identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1A5B87F5FF80BF34FC18F9C1FAD96BE6.text	1A5B87F5FF80BF34FC18F9C1FAD96BE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetranemertes Chernyshev 1992	<div><p>Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992</p><p>? Ommatoplea Ehrenberg, 1828: pl. IV (type species Ommatoplea taeniata Ehrenberg, 1828, fixed by monotypy).</p><p>Nemertes: Friedrich, 1955: 171 (neither Cuvier, 1816 nor Johnston, 1837) [ Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846 indicated as type species (invalid designation)].</p><p>Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992: 134 (type species Nemertes antonina Quatrefages, 1846, fixed by original designation).</p><p>Remarks. The three species names “ Ommatoplea taeniata ”, “ Polystemma adriaticus ”, and “ Polystemma albicans ”,</p><p>Tetranemertes ocelata MT 581159 MT581200 MT581186 MT578863 — Cherneva et al. (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes pastafariensis isolate CB055 18 — MT581210 MT581196 MT578892 — Cherneva et al . (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes pastafariensis isolate SMCP0019 MT581182 — — MT578896 — Cherneva et al . (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes paulayi BOMAN 08291 — OQ322646 OQ322592 — — Cherneva et al. (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes paulayi BOMAN 07013 — OQ322649 — OQ321715 — Cherneva et al. (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes rubrolineata BOMAN 08038 — OQ322650 OQ322595 OQ321718 — Cherneva et al. (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes sp. ETP001 MT581183 MT581211 MT581197 MT578897 — Cherneva et al . (2023)</p><p>Tetranemertes sp. AHK-2024-1 — — — PQ564663 — Present study</p><p>Tetranemertes sp. AHK-2024-2 — — — PQ564664 — Present study</p><p>Tetranemertes unistriata 4900709991 (Japan) MT581158 MT581198 MT581184 MT578861 — Cherneva et al . (2023)</p><p>Tetrastemma elegans AJ 436810 — AJ436865 AJ436920 AJ436968 Thollesson and Norenburg (2003) Tetrastemma parallelos ON 112235 ON112234 ON112277 ON098244 ON107495 Abato et al. (2022)</p><p>Tetrastemma phaeobasisae MZ 231165 MZ231234 MZ231324 MZ216553 — Chernyshev et al.(2021)</p><p>Tetrastemma vittigerum 132742 KF935491 KF935323 KF935379 KF935539 KF935435 Kvist et al .(2014)</p><p>Tetrastemma vittigerum 25171 — KF935324 KF935380 KF935540 KF935436 Kvist et al .(2014)</p><p>Tetrastemma vittigerum H3 MZ231192 MZ231272 MZ231362 MZ216585 MZ216663 Chernyshev et al .(2021)</p><p>Tetrastemma wilsoni AJ 436811 — AJ436866 AJ436921 AJ436969 Thollesson and Norenburg (2003)</p><p>Vieitezia luzmurubeae 104801 JF277607 HQ443428 — HQ443426 JF277746 Andrade et al . (2012)</p><p>Vieitezia luzmurubeae 133470 KF935495 KF935328 KF935384 KF935544 KF935440 Kvist et al .(2014)</p><p>* Our phylogenetic analysis used one of the correctly identified or correctly labeled P. nelsoni sequences. The COI sequence with GenBank accession number HQ848606 labelled as P. nelsoni bio-material DNA105586 is an incorrectly identified or mislabeled sequence. This sequence is not from a true P. nelsoni as it is nested within Oerstediina whereas a true P. nelsoni should be in Amphiporina . Similarly, COI sequences with accession numbers MK047678 ( P. nelsoni isolate PROne nz13.) and MZ558353 ( Prosorhochmus sp. MNJ-2021) are not true congeners being nested outside the Prosorhochmus clade. This claim can be checked by constructing a COI neighbor joining tree.</p><p>as well as the two genus names “ Ommatoplea ” and “ Polystemma ”, appeared for the first time in the caption of plate IV (published in 1828) of Ehrenberg (1828 –1831); these names were made available in 1828 under Article 12.2.7 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (hereafter the Code) (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) (hereinafter, ICZN refers to the Commission). In the text (published in 1831), P. albicans was transferred to the newly established genus Amphiporus Ehrenberg, 1831 . Interpreting the date of publication of Ommatoplea Ehrenberg, 1828 and Polystemma Ehrenberg, 1828 erroneously as 1831, Verrill (1892: 387) included these two names in the synonymy of Amphiporus, and, at the same time, recognized the two taxa as subgenera under Amphiporus (Verrill 1892: 388) . Bürger (1904: 77) regarded Ommatoplea and O. taeniata as nomina dubia; Gibson (1995: 449, 451) followed this. On the other hand, Polystemma adriaticum and Polystemma albicans were considered invalid and listed—as valid names—as Amphiporus adriaticus and Amphiporus albicans (Bürger 1904: 49; Gibson 1995: 486); however, when the priorities of Polystemma Ehrenberg, 1828 and Amphiporus Ehrenberg, 1831 are considered, these name usages are incorrect.