identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0D108048FFAF4A5C7CA9FA6FFE5278BF.text	0D108048FFAF4A5C7CA9FA6FFE5278BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bruchinae Latreille 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bruchinae</p>
            <p> Bruchinae Latreille, 1802 , stand out mainly because of its exclusive larval feeding habit. During the developmental time, a larva may consume one or more seeds, and this behavior can cause serious damage compromising future plant generations. Most of the seeds consumed are legumes (  Fabaceae ), with some of them also included in the human diet as beans, peas, etc, with high nutritional content (Ribeiro-Costa and Almeida 2012). Their feeding preferences make this group of a great economic importance, with some species considered pests of stored grains or field crops, while others are used as biological control agents of weeds (Briano et al. 2002). In Brazil  Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) ,  Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) and  Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) are the main bean (  Phaseolus vulgaris L. (  Fabaceae )) pests (Ribeiro-Costa et al. 2007, Ribeiro-Costa and Almeida 2012), and  Sennius species consume many  Senna ,  Cassia and  Chamaecrista species (Silva et al. 2003, Linzmeier et al. 2004, Viana and Ribeiro-Costa 2013). Other species of economic importance include those associated with palms, with  Pachymerus nucleorum (Fabricius, 1792) considered a pest of commercially grown palms in Brazil (Garcia et al. 1980, Andrade et al. 2013, Silva et al. 2020). In contrast, adults feed on pollen and/or nectar, but the pest species in stored grain conditions do not require to eat as adults. Bruchines also have been the subject of studies on evolutionary patterns of host-plant use (Kergoat et al. 2011, 2015, Manfio et al. 2016) and only data collected from hosts of larvae are used for this purpose. </p>
            <p> Composed of more than 1,650 species worldwide distributed mainly in tropical regions (Morse 2014),  Bruchinae are classified into six tribes and 65 genera; most of the tribes have been suggested to be paraphyletic based on molecular studies (Kergoat et al. 2008, 2015). Of the total number of bruchine species, 293 in 25 genera are recorded to occur in Brazil, representing approximately 17% of the world fauna. However, we believe a much higher number of species occurs in Brazil. The endophagous habit of the group, developing inside fruits that require specific collecting methods, probably is one reason for the low record of bruchine species collected in Brazil. </p>
            <p> Two genera stand out as the most diverse in Brazil,  Acanthoscelides (  Bruchini ) and  Amblycerus (  Amblycerini ) with 70 and 63 Brazilian species, respectively. A catalog of the Brazilian species of  Amblycerus was published by Ribeiro-Costa et al. (2018) with the aim of stimulating new studies on this genus, which still has many Brazilian species to be described and is in need of phylogenetic analyses based on a wider taxon sampling. On the other hand, while  Acanthoscelides is the most diverse genus in the group, many species remain poorly studied. </p>
            <p>Many scientists have described Brazilian bruchines, but three stand out as the most prolific: the French Maurice Pic (82 species), the Brazilian Cibele Stramare Ribeiro-Costa (53 species; 25 with co-authors) and the American John Mark Kingsolver (1925–2013) (37 species; 11 with co-authors). Other researchers worth mentioning who have significantly contributed to our understanding of Brazilian bruchines are the American Clarence Dan Johnson (1931–2005) and the Argentinian Arturo Luis Teràn (1932–2016). Bruchines are one of the few chrysomelid subfamilies with a published world catalog (Udayagiri and Wadhi 1989), an overview of world genera (Borowiec 1987), as well as a complex treatment of the Nearctic fauna (Kingsolver 2004), and a subject of a book chapter (Ribeiro-Costa and Almeida 2012). Aspects of the natural history of Brazilian species have been recently investigated by Linzmeier et al.(2004), Sari and Ribeiro-Costa (2005), Grenha et al. (2008), Rodrigues et al. (2012), and Sousa-Lopes et al. (2019).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFAF4A5C7CA9FA6FFE5278BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFAE4A5C7CA1FAEBFA927D9E.text	0D108048FFAE4A5C7CA1FAEBFA927D9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sagrinae Leach 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sagrinae</p>
