally, between Prolo and Bliéron, 11 Aug. 1907.</p><p>Costus insularis A.Chev. (1920) 627, nom. nud. Based on Chevalier 13058 (P), Guinea, Iles de Los, 25 Feb. 1905.</p><p>Terrestrial herb, erect but in fruit sometimes individual shoots bending down, 0.5–4(–5) m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.8– 1(–1.5) cm diam; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed to truncate, (2–) 4–11 mm long, with a basal horizontal rim c. 1 mm high, not completely encircling the shoot, sometimes bearing erect hairs to c. 3 mm long; petiole 5–14 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous to densely covered with erect to half-appressed white hairs &lt;1 mm long; lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 7–25(–40) by (3–)4–10(–19) cm, upper side glabrous, lower side glabrous to rarely midrib densely covered with erect to half-appressed white hairs 1– 2 mm long, margin often with a row of hairs &lt;1 mm long, base cordate to acute, apex acuminate (acumen 15–30 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, globose to ellipsoid, (2.5–)4–14(–20) by 2.5–6(–8) cm, terminating the leafy shoot or rarely terminating a separate leafless shoot 10–30 cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles and calyx glabrous, sometimes sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, upper part of capsule densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers (1 or)2 per bract; bracts (pale) green often with reddish upper margin, coriaceous, ovate-triangular to depressed ovate-triangular, 2–3 by 2–2.5 cm, callus 2–3 mm long; appendages rarely present, green, horizontally spreading to reflexed, narrowly triangular, 4–10 by 2.5–3 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 14–25 mm long, callus 1–4 mm long; calyx 12–19(–22) mm long, lobes broadly ovate-triangular, (2–) 4–5 mm long, erect and sometimes exceeding the bracts in fruit, callus 1–2 mm long; corolla white to yellowish, 30–45 mm long, glabrous, tube 5–10 mm long, lobes (narrowly) elliptic, 20–40 mm long; labellum at the outer side white, inner side white with (pale to dark) pink lateral marginal parts and yellow nectar guide, sometimes completely white with or without yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–45 by 35–50 mm, margin crenulate; stamen white, 25–40 by 10 mm, apex white, anther 6–9 mm long. Capsule broadly obovoid, to 15(–20) mm diam. Seeds 1–2 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — North East Africa (Ethiopia, South Sudan); West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo); Central Africa (Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé &amp; Principe); East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda); Southern Tropical Africa (Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In open places like roadsides and forest margins, in secondary or savanna forest, often on wet places, near rivers; on sandy soil and on rocky outcrops, at elevations of 0–1770 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Notes — Costus afer is characterized by an incomplete horizontal rim around the nodes of the shoot which is covered with only some erect hairs to c. 3 mm long, a 4–11 mm long ligule and erect calyx lobes that are sometimes exceeding the bracts in fruit. The corolla is white, the labellum is white with yellow nectar guide and reddish margins and the stamen is white with reddish apical part.</p><p>Costus afer has often been confused with C. dubius, both species sharing green, unappendaged bracts and more or less white flowers, but C. afer is generally characterized by inflorescences terminating leafy shoots and flowers with a white labellum that has a yellow nectar guide and pink margins, while C. dubius generally has inflorescences on short, separate leafless shoots near the base of the plant and white flowers with a labellum bearing a yellow nectar guide but lacking pink margins. The bracts of C. afer are 1- or 2-flowered and sometimes appendaged, those of C. dubius are always 1-flowered and generally not appendaged.</p><p>For the differences with C. lucanusianus, a species with which it has been sometimes confused, see under that species.</p><p>For the differences with the similar looking C. louisii, see under that species.</p><p>The inflorescence of C. afer can terminate a leafy or leafless shoot as is known in many species of Costus; moreover, plants with 1- and/or 2-flowered bracts can be found all over the distribution area (Maas et al. 10023).</p><p>The flower colour of C. afer is often (incorrectly) described on the collection label as ‘white’. This was the case in about 1/4 of the dried specimens included in this study. Indeed the corolla and the outer side of the labellum are white, but the inner side of the labellum is not completely white, but always has more or less reddish margins and a yellow nectar guide. The apical part of the stamen is white to pink.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFDB5A6E6161FB25FB12FE9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFDC5A6E6160FE9AFACDF8DF.text	073587F7FFDC5A6E6160FE9AFACDF8DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus albiflos Maas & H. Maas 2016	<div><p>3. Costus albiflos Maas &amp; H.Maas, sp. nov. — Plate 1c; Map 2</p><p>Costus albiflos is very easily recognizable by its leafless flowering shoot, green appendaged bracts and completely white flowers (with only a slightly yellow nectar guide). Its petiole, ligule and sheaths are covered with appressed, 0.5–1 mm long hairs with a thickened base creating a ‘rough’ feeling. — Type: Maas et al. 10411 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0380170, WAG0380171];iso BR,K, L [L.2079937],LBV,MO,P, UC), Gabon, Estuaire, side road at km 46 of road from Kougouleu to Méla, on the border of Parc National Monts de Cristal, 15 m, 21 Nov. 2011 .</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 1–1.5 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 10–30 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long; lamina pale green below, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 20–40 by 5–8 cm, slightly 6 –10-plicate, upper side glabrous or sparsely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, lower side sparsely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous, midrib rather densely so and hairs longer, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 4–12 by 3–8 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 10–50 cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles and calyx sparsely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, ovary and capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly ovate, 1.5–2 by 1–2.5 cm, callus absent; appendages green, horizontally spreading, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 1–3.5 by 1–2.5 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 18–20(–25) mm long, with 1 or 2 calli 1–1.5 mm long; calyx 9–14 mm long, lobes ovate-triangular, 2–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 50–55 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 15 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate, 35–40 mm long; labellum white, inner side sometimes with a pale yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–35 by 30 mm; stamen white, 30–40 by 10 mm, anther 5–6(–9) mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 10–15 by 6–8 mm. Seeds 1–2 by 1–2 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In lowland rainforest, often near streams, at elevations of 0–700 m. Flowering and fruiting: February, April and May.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of 40 km 2 from seven locations of which only one is part of a National Park, while most others face several logging threats, we assess this species as Vulnerable (VU): B2ab(ii,iii,iv).</p><p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON, South Province, Collines BOG, 5 km W of Atogboga (25 km NNE of Bipindi), 30 Jan. 1974, Letouzey 12829 (P) ; Colline Nkol Tsia, 18 km NW of Bipindi, near Gouap, 488 m, 5 Feb. 1974, Letouzey 12913 (P) ; Nyangong, transect 8, 700 m, 12 Dec. 1996, Van Gemerden 101 (WAG) . South-West Province, Ndian, Ekundu Kundu, 200 m, 26 Apr.1996, Cheek et al.8204 (K, WAG) .– GABON, Estuaire, Crystal Mountains, 3 km along track Alen Nkomo-Andok Foula, 30 m, 21 Nov.1986, J.J.F.E. de Wilde et al.8895 (LBV, MO, WAG) ; Parc National de Monts de Cristal, road L108 from Kinguélé to Tchimbélé, past Kinguélé, c. 300 m, 24 Oct. 2011, Maas et al. 9968 (LBV, WAG) . Woleu-Ntem, Chantier Oveng,c. 500 m, 7 May 1986, A.M. Louis 2185 (LBV, WAG) ; Crystal Mountains, 1 km S of Tchimbélé, 450 m, 14 Nov. 2004, Wieringa et al. 5423 (WAG) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFDC5A6E6160FE9AFACDF8DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFDC5A6D6160F826FB40FC77.text	073587F7FFDC5A6D6160F826FB40FC77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus aureus Maas & H. Maas 2016	<div><p>4. Costus aureus Maas &amp; H.Maas, sp. nov. — Plate 1b; Map 2</p><p>Costus aureus is characterized by flowers that are completely yellow and arranged in an inflorescence terminating a leafy shoot and composed of green and generally appendaged bracts.Vegetatively it looks very similar to C. lucanusianus by having a rim at the base of the ligule. However,this rim is hairless in C. aureus, while it is distinctly hairy in C. lucanusianus . — Type: Berg 186 (holo U 4 sheets [U0123675, U0123676, U0123677, U0123678]; iso B, MO, NY), Ivory Coast, near Akoupé (NW of Abidjan), 31 July 1972.</p><p>Costus luteus A.Chev. (1920) 628,nom.illeg.non Blanco (1837) 4. — Type: Chevalier 17125 (lecto P, designated here), Ivory Coast,‘ Vallée de l’Agniéby à Guébo’, 31 Jan.1907 ; other syntype: Chevalier 17454 (LY,P), Ivory Coast, Attié, near Alépé, 26–28 Feb. to 1–3 Mar. 1907 .</p><p>Terrestrial herb 0.5–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.5–3 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, truncate, 1–5(–8) mm long, with a prominent glabrous rim at its base; petiole 5–18 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole sparsely to rather densely covered with erect to appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long; lamina shiny on both sides, lower side dull greyish green, narrowly elliptic, rarely narrowly obovate, 15–30 by 4–8 cm, slightly plicate, margins often somewhat undulate, upper side sparsely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long (mainly along midrib) to glabrous above, lower side sparsely to rarely rather densely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, base acute, the very base sometimes somewhat rounded, apex acuminate (acumen 5–20 mm long), sometimes acute. Inflorescence many-flowered, very broadly to depressed ovoid to subglobose, 3.5–7 by 4–8 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous. Flowers 2 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly ovate, 1.5–2.5 by 1–2.5 cm, sometimes falling apart into separate fibers with age, callus absent; appendages mostly present, green, ascending, broadly ovate-triangular, 1–1.5 by 1–2 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 15–20 mm long, callus 2–3 mm long; calyx 15–25 mm long, in fruit exceeding the bracts, lobes triangular, 2–7 mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow, 30–40 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 10 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 20–30 mm long; labellum yellow, inner side with darker yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 40–45 by 35–40 mm; stamen yellow, c. 25 by 8 mm, apex darker yellow, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 10–12 by 4–6 mm. Seeds 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary or secondary rainforest, often in wet places, on clay to sandy soil, at elevations of 0 – 600 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Selected specimens examined. GHANA, Ashanti Region, Distr. Sefwi Wiawso, Anhwiaso Forest Reserve, 1 Sept. 1984, Andoh FH 5241 (K); 10 miles S of Mampon (g), 8 Dec. 1953, Morton GC 9675 (K); Fumso, 24 Mar. 1950, Obeng-Darko 545 (K) . Central Region, Wassa Atobiase,road to Rock Shrine, 70 m, 21 July 2010, Van Andel 5769 (GC, WAG) . Western Region, Elubo, 22 km ESE towards Takoradi, 80 m, 14 July 1995, Harder 3435 (K, MO) ; Ankasa Game Reserve near entrance, 100 m, 28 Feb.1995, Jongkind 2072 (MO, WAG) ; Ankasa River Forest Reserve, along dirt road to centre of reserve, 60 m, 30 July 2010, Van Andel 5865 (GC, L, U, WAG) .– IVORY COAST, Banco Forest Reserve, 25 July 1975, W. J. van der Burg 673 (BR, FR, MO, UCJ, WAG) ; Vallée de l’Agneby à Guébo, 31 Jan.1907, Chevalier 17125 (P); pays de l’Attié, Alepe, 25 Feb. 1903, Chevalier 17454 (LY, P); Banco Forest Reserve, 11 Dec. 1972, De Koning 887 (BR, E, MO, WAG) ; km 25–30 on new road Abidjan-Ndouci, 21 Aug. 1979, De Kruif 305 (UCJ, WAG) ; Forêt de l’Angedédou, c. 15 km NW of Abidjan, 40 m, 3 Nov. 1958, Leeuwenberg 1874 (BR, F, K, UC, WAG); Forêt l’Anguédodou near Adiopodoumé, 25 Dec. 1957, H.C.D. de Wit 7850 (WAG) . Aboisso, 2 km E of Maféré, near road to Afiénou, 50 m, 18 June 1975, Beentje 447 (AMD, UCJ, WAG) ; 12 km SE of Aboisso, 25 July 1968, Breteler 5297 (WAG) . Adzopé, SOFALCO plantations, 2 km S of Adzopé, 100 m, 14 Dec. 1972, Leeuwenberg 10716 (WAG) ; Aouabo, 16 May 1969, Thijssen 21 (WAG) . Agboville, Forêt de la Mambo, lisière Est de la forêt de Mambo, piste Albéric, 28 Jan. 1992, Chatelain 962 (CSRS, WAG) ; Gare des Makaugnié, Chemin de fer km 75, 22 Jan. 1907, Chevalier 16951 (P); Foret d’Yapo, 9 Oct. 1957, Farron s.n. (G). Danané, Danipleu region, 27 Mar.1982, César 1716 (P); 20 km N of Danané, 18 Dec. 1967, Geerling 1862 (WAG) . Guiglo, route de Tabou, near Siéblo Oula, 29 Dec. 1985, Aké Assi 17212 (G, MO) ; Forêt de Tai, near station, 21 Nov. 1982, C.C. Berg 1460 (U); Tienkoula, 4 Aug. 1962, Jangoux 255 (BR) . Man, F.C. Scio, Pinhou, Lobykro, 2 Sept. 2001, Nusbaumer 693 (G). Sassandra, Along road from Dakpadou to Sago, N of Sassandra, 30 Mar.1968, Geerling 2352 (WAG) ; on border of River Niegré, c. 64 km N of Sassandra near village Baléko, 16 June 1963, W.J.J.O. de Wilde 254 (WAG) . Tabou, Tabou campment, 4 Sept. 1975, W. J. van der Burg 930 (WAG) . – LIBERIA, Grand Gedeh, east slope of the Putu Hills East Range west of Tiama Town, 240 m, 25 May 2005, Jongkind 6379 (WAG) ; Putu Hills, East ridge, 628 m, 29 Sept. 2013, Jongkind 12192 (WAG) . Maryland, Webo District, Nyaake, 24 June 1947, Baldwin 6126 a! (K) . Montserrado, Firestone Plantation along Dukwai R., 170 m, 1 Nov. 1928, G.P. Cooper 14 (BM, F, GH, K, NY, P, US) ; New University Site, 30 km from Monrovia, 27 Sept. 1963, Harten 127 (WAG) ; Road Monrovia to Kakata, c. 13 miles from Monrovia, near Mount Barclay, 1 Feb.1966, Van Meer 349 (WAG) . Sino, road from Greenville to African Fruit Company, 27 July 1977, De Gier 13 (WAG) ; Sapo NP, buffer zone, around Safari Camp on short distance of Sinoe River, 115 m, 22 Nov.2002, Jongkind 5274 (BR, G, WAG) ; near Jalay’s Town, 29 Jan.2016, Jongkind 12849 (BR) .