</p><p>As Ommatoplea and Polystemma have unlikely been used as valid after 1898, while Amphiporus has been in prevailing usage, the precedence would be reversed under Article 23.9 of the Code (which is beyond the scope of this study, though). On the other hand, Ommatoplea may actually be a senior synonym of Tetranemertes, as some of the characteristics in O. taeniata —such as the ocelli arranged in four rows and the short rhynchocoel (Fig. 1A–D)—suggest. If this is the case, the precedence would not likely be reversed, because the usage of Tetranemertes would not satisfy the conditions stipulated in Article 23.9.1.2 of the Code. Despite external morphological resemblance with Tetranemertes, our observation and opinion on Ommatoplea as a senior synonym of the former can be claimed with certainty only when fresh O. taeniata from the type locality is thoroughly examined, especially its stylet basis morphology and cephalic furrows, and subjected to a phylogenetic study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A5B87F5FF80BF34FC18F9C1FAD96BE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Abato, Jamael C.;Hookabe, Natsumi;Kajihara, Hiroshi	Abato, Jamael C., Hookabe, Natsumi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2025): Species Diversity of Tetranemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera) in Japan. Species Diversity 30 (1): 71-83, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.30.71, URL: https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.30.71
1A5B87F5FF82BF33FCF8FAA7FAE569BE.text	1A5B87F5FF82BF33FCF8FAA7FAE569BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetranemertes aurantia Abato & Hookabe & Kajihara 2025	<div><p>Tetranemertes aurantia sp. nov. (Figs 2A–C, 3A–G)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype, ICHUM 8719, extracted genomic DNA, anterior half preserved in Bouin’s fluid, then in 70% ethanol, unsectioned, posterior half in 99% ethanol; collected by Natsumi Hookabe on 30 June 2022, from a bycaught sample of a fishery gill net deployed around 10 m depth, off Sugashima island, Mie, Japan.</p><p>Etymology. The new specific name, meaning ‘orange,’ is the Latin adjective aurantius (m.), -a (f.), -um (n.), referring to the body color of the new species.</p><p>Diagnosis. A Tetranemertes with bright orange body color, without mid-dorsal stripe, with ~60 eyes in total, with longitudinally-grooved stylets, basis nearly rod in shape, bifurcated, stylet/basis ratio 0.42.</p><p>Sequences. GenBank accession number PP413743, 16S (465 bp); PP413744, 18S (1778 bp); PP413745, 28S (1118 bp); PP413702, COI (604 bp).</p><p>Description. External appearance of living specimen. Body long and thin, thread-like, uniformly deep orange in color (Fig. 2A–C) on both sides except semi-translucent head, colorless anterior end, and paler posterior end (Fig. 2B, C), orange appearance due to internal body structures visible through body, margin colorless, no markings, narrows from anterior region towards head (Fig. 2B, C), anterior-most body to head noticeably convoluted when contracted (Fig. 3A, B); head not demarcated from rest of body, narrow spearhead in shape (i.e., resembles a viper’s head), obviously thin when worm stretches at non-anesthetized state, broadens or bulges immediately in front of cerebral ganglia, narrows anteriorly (Fig. 2B), colorless (Fig. 3A, B); four longitudinal rows of laterally distributed reddish-purple ocelli visible at dorsal view of head, two ocelli rows on each side, 26–28 in total number, anterior-most ocelli do not reach head tip, posterior-most immediately in front of cerebral ganglia (Fig. 3A, B), one row of ocelli on each side of head visible at ventral view (10–12 in number) (Fig. 3B); cerebral ganglia visible as pair of round, pinkish structures at mid posterior head on both sides (Figs 2B, 3A, B); cerebral organ not discernable at dorsal view, slightly notable at ventral view (Fig. 3B); cephalic furrow not evident at dorsal view, apparent ventrally as shallow ‘Λ’ with corner directing anteriorly, located in front of cerebral ganglia, before posterior-most ocelli (Fig. 3B); posterior tip of body rounded.