            <p> Sagrinae Leach, 1815 have only one species in Brazil –  Megamerus alvarengai Monrós, 1956 , restricted to Rio Grande do Norte. Little is known about its biology (Monrós 1956a). Morphologically it is most similar to the Malagasy genus  Prionesthis Lacordaire, 1845 (formerly known as  Rhagiosoma Chapuis, 1878 ) rather than to Australian  Megamerus MacLeay, 1827 (Sekerka 2007, Sekerka and Voisin 2014). This subfamily contains presently 72 species classified in 13 genera and four tribes worldwide. The subfamily has a mainly palaeotropical distribution, with the center of diversity in Australia. The Neotropical fauna is very poor and only two species of Megamerini are recorded so far; the diversity of this tribe is mainly in Australia and Madagascar. The other Neotropical species,  Atalasis sagroides Lacordaire, 1845 , is so far known only from Northern and Central Argentina but it is very likely present also in SE Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná) since these two regions share similar habitats. This species is associated with various  Malvaceae and is one of a few among  Sagrinae with known biology and described larva (Monrós 1943, 1955). Genera of  Sagrinae were revised by the Argentinean Francisco de AsÍs Monrós (1922–1958), who also established the tribal system (Monrós 1960). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFAE4A5C7CA1FAEBFA927D9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFAE4A5F7F1FFE0AFE7D7E89.text	0D108048FFAE4A5F7F1FFE0AFE7D7E89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Criocerinae Latreille 1807	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Criocerinae</p>
            <p> Criocerinae Latreille, 1807 are a moderately large subfamily containing almost 1,500 described species worldwide classified into three tribes and 22 genera with the majority of species contained in four genera:  Lema Fabricius, 1798 (ca. 900 spp.),  Lilioceris Reitter, 1913 (ca. 140 spp.),  Oulema Des Gozis, 1886 (128 spp.), and  Crioceris Müller, 1764 (61 spp.) (Vencl and Leschen 2014). The remaining genera are not as speciose, containing no more than 20 species and five are monotypic.  Lema is divided into five subgenera, which are restricted geographically to either the New or Old World. </p>
            <p> This subfamily is mostly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and their diversity rapidly decreases towards the poles. The larvae and adults usually feed on open leaf surfaces, however, there are species known to have larvae that mine leaves or bore into stems. Exophagous larvae are eruciform and due to the vertically oriented anus, bear a characteristic fecal coating or shields formed of digestive wasted that can cover partially or totally the larva; the majority of species occurs mostly in disturbed secondary habitats, i.e. forest edges, stream banks and other open areas (Vencl et al. 2004). Host plants association in  Criocerinae are relatively well known in comparison to other chrysomelid subfamilies, but the natural history is poorly known, except for some species considered pests (Schmitt 1988, Jolivet 1988).  Criocerinae are primarily associated with monocotyledons. The most frequently utilized families are  Commelinaceae ,  Liliales (mainly  Liliaceae and  Smilacaceae but also others),  Dioscoreaceae ,  Poaceae , and nearly all families of Zingiberales; some species also colonized dicotyledons, mainly  Solanaceae and, also  Piperaceae and  Basellaceae (Schmitt 1988, Vencl et al. 2004, Vencl and Leschen 2014). </p>
            <p> New World  Criocerinae fauna is rich and contains nearly 500 species, mainly belonging to the tribe  Lemiini .  Criocerini are represented by  Metopoceris Heinze, 1931 (19 spp.), and a few species of  Lilioceris and  Crioceris that colonized the New World becoming pests, since these genera have the center of diversity in the Oriental Region, being widespread in the Old World (Vencl and Leschen 2014). Neotropical criocerine species were intensively studied by F.A. Monrós, although he worked predominantly on the Argentinean fauna (e.g. Monrós 1956c). Monrós (1960) also published an overview of genera and catalog of species. </p>