</p><p>Note — Costus luteus A.Chev. has a doubtful status. The introduction of the work in which it was published (Chevalier 1920) states that new names in that work are only mentioned and will be described later, but it is clear that they are nevertheless accepted, so art. 36.1 of the ICBN (McNeill et al. 2012) does not apply. However, often the names of this work are also not considered as validly published because the descriptions it contains are not recognized as such. But Chevalier often copies his own field descriptions when citing the specimens, which we consider as validating descriptions. In the case of C. luteus the name, when considered validly published, is a later homonym of C. luteus Blanco (nowadays Roscoea lutea (Blanco) Hassk.), and cannot be used in any case. However, to circumvent any discussion about the validity of Chevalier’s publication, we describe this species here independently as new and refrain from only using the nom. nov. construction. Because the name C. luteus had already been used, we name this yellow-flowered species C. aureus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFDC5A6D6160F826FB40FC77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFDF5A6C6160FB88FE38F964.text	073587F7FFDF5A6C6160FB88FE38F964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus dinklagei K. Schum. - Plate	<div><p>5. Costus dinklagei K.Schum. — Plate 1d; Map 4</p><p>Costus dinklagei K.Schum. (1904) 408. — Type: Dinklage 987 (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, South Province, Gross-Batanga. As the holotype at Berlin was destroyed and no other original material has been located, we hereby select a neotype from a locality not far from the type locality: Van Andel et al.3549 (neo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0146035,WAG0380166];isoneo KRIBI, SCA, U [U0064546], WAG-spirit [WAG0028342], YA), Cameroon, South Province, Mont d’Ėléphant,road Bidou-Akom II, foot of the hill, 23 m, 10 June 2001.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.5–2.5(–3) cm diam; ligule chartaceous, truncate, 10–20 mm long; petiole 3–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole hairy as the lower side of the leaves; lamina narrowly elliptic, sometimes narrowly obovate, 15–40 by 5–13 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side densely to sparsely covered with erect to appressed brown hairs 0.5–2 mm long, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen 15–40 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid to ellipsoid, 4–15 by 2.5–6 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 5–30 cm long, rarely terminating a leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green to dark green, sometimes reddish, coriaceous, broadly ovate-elliptic, 1.5–5.5 by 1–3.5 cm, callus 1–2 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 16–35 mm long, callus 3–4 mm long; calyx 12–20 mm long, lobes shallowly to broadly ovate-triangular, 2–6 mm long, callus 1–2 mm long; corolla hyaline, white to pale pinkish, 45–55 mm long, glabrous, tube 15–20 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 30–40 mm long; labellum at the outer side white to (pale)pink, inner side white to pink with darker coloured margin and often pale yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped, broadly obovate when spread out, 40–60 by 30–50 mm, margin crenate or undulate, fimbriate; stamen white, 20–35 by 10–13 mm, apex pink, anther 6–7 mm long. Capsule not seen. Seeds c. 2 by 1 mm.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Nigeria); Central Africa (Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In rainforest, often near streams or in wet places, on clay soil, at elevations of 0–1100 m. Flowering and fruiting: from March to July and in December.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Near Threatened.</p><p>Notes — Costus dinklagei can be recognized by its inflorescence terminating a separate leafless shoot with 1-flowered bracts and hyaline whitish erect corolla lobes. The labellum is white to pale pink with yellow nectar guide, basally funnel-shaped but with the upper part horizontally flattened. The lower side of the leaf lamina, the sheaths and the petioles are hairy. The apex of the stamen of C. dinklagei is narrowly triangular (Hallé 1967).</p><p>Costus dinklagei can be confused with C. dubius both having a basal inflorescence with green, unappendaged bracts, but C. dinklagei has hyaline, whitish corolla lobes and a white to pale pink labellum with yellow nectar guide and dark pink margin, whereas in C. dubius the white corolla lobes are not hyaline and the labellum is white with only a yellow nectar guide. Moreover, in C. dinklagei the lower side of the lamina, the petioles and the sheaths are distinctly hairy, while all vegetative parts are glabrous in C. dubius .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFDF5A6C6160FB88FE38F964	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFDE5A73622FF8B8FD3AFC63.text	073587F7FFDE5A73622FF8B8FD3AFC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus dubius (Afzel.) K. Schum. - Plate 1904	<div><p>6. Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum. — Plate 2a; Map 5</p><p>Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum.(1904) 409. — Zingiber dubium Afzel.(1813) 9. — Type: A collection by Afzelius, Sierra Leone, without location. As no original material of Afzelius could be traced we here designate the following neotype from the same country: Pyne 88 (neo K; isoneo P), Sierra Leone, Moyamba District, Kori Chiefdom, Gbonjema, (‘Bonjema (Kori)’), 21 Dec. 1955.</p><p>Costus maculatus Roscoe (1825) 218,pl. 82;K.Schum.(1904) 408. — Costus afer var. maculatus (Roscoe) Baker (1898) 299, syn. nov. — Type: Roscoe’s plate 82 (1825).</p><p>Costus littoralis K.Schum. (1904) 395. — Type: Dinklage 1701 (holo B), Liberia, Grand Bassa, near Fishtown, 14 Aug. 1896.</p><p>(acumen 10–30 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid to ellipsoid or narrowly so, 5–20(–30) by 3–6 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 5–40(–100) cm long, or rarely terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous, except for some erect hairs &lt;1 mm long at the base of the calyx and apex of the ovary. Flowers 1 per bract, rarely 2; bracts green with reddish margins, sometimes becoming red in fruit, coriaceous, bulging, very broadly ovate, 1.5–3 by 2–3.5 cm, callus sometimes present and then to c. 2 mm long; appendages generally absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 20–25 mm long, callus 2–3 mm long; calyx 12–18 mm long, lobes broadly ovate-triangular to deltate, 3–5 mm long, callus very inconspicuous; corolla white to cream, 25–55 mm long, glabrous, tube 12–15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 25–40 mm long; labellum white, inner side with central yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped, broadly obovate when spread out, 35–40 by 30 mm, margin crenate; stamen white, 25–30 by 8–9 mm, anther 6–8 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid to obovoid, 10–15 by 6–12 mm. Seeds 2–2.5 by 1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — North East Africa (South Sudan); West Africa (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo); Central Africa (Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon); East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda); Southern Tropical Africa (Angola, Malawi, Mozambique).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary rainforest, savanna forest, coastal forest, secondary forest, or swamp forest, in shady places, also along roads and rivers and in plantations, on clayish soil at elevations of 0–1400 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>Field observations — Costus dubius plants are the only cultivated species of Costus often setting seed in greenhouses. Their seedlings germinate easily and tend to take over other pots with different species of Costus growing beside them.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Notes — Costus dubius can be recognized by its inflorescence generally near the base of the plant terminating a separate leafless shoot, inflorescence composed of 1-flowered green unappendaged bracts and flowers having a white labellum with a yellow nectar guide. The leaves of this species are glabrous and the shoot is often covered by reddish dots.</p><p>For the differences between C. dubius and C. afer see under C. afer .</p><p>For the differences between C. dubius and C. dinklagei, see under C. dinklagei .</p><p>Of the two syntypes of C. trachyphyllus (now in the synonymy of C. afer) Schweinfurth 3268 (B destroyed, K), from South Sudan, Western Equatoria, ‘am Turu bei Uando’s Dorf’, 10 Mar. 1870, probably belongs to C. dubius, because of its white flowers mentioned on the label (‘fl. albo’).</p><p>As in many species of Costus, inflorescences are generally terminating a leafless shoot but can (rarely) terminate a leafy shoot. Plants with both types of inflorescences have both been included in the description.</p><p>Some specimens of C. dubius do have a very long ligule (1-lobed or obliquely truncate, acute, 25–30 mm long). These specimens are: Breteler 1209 from Cameroon, Ekwuno 12 from Nigeria and Harris 3211 from Congo.</p><p>The collection by Friedmann 3919 has been found East of the African continent on the Seychelles, on the island of Mahé. Because on the label is written: ‘subspontanée’, we suppose this collection might not represent a natural distribution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFDE5A73622FF8B8FD3AFC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC15A73622FFBB3FBA1F988.text	073587F7FFC15A73622FFBB3FBA1F988.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus fenestralis Maas & H. Maas 2016	<div><p>7. Costus fenestralis Maas &amp; H.Maas, sp. nov. — Fig. 4; Map 6</p><p>Costus fenestralis can be recognized by a low number of obovate, densely hairy leaves concentrated at the top of the shoots and bracts soon falling apart into fibers. — Type: Jongkind et al. 5811 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0159192, WAG0159193]; iso BR, K, LBV [LBV0004878], MO, UC, WAG-spirit [WAG0115124]), Gabon, Nyanga, Doudou Mountains, Chantier SFN-Bakker, 310 m, 29 Nov. 2003 .</p><p>Etymology. Costus fenestralis has been named for its bracts which have a ‘gauze-like’ appearance caused by the withering of the mesophyll tissue between the veins creating a net-like structure like in rotting old leaves. The same happens in the sheaths on the shoot creating bunches of long fibers around the shoot below the insertion of the leaves.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 0.5–1 m tall. Leaves 1–4, crowded in a rosette at the top of the shoot; sheaths 0.5–1.5 cm diam, falling apart into separate fibers with age; ligule membranous, obliquely truncate to 1-lobed, 15–20 mm long; petiole absent or up to c. 3 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous; lamina pale green on lower side, obovate, 22–35 by 10–15 cm, slightly c. 20-plicate, upper side rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs 0.5–2 mm long, lower side densely so, base obtuse to cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 5–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 5–8 by 3.5–5 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts and appendages on both sides densely covered with minute erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, bracteoles with a row of hairs &lt;1 mm long on the keel below the callus, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green, chartaceous, depressed ovate, 1.4–1.5 by 2 cm, soon falling apart into separate fibers, callus sometimes present and then 1–2 mm long; appendages green, reflexed, broadly ovate, 0.7–1 by 2 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 14–15 mm long, callus c. 2 mm long; calyx 13–15 mm long, split on one side, lobes triangular, 2–5 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 40–60 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 10 mm long, lobes apically purplish, narrowly ovate, 30–50 mm long; labellum lilac, inner side with a yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 50–60 by 50–60 mm, margin crenate;</p><p>Map 6 Distribution of Costus fenestralis Maas &amp; H.Maas (●), C. giganteus Welw.ex Ridl. (▲), C. gracillimus Maas &amp; H.Maas (■) and C. kupensis Maas &amp; H.Maas (◆).</p><p>stamen colour unknown, c. 30 by 10 mm, anther 6–7 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Angola (Cabinda), Congo Brazzaville, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary or secondary rainforest. At elevations of 300–650 m. Flowering and fruiting: November and December.</p><p>Field observations — The flowers of C. fenestralis have been reported to be slightly fragrant (Jongkind et al. 5811).</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of 44 km 2 from six locations of which only two are located in a protected area, while the others recently experienced logging or face several logging threats, we assess this species as Vulnerable (VU): B2ab(ii,iii,iv).</p><p>Other specimens examined. ANGOLA. Cabinda, Belize, 1 Jan.1919, Gossweiler 8232 (BM) . – CONGO BRAZZAVILLE, Lékoumou, Komono, 17 Jan. 1965, Bouquet 956 (P); Vouala Mongomo, 5 Feb.1965, Bouquet 1198 (P); Route de M’bila, après le village Mouyabi, 12 Jan. 1968, Bouquet 2292 (P) . – GABON, Ngounié, route Malinga-Moukouagna, après village Nzinzi, 641 m, 12 June 2011, Bissiengou 1319 (LBV, WAG) . Nyanga, route Tchibanga-Mayumba, 19 Oct. 2009, Bissiengou et al. 337 (WAG) ; Doudou Mts, Chantier SNF-Bakker, 310 m, 29 Nov.2003, Jongkind et al. 5811 (LBV, WAG) ; Mouabissako, 8 Dec. 1907, Le Testu 1259 (BM, P); Forêt du Mayombe, Ndabiliba (‘ Dabiliba’), c. 300 m, 5 Feb. 1908, Le Testu 1299 (BM, P); 50 km SSW of Doussala, 480 m, 14 Apr.1987, Reitsma et al.3230 (MO, NY, WAG) . Ogooué-Maritime, Doudou Mts, Reserve de Faune de Moukalaba, 350 m, 5 Dec. 1984, Arends et al. 651 (BR, MO, P, WAG) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC15A73622FFBB3FBA1F988	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC15A706160F996FD64FBA9.text	073587F7FFC15A706160F996FD64FBA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus gabonensis Koechlin - Plate 1964	<div><p>8. Costus gabonensis Koechlin — Plate 2b; Map 7</p><p>Costus gabonensis Koechlin (1964) 82, pl. 18, 1–5. — Type: Le Testu 2240 (holo P; iso A, B, BM, BR, G, K, L [L.1480436], P), Gabon, Ngounié, Tsamba, 27 Oct. 1917.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 0.5–2.5 m tall. Leaves several; sheaths 0.5–1 cm diam; ligule membranous, 2-lobed, 5–35 mm long; petiole 2–5 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole densely to sparsely covered with erect hairs to c. 5 mm long; lamina green, sometimes purple-red at lower side, shiny at upper side, narrowly elliptic, 13–28 by 5–9 cm, upper side covered with stiff, erect hairs 1.5–2 mm long to glabrous, lower side sparsely to rather densely covered with soft erect hairs c. 1.5 mm long, base acute, obtuse to subcordate, apex acuminate (acumen 5–10 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ellipsoid to ovoid, 5–9 by 2–4 cm, terminating a leafy shoot; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule densely to rather densely covered with erect to appressed, white hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts white at base, greenish pink</p><p>Fig. 4 Costus fenestralis Maas &amp; H.Maas a. Habit showing few leaves in an apical rosette; b. detail of sheaths dilacerating into fibers; c. detail of withered bract; d. detail of bracteole and calyx; e. inflorescence (all: Jongkind et al. 5811, WAG). — Drawing by Hendrik Rypkema.