</p><p>Rhynchocoel and proboscis. Rhynchocoel restricted to anterior-most region of body, approximately within 2 cm from tip of head (Fig. 2B); proboscis transparent in color, with two distinct regions separated by proboscis bulb, diaphragm dark brownish, dotted with reddish-purple pigments at high magnification (Fig. 3G), with single central stylet (Fig. 3C) and two overlapping pouches, each holding two accessory stylets (Fig. 3E, F); central stylet shaft straight, glassy, fluted, accessory stylets same (Fig. 3D–F), 115 µm in length, 19 µm in width; stylet basis rod-shaped, dark brown under light microscope, narrower anteriorly, posterior appears bifurcated (Fig. 3C, D), 273 µm in length, 53 µm in width; central stylet to basis ratio 0.42.</p><p>Remarks. The new species can be distinguished from the named Tetranemertes based on morphology, DNA sequence data, and locality. The new species can be morphologically distinguished from the pale to deep pinkish T. arabica Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023, the white or yellowish and mid-dorsally striped T. rubrolineata (Kirsteuer, 1965), the pale yellowish orange to pale pink and mid-dorsally striped T. unistriata, from the dark pink (wine) colored T. antonina, from the pale yellow to orangish yellow T. pastafariensis Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023, from the uniformly intense pink T. majinbuui Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023, from the pale yellow or deeppinkish orange T. ocelata Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023, from the dusky pink T. hermaphroditica (Gibson, 1982), and from the multi-colored and stripped and spotted T. bifrost Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023 . Tetranemertes aurantia sp. nov. exhibits color resemblance with the orange-colored T. paulayi Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023 but both species differ in the number of ocelli and the morphology of the stylet basis.</p><p>Phylogeny and genetic distance. Tetranemertes aurantia sp. nov. forms a highly supported clade along with other members of Tetranemertes and is sister to a clade consisting of T. arabica, T. rubrolineata, and T. unistriata (Fig. 4) with uncorrected pairwise COI genetic distances of 11.3%, 11.6%, and 10.6%–12.3%, respectively (Table 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A5B87F5FF82BF33FCF8FAA7FAE569BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Abato, Jamael C.;Hookabe, Natsumi;Kajihara, Hiroshi	Abato, Jamael C., Hookabe, Natsumi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2025): Species Diversity of Tetranemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera) in Japan. Species Diversity 30 (1): 71-83, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.30.71, URL: https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.30.71
1A5B87F5FF85BF30FCDDF95EFB1669FE.text	1A5B87F5FF85BF30FCDDF95EFB1669FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetranemertes kandai (Kato 1939) Abato & Hookabe & Kajihara 2025	<div><p>Tetranemertes kandai (Kato, 1939) comb. nov. (Fig. 5A, B)</p><p>Emplectonema kandai Kato, 1939: 251–253, figs 1, 2, pls 1–6 (type material unknown); Kanda 1939: 166–173, figs 1–4.</p><p>Emended diagnosis. A luminescent, reddish-orange Tetranemertes, anterior end almost colorless, posterior end light yellow, ocelli on each side of the head in linear groups, 15–20 in number per group, with hair-like projections on anterior and lower lateral edges of head (Fig. 5A), central stylet and accessory stylets slender, acutely pointed, longitudinally fluted, basis rounded, and posteriorly bifurcated (Fig. 5), stylet to basis ratio 1.45.</p><p>Remarks. Emplectonema kandai was established based on material associated with the solitary ascidian Chelyosoma siboja Oka, 1906 living on a sandy or muddy bottom, 30–40 m deep in Aomori Bay near the Asamushi Marine Biological Station. This nemertean can emit a pale green luminescence along the entire body length in response to both chemical and mechanical stimuli (Kanda 1939). In life, E. kandai is filiform in shape, dorso-ventrally flat, 10–15 cm to more than 100 cm in length, 0.1 cm in width, uniformly reddish-orange in body color, with the anterior end being almost colorless, posterior end light yellow; the ocelli are arranged in a linear group, 15–20 in number, each dorsally and ventrally on both sides (Fig. 5A); the central stylet is slender, acutely pointed, 0.16 mm in length, glassy, and conspicuously fluted longitudinally; the stylet basis is clubshaped, 0.11 mm in length, with roundly bifurcated terminations; two stylet pouches each has two accessory stylets shorter than the central stylet, fluted as the latter (Fig. 5B). The stylet/basis ratio is 1.45.