            <p> The Brazilian fauna of  Criocerinae is represented by 136 species (27% of New World, and 9% of world fauna), most belonging to  Lema . Three species belong to  Plectonycha Lacordaire, 1845 and one to  Lilioceris . Since the Brazilian fauna of  Criocerinae has not been well studied we anticipate that many more species can be found in Brazil. Additionally, some species, specially of  Lema are known only from the original description, which are mainly based on coloration and might be found to be only color forms of other species. Most of the Brazilian species (77.7%) were described by three authors: J.T. Lacordaire (51 species), M. Pic (36 species) and F. Monrós (18 species). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFAE4A5F7F1FFE0AFE7D7E89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFAD4A5F7CA9FD11FBB17A0F.text	0D108048FFAD4A5F7CA9FD11FBB17A0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassidinae Gyllenhal 1813	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cassidinae</p>
            <p> Cassidinae Gyllenhal, 1813 are a large subfamily containing 6,376 species classified in 358 genera and 33 tribes (Sekerka, unpubl. data). The species are distributed worldwide with greater diversity in the Neotropics (Chaboo 2007, Borowiec and Świetojańska 2014, 2024). In general,  Cassidinae are better studied than any other chrysomelid group as the subfamily has always had specialists working on it continuously since the 1850’s. In the past, the group was considered as two separate subfamilies  Cassidinae (“tortoise beetles” – cassidiforms) and  Hispinae (“leaf-mining beetles” – hispidiforms) together forming the group Cryptostoma (e.g., Chapuis 1874, Crowson 1938, Monrós and Viana 1947). Already, early authors suggested similarity between the two subfamilies as some tribes were considered transitional, which generated several changes in their classification over the years (see Staines (2002) to a brief review of the classification history). However, since the first modern phylogenetic analyses of cassidines based on morphological data (Borowiec 1995), many authors have been proposing the placement of the taxa under the subfamily  Cassidinae (Reid 1995, Lawrence and Newton 1995, Suzuki 1996, Chaboo 2007, Gómez-Zurita et al. 2008, Bocak et al. 2013). Internal classification of  Cassidinae is quite stable and most tribes are supported by morphological data based on the larvae as well as adults (Borowiec 1995, Chaboo 2007). </p>
            <p> Compared to other chrysomelid subfamilies,  Cassidinae have much more diverse biology, life strategies, and larval and adult morphology known (Chaboo 2007). The larvae can be fully exophagous, hidden in narrow crevices of their host plant (“cryptic”), or mining inside leaves (Staines 2004, Chaboo 2007). There are two main trends, which can be observed: 1) early diverging hispidiform lineages are primarily associated with monocots, while cassidiforms are associated with eudicots; and 2) tribes with leaf mining larvae use many more plant families than those with exophagous larvae; Cassidiforms have eruciform larvae with caudal abdominal processes usually bearing exuvial or fecal shields, often combined, which are absent to most hispidiforms (Sekerka 2017). </p>
            <p> The diversity of  Cassidinae is almost equally divided between New and Old World. The New World has 3,173 species in 17 tribes with only the tribe  Cassidini being shared between the two regions. Brazil has the highest diversity in the world, with 1,477 species, 826 of which are known only from Brazil. However, the number of truly endemic species is likely much lower, as research in neighboring countries has been limited, and some species are also found in other countries, such as Bolivia (Sekerka, unpubl. data). Most Brazilian taxa have not undergone taxonomic revision since their original description; therefore, a decrease in the number of species can be expected due to synonymy. On the other hand, Brazil likely still has numerous undescribed species, as cassidines (particularly hispine tribes) have cryptic lifestyles and require specific collection methods on their host plants. </p>