</p><p>to red or purplish brown at apex, chartaceous, broadly obovate to obovate, 1–1.5 by 0.5–1.5 cm, callus absent; appendages pinkish red to purplish brown, strongly reflexed, narrowly triangular to triangular, 1–3 by 0.6–1.5 cm; bracteole boat-shaped 15–20 mm long, callus green, 1–3 mm long; calyx 9–10 mm long, lobes deltate to very shallowly triangular, 1.5–3 mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow to dark yellow, 40–50 mm long, densely to rather densely covered with (erect to) appressed, white hairs &lt;1 mm long, tube 10–20 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 20–30(–40) mm long; labellum completely yellow, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 35–50 by 40–50 mm, margin irregularly lobed; stamen yellow, 35–40 by 7–10 mm, apex slightly orange, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule obovoid, 9–10 by 6–7 mm. Seeds c. 3 by 2 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary and secondary rainforest, at elevations of 300–1000 m. Flowering and fruiting: September to December.</p><p>Field observations — The flowers of this species are quite aberrant from any other species of Costus in that they emit a strong scent reminiscent of jasmine (A.M. Louis et al. 853, Van Valkenburg et al. 2649).</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of 88 km 2 from about 14 locations of which only two are located in a protected area, while the others are located in areas currently being logged or face logging threats, we assess this species as Near Threatened (NT).</p><p>Plate 2 a. Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum. Basal inflorescence. – b. Costus gabonensis Koechlin. Inflorescence. – c. Costus giganteus Welw. ex Ridl. Inflorescence. – d. Costus gracillimus Maas &amp; H.Maas. Inflorescence with red bracts (a: photographed in Burgers’ Bush,Arnhem, The Netherlands, no specimen collected; b: Maas et al. 10465; c: Scharf 221; d: Maas et al. 10571). — Photos: a, b, d: P.J.M.Maas; c: L.Y.T.Westra.</p><p>Notes — Costus gabonenis is unique by its combination of bracts with reflexed red to purplish brown appendages, yellow flowers and a densely hairy corolla. It is endemic to Gabon and it superficially resembles the Neotropical C. comosus (Jacq.) Roscoe.</p><p>The boat-shaped bracteole of C. gabonensis is 2-keeled to almost 2-winged presumably caused by the compactness of the inflorescence. The base of the shoot is red or purplish brown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC15A706160F996FD64FBA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC25A70622FFBF5FC7BFBFB.text	073587F7FFC25A70622FFBF5FC7BFBFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus giganteus Welw. ex Ridl. - Plate 1887	<div><p>9. Costus giganteus Welw. ex Ridl. — Plate 2c; Map 6</p><p>Costus giganteus Welw.ex Ridl.(1887) 131; K.Schum. (1904) 407. — Type: Welwitsch 6465 (holo BM 2 sheets [BM000617218, BM000617219]; iso LISU, NY), São Tomé &amp; Principe, ‘ Ilha de S. Thomé, Monte Caffé’, 600– 850 m (‘2000–2800ft’), Dec. 1860.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1.5–8 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths to c. 2 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, truncate, 15–25 mm long; petiole 15–30 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole subglabrous; lamina shiny above, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, rarely ovate, 28–52 by 7–16 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side initially densely covered with soft, erect hairs 1–1.5 mm long, soon glabrous, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate (acumen 10–15 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 12–20 by 7–10 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 100–150(–300) cm long; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts red, coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate, 3.5–6 by 3–5 cm, callus 5–10 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 28–45 mm long, callus (3–) 5–10 mm long; calyx basally white, apically pinkish red, 13–25 mm long, lobes shallowly ovate-triangular, 3–5(–7) mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow, 75–85 mm long, glabrous, tube (25–) 35–40 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 40–45(–50) mm long, sometimes bending towards each other forming a kind of hood over the stamen; labellum completely yellow, tubular, narrowly elliptic to ovate when spread out, 40–45 by 15–20 mm, lateral marginal parts curved upwards, upper margin crenulate; stamen erect, not bending downwards and not closing the throat, yellow, 40–50 by 5–10 mm, apex cucullate, anther 10–12 mm long. Capsule obovoid to subglobose, 15–20 by 10–20 mm. Seeds 3–3.5 by 2–2.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (both islands São Tomé and Principe and one specimen (Wrigley &amp; Melville 270) from Annobon (Equatorial Guinea)).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In rainforest. At elevations of 0– 1450 m. Flowering and fruiting: October to January.</p><p>Field observations — Unlike most species of Costus, many flowers of the same inflorescence can be at anthesis at the same time.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an EOO of 3764 km 2 and an AOO of 32 km 2 from three locations which all are only partially protected, while the remainder of these locations show severe habitat degradation (most records are actu- ally very old and the species has not recently been found in those localities), we assess this species as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).</p><p>Notes — Costus giganteus is unique among the African species of Costus by the combination of separate flowering shoots, combined with red bracts and yellow, tubular flowers. In these aspects it resembles some Neotropical species like C. erythrocoryne K.Schum. The only other African species of Costus with the same type of yellow, tubular flowers is C. gracillimus, a species of much smaller stature from the African continent.</p><p>The flowers of C. giganteus have a relatively narrow labellum with upcurved lateral margins and an erect cucullate stamen. The flower presents an open throat to pollinators, in contrast with all other species of African Costus where the single fertile stamen closes the throat and visitors have to force their way in. The filament is not flat but rolled inwards lengthwise along its margins, especially at its base. The corolla lobes bend towards each other forming a kind of hood over the stamen and the apex of the stamen is cucullate. This type of flower is unique to this species.</p><p>The style of C. giganteus is often persistent after flowering. Young leaf lamina are shiny above, while older ones are dull green. The aril is relatively large, measuring up to 2 times the length of the seed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC25A70622FFBF5FC7BFBFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC25A776160FB3BFD12FC7E.text	073587F7FFC25A776160FB3BFD12FC7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus gracillimus Maas & H. Maas. Inflorescence 2016	<div><p>10. Costus gracillimus Maas &amp; H.Maas, nom. nov. — Plate 2d; Map 6</p><p>Costus gracillimus Maas &amp; H.Maas. — Costus pulcherrimus A.Chev. (1917) 304, nom. illeg., non Kuntze (1898) 301. — Type: Chevalier 19568 (holo P), Ivory Coast, Tabou, ‘ Bassin du Cavally, pays des Tépos, entre Toula et Nekaougnié’, 25 July 1907.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.2–0.6 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, obliquely truncate, 10–15(–20) mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous or rarely sparsely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long; lamina greyish to brown on upper side, lower side paler, coriaceous, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 13–21 by 4–8 cm, slightly 4–6-plicate, glabrous on both sides, but margins and apex rarely covered with some hairs, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen 10–15 mm long). Inflorescence few-flowered, broadly ovoid to globose, 1.5–5 by 1.5–5 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous, rarely rather densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers 1(–2) per bract; bracts red, orange-red to red-purple, coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate, 1.5–2.5 by 1.5–2.5 cm, callus mostly absent or present and then c. 1 mm long; appendages generally absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 9–14 mm long, callus 1–2 mm long; calyx 7–10 mm long, lobes very shallowly triangular, c. 1 mm long, callus absent; corolla fleshy, 20–29 mm long, red, orange or yellow, glabrous, tube 5–7 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate to elliptic, 15–22 mm long; labellum fleshy, red, orange or yellow, tubular, broadly obovate when spread out, 15–23 by 15–20 mm, margin crenulate; stamen yellow, 13–15 by 6–8 mm, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule obovoid, 9–10 by 5–6 mm. Seeds 1.5–2 by 1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Mostly in rainforest, along paths or in open places and/or disturbed areas, often in wet places, at elevations of 0–850 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on all collections C. gracillimus has an AOO of 184 km 2 from about 20 locations of which only four are partially protected, while the remainder of these locations are already lost or face severe habitat degradation. If we only use records collected since 1970, this species has only 10 locations left (with an AOO of 68 km 2), of which the majority is lost or threatened. We therefore assess this species as Vulnerable (VU) A2; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).</p><p>Notes — Costus gracillimus is a relatively small herb with a slender spiralling shoot (0.2–0.6 cm diam), a long ligule (10– 15 mm long) and relatively small, tubular, fleshy flowers. The leaves of C. gracillimus have relatively narrow and long petioles. The labellum is about as long as the corolla, forming a tube with its longitudinally incurved margins. The majority of plants studied have red bracts with red-orange flowers. However, Jongkind et al. 11941 from Liberia has green bracts and yellow flowers. Based on the overall similarities of this single collection, we do not believe it to be a separate species but rather a lighter-coloured form of C. gracillimus .</p><p>Costus gracillimus has often been misidentified as C. deistelii K.Schum. That species, known only from the type collection Deistel 498 (B destroyed), now placed in the synonymy of C. afer, differs from C. gracillimus by a shorter ligule, longer inflorescence and bracteole, and the presence of a rim at the base of the ligule not completely encircling the shoot.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC25A776160FB3BFD12FC7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC55A77622FFB86FCFEFDB4.text	073587F7FFC55A77622FFB86FCFEFDB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus kupensis Maas & H. Maas 2016	<div><p>11. Costus kupensis Maas &amp; H.Maas, sp. nov. — Fig. 5; Plate 3a; Map 6</p><p>Costus kupensis can easily be recognized by its yellow flowers and an inflorescence terminating a separate leafless shoot,a combination of characters not seen in any other African species of Costus . — Type: Cheek et al. 7111 (holo K; iso L, SCA, WAG, YA), Cameroon, South-West Province, hunters path from Kupe Village to mountain top, 840 m, 24 Jan. 1995.</p><p>Costus sp. A . Cheek in Cheek et al. (2004) 434, pl. 15E.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 1–2.5 cm diam, dark red; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 5–18 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs &lt;1 mm long; lamina narrowly obovate-elliptic, 20–27 by 6–9 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long on margin and midrib to glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 4–9 by 3–4 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 3–15 cm long; (upper part of) bracts and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, bracteole with a row of erect hairs on the keel, calyx glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts dark reddish brown, coriaceous, broadly to depressed ovate, 1–2 by 1.5–2.5 cm, callus sometimes present and then c. 2 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 18–22 mm long, callus c. 1 mm long; calyx 12–16 mm long, in fruit exceeding the bracts, lobes narrowly to broadly triangular, 2–5 mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow, upper part of lobes pinkish, 55–60 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 40–45 mm long; labellum yellow, with dark yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped to horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, c. 50 by 50 mm; stamen yellow, c. 40 by 14 mm, apex recurved, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, c. 11 by 6 mm. Seeds c. 2 by 1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In rainforest. At elevations of 800– 1000 m. Flowering and fruiting: January, May and October.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an EOO of 1419 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2, occurring on 3 locations, none of which currently has a protected status and one might be already lost, we assess this species as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+ 2ab(I,ii,iii,iv,v).</p><p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON, Littoral Province, Ebo proposed National Park, Yingui, CRES camp on trail to Iboti, 800 m, 23 Apr. 2005, Cheek et al. 12498 (K, YA); Mont Nlonako, 5 km SSE of Nkongsamba, 1000 m, 17 Mar.1976, Letouzey 14456 (K, P) . South-West Province, Kupe- Muanenguba Division, Kupe Village, vicinity of saprophyte site on Daniel Ajang’s bush, 870 m, 20 May1996, Cable et al. 2471 (K, U, WAG, YA) .</p><p>Note — The description is partly based on our observations on a living plant in Burgers’ Bush, vouchered as Maas &amp; Maas 10575.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC55A77622FFB86FCFEFDB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC55A746160FDC9FD65FEA6.text	073587F7FFC55A746160FDC9FD65FEA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus lateriflorus Baker - Plate 1898	<div><p>12. Costus lateriflorus Baker — Plate 3b; Map 8</p><p>Costus lateriflorus Baker (1898) 301; K.Schum. (1904) 413. — Type: Mann 1629 (holo K; iso P), Equatorial Guinea, Litoral Prov., Corisco Bay, Mount John, River Kongui, Aug. 1862.</p><p>Costus letestui Pellegr. (1929) 220 (as ‘ Le Testui ’), syn. nov. — Type: Le Testu 1683 (holo P;iso BM,K), Gabon, Nyanga, Tchibanga area, Mayombe bayaka, Ighouma, 8 km NE from Mouila, 12 Jan. 1913.</p><p>Epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial herb to c. 1.5 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.4–0.7 cm diam; ligule reddish brown, membranous, truncate, 25–40 mm long, sometimes longer than the internode; petiole 4–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous; lamina sometimes purplish on lower side, coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, narrowly elliptic, 9–20 by 2–6.5 cm, glabrous on both sides, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate (acumen 5–12 mm long). Inflorescences generally several per flowering branch, each one few- to several-flowered, ovoid, 2–4 by 1–3 cm, lateral in the axil of a leaf with a peduncle 1–4 cm long or terminating a separate leafless shoot c. 1 cm long or terminal on a leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule rather densely to densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, rarely glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts pale brownish green to reddish brown, slightly dotted with pink,</p><p>Map 8 Distribution of Costus lateriflorus Baker. Fig. 5 Costus kupensis Maas &amp; H.Maas. a. Habit showing 2 basal inflorescences; b. leaves with ligules; c. bracteole, calyx and ovary; d. inflorescence with flower (a, b: Cheek 7111, K; c: Cable 2471, K; d: after slide of Cheek 7111). — Drawing by Hendrik Rypkema.