</p><p>* Originally identified as Monostilifera sp. 2 CNP-2478 in Alfaya et al. (2023), treated in this manuscript as Tetranemertes based on the phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>While members of the two eumonostiliferous hoplonemertean genera Emplectonema and Tetranemertes commonly have an elongated body, they differ in the shape of the head (e.g., rounded in the former; elongated and diamond-shaped in the latter), structure of the cephalic furrows (e.g., two greatly reduced, small arch-like cerebral organ furrows in the former; single V-shaped ventral cerebral organ furrow in the latter), and the arrangement of the ocelli (e.g., four groups or two irregular rows in Emplectonema vs. four longitudinal rows, with two overlapping dorsoventrally on each side in Tetranemertes). The type species of Emplectonema was recently discovered to be Borlasia camillea Quatrefages, 1846 (now Emplectonema neesii Örsted, 1843 or Neesia neesii), instead of Emplectonema viride Stimpson, 1857 as had long been accepted among nemertean specialists. In response to this, a case has been submitted to the ICZN for a ruling to set aside the original type fixation and designate E. viride as the type species (Kajihara et al. 2021); under Article 82.1 of the Code, E. viride is deemed as the type species until a ruling is published. Irrespective of the overlooked type species, the genus concept for Emplectonema has been vague, resulting in almost like a catch-all taxon consisting of any thin-bodied eumonostliferans.</p><p>Among 22 species listed as members of Emplectonema (Norenburg et al. 2024), the only true congener other than the type species would be E. gracile (Johnston, 1837); E. friederichi Sánchez, 1973 may be a junior synonym of the type species E. viride . Other species currently in Emplectonema will probably be transferred to different genera in future taxonomic studies; E. mitsuii Yamaoka, 1947 (in addition to E. kandai) is more closely related to other eumonostiliferans than to E. gracile and E. viride (Kajihara et al. 2011; present study). No matter which of B. camillea or E. viride becomes the type species of Emplectonema upon the ICZN ruling, E. kandai should be transferred to Tetranemertes . Among the 22 Emplectonema species (Norenburg et al. 2024), E. kandai is the only one where the ocelli are arranged in four rows, as stated and illustrated in its original description (Kato 1939: fig. 1A, B). We herein propose to transfer the species to Tetranemertes, yielding a new combination, T. kandai comb. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A5B87F5FF85BF30FCDDF95EFB1669FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Abato, Jamael C.;Hookabe, Natsumi;Kajihara, Hiroshi	Abato, Jamael C., Hookabe, Natsumi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2025): Species Diversity of Tetranemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera) in Japan. Species Diversity 30 (1): 71-83, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.30.71, URL: https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.30.71
1A5B87F5FF86BF3FFCFCF89FFD4F6A9B.text	1A5B87F5FF86BF3FFCFCF89FFD4F6A9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetranemertes unistriata Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova 2023	<div><p>Tetranemertes unistriata Cherneva, Ellison, Zattara, Norenburg, Schwartz, Junoy, and Maslakova, 2023 (Fig. 6A–E)</p><p>Tetranemertes unistriata Cherneva et al., 2023: 188, fig. 7A–H.</p><p>Remarks. Tetranemertes unistriata was established based on specimens from Oman and Japan (COI p -distance is 3.3%) (Table 2), the latter was found among calcareous algae taken on Engetsu Island, Shirahama, Japan (Cherneva et al. 2023). It is one of two congeners that has a mid-dorsal reddish stripe (Fig. 6A, D, E), the other being T. rubrolineata . The body color in life varies from pale yellowish orange to pale pink. A pair of ventral anterior cephalic furrows nearly fused mid-ventrally to form a shallow ‘Λ,’ with the corner directing anteriorly (Fig. 6B). The central stylet basis is cylindrical and deeply forked posteriorly (Fig. 6C).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A5B87F5FF86BF3FFCFCF89FFD4F6A9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Abato, Jamael C.;Hookabe, Natsumi;Kajihara, Hiroshi	Abato, Jamael C., Hookabe, Natsumi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2025): Species Diversity of Tetranemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera) in Japan. Species Diversity 30 (1): 71-83, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.30.71, URL: https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.30.71