            <p> The most prolific  Cassidinae authors were C. H. Boheman (508 spp. ~ 34%), Franz Spaeth (1863–1946) (184 spp. ~ 12%), J. Weise (127 spp. ~ 8.5%), Erich Uhmann (1881–1968) (112 spp. ~ 7.5%), J. S. Baly and M. Pic (each 110 spp. ~ 7.4%). Together these authors described 77.9% of Brazilian  Cassidinae fauna. A large amount of information is summarized and available online, including key to the world genera and photo gallery (to ‘cassidines’ see Borowiec and Świetojańska (2024); to ‘hispines’ see Staines (2015)). Brazilian  Cassidinae have been widely studied in terms of ecological and biological aspects since the 1980’s. Many species have been studied in terms of their natural history (e.g., Buzzi 1988, Nogueira-de-Sá and Trigo 2002, Nogueira-de-Sá and Vasconcellos-Neto 2003b, Flinte et al. 2009a, Chaboo et al. 2014, Albertoni and Casari 2017), immature stages (e.g., Świętojańska and Medeiros 2007, Fernandes and Buzzi 2007, Casari and Teixeira 2010), and host-plant association (e.g., Medeiros et al. 1996, Nogueira-de-Sá and Vasconcellos-Neto 2003a, Gomes et al. 2021). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFAD4A5F7CA9FD11FBB17A0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFAD4A5E7F06F99AFD6479E8.text	0D108048FFAD4A5E7F06F99AFD6479E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumolpinae Hope 1840	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eumolpinae</p>
            <p> Eumolpinae Hope, 1840 are one of the largest subfamilies within  Chrysomelidae , containing roughly 7,000 described species in at least 500 genera (Jolivet et al. 2014). They are the least studied and known subfamily of leaf beetles, with enigmatic classifications at tribal and generic levels that are not well stablished. The tribal classification has not been studied in detail since Chapuis’ (1874) classification. As a result, many higher taxa are probably assemblages of phylogenetically unrelated species. Recent molecular data found  Eumolpinae paraphyletic with respect to  Cryptocephalinae and  Cassidinae (Gómez-Zurita et al. 2007, 2008). </p>
            <p> Adult eumolpines are usually exophagous, feeding on foliage, while larvae are external root feeders. They are associated with a wide range of host plants, but prefer eudicots. The Neotropical fauna of  Eumolpinae is diverse, with approximately 2,400 species and subspecies currently recognized as valid. Brazil is home to 947 documented species. Species of  Megascelis Sturm, 1826 ,  Colaspis Fabricius, 1801 and  Myochrous Erichson, 1847 have been reported causing considerable damage to agricultural crops, mainly soybean and corn, in Brazil. Many of these pests have been difficult to identify due to the lack of taxonomic revisions and information for the group (personal observation, AML). </p>
            <p> Nearly half of the Brazilian species of  Eumolpinae were described by Jan and Bohumila Bechyně (e.g., Bechyně 1949, 1953, 1954a, Bechyně and Bechyně 1964, 1968), who intensively studied Neotropical  Eumolpinae . Despite their efforts, many descriptions are based on limited characters to delimit individual taxa. They also proposed numerous aberrations, which were later considered as infrasubspecific entities due to updates of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the infrasubspecific rank are not regulated by the Code (Article 1.3.4), since it is not considered an available name unless the provisions of Article 45.6 specify otherwise (ICZN 1999 )). Thus, they started to use subspecies instead. The use of male and female genitalia has only been recently implemented to distinguish among species (Gómez-Zurita and Maes 2022) and are now considered to be fundamental morphological characters in  Eumolpinae . Therefore, we expect that the current known diversity of eumolpines will increase with the examination of these features. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFAD4A5E7F06F99AFD6479E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFAC4A517CA1FA33FE947A20.text	0D108048FFAC4A517CA1FA33FE947A20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptocephalinae Gyllenhal 1813	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cryptocephalinae</p>