</p><p>c. 1 mm long; calyx pale pinkish green to reddish brown with pale green lobes, 12 –18 mm long, lobes shallowly ovate-triangular, 1–2 mm long, callus distinct, green, 1–2 mm long; corolla hyaline, whitish with some pink or brown and red dots, 35–50 mm long, glabrous, tube 15–20 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic-ovate, 20–35 mm long; labellum at the inner and outer side bright yellow, horizontally flattened with funnel-shaped base, broadly obovate when spread out, 40–60 by 35–60 mm, margin crenulate; stamen white with red dots, 20–27 by 8–11 mm, apex yellow, anther 7–10 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, c. 12 by 6 mm. Seeds c. 1.5 by 1 mm.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Nigeria); Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary or sometimes secondary rainforest rich in Caesalpinioideae and Sacoglottis gabonensis, sometimes epiphytic on Baillonella toxisperma and Tetraberlinia bifoliolata, or on sandy to rocky soil, at elevations of 0– 800 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Costus lateriflorus occurs in about 17 locations with an AOO of 104 km 2. Six of these locations have a protected status. Since we are unable to identify material of this species or C. lilaceus where the petal colour is not apparent, this species is likely to be more common than currently assessed. We therefore assess it as Least Concern (LC).</p><p>Notes — Costus lateriflorus can be recognized by its mostly epiphytic habit, flowers with a bright yellow labellum and its inflorescences placed laterally in the axil of a leaf or terminating a separate leafless shoot. However, it is almost impossible to distinguish C. lateriflorus from C. lilaceus except for the strik- ing difference they show in the colour of their labellum: yellow in C. lateriflorus and lilac in C. lilaceus . In the material studied we found 12 specimens to be unidentifiable due to lack of information regarding flower colour on the label. The shoot of C. lateriflorus is brown (ligule) alternating with green (internodal part of the stem).</p><p>Plate 3 a. Costus kupensis Maas &amp; H.Maas. Basal inflorescence. – b. Costus lateriflorus Baker. Habit showing lateral inflorescences. – c. Costus tappenbeckianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. Inflorescence with flower. – d. Costus lilaceus Maas &amp; H.Maas. Lateral inflorescence. – e. Costus phyllocephalus K.Schum. Inflorescence. – f. Costus maboumiensis Pellegr. Inflorescence (a: Maas et al. 10575; b: photographed in Lyon Arboretum Hawaï, no specimen collected; c: Burgers’ Bush number 20140016; d: photographed in Burgers’ Bush,Arnhem, The Netherlands, no specimen collected; e: Maas et al. 10407; f: Maas et al. 10227). — Photos: a, c–f: P.J.M.Maas; b: J.Mood.</p><p>The labellum of the flowers of C. letestui Pellegr., now in synonymy with C. lateriflorus, was described by Koechlin (1965, 1965) as being pink. However, the flowers of C. letestui are yellow, as in C. lateriflorus Baker, because the label of the type specimen Le Testu 1683 (P) reads: ‘Epiphyte à fleurs jaunes’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC55A746160FDC9FD65FEA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC65A74622FFEFFFA3CFE4A.text	073587F7FFC65A74622FFEFFFA3CFE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus ligularis Baker	<div><p>13. Costus ligularis Baker — Fig. 1f; Map 4</p><p>Costus ligularis Baker (1898) 298; K.Schum. (1904) 390. — Type: Mann 1628 (holo K 2 sheets), Equatorial Guinea, Litoral Prov., Corisco Bay, Muni River (‘Danger River’), Aug. 1862.</p><p>Costus araneosus Gagnep. (1902a) 95, syn. nov. — Type: De Brazza 100 (holo P), Congo Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Sept.-Oct. 1884.</p><p>Costus fimbriatus Pellegr. (1929) 220, syn. nov. — Type: Le Testu 1817 (holo P; iso BM, BR,P), Gabon, Nyanga, Tchibanga area, Maboumi Camp, Mayombe bavili, 27 Oct. 1914.</p><p>Costus ngouniensis Pellegr. (1938) 41, nom. nud., without Latin description. — Based on: Le Testu 2238 (BM,BR, P), Gabon, Ngounié, Nzouna, 22 Oct. 1917.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 0.3–0.5(–1.5) m tall. Leaves 2–6(–8), often condensed at the top of the shoot in an apical rosette; sheaths dark red, 0.2–1.5 cm diam, sometimes creamy, falling apart into separate fibers with age; ligule dark reddish brown, membranous, truncate or 2-lobed, 5–50 mm long; petiole 3–15 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole densely to sparsely covered with erect hairs to c. 3 mm long; lamina sometimes red to purple on lower side, narrowly obovate to elliptic, 9–23 by 4–10.5 cm, 3–5-plicate (Maas et al. 10212), chartaceous, upper and lower side densely to sparsely covered with soft erect hairs to c. 3 mm long, base acute, apex acute to acuminate (acumen 10(–15) mm long). Inflorescence few- to several-flowered, broadly ovoid to globose, 1–4 by 1–4 cm, terminating the leafy shoot or rarely terminating a separate leafless shoot 2–7(–20) cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx and ovary sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts apically dark brown-red with darker dots, chartaceous, ovate to broadly ovate, 0.8–1.8 by 0.5–2.4 cm, callus absent or present and 1–2 mm long; appendages generally present, brownish red, ascending, horizontally spreading or reflexed, broadly ovate, 0.2–0.7(–2) by 0.2–0.5(–2) cm, bracteole boat-shaped, 7–15 mm long, callus distinct, yellowish to whitish, 1.5–2 mm long; calyx whitish with pink upper part, 5–12 mm long, lobes shallowly triangular, 1–2 mm long, callus absent; corolla hyaline, pink to red to brown, 55–65 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 45–55 mm long; labellum white to pink on the outer side, inner side white with broad pink to purple margin, base of throat often yellow, no nectar guide present, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 50–80 by 40–70 mm, margin fimbriate, more or less 5-lobed, and crenate; stamen white, 30–40 by 10–20 mm, apex yellow to orange, very tip pink, anther 5–8 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>((* (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon, Congo Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In rainforest, sometimes growing along river banks, in lateritic to sandy soils, at elevations of 0– 800 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through, especially in January.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Notes — Costus ligularis is a species of small stature that can be distinguished by its dark red sheaths, softly hairy leaves (on both sides), small and dark reddish brown appendaged bracts, very distinct calli on the bracteoles, a pinkish labellum without nectar guide and a relatively small inflorescence (1–4 by 1–4 cm). The absence of a nectar guide inside the throat of the C. ligularis flower is functionally ‘replaced’ by the yellow apex of the stamen, which is turned upwards and highly visible. Costus ligulari s differs from the similarly looking C. phyllocephalus by having a small inflorescence of 1–4 by 1–4 cm, composed of relatively small dark reddish brown bracts, bracteoles and calyx. The bracts are 0.8–1.8 cm long, the appendages 0.2–0.7 cm long. The bracteoles are 7–15 mm long with a callus of 1.5–2 mm long. This yellowish callus is prominently visible contrasting with the dark reddish brown bracteole. In contrast C. phyllocephalus has an inflorescence of 2.5–10 by 3–7 cm, composed of relative large, green to reddish purple bracts, bracteoles and calyx. The bracts are 1–2.5 cm long, the appendages 1–4.5 cm long. The bracteoles are 11–21 mm long with a callus 2–3.5 mm long; this callus is not very distinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC65A74622FFEFFFA3CFE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC65A7B6160FE4AFA3CFE05.text	073587F7FFC65A7B6160FE4AFA3CFE05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus lilaceus Maas & H. Maas. Lateral 2016	<div><p>14. Costus lilaceus Maas &amp; H.Maas, sp. nov. — Plate 3d; Map 9</p><p>Costus lilaceus can be recognized by its often epiphytic habit, pink to lilac flowers and its inflorescences placed laterally in the axil of a leaf or terminating a separate leafless shoot. — Type: J.J.F.E. de Wilde et al. (WALK-B series) 40 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0114490, WAG0114491]; iso BR, C, LBV, MO, P), Gabon, Woleu-Ntem, Crystal Mountains, 7 km along the road from Tchimbélé to Kinguélé, 620 m, 18 Jan. 1983 .</p><p>Epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial herb 0.3–1.6 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.3–0.8 cm diam; ligule reddish brown to orange, membranous, truncate, 20–60(–80) mm long, often longer than the internode; petiole 2–15 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous; lamina shiny bright or pale green at upper side, less shiny, sometimes purplish or glaucous at lower side, (narrowly) elliptic or rarely (ob)ovate, more or less falciform, 9–30 by 3–8 cm, coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, glabrous on both sides, base acute to obtuse, apex acute to acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescences generally several per flowering branch, each one few- to several-flowered, ovoid to ellipsoid, (1–)1.5–5 by 1–2.5 cm, lateral in the axil of a leaf with a peduncle 0.5–2.5 cm long or terminating a separate leafless</p><p>Map 9 Distribution of Costus lilaceus Maas &amp; H.Maas (●) and C. talbotii Ridl. (▲).</p><p>shoot emerging from the rhizome 0.8–1 cm long or terminating a leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts dark reddish brown to dark green with red dots, old bracts (pale) brown, chartaceous, narrowly to broadly elliptic-(ob)ovate, 0.3–1.1 by 0.1–1.1 cm, callus yellowish green, 0.5–1.5 mm long, sometimes inconspicuous; appendages absent; bracteole tubular, 7–9 mm long, callus green, 1–1.5 mm long; calyx pale green to crimson to dark reddish brown, 7–23 mm long, lobes shallowly triangular 1–2.5 mm long, callus yellowish green, 1–2 mm long; corolla hyaline, white, 30–50 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 30–40 mm long; labellum at the outer side basally white, upper part pale lilac, inner side pale pink to lilac or rarely white (see note), with bright yellow to orange nectar guide and reddish dots and hairs at the base, horizontally flattened with funnel-shaped base, broadly obovate when spread out, 35–70 by 30–65 mm, margin irregularly crenate undulate; stamen white to pale pink with reddish dots, 30–35 by 10–12 mm, apex bright yellow, anther 9–10 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 6–7 by 4 mm. Seeds c. 1 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Nigeria); Central Africa (Cameroon, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary or sometimes secondary rainforest, in wet places (epiphytic specimens), but also in savanna forest in rocky places or on outcrops (terrestrial specimens), at elevations of 80–1530 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through, especially in January.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — This species with about 22 locations and an AOO of 248 km 2 is assessed as Least Concern (LC).</p><p>Representative specimens examined. CAMEROON, Littoral Province, Forêt de Bakaka, 3 km E of Eboné (on km 11 of Nkongsamba-Loum Road), 520 m, 28 Jan. 1972, Leeuwenberg 9317 (BR, K, MO, P, WAG, YA) . South Province, Lolodorf, 8 Jan. 1968, Bamps 1748 (BR) . South-West Province, Mts Rumpi, near Dikome Balue, 35 km NNW of Kumba, 1200 m, 25 Mar. 1976, Letouzey 14578 (P), Bakossi Mts, W of Bangem, 1400 m, 3 Jan.1986, D.W. Thomas 5262 (MO, NY) . – CONGO BRAZZAVILLE, Kouilou, cultivated at Pointe Noire, originating from Maiombe, région de Dimonika, 29 Oct. 1988, De Foresta 1739 (P) . Niari, border of Congo Brazzaville and Gabon, 500 m from the Loambitsi River, 4 Feb. 1975, Sita 3884 (BR) . – CONGO KINSHASHA, Nord-Kivu, Kitshanga, 1300 m, 7 Jan. 1959, A. Léonard 2348 (BR) . Sud- Kivu, Territoire Kalehe,km 110 of road from Kavumu to Walikale, Irangi,near River Luhoho, 850 m, 6 Dec.1956, Christiaensen 1920 (BR, U) . – EQUATORIAL GUINEA, Centro Sur, Bata-Monte Alén, 18 Mar.1994, Carvalho 5488 (WAG) ; Parque Nacional de Monte Alén,near Lago Atok, 2 July 1998, Pérez Viso 19 (WAG) . – GABON, Estuaire, Monts de Cristal, Mkam-Mela, 950 m, 30 Jan. 1968, Hallé &amp; Villiers 4746 (P) . Ngounié, 25 km NE of Mouila, 19 Dec. 1985, Wilks 1166 (WAG) . Nyanga, 25 km SW of Doussala, 11 Jan. 1987, Reitsma &amp; Reitsma 2835 (MO, NY, WAG) . Ogooué-Ivindo, road on Babiel-Nord,few kms W of Belinga, 900 m, 18 July 1985, Bos et al. 10685 (BR, MO, WAG) . – NIGERIA, Ogoja, Ikwette-Balegeta path, 4500 ft, 29 Dec. 1948, Savory &amp; Keay FHI 25202 (K, P) .</p><p>Notes — Costus lilaceus can only be separated from C. lateriflorus by the colour of the labellum of the flowers being yellow in C. lateriflorus but pink to lilac in C. lilaceus . Many specimens have wrongly been identified as C. letestui, assuming the flowers of this species were lilac in colour (Koechlin 1964, 1965). As C. letestui turned out to be a synonym of C. lateriflorus (see under that species), these specimens with pink to lilac flowers needed a new name: C. lilaceus .</p><p>Costus lilaceus has been found epiphytic in trees up to 25 m high on Parkia bicolor (Bamps 1612), Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Christiaensen 1826 and 1920) and Julbernardia (Letouzey 12730). The plant forms a clump with pendant shoots. When terrestrial it is often found at high altitude growing over rock, forming a ‘dense mat of Costus between the trees and shrubs’ (A.M. Louis 2318).</p><p>Studying the distribution of C. lilaceus and C. lateriflorus we found a difference in the altitude where both species occur: C. lilaceus is generally found growing at higher elevations (80–1530 m), avoiding the sedimentary basin; C. lateriflorus seems to prefer the coastal sedimentary areas of Gabon and Cameroon (0–800 m).</p><p>Some specimens of C. lilaceus have flowers with a very pale lilac to almost white labellum and a bright yellow nectar guide.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC65A7B6160FE4AFA3CFE05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC95A7A6160FE1EFE5AFEA7.text	073587F7FFC95A7A6160FE1EFE5AFEA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus loangensis H. Maas & Maas	<div><p>15. Costus loangensis H.Maas &amp; Maas — Map 7</p><p>Costus loangensis H.Maas &amp; Maas (2012) 12, f. 1. — Type: Maas et al. 10184 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0380168, WAG0380169]; iso K, LBV, MO, P, UC), Gabon, Ogooué-Maritime, Parc Nacional de Loango, between Lodge and Staff building, wet forest on white sand, along forest trail, at about sea level, 9 Nov. 2011.