            <p> Cryptocephalinae Gyllenhal, 1813 currently include the  Clytrini , Fulcidacini (formerly treated as subfamilies  Clytrinae and Fulcidacinae),  Cryptocephalini , Pachybrachini and Mylassini (Gómez-Zurita and Cardoso 2021), this last tribe absent in Brazil. The group comprises approximately 5,300 worldwide species in 127 genera (Chamorro 2014b), with 728 species recorded from Brazil. For the Neotropical region, a key to the genera of Argentinian  Cryptocephalinae and  Lamprosomatinae is given by Agrain et al. (2017), which is valid for most of the Brazilian genera. Also, the world host plant data for the subfamily was summarized by Agrain et al. (2024). </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalinae and  Lamprosomatinae (below) are collectively known as “Camptosomata” or “case-bearers,” due to the peculiar habit of having their eggs, larvae, and pupae living in a fecal protective case (Agrain and Marvaldi 2009, Chaboo et al. 2016, and references therein). Adults of case-bearing chrysomelids feed on foliage of a variety of eudicots (Erber 1988, Agrain et al. 2024), but their larvae often depart from strict phytophagy, living on the ground, in leaf litter, feeding on dry vegetable material and detritus (Brown and Funk 2005, and references therein). One of the most interesting aspects of cryptocephaline biology is that some species have been documented to be closely associated with ants (  Hymenoptera :  Formicidae ). Agrain et al. (2015) synthesized global literature on this topic, revealing that myrmecophilous cryptocephalines primarily live among formicine and myrmecines ants hosts. Myrmecophily is more common in the tribe  Clytrini than in  Cryptocephalini and Pachybrachini, but it has not been documented for Fulcidacini and Mylassini, or the closely related  Lamprosomatinae . </p>
            <p> Fulcidacini (i.e., the Chlamisinae/- ini of most studies) are a small group with approximately 500 species described worldwide in 11 genera (Chamorro-Lacayo and Konstantinov 2009, Chamorro 2014b). Most of their diversity is in the New World (ca. 450 species) and Brazil with 255 species (42.5% of world fauna) is the country with the richest species diversity. The group was intensively studied by F.A. Monrós, who also published a revision of fauna of the southern part of South  America (Monrós 1952) . Another prolific worker was the Brazilian Werner Carl August Bokermann (1929–1995), who published 20 papers devoted mainly to the Brazilian fauna (e.g., Bokermann 1961, 1962, 1964). Fulcidacini have the largest diversity in seasonally dry regions and are rather rare in wet tropics. Adult beetles as well as larvae are phytophagous. Larvae of many species feed on bark of young twigs of various woody plants similarly to  Lamprosomatinae and build complicated portable cases, which often resembles morphological structures of their respective host plant. All Fulcidacini genera were reviewed, diagnosed, keyed, and illustrated by Chamorro-Lacayo and Konstantinov (2009). The biology and seasonality of  Fulcidax monstrosa (Fabricius, 1798) were studied by Flinte and Macedo (2004). </p>
            <p> Clytrini are a moderately large group containing 1,862 species worldwide. They are mostly associated with arid habitats, and have the largest diversity in Central Asia, Africa and the southern part of South  America (Chamorro 2014b) . The New World fauna comprises currently 475 species with most of the diversity in seasonally dry regions of Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia. Currently, 153 species (8.2% of world diversity) are known to occur in Brazil and 108 of them are so far considered to be endemic to the country. The Neotropical fauna was intensively studied by F.A. Monrós, which resulted in the publication of a large monograph on Argentinean fauna (Monrós 1954) that also applies largely to Brazil. Another important researcher was Jacintho Guérin (Guérin 1943, 1944, 1945, 1949, 1952), who mostly studied the Brazilian fauna and described 21 species.  Clytrini larvae are mostly saprophagous feeding on decomposing leaves in litter or on bark of twigs of various woody plants, some are myrmecophilous, while the adults usually eat the youngest tender leaves of their host plants (Erber 1988). </p>