</p><p>Etymology. Costus loangensis is named after the place where it has been collected near Loango Lodge, in Parc Nacional de Loango in Gabon. Costus loangensis was discovered upon seeing a photograph of an unknown Costus in Vande Weghe’s book on plants and animals of Gabon’s National Parks (2007: 278,f. 623).He describes and publishes a photo of a specimen of Costus ‘which seems to be quite typical for these coastal forests’. We, however, found only a single population.</p><p>Terrestrial herb, 0.5–0.6 m tall, shoots dark brownish red. Leaves few (6–7) concentrated at the apex of the shoot; sheaths dark red, 0.6–0.8 cm diam; ligule membranous, 2-lobed, 15–18 mm long; petiole 5–6 mm long; sheaths sparsely to rather densely covered with erect to half-appressed hairs c. 2 mm long, ligule and petiole densely to rather densely so; lamina dark olive-green, zone along midrib sometimes reddish, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 14–16 by 5–6 cm, densely to rather densely covered with erect to half-appressed hairs 1.5–2 mm long on both sides, base attenuate, apex acute. Inflorescence 3–5-flowered, ovoid, c. 2 by 1–1.5 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; outer side of bracts, bracteoles and calyx densely covered with appressed to half-appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, ovary sparsely so. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts reduced, brown to reddish brown, chartaceous, narrowly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 1.7–2 by 0.5–1 cm, callus 2.5–3 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 15–18 mm long, callus 1.5–2 mm long; calyx 11–12 mm long, lobes deltate, c. 2 mm long, callus c. 1 mm long; corolla yellow, 50–55 mm long, rather densely covered with half-appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, particularly near the apex, tube 20–25 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 30–35 mm long, together forming a hood over the throat opposite the labellum, apex with a callus-like thickening; labellum completely yellow, horizontally flattened with funnel-shaped base, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–40 by 40–50 mm, margin fimbriate (fimbriae 2–3 mm long); stamen yellow, 25–30 by 7–10 mm, anther 5–7 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Gabon). Only known from the type collection.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In wet rainforest, on white sand, at elevations of about sea level. Flowering and fruiting: November.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Costus loangensis has only been collected once (AOO = 4 km 2), just outside a National Park. Although this locality is within the buffer zone around the park, this locality is used for the construction of tourist accommodations. To our knowledge there exist only few mature individuals of this species. We therefore access this species as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii,v); D.</p><p>Notes — Costus loangensis, known only from the type collection, is a species of small (c. 0.5 m tall) plants with few (6 or 7) leaves, completely yellow flowers and unappendaged bracts. Shoots and leaves are covered with a dense indument of erect to half-appressed hairs.</p><p>Costus loangensis differs from the very similar C. ligularis, another species of small size with a dense indument, by the colour of its flowers; those of C. ligularis are pale pink rather than bright yellow in C. loangensis . Moreover, the bracts of C. ligularis are generally appendaged.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC95A7A6160FE1EFE5AFEA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC85A7A622FFEFFFB43FAA0.text	073587F7FFC85A7A622FFEFFFB43FAA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus louisii H. Maas & Maas. Inflorescence 2016	<div><p>16. Costus louisii H.Maas &amp; Maas, sp. nov. — Plate 4f; Map 10</p><p>Costus louisii looks superficially like C. afer but can be distinguished by having shiny leaves, 1 flower per bract, shiny green bracts and completely pinkish red flowers. — Type: Maas et al. 10339 (holo WAG; iso K, L-spirit [L0298233], LBV, MO, UC), Gabon, Estuaire, Libreville, Glass, garden of A.M. Louis, at sea level, 6 Nov. 2011, cultivated from a specimen collected by A.M. Louis, 30 km S of Mayumba, within walking distance of the ocean, on white sand, in swampy low forest .</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1.5–2.5 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.8–1.1 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, unequally 2-lobed, 10–29 mm long, apical margin with white curly fibers; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous except for some long hairs at the very base of the leaves, many on the upper margin of the ligule and also some on the border between the petiole and the sheath; lamina upper side dark green, lower side pale green, shiny at both sides or only at the upper side, narrowly ovate-elliptic (to obovate), 20–29 by 6–10 cm, both sides and margin glabrous except for some erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, base acute (to slightly cordate), apex acuminate (acumen 15–35 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, (4–)7–10 by 4–6 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx and ovary glabrous. Flowers 1(–2) per bract; bracts basally green with shiny brown to dark red upper part, coriaceous, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 2–3 by 2–3 cm, callus absent; appendages generally absent; bracteole</p><p>Map 10 Distribution of Costus louisii H.Maas &amp; Maas (▲) and C. tappenbeckianus (●).</p><p>boat-shaped, 20–21 mm long, callus (pale) green c. 2 mm long; calyx 17–21 mm long, lobes triangular, 3–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 50–60 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes white with pink apex and yellow base, narrowly elliptic, 40–45 mm long; labellum at the outer side white, inner side basally white, upper part completely (striped with) dark pink, throat and nectar guide yellow, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate to circular when spread out, 45–50 by 50–55 mm, margin crenate and undulate; stamen white with dark pink apex, 30–35 by 10–15 mm, apex (dark) pink, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In swampy low forest or savanna, on white sand, at elevations of about sea level. Flowering and fruiting: November.</p><p>Field observations — The plants are pollinated by small birds; capsule and seeds were never seen (A.M. Louis, pers. comm.).</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — This species is only known from a single wild collection (AOO = 4 km 2) from a small population, and one plant in cultivation. This location does not have any protected status.Although it is not immediately threatened, there is some tourism development in the area. We assess this species as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii,v); D.</p><p>Notes — Costus louisii looks very much like C. afer, both having many-flowered inflorescences that terminate the leafy shoots. In C. louisii, however, the leaves are shiny at both sides, whereas the leaves of C. afer are never shiny. Moreover, the labellum of the flowers of C. louisii is horizontally flattened and completely dark pink with yellow nectar guide, while that of C. afer is funnel-shaped and white with a yellow nectar guide and red colouring restricted to the margins.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.866667/lat -3.6)">The</a> material of C. louisii has all been collected from plants now in cultivation in the greenhouses of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.866667/lat -3.6)">Burgers’ Bush</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.866667/lat -3.6)">Arnhem</a>, The Netherlands and of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.866667/lat -3.6)">Royal Botanic Gardens</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.866667/lat -3.6)">Kew</a>, London, Great Britain. They originate from the type specimen growing in the garden of A.M. Louis, who collected it 30 km S of Mayumba, Gabon, within walking distance of the ocean, on white sand, in swampy low forest (S3°36’ E10°52’) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC85A7A622FFEFFFB43FAA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFC85A786160FAFCFB2AFD5A.text	073587F7FFC85A786160FAFCFB2AFD5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus lucanusianus J. Braun & K. Schum.	<div><p>17. Costus lucanusianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. — Fig. 4d; Map 11</p><p>Costus lucanusianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. (1889) 151; K.Schum. (1904) 392. — Type: Braun s.n. (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, South Province, Batanga. As the holotype was destroyed in Berlin and no other type material has been located we hereby select a neotype from a locality not far from the type locality: Van Andel et al. 3406 (neo WAG [WAG0145874]; isoneo KRIBI), Cameroon, South Province, Campo-Ma’an National Park, Ntem River, Ebianemeyong, at the foot of Asuangale falls, 350 m, 6 May 2001.</p><p>Costus lucanusianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. var. major K.Schum. (1904) 392, syn. nov. — Syntypes: Braun s.n. (B destroyed), Cameroon, South Province, Gross-Batanga; Zenker 1595 (BM, E, G, K, L, LE, M, MO, P, S, WRSL), Cameroon, South Province, Bipindi, 14 Dec. 1894.</p><p>Costus dussii K.Schum. (1904) 402, f. 45B; Maas (1972) 121. — Type: Duss 2109b (holo B destroyed; lecto NY, selected by Maas 1972), Martinique, ‘Hauteurs du Carbet et Fonds Saint Denis’.</p><p>Terrestrial herb, erect but in fruit often bending down, 1–5 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.5–2 cm diam; ligule truncate to slightly 2-lobed, 1–4(–8) mm long, with a basal horizontal rim 1–2 mm high provided with a prominent row of needle-like hairs 2–6 mm long; petiole 4–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely to sparsely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous; lamina narrowly elliptic, 12–33 by 3–10 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side densely to sparsely covered with silvery, mainly erect hairs to c. 2 mm long to glabrous, base obtuse to cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 10–20 mm long), margin undulate. Inflorescence many-flowered, broadly ovoid to</p><p>Plate 4 a. Costus macranthus K.Schum. Habit, flower and details of stamen, stigma and style. – b. Costus nimba H.Maas &amp; Maas. Basal inflorescence. – c. Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum. Habit with flowers. – d. Costus lucanusianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. Inflorescence with 4 flowers. – e. Costus talbottii Ridl. Flower. – f. Costus louisii H.Maas &amp; Maas. Inflorescence (a: Wright 1905: t 7992; b: Jongkind 11301; c: photographed in Rumonge, SW Burundi, no specimen collected; d: Maas et al. 10000; e: Maas et al. 9800; f: Maas et al. 10339). — Photos: a, b, d–f: P.J.M.Maas; c: E. Fischer.</p><p>globose, 2–12 by 2–9 cm, sometimes elongating to c. 20 cm in fruit, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous or sparsely covered with erect and appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, calyx lobes often rather densely hairy, particularly along the margins. Flowers 2 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly to very broadly ovate-triangular, 1.5–3 by 1.5–3 cm, falling apart into separate fibers with age, callus inconspicuous, up to c. 2 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 17–20 mm long, callus 2–4 mm long; calyx 18–25 mm long, lobes broadly ovate-triangular to triangular, 4–12 mm long, horizontally spreading to reflexed, in fruit distinctly exceeding the bracts, callus sometimes present and then 2–3 mm long; corolla white, 30–45 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes elliptic, 25–30 mm long; labellum at the outer side white with dark red upper part, inner side basally white with wide dark reddish margin and yellow to orange nectar guide, funnel-shaped, broadly obovate when spread out, 40–50 by 40–45 mm, margin crenate; stamen white, 30–35 by 10–15 mm, apex dark pink, anther 6–11 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10–20 by 5–15 mm. Seeds 1– 2 by 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — North East Africa (Ethiopia, South Sudan); West Africa (Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo); Central Africa (Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé &amp; Principe); East Africa (Uganda); Southern Tropical Africa (Angola).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In savanna forest, secondary forest and swamp forest, in wet places along rivers and road sides, and in plantations, at elevations of 0–1700 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>Field observations — Often plants are viviparous, the seedlings emerging from the ripe fruit. As the shoot with the heavy infructescence bends down and reaches the ground, the plantlets can start their life easily.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Map 11 Distribution of Costus lucanusianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum.</p><p>Notes — Costus lucanusianus can easily be recognized by having a row of distinct erect hairs on a horizontal rim at the base of a very short ligule. The flowers have horizontally spreading to reflexed calyx lobes. The labellum is completely white at the outer side contrasting with the inner side which has a dark red margin and dark yellow nectar guide. The lower side of the leaves is densely to sparsely covered with silvery hairs to glabrous. The apex of the stamen is pink and narrowly triangular. Boat-shaped bracteoles can be so compressed inside the inflorescence that they become 2-keeled.</p><p>Costus lucanusianus is sometimes confused with C. afer . Costus lucanusianus is characterized, however, by a complete ring of hairs on the nodes, while in C. afer this ring is incomplete and less hairy. The lower side of the leaves is generally hairy in C. lucanusianus and glabrous in C. afer . The calyx lobes of C. lucanusianus are horizontally spreading to reflexed and those of C. afer are erect. The ligule in C. lucanusianus is 1–4 mm long vs 4–11 mm in C. afer . The bracts of C. lucanusianus are green, those of C. afer are reddish.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFC85A786160FAFCFB2AFD5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCA5A7F6160FD5AFD65FB3F.text	073587F7FFCA5A7F6160FD5AFD65FB3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus maboumiensis Pellegr. - Plate	<div><p>18. Costus maboumiensis Pellegr. — Plate 3f; Map 12</p><p>Costus maboumiensis Pellegr. (1929) 220. — Type: Le Testu 1820 (holo P; iso BM 2 sheets, BR, MO, P 2 sheets), Gabon, Nyanga, Tchibanga area, ‘Mayombe bavili, campement de la Maboumi’, 27 Oct. 1914.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1–2.6 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.7–2 cm diam; shoots reddish, sheaths green with reddish margin, ligule chartaceous, truncate to 2-lobed, 5–20 mm long; petiole 2–10 mm long, tinged with reddish brown; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous; lamina narrowly elliptic, sometimes narrowly obovate, 15–30 by 5–10.5 cm, glabrous on both sides, base acute, the very base sometimes obtuse to cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 15–40 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid to subglobose, 4–10 by 3–4.5 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 20–50 cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx and ovary glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts somewhat</p><p>Map 12 Distribution of Costus maboumiensis Pellegr. (■) and C. nimba H.Maas &amp; Maas (●).</p><p>bulging, pale to bright green, sometimes with narrow dark red margin, coriaceous, ovate to broadly ovate, 2–2.5 by 1–2 cm, callus green to yellow, generally present, 1–2 mm long; appendages absent or present, green, horizontally spreading, ovate-triangular, 1–4 by 2.5–3.5 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 23–25 mm long, callus whitish, 2–4 mm long; calyx pale green to white, 12–20 mm long, lobes broadly ovate-triangular, 3–5 mm long, callus absent or present and then &lt;1 mm long; corolla hyaline, reddish brown to purplish grey to white, 40–50 mm long, glabrous, tube 15–20 mm long, lobes with dark red margins, narrowly ovate, 30–35 mm long; labellum at the outer basal part whitish, outer upper part reddish brown to purplish grey, inner side white with yellow to white central nectar guide and brown purplish-striped lateral parts, funnel-shaped, broadly obovate when spread out, 35–40 by 35–40 mm, margin crenulate; stamen white, c. 30 by 10 mm, apex white with narrow pink margin, anther 8 –10 mm long. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary or secondary rainforest. At elevations of 0–530 m. Flowering and fruiting: October and November.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Costus maboumiensis has an AOO of 36 km 2 and occurs in five locations (we consider the southern and northern Doudou Mountains as two locations) of which only one partly has a protected status, while the others are in areas with more or less logging pressure. We assess the species as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii).</p><p>Notes — Costus maboumiensis is recognizable by a combination of the following characters: inflorescence terminating a separate shoot covered with reddish brown sheaths and reddish brown flowers, a colour never seen in any other African species. Furthermore all parts of the plant lack indument.</p><p>Costus maboumiensis shares with C. dubius a basal inflorescence, but strongly differs by the colour of the flowers, which are dark reddish brown in C. maboumiensis and white in C. dubius .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCA5A7F6160FD5AFD65FB3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCD5A7E622FFB44FDBAFD7F.text	073587F7FFCD5A7E622FFB44FDBAFD7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus macranthus K. Schum. - Plate	<div><p>19. Costus macranthus K.Schum. — Plate 4a; Map 13</p><p>Costus macranthus K.Schum.(1901) 279,t. 7, 8; (1904) 421 — Type: Goetze 1488 (holo B destroyed; lecto E, designated here; isolecto BM, BR, EA), Tanzania, T7, ‘ Rungwe District, Kondeland, im Kivirithal, am Kasimulo hügel im Buschwald bei 600 m’, Nov. 1899 .</p><p>Terrestrial shootless rosulate herb 0.1–0.2 m tall; rhizomes vertically directed, to c. 10 cm deep; horizontal runners to c. 40 cm long, 3–5(–7) mm diam, both rhizomes and runners covered with pale brown, membranous, imbricate sheaths 1.3–2 cm long; roots with side roots to c. 13 cm long. Leaves (3–)4(–5) per shoot, spreading horizontally and forming a cruciform rosette flat on the ground; ligule rarely seen, c. 0.5 mm long; petiole absent; lamina pale to yellowish green above, greenish purple below, with hyaline, red-purple to pink margins &lt;1 mm wide, distinctly thickened and fleshy, elliptic, broadly elliptic, obovate, or suborbicular, 7–20(–30) by 5–22(–25) cm, upper side glabrous to rather densely covered with soft erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, lower side glabrous to rather densely, rarely densely, covered with soft, erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, margin densely ciliate, base acute, extreme base of leaf 20–30 mm long, at an angle of 90° with the lamina, surrounding the inflorescence, apex obtuse and mucronate (mucro c. 1 mm long). Inflorescence terminal, formed in the centre of the rosette, few-flowered, basally enclosed by the more or less overlapping thickened extreme base of the leaves and by the uppermost 4–6 sheaths; sheaths 2–6.5 by 1–6 cm, apex obtuse to round- ed, together forming a cup of 1–3 cm diam around the inflorescence; upper part of uppermost sheaths rather densely covered with soft erect hairs &lt;1 mm long with thickened base; upper part of bracts, bracteoles, calyx and ovary rather densely</p><p>Map 13 Distribution of Costus macranthus K.Schum. (▲) and C. spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum. (●).</p><p>covered with soft erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts whitish green, membranous, narrowly ovate-triangular, 1.7–4 by 0.4–0.8 cm, callus absent; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, c. 15 mm long, callus absent; calyx 35–75 mm long, split on one side, lobes 2, broadly triangular, 2–5 mm long, callus absent; corolla (pale) yellow, 90–130 mm long, glabrous, tube 50–90 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate-triangular, 40–80 mm long; labellum bright yellow to orange, horizontally flattened, basally funnel-shaped, obovate to suborbicular when spread out, 70–110 by 60–110 mm, margin crenate; stamen yellow, 60–80 by 7–10 mm, anther (6–)7–12(–15) mm long. Capsule subterranean, subglobose, c. 10 by 9 mm. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — East Africa (Tanzania, Uganda); Southern Tropical Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In non-inundated forest, open grass land, often on steep, rocky soil, sometimes around ant hills, plants growing in colonies, locally common, at elevations of (250–) 500–1700 m. Flowering and fruiting: November and December and rarely from January to March.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Notes — Costus macranthus can be recognized by four horizontally spreading leaves forming a cruciform rosette flat on the ground and a central inflorescence producing large yellow flowers, in this aspect very much resembling C. spectabilis . Lock (1984) differentiates the two species based on the length of several flower parts. Of these, the length of the anther is the most reliable in herbarium material. In C. macranthus the anther is (6–)7–12(–15) mm long (we recorded a length of 10 mm for 15 specimens studied) and in C. spectabilis 4–7(–12) mm long (we recorded 5 mm for a total of 17 specimens). Among other distinguishing characters are the length of calyx, corolla tube, corolla lobes and labellum. These are all larger in C. macranthus than in C. spectabilis .</p><p>Many other possible distinctive characters still have to be studied in the field, e.g. difference in flower colour, time of floral and vegetative development (if flowers emerge before leaf emergence, at the same time as leaf development, or after leaf dehiscence) and morphology of the underground parts.</p><p>Both C. macranthus and C. spectabilis occur in the region between E28–35° and S6–15° in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.</p><p>All collections of C. macranthus have been found in an area where C. spectabilis has also been collected. In this area the majority of the (c. 50) herbarium specimens of both species available for this study were collected flowering in November to December. Both species were found between 500 and 2000 m altitude. In this geographic range, at this altitude and with flower, specimens of both species were collected either with very young leaves or with senescent leaves. For C. macranthus we also recorded 5 specimens collected without any leaves. Lock wrote in Flora Zambesiaca (Lock &amp; Diniz 2010: 117): “Inflorescence developing with the leaves or just before, but flowering continu- ing until leaves are almost fully developed”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCD5A7E622FFB44FDBAFD7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCC5A7E622FFC87FC4FFB28.text	073587F7FFCC5A7E622FFC87FC4FFB28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus nimba H. Maas & Maas 2016	<div><p>20. Costus nimba H.Maas &amp; Maas, sp. nov. — Plate 4b, d; Map 12</p><p>Costus nimba is characterized by the dense brown indument of its vegetative parts, an inflorescence on a relatively long separate leafless shoot, green bracts and white to salmon pink flowers with a horizontally flattened labellum. — Type: Phillipson 6415 (holo WAG 2 sheets; iso MO, P), Guinea, Nzérékoré, Nimba Mountains, lower Zié Valley, at edge of World Heritage Site, along river bank in sandy soil, 591 m, 10 July 2012 .</p><p>Terrestrial herb 1.5–2.5 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths, 0.8–2.5 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, obliquely truncate to slightly unequally 2-lobed, 14–23 mm long; petiole 13–33 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole densely to very densely covered with erect, brown hairs 1–2 mm long; lamina chartaceous, narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 24–36 by 6–10 cm, upper side glabrous except for the midrib, lower side and midrib on upper side (very) densely covered with appressed hairs 1–1.5 mm long, base acute, apex acute to acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid-ellipsoid to cylindric, 10–17 by 4–5.5 cm, terminating the leafy shoot or terminating a separate leafless shoot 24–30 cm long; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly ovate, 3–3.5 by 2.5–3.5 cm, callus indistinct; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 30–35 mm long, callus present, 2–4 mm long; calyx 18–22 mm long, lobes broadly ovate-triangular, 4–6 mm long, callus 1–2 mm long; corolla hyaline, salmon-coloured, 40–60 mm long, glabrous, tube 15–20 mm long, lobes narrowly obovate-elliptic, 25–35(–40) long; labellum at the outer side white, inner side white to very pale salmon pink with pale yellow nectar guide and two dark pink basal zones covered with erect hairs c. 1.5 mm long, horizontally flattened, depressed obovate when spread out, 40–45 by 40–45 mm, margin crenulate; stamen white, c. 30 by 12–18 mm, anther 7–8 mm long, apex acute. Capsule ellipsoid to obovoid, 14–17 by 8–11 mm. Seeds c. 2 by 1 mm.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone); Central Africa (Cameroon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In rain f orest along river bank, in sandy soil, at elevations of 0–1150 m. Flowering and fruiting: May to December.</p><p>Field observations — The flowers of C. nimba emit a ‘fragile sweet scent’ (Jongkind &amp; Bilivogui 11301).</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens examined. CAMEROON, South Province, Djoum, 600 m, anno 2014, Cheek 17660 (K, WAG, YA) . South-West Province, Mondemba-Fabe Road, 22 Nov. 1986, Nemba &amp; Thomas 331 (K, WAG) . –</p><p>GHANA, Brong-Ahafo Region, between Wenchi and Bamboi, 350 m, 3 Oct. 1996, Jongkind 3138 (WAG) . Eastern Region, Kade, 2 June 1968, Hall GC 38519 (GC, K); Busoso-Begoso Road, 16 June 1969, Hossain &amp; Enti GC 35403 (GC) ; ‘ Ex Garden Legon, original from Kade’, 18 Dec. 1956, Morton GC 8334 = P 2051 (GC) ; Kwahu West District, Akoase, 196 m, 8 July 2010, Van Andel et al. 5735 (WAG) . – GUINEA, Nzérékoré, Nimba Mts, Zié Valley, 590 m, 21 Sept. 2011, Jongkind &amp; Bilivogui 11163A (WAG) ; Nimba Mts, Zié River, 667 m, 10 July 2012, Jongkind &amp; Bilivogui 11301 (BRLU, WAG) ; Nimba Mts,inside the WHS site close to the Zié River bridge, 540 m, 28 Oct. 2012, Jongkind et al. 11620 (WAG) . – IVORY COAST, Divo, between Divo and Lakota, 18 Apr. 1968, Aké Assi 10030 (G); Divo, 5 km SE of Guitry, 20 m, 1 Nov. 1975, Beentje 1283 (WAG) ; Forêt de Divo, 10 Aug. 1975, Hall &amp; Abbiw GC 45357 (GC) . Guiglo, Taí, between Sakré and Nigré, 28 Dec. 1987, Aké Assi 17871 (G) . Man, Man, near climatic station on Mt Tonkoui, 1150 m, 28 May 1975, Beentje 341 (WAG) . Soubré, Haut Sassandra, Pays des Byolas, entrée du village de Dyedeougou, 10 May 1909, Chevalier 21517 (P) . – LIBERIA, Eastern Province, Webo District, Sarbo, 6 July 1947, Baldwin Jr. 6410a! (K) . – SIERRA LEONE, Northern Province, 15 miles N of Port Loko, in garden at FBC, 28 Apr. 1965, Morton s.n. (K) . Southern Province, near Mokebi ( Kori), 26 May 1953, Jordan 900 (K); without location,1915, Thomas 8455 (K) .</p><p>Notes — Costus nimba comes closest to C. dubius, both sharing a basal inflorescence with green, unappendaged bracts. It differs, however, by the dense brown indument of its vegetative parts (absent in C. dubius), its horizontally flattened labellum with two basal salmon pink patches and yellow nectar guide (funnel-shaped with yellow nectar guide in C. dubius) and its hyaline salmon pink corolla lobes (white and not hyaline in C. dubius).</p><p>Costus nimba differs from C. dinklagei, another species having a basal inflorescence with green, unappendaged bracts and hyaline corolla lobes by its salmon pink corolla lobes (whitish in C. dinklagei), by its horizontally flattened white labellum with two basal salmon pink patches and yellow nectar guide (pale pink, funnel-shaped with yellow nectar guide in C. dinklagei) and its generally larger inflorescence and a longer separate leafless shoot.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCC5A7E622FFC87FC4FFB28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCC5A7D6160FB69FA3BFD53.text	073587F7FFCC5A7D6160FB69FA3BFD53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus phyllocephalus K. Schum. - Plate 1892	<div><p>21. Costus phyllocephalus K.Schum. — Plate 3e; Map 14</p><p>Costus phyllocephalus K.Schum. (1892) 420; (1904) 386. — Type: Von Mechow 508 (holo B destroyed; lecto Z, designated here; iso M), Angola, Prov. Malanje, Malanje (‘Malane’), Quango River, June–Aug. 1880 .</p><p>Costus nudicaulis Baker (1898) 300,syn.nov. — Type: Mann 1033 (holo K), Gabon, Estuaire, Gaboon River, July 1861.</p><p>Costus dewevrei De Wild. &amp; T.Durand in Durand &amp; De Wildeman (1899) 139, syn. nov. — Type: Dewèvre 334 (holo BR; iso BR), Congo Kinshasa, Kinganga (‘Chinganga’), 29 Aug. 1895.</p><p>Costus fissiligulatus Gagnep. (1902a) 93,syn.nov. — Type: A plant cultivated at Bot. Gard. Paris as ‘ Gabon Nº 639’, July 1902 (holo P; iso P).</p><p>Costus fissiligulatus Gagnep. var. major Gagnep. (1902a) 94, syn. nov. — Type: Griffon du Bellay s.n. (holo P), Gabon, without locality, ‘Donné par l’Exposition Coloniale. Cat. 1864 Nº. 4’.</p><p>Costus ubangiensis Gagnep. (1902a) 97, syn. nov. — Type: Viancin s.n. (holo P), Central African Republic, ‘ Haut-Oubangui’.</p><p>Costus nudicaulis Baker var. pilosa Gagnep. (1902b) 19, syn. nov. — Type: Lecomte B 25 (holo P), Congo Brazzaville, ‘Nounzi’, Oct. 1893.</p><p>Costus violaceus Koechlin (1964) 88, pl.20, syn. nov. — Type: N. Hallé 1543 (holo P), Gabon, Ogooué-Maritime, Port-Gentil, 2 Apr. 1959.</p><p>Costus foliaceus Lock &amp; A.D.Poulsen in Poulsen &amp; Lock (1997) 614, f. 3, pl. 2a, syn. nov. — Type: Poulsen et al. 503 (holo K; iso C, ENT, MHU), Uganda, Bushenyi District, Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, NE of Kyam- bura River, 1250 m, 4 June 1994.