            <p> Cryptocephalini are a large group containing at least 3,500 described species worldwide. Neotropical  Cryptocephalini are poorly known and have remained nearly untouched since Suffrian’s (1863, 1866) monographs. The only other major worker was Martin Jacoby. Suffrian and Jacoby described 625 species of the 800 known Neotropical species. Brazil, with 148 species, has the largest diversity in the region, however, there is most likely a considerable number of undescribed species. Most of the Brazilian species have unknown distribution within the country and the only references are the original descriptions. Contrary to Fulcidacini and  Clytrini ,  Cryptocephalini are very diverse in the wet tropics.  Cryptocephalini larvae are mainly saprophagous, feeding on decomposing leaves in litter, and some species feed on fresh leaves; adults usually feed on the youngest tender leaves of their host plant, and many species are also found on flowers where they eat pollen and petals (Chamorro 2014b). </p>
            <p>Pachybrachini are most diverse in the Neotropical region (Chamorro 2013, 2014b). The monophyly of the tribe is currently supported by molecular data (Gómez-Zurita and Cardoso 2021) and on a combination of the presence (or absence) of morphological features present in other tribes (Chamorro 2013). A total of 172 species in four genera are present in Brazil. Almost 70% of the species in the subfamily were described by E. Suffrian (237 species), J.T. Lacordaire (151 species), F.A. Monrós (76 species), and W.C.A. Bokermann (40 species).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFAC4A517CA1FA33FE947A20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFA34A517CA9F978FACA78BF.text	0D108048FFA34A517CA9F978FACA78BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lamprosomatinae</p>
            <p> Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire, 1848 are a small subfamily containing 213 species classified in four tribes and 14 genera (Chamorro 2014a). Most of the diversity is in the tribe  Lamprosomatini and  Lamprosoma Lacordaire, 1848 is the largest genus with 133 species.  Cachiporrini and Sphaerocharini are monotypic, known only from Brazil, and Neochlamysini have two genera (Chamorro and Konstantinov 2011, Chamorro 2014a).  Lamprosomatinae are morphologically quite uniform and share many characters with  Cryptocephalinae in the Camptosoma clade (e.g., Reid 1995, 2000, Gómez-Zurita and Cardoso 2021). Larvae are eruciform and build portable fecal enclosures. Larvae and adults are phytophagous usually on bark or thick leaf veins of various woody plants similarly as many Fulcidacini.  Lamprosoma azureum Germar, 1824 , which is associated with the Brazilian native strawberry guava (  Psidium cattleianum ) (Caxambú and Almeida 1999) was studied as a potential biocontrol of this plant introduced in Hawaii. However, as it consumes other myrtaceous species it was not recommended (Wikler et al. 2000). </p>
            <p> Lamprosomatinae are distributed mainly in tropics with the center of diversity in the Neotropics, where 166 species occur. They were intensively studied by F.A. Monrós who revised the genera and established the higher classification of the group (Monrós 1956b). Phylogenetic relationships among genera and tribes were tested by Chamorro and Konstantinov (2011) based on morphological characters. Currently, 62 species, representing 31% of world fauna, are reported from Brazil. Thus, Brazil is the country with the highest diversity of  Lamprosomatinae in the world. Despite Monros’ intensive study of the group, there has been no comprehensive species revision since Lacordaire’s (1848) monograph. Lacordaire described 53% of lamprosomatine species and Monrós described an additional 18%. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFA34A517CA9F978FACA78BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFA34A507F06FAEBFD9179AA.text	0D108048FFA34A507F06FAEBFD9179AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysomelinae Latreille 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chrysomelinae</p>