</p><p>Costus sp. A Lock &amp; Diniz (2010) 120.</p><p>Terrestrial herb 0.2–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.5–2 cm diam; ligule brown, upper margin reddish, membranous, split into 2 very unequal obtuse to acute lobes, 10–50 mm long; petiole 3–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole sparsely to densely covered with erect, brown hairs to c. 3 mm long; lamina green to purple below, rarely red on both sides, narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 10–31 by 4–12 cm, upper side glabrous or rarely sparsely to densely covered with erect hairs to c. 3 mm long, lower side rather densely to sparsely covered with erect brown hairs to c. 3 mm long to glabrous, base obtuse, rarely subcordate, apex acuminate (acumen 15–25 mm long). Inflorescence (few- to) many-flowered, ovoid to globose, 2.5–10 by 3–7 cm, terminating the leafy shoot, sometimes sprouting from the axils of the lower bracts; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule sparsely to densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green to reddish purple, coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to broadly so, 1–2.5 by 1–2.5 cm, callus sometimes present and then 1–2 mm long; appendages mostly present, green, horizontally spreading to reflexed or rarely erect, narrowly triangular to rarely broadly ovate-triangular, 1–4.5(–6.5) by 5–20 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 1(–2)-keeled, 11–21 mm long, callus 2–3.5 mm long; calyx 10–27 mm long, lobes shallowly to broadly triangular, 2–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white to pale pink to lilac, 40–65 mm long, glabrous, rarely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, tube 10–20 mm long, lobes narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 30–55 mm long; labellum white to pale pink on the outer side, inner side white with the upper half striped dark pink to lilac to dark purplish pink, or completely white to very pale pink, with yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 40–70 by 50–70 mm, fimbriate, margin crenulate and/or undulate, sometimes 5-lobed; stamen white to yellow or dark pink, 30–45 by 10–15 mm, apex yellow, tip of apex pink or pale yellow, toothed, anther 7–9 mm long. Capsule subglobose to obovoid, 6–15 by 6–15 mm. Seeds 2–3 by 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum. (1892) 422; (1904) 421. — Cadalvena spectabilis Fenzl (1865) 140. — Kaempferia spectabilis (Fenzl) Baker (1898) 297. — Type: Boriani s.n. (holo W destroyed), Sudan, Fazughli (‘in Aethiopiae terra Fassoglu’). The following collection is selected here as neotype: Schweinfurth 1345 (neo BM, designated here; isoneo G, K, L, P), Sudan, Gallabat (‘Am linken Ufer der Gendua’), June 1865. A drawing in the B herbarium with annotation: ‘18 Juni 1865, Ethiopia, in Gallabas, an der Gendua’ is probably made of Schweinfurth 1345, the present neotype of this species.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Nigeria); Central Africa (Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Gabon); East Africa (Uganda); Southern Tropical Africa (Angola, Zambia).</p><p>Costus pistiifolius K.Schum. (1892) 424. — Cadalvena pistiifolia (K.Schum.) Baker (1898) 297. — Type: Von Mechow 315 (holo B destroyed; lecto Z, designated here), Angola, Prov. Malanje, Malanje (‘Malandsche’), Oct. 1879.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary or secondary rainforest, gallery forest, sometimes in coastal forest or in wet places near savannas, rivers or creeks, or along roads, at elevations of 0–1500 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>Cadalvena dalzielii C.H. Wright (1912) 195; C.H. Wright (1915) t. 3013, syn. nov. — Type: Dalziel 229 (lecto K, designated here), Nigeria, Yola Province, Kilba Country, 30 July 1909; other syntype: Dalziel 560 (K 2 sheets, E 2 sheets), Nigeria, South of Sokota Province and throughout Kontagora Province, 12 June 1911.</p><p>Field observations — On the label of the specimen Le Testu 2374 is written ‘fleurs très odorantes’.</p><p>Notes — Costus phyllocephalus can be recognized by a combination of green appendaged bracts, leaves on flowering shoot concentrated just below the inflorescence, flowers of which the horizontally flattened labellum is whitish pink to striped with dark purplish pink and a long brown membranous ligule (10–50 mm long). The upper brown membranous part of this ligule can be deciduous only leaving the lower green tubular part.</p><p>Costus phyllocephalus looks quite similar to C. ligularis . For the differences between both species see under the latter.</p><p>In C. phyllocephalus young shoots are sometimes formed from the lower bracts; these shoots have relative small ligules. In the fruiting stage the calyx is often protruding beyond the bracts. Some collections are aberrant from typical C. phyllocephalus in having unappendaged bracts. Sometimes there are transitions between the uppermost leaves and the appendages of the lowest bracts. The shoots are reddish and the leaves tend to be concentrated at the top of the shoot. The yellow central blotch (nectar guide) is situated in the throat of the flower and does not reach the outer margin of the labellum as in C. lucanusianus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCC5A7D6160FB69FA3BFD53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCF5A7C6160FCA3FD94FA49.text	073587F7FFCF5A7C6160FCA3FD94FA49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K. Schum. - Plate	<div><p>22. Costus spectabilis (Fenzl) K.Schum. — Plate 4c; Map 13</p><p>Terrestrial shootless rosulate herb to c. 0.1 m tall; rhizomes vertically directed, to c. 18 cm deep; horizontal runners to 5–20 cm long, (1–) 3–9 mm diam, both rhizomes and runners covered with brownish, imbricate, membranous sheaths; roots with side roots up to c. 10 cm long. Leaves 4 per shoot, forming a funnel when young, later spreading horizontally and forming a rosette of partly overlapping leaves flat on the ground; ligule and petiole absent; lamina bright yellowish green above, paler green with reddish venation to completely reddish below, often with (dark) reddish margins 0.5–1 mm wide, definitively thickened and fleshy, imbricate, broadly obovate to broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 4–15(–17) by 4–17 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side densely covered with soft, erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, margin ciliate, base attenuate, extreme base of leaf fleshy to c. 5 mm thick and 10–35 mm long, at an angle of 90° with the lamina surrounding the inflorescence, apex obtuse and often mucronate. Inflorescence terminal, formed in the centre of the rosette, up to 17-flowered, basally enclosed by the more or less overlapping fleshy extreme base of the leaf laminas and by the uppermost 4–5 (whitish and fleshy) sheaths; sheaths 2–4 by 1.5–3.5 cm, apex rounded, upper part reflexed with a horizontal rim of 0.7–0.8 cm high, together forming a cup of 0.8–2.5 cm diam around the inflorescence; the uppermost sheaths, outer side of bracts, bracteoles, calyx and apex of ovary densely to sparsely covered with soft, erect hairs &lt;1 mm long to glabrous, capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract, erect; bracts reddish, membranous, narrowly triangular, 1.7–3.2 by 0.6–0.8 cm, callus yellow, inconspicuous; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 8–25 mm long, callus absent; calyx reddish, green, or purple, 15–30 mm long, split on one side, lobes 2, narrowly triangular, c. 1 mm long, callus inconspicuous; corolla hyaline, pale yellow to pale orange, 40–100 mm long, glabrous, tube 20–45 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate-triangular, 20–55 mm long; labellum dark yellow to orange, horizontally flattened, obtriangular to obovate to suborbicular when spread out, 50–70 by 30–50 mm, margin crenate; stamen orange to yellow, 15–40(–60) by 5–7 mm, anther 4–7(–12) mm long. Capsule subterranean, ellipsoid, 6–12 by 4–7 mm. Seeds c. 2 by 2 mm.</p><p>Distribution — North Africa (Egypt); North East Africa (Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan); West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo); Central Africa (Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Gabon); East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda); Southern Tropical Africa (Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Often in savanna woodland (with e.g. Brachystegiae, Primary, etc.), on clayey to loamy soil, or on rocky outcrops, often on ant hills, at elevations of 0–2000 m. Flowering and fruiting: April to December, mostly in October and December.</p><p>Field observations — Completely leafless flowering specimens have been collected in May– June and October–De- cember. Information on the labels of Michel &amp; Reed 70 and Schlieben 1560 mentions the appearance of C. spectabilis soon after burning.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Notes — Costus spectabilis can be recognized by its four horizontally spreading leaves forming a cruciform rosette flat on the ground, with an inflorescence in the centre producing large yellow flowers.</p><p>For morphological differences between C. spectabilis and the only other shootless rosulate species C. macranthus see under the latter.</p><p>Both C. spectabilis and C. macranthus occur in the region between E28–35° and S6–15° in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.All collections of C. spectabilis have been found in an area where C. macranthus has also been collected. However, C. spectabilis has been collected in a much wider area than C. macranthus: between W13° – E33° and N12° – S15° and therefore in more countries, especially in Western Africa (see map 1 of Lock 1984).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCF5A7C6160FCA3FD94FA49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCE5A7C622FFA53FA3CF8CA.text	073587F7FFCE5A7C622FFA53FA3CF8CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus talbotii Ridl. - Plate 1913	<div><p>23. Costus talbotii Ridl. — Plate 4e; Map 9</p><p>Costus talbotii Ridl. (1913) 111. — Type: Talbot 1521 (lecto BM 2 sheets, designated by Turner (2000); isolecto K), Nigeria, Cross River State, Oban, anno 1912.</p><p>Epiphytic or terrestrial herb c. 0.5 m tall. Leaves several; sheaths 0.2–0.5 cm diam; ligule brown, membranous, truncate, 40–55 mm long; petiole 3–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous; lamina narrowly elliptic, 10–18 by 3–5 cm, glabrous on both sides, coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, base obtuse to acute, apex acuminate (acumen 10–20 mm long). Inflorescence few-flowered, broadly ovoid, 2–3 by 1.5–2.5 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot &lt;1 cm long, lateral in the axil of a leaf, or rarely terminal, sheaths dark brown, broadly to transversely elliptic, 6–14 by 9–15 mm; bracts sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs &lt;1 mm long, bracteoles, ovary and capsule rather densely covered with erect hairs &lt;1 mm long, calyx glabrous or sparsely covered with appressed to erect hairs &lt;1 mm long. Flowers 2 per bract; bracts reddish brown to dark brown, coriaceous, broadly ovate-triangular, 1.2–2 by 1.3–2 cm, callus absent or sometimes present and c. 0.5 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 15–20 mm long, callus green, 1–2 mm long; calyx green, dark reddish dotted, 11–15 mm long, lobes broadly to shallowly triangular, 2–4 mm, callus 1–2 mm long; corolla tube white, lobes hyaline, dark pink, 35–40 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 10 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 25–30 mm long; labellum white on the outer side, inner side white to dark pink with pink dots in the throat and yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–40 by 30–40 mm, margin indistinctly irregularly 5-lobed, crenate; stamen white with pink dots, c. 25 by 8–9 mm, apex pink, 3-lobed, lobes linear, middle lobe longer than the lateral ones, anther 5–6 mm long. Capsule ovoid to broadly ovoid, 9–15 by 7–9 mm. Seeds 2–2.5 by 1 mm.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Nigeria, near the border with Cameroon). At unknown elevations.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Unknown. Flowering and fruiting: unknown.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Costus talbotii was collected as a herbarium specimen twice in the wild, both collections were made in the same area over 100 years ago without precise locality information (one location, AOO of 4 or 8 km 2). However, since it apparently was collected more recently (1978) for cultivation in a botanical garden, we do not consider this species as Extinct in the Wild. The area where it was collected (SE Nigeria) is poorly explored over the past 40 years, so it is not a surprise there are no recent collections: on the other hand it was not collected in the decades before that (or only once as living plant) when there was more botanical activity in the region. In this area there are extensive protected areas present, but satellite images show there is also logging, cultivation and mining going on in the area, including in some of the protected areas. So it seems at least part of this area is under serious threat for habitat destruction. We therefore assess the species as Critically Endangered (CR) B2a(iii,v).</p><p>Notes — Costus talbotii is distinct from the two other epiphytic African species of Costus by its much broader (to c. 2 cm wide) coriaceous bracts vs the chartaceous bracts (to 1.1 cm wide) in C. lateriflorus and C. lilaceus . Moreover, the flower colour of the three species is clearly different.</p><p>Costus talbotii is a very incompletely known species: it is only known from the type collection and from cultivation. This plant has been cultivated at the Cambridge Botanical Garden in England under the accession number 19780014. It had been collected in Oban, Cross River State, Nigeria (the type locality) in 1978, where it was gathered by P.W. Richards, then Professor at the Cambridge University. This material died in the Cambridge Botanical Garden in 1996. Luckily living material had been sent to the Delft Botanical Garden in The Netherlands where it is still cultivated under the number Delft 46-490. From Delft some living plants were sent to Burgers’ Zoo in Arnhem (The Netherlands), where it is now grown under the number Burgers’ Bush 2008-0109009. The plant flowered in 2009 and was photographed, described and collected by the second author (Maas et al. 9800) .</p><p>Of the two syntypes of C. talbotii, Zenker 3823 (BM, E, G, K, US, WRSL), anno 1909, from Bipindi, Cameroon does not represent C. talbotii but belongs to C. lateriflorus or to C. lilaceus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCE5A7C622FFA53FA3CF8CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFCE5A436160F8D0FABBFCC7.text	073587F7FFCE5A436160F8D0FABBFCC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus tappenbeckianus J. Braun & K. Schum. - Plate	<div><p>24. Costus tappenbeckianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. — Plate 3c; Map 10</p><p>Costus tappenbeckianus J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. (1889) 152; K.Schum. (1904) 416. — Type: Braun s.n. (holo B destroyed), cultivated and flowering in April 1889 in the Hort.Bot.Berlin from material collected in Gross-Batanga, South Province, Cameroon. As the holotype in Berlin was destroyed and no other type material was located, we hereby select a neotype from a locality not far from the type locality: J.J.F.E. de Wilde 8702 (neo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0114484, WAG0114485]; isoneo BR, EA, K, MA, MO, P, PRE, YA), Cameroon, South-West Province, Dipikar Island, 3 km SE of the bridge crossing the Bongola River, along forest exploitation track, 3 Dec. 1975 .</p><p>Costus pauciflorus K.Schum. (1892) 421, syn. nov. — Type: Soyaux 119 (holo B destroyed; lecto K, designated here), Gabon, Estuaire, ‘in ditione Munda, Sibange-Farm’, 3 Sept. 1880.</p><p>Costus radicans Gagnep. (1903) 262, syn. nov. — Type: Bates 519 (holo P; iso BM, G, K), Gabon, Estuaire, Mfôa, 85 miles E of Gaboon, Oct. 1896.</p><p>Costus nemotrichus K.Schum.(1904) 414, f. 47,syn.nov. — Type: Dinklage 954 (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, South Province, Gross-Batanga.</p><p>Costus phaeotrichus Loes. (1909) 392, syn. nov. — Type: Zenker 3694 (B destroyed; lecto P, designated here; isolecto BM, E, G, K, L, M, P, S, US, W), Cameroon, South Province, Bipindi (‘Bipindihof’), ‘blühend vom Dezember bis Februar,1908’;other syntype: Ledermann 945 (B destroyed), Cameroon, South Province, Mfosse, near Nkolebunde, 180 m,</p><p>Terrestrial herb 0.2–1 m tall. Leaves several; sheaths brownish red, shiny, more or less turbinate, 0.3–1 cm diam, upper margin irregularly denticulate; ligule chartaceous, truncate, 1–5 mm long; petiole 0–3 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole densely to sparsely covered with half-appressed to erect, brown, needle-like hairs to c. 4 mm long to glabrous; lamina often irregularly bullate and 5–10-plicate (Maas 9962), upper side shiny, bright green, lower side reddish to purplish, elliptic to obovate, often slightly asymmetrical, 5.5–18(–22) by 2.5–7(–14) cm, both sides rather densely to sparsely covered with half-appressed to erect, brown, needle-like hairs to c. 4 mm long to glabrous, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate (acumen to c. 10 mm long). Inflorescence few-flowered, (narrowly) ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5–4 by 1–1.5 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 1–9 cm long, or rarely terminating a leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous or nearly so. Flowers 2 per bract; bracts brownish red to dark purple, shiny, chartaceous, ovate-triangular, 2–3.5 by 0.7–3 cm, callus brown, 2–4 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 22–35 mm long, callus green to yellow, c. 2 mm long; calyx (5–) 10–13 mm long, lobes broadly triangular, 1–2 mm long, callus absent; corolla hyaline, whitish pink, 55–90 mm long, glabrous, tube 15–30 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 30–60 mm long; labellum at the outer side white with dark pink upper half, inner side with white throat, dark pink upper part, or completely dark pink, or rarely completely white, with yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped to horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 35–70 by 40–60 mm, margin undulate and fimbriate; stamen white to pink, 20–45 by 9–12 mm, apex pink to red, anther 5–6 mm long. Capsule broadly obovoid, c. 8 by 7 mm. Seeds 2–3 by 3–4 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Central Africa (Cabinda (Angola), Cameroon, Congo Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In non-inundated primary or secondary rainforest, in swamp forest, in dark wet places, on loamy or sandy soil. At elevations of 0–800 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern.</p><p>Notes — Costus tappenbeckianus is characterized by a few-flowered inflorescence terminating a separate leafless shoot with pink (or rarely white) flowers and subsessile leaves with a cordate base. The sheaths, especially those of the separate reproductive leafless shoot, are more or less turbinate with an irregularly denticulate reddish upper margin. The corolla lobes are relatively narrow. Left and right margin of the labellum are not touching each other, thus not forming a complete funnel. A specimen with white flowers is cultivated in Burgers’ Bush, Arnhem, The Netherlands; it was originally collected in Gabon (Maas &amp; Maas 9787).</p><p>Costus tappenbeckianus was placed by Schumann (1904: 414) in his new subg. Epicostus together with C. bicolor, C. dendrophilus, C. lanceolatus, C. nemotrichus, C. nudicaulis, C. pauciflorus and C. radicans . According to him these species were all epiphytic (‘saepissime epiphytici’), except for C. tappenbeckianus, had a small and few-flowered inflorescence and nicely coloured, but never yellow, flowers. Costus nudicaulis (now included in C. phyllocephalus) and the Neotropical species C. lanceolatus were different from the other six species of this sub- genus by an inflorescence terminating a leafy shoot. After an intensive study of the six other species of the subg. Epicostus with an inflorescence terminating a separate leafless shoot, we found that they only differed in minor indument features.</p><p>Costus bicolor and C. dendrophilus, of which no material is available (as that has been destroyed) are here considered insufficiently known species (see below)</p><p>Paracostus</p><p>Paracostus C.D.Specht in Specht &amp; Stevenson (2006) 162. — Type: Tafel 13 of K. Schumann (1892), (the lectotype of Costus englerianus K.Schum.)</p><p>Costus L. sect. Paracostus K.Schum. (1899) 343. — Costus subg. Paracostus (K.Schum.) K.Schum. (1904) 381. — Type: Paracostus paradoxus (K.Schum.) C.D.Specht (= Costus paradoxus K.Schum.).</p><p>The genus Paracostus is in Africa represented by only one species: P. englerianus . The second species, P. paradoxus (K.Schum.) C.D.Specht, occurs in Asia (Borneo).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFCE5A436160F8D0FABBFCC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFF15A426160FCDCFD7AF93C.text	073587F7FFF15A426160FCDCFD7AF93C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracostus englerianus (K. Schum.) C. D. Specht - Plate	<div><p>1. Paracostus englerianus (K.Schum.) C.D.Specht — Plate 1e; Map 15</p><p>Paracostus englerianus (K.Schum.) C.D.Specht in Specht &amp; Stevenson (2006) 162. — Costus englerianus K.Schum. (1892) 419, t. 13 (2 Aug. 1892); (1904) 424. — Type: Preuss 461 (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, W of Barombi-ba-Mbu, 2 Sept. 1890. As the holotype in B has been destroyed,the illustration accompanying the protologue (K. Schumann 1892: Tafel 13), which is the only remaining original material, is here designated as the lectotype.</p><p>Costus unifolius N.E.Br. (1892) 696 (10 Dec.1892), syn. nov. — Type: Cultivated in Kew Gardens in 1892 from material received from Sander &amp; Co., who collected it in 1891 in Ghana (‘Gold Coast’) (holo K).</p><p>Terrestrial, prostrate herb 0.2–0.3 m tall; rhizomes&gt; 20 cm long, repeatedly branched, horizontally creeping, 1.5–7 mm diam, shoots reddish, provided with brown membranous sheaths 1.2–1.9 by 0.5–0.8 cm and roots with side roots to c. 10 cm long. Leaves 1 per shoot; description of sheaths see under inflorescence; ligule and petiole absent; lamina green to shiny dark green above, paler green to whitish green below, elliptic to obovate or broadly so, 8–19 by 5–13 cm, 3–4-plicate, glabrous on both sides, base attenuate, extreme base of leaf fleshy, 10–20 mm long, at an angle of 45° with the lamina, surrounding the inflorescence, apex obtuse, minutely apiculate. Inflorescence axillary, 1–7-flowered, 0.5–1.3 cm long, the lower portion enclosed by the more or less overlapping margins of the base of the lamina and by the uppermost 1–3 sheathing leaf bases; sheaths to c. 6 by 1.3 cm, apex acute to obtuse; bracts, bracteoles and calyx rather densely covered with soft, erect hairs c. 1 mm long, ovary glabrous; bracts reddish brown, green, or yellow, membranous, broadly to depressed ovate, 0.7–1.5 by 1–1.3 cm, callus absent; appendages absent; bracteole pale brown to green, boat-shaped, 12–13 mm long, callus absent; calyx pale brown to green, 9–20 mm long, lobes (broadly) triangular, 1–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white to pale green, 28–35 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes erect, narrowly ovate-triangular, 18–20 mm long; labellum white to slightly pink, inner side with yellow or orange nectar guide in the throat, horizontally flattened, (broadly) obovate when spread out, 20–50 by 12–30 mm, margin crenate; stamen white, 15–35 by (1.5–) 3–4 mm, apex yellow, anther 2–3 mm long; stigma is composed of a funnel-shaped upper part and a reflexed lamellate part; appendage absent. Fruit and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — West Africa (Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria); Central Africa (Cameroon, Congo Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Understory of lowland rainforest, often forming dense patches and growing on rocks. At elevations of 0–1100 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through.</p><p>IUCN Conservation Status — Paracostus englerianus with around 50 locations of which 14 have a protected status and an AOO of 484 km 2 is assessed by us as Least Concern (LC). However, we need to note that nearly the entire distribution in Upper Guinea (West of the Dahomey Gap) is present in unprotected areas (only the locality in the Atewa Range has some protection, but see Hoekstra et al. 2016), while this area is seriously facing habitat destruction. If this somewhat isolated part of the species would prove to possess unique genetic (or morphological) features, these populations should get some attention and might need to be assessed separately.</p><p>Note — Paracostus englerianus is distinguished from other African Costaceae by its prostrate and often lithophilic habit, 1 solitary leaf per shoot, few-flowered inflorescence with inconspicuous bracts and relatively small whitish flowers. The inflorescence of P. englerianus is axillary. According to Specht &amp; Stevenson (2006) the inflorescence emerges from the axil of the leaf and appears terminal due to secondary displacement along with lack of continued growth of the shoot apical meristem.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFF15A426160FCDCFD7AF93C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFF05A42622FF804FD65F7D0.text	073587F7FFF05A42622FF804FD65F7D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus auriculatus K. Schum. 1904	<div><p>Costus auriculatus K.Schum. (1904) 396, nom nud.</p><p>Costus bicolor J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. (1889) 152. — Type: Braun 91 (holo B destroyed), Cameroon, ‘in Múha, bei Mal- imba auf dicken Baümen in Inundationsgebiet des Sannaga flusses’. This epiphytic species is insufficiently understood because the type (and only material) in B has been destroyed</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFF05A42622FF804FD65F7D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFF05A426161FD23FA38F996.text	073587F7FFF05A426161FD23FA38F996.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus zechii K. Schum. 1904	<div><p>Costus zechii K.Schum. (1904) 409. — Type: Zech auf Neuhofen 273c (holo B destroyed), Ghana, Kete Krachi (‘bei Kete Kratschi’).</p><p>Acknowledgements We are grateful to the curators of the herbaria mentioned under Material &amp; Methods, from which we borrowed and studied plant specimens. We thank the people working in the former WAG herbarium and the L herbarium for all their help and nice company.</p><p>We also thank Hendrik Rypkema (artist of the former Utrecht Herbarium), who prepared the beautiful accurate botanical drawings of the new species. We are much indebted to Lubbert Westra who provided us with many photographs of Costaceae (as he has been doing since 1969), thus enabling us to create the beautiful colour-plates in this publication. John Mood, Eberhard Fischer and Pete Philipson also contributed photographs.</p><p>Many thanks go to the people who cultivated Costaceae in their greenhouses in the Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, Great Britain. Special thanks to Ernst Kamphuis who care- fully cultivated the very rich and unique Costus collection in Burgers’ Bush, greenhouse of Burgers’ Zoo,Arnhem, The Netherlands.</p><p>When travelling in Cameroon in 2001 with Tinde van Andel and Marion Jansen-Jacobs to collect Costaceae we much appreciated support of the field assistants from the KRIBI herbarium. Our second field trip to Africa in 2011 to Gabon was in the company of Frans Breteler. In this country we grate- fully appreciate assistance from Art Louis, R. Swamborn (Director of Africa’s Eden), Jean-Paul Vande Weghe and particularly Raoul Niangadouma from the LBV Herbarium in Libreville.</p><p>CDS additionally thanks S. Salzman and J. Chery for assisting with DNA extraction, data collection and phylogenetic analyses.</p><p>HM-vdK and PJMM are much indebted to the Hugo de Vries Fonds and the Treub-Maatschappij who financed their field trip to Cameroon (2001) and Gabon (2011). Funding for travel to and fieldwork in Gabon was provided by National Geographic Society Committee for Research and Exploration Grant #8994-11 to CDS.Additional funding for herbarium and phylogenetic work was provided by NSF DEB 0816661, 1257701 and 1208666 to CDS.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFF05A426161FD23FA38F996	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
073587F7FFF75A456228FC87FB63FCAB.text	073587F7FFF75A456228FC87FB63FCAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costus	<div><p>Costus L. [p. 280–288, 293, 295–297, 299, 304, 311, 313] sect. Paracostus [p. 312] subg. Cadalvena [p. 286] subg. Costus [p. 286] subg. Epicostus [p. 286, 312] subg. Eucostus [p. 286] subg. [p. 286] subg. Paracostus (K.Schum.) K.Schum. [p. 286, 312] acutissimus Maas &amp; H.Maas 1 adolphi-friderici Loes. (insuff.) afer Ker Gawl. 2 var. maculatus (Roscoe) Baker 6 albiflos Maas &amp; H.Maas 3 albus A.Chev. 6 anomocalyx K.Schum. 2 arabicus L. [p. 288] araneosus Gagnep. 13 aureus Maas &amp; H.Maas 4 auriculatus K.Schum. (nom. nud.) [p. 313] bicolor J.Braun &amp; K.Schum. (insuff.) bingervillensis A.Chev. 2 comosus (Jacq.) Roscoe [p. 299] deistelii K.Schum. 2 dendrophilus K.Schum. (insuff.) dewevrei De Wild. &amp; T.Durand 21 dinklagei K.Schum. 5 dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum. 6 dussii K.Schum. 17 edulis De Wild. &amp; T.Durand 2</p><p>Costus (cont) Costus (cont)</p><p>englerianus K.Schum. [p. 312] pistiifolius K.Schum. 22</p><p>erythrocoryne K.Schum. [p. 299] pterometra K.Schum. 2</p><p>fenestralis Maas &amp; H.Maas 7 pulcherrimus A.Chev., non Kuntze 10 fimbriatus Pellegr. 13 radicans Gagnep. 24</p><p>fissiligulatus Gagnep. 21 sarmentosus Bojer 2</p><p>var. major Gagnep. 21 schlechteri H.J.P.Winkl. (insuff.)</p><p>foliaceus Lock &amp; A.D.Poulsen 21 sp. A Cheek 11</p><p>gabonensis Koechlin 8 sp. A Lock &amp; Diniz 21</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/073587F7FFF75A456228FC87FB63FCAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Maas-van de Kamer, H.;Maas, P. J. M.;Wieringa, J. J.;Specht, C. D.	Maas-van de Kamer, H., Maas, P. J. M., Wieringa, J. J., Specht, C. D. (2016): Monograph of African Costaceae. Blumea 61 (3): 280-318, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694445