            <p> Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802 are a large subfamily with about 4,500 described species and subspecies (Reid 2014b). Traditionally two tribes are recognized,  Timarchini and  Chrysomelini ;  Chrysomelini are divided into numerous subtribes and even lower taxonomic categories (i.e., Seeno and Wilcox 1982). Based on recent molecular studies, the position of  Timarchini is not fully resolved which have been recovered as sister to the chrysomeline clade (Nie et al. 2020).  Timarchini was also found as sister to remaining  Chrysomelinae and  Galerucinae or as sister to subtribe  Chrysomelina (Gómez-Zurita et al. 2008) . The latter study also supports monophyly of at least two other subtribes of  Chrysomelinae , supporting the phylogeny by Takizawa (1976) which was based on larval characters, and also, suggest that  Timarchini should be considered a separate subfamily. Phylogenetic studies based on adult morphological characters have not been attempted so far, probably because  Chrysomelini adults are rather uniform. This is also reflected at genus level as many genera are subdivided into numerous subgenera with considerable numbers of transitional taxa. </p>
            <p> Chrysomelinae have eruciform exophagous larvae. The majority of species are associated with eudicots, particularly  Solanaceae in the New World (Jolivet 1988, Medeiros and Vasconcellos-Neto 1994).  Chrysomelinae have worldwide distribution with some species reaching the Arctic Region. In contrast to other chrysomelids, most of their diversity is in temperate and drier subtropical areas. Nevertheless, the Neotropical fauna is species rich and currently includes about 1,400 species and subspecies, 519 of these occuring in Brazil. Neotropical chrysomelines were studied extensively by two authors who lived 100 years apart: Carl Stål and Jan Bechyně. Stål (1862 –1865)’s monograph on New World  Chrysomelinae serves as the main reference for recognition of species today. Bechyně’ s studies (e.g., Bechyně 1954b, 1958, Bechyně and Bechyně 1969) on the Neotropical fauna built on Stål’s work and described numerous species. However, Bechyně often only used a poor set of characters to delimit individual taxa and therefore many subspecies might be invalid and may represent polymorphism or local variation. Stål and Bechyně are responsible for describing 375 (69%) Brazilian species and subspecies. The distribution of many chrysomeline species remain poorly known and are based on primary description only. The most species rich genus in Brazil is  Platyphora Gistel, 1857 with 176 species and subspecies representing approximately 39% of the diversity of the genus worldwide. Recently, an illustrated catalog of the  Chrysomelinae types housed in Northern Brazil collections and an illustrated key to the Brazilian genera were published (Sampaio and Fonseca 2023, Sampaio et al. 2024). Studies on host plant association, biology, seasonal patterns of Brazilian species have significantly advanced our knowledge of Brazilian  Chrysomelinae (e.g., Medeiros and Vasconcellos-Neto 1994, Vasconcellos-Neto and Jolivet 1994, Macedo et al. 1998, Flinte et al. 2017). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFA34A507F06FAEBFD9179AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
0D108048FFA24A537CA1F9F6FE867F84.text	0D108048FFA24A537CA1F9F6FE867F84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galerucinae Latreille 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galerucinae</p>
            <p> Galerucinae Latreille, 1802 are the most diverse group of  Chrysomelidae with approximately 15,000 species worldwide, with the greatest diversity in tropical regions (Nadein and Bezděk 2014, Nie et al. 2017b). In Brazil, 1,916 species in 202 genera, representing 31.5% of the  Chrysomelidae fauna, are registered. </p>
            <p> The relationship of  Galerucinae s. str. (‘true’ galerucines) and  Alticini /  Alticinae is an active research area since they were considered traditionally as distinct subfamilies (Seeno and Wilcox 1982, Furth and Suzuki 1998). This classification was based mainly on the metafemoral spring, which gives to alticines the jumping ability (and the name “flea beetles”). However, Ge et al. (2011) evaluated this structure as susceptible to rapid diversification and convergent evolution. The question of whether  Alticinae are a subfamily distinct from  Galerucinae within the  Chrysomelidae has been explored using morphological, molecular and larval characters with studies by Furth and Suzuki (1998), Biondi and D’Alessandro (2010), Ge et al. (2012) and Nie et al. (2020) recovering a monophyletic  Alticinae , whereas Lingafelter and Konstantinov (1999), Gómez-Zurita et al.(2008), Nadein and Bezdĕk (2014), Nie et al. (2017a) and Douglas et al. (2023) recover alticines as a tribe of  Galerucinae . </p>
            <p> Nie et al. (2017b) summarized that  Galerucinae s. str. has 7,145 species (7,132 recent, 13 fossils) and 192 subspecies from 543 genera (542 recent, 1 fossil); Viswajyothi and Clark (2022) updated this number to 544 genera and 7,318 species.  Galerucinae s. str. does not have cosmopolitan genera and in the Neotropical region there are 98 recorded genera – 52 of them endemic (Viswajyothi and Clark 2022); this group consists of five tribes: Oidini,  Hylaspini , Galerucini,  Metacyclini and  Luperini – the last three occurring in Brazil, totaling 503 species included in 58 genera.  Luperini includes the most species-rich genera of the Neotropical Region:  Diabrotica Chevrolat, 1836 with 370 species (138 of these occur in Brazil),  Isotes Weise, 1922 with 181 species (38 Brazilian taxa),  Acalymma Barber, 1947 with 72 species (13 species listed for Brazil), and  Paranapiacaba Bechyně, 1958 with 58 species (20 recorded for Brazil) (Nie et al. 2017b). The main authors that described Brazilian taxa were the same of  Alticini except Gerard Scherer (see below), with addition of Frederick C. Bowditch (1853–1825), Doris H. Blake, Jan K. Bechyně and John Avery Wilcox (1921–2003). Wilcox (e.g., 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975) published the catalog of world  Galerucinae s. str. species known. </p>
            <p> The tribe  Alticini comprises about 10,000 species and over 601 genera worldwide (Douglas et al. 2023). Alticines, or flea-beetles, are mostly represented by small or medium-sized leaf beetles distributed worldwide (with exceptions of Antarctica and some oceanic islands), reaching its highest diversity in the Neotropical Region (Damaška 2017). They are generally recognized by the enlarged hind femora containing the metafemoral spring. The adults and larvae are herbivorous, and most of them show host plant specialization being mono- or oligophagous (Jolivet 1988). </p>
            <p> The Brazilian  Alticini fauna is composed of 1,413 species across 144 genera. The main researchers on this group in Brazil were Jan Bechyně and Bohumila Bechyně whit together described 43.9% of the species and 41.1% of the  Alticini genera. Hamlet Clark also was an important researcher, having described 31 genera and 246 species (17.4%). Other significant contributors include Martin Jacoby with 126 described species, Joseph S. Baly with 64 species, Edgar Harold (1830–1886) described 63 species, and Gerard Scherer (1929–2012) who described 50 species in the 1960s (Scherer 1960), and published the only key to Neotropical  Alticini genera (Scherer 1962, 1983). These seven authors are responsible for describing 82.8% of the Brazilian  Alticini fauna. The most recently described  Alticini species have been discovered by sampling moss and leaf litter, habitats that had never been investigated before in Brazil (Linzmeier and Konstantinov 2009, Oliveira et al. 2021). More recently, several studies on ecology (Linzmeier et al. 2006, Rech and Linzmeier 2019), natural history and biology of  Alticini have been published (e.g., Del-Claro 1991, Linzmeier et al. 2007, Begha et al. 2021, Antonio et al. 2022). However, much still remains to be explored for this taxon and all other chrysomelid groups. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D108048FFA24A537CA1F9F6FE867F84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Linzmeier, Adelita M.;Moura, Luciano de A.;Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.;Manfio, Daiara;Agrain, Federico;Chamorro, Maria L.;Morse, Geoffrey E.;Regalin, Renato;Sekerka, Lukáš	Linzmeier, Adelita M., Moura, Luciano de A., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S., Manfio, Daiara, Agrain, Federico, Chamorro, Maria L., Morse, Geoffrey E., Regalin, Renato, Sekerka, Lukáš (2024): An overview of the Brazilian Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): the most species-rich beetle family in Brazil. Zoologia (e 23092) 41: 1-21, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23092, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23092
