taxonID	type	description	language	source
C0944F9FB518545397227835ABC5B2ED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The flower is superficially similar to that of Pleurothallis bothros, however the new species may be distinguished by the prolific habit (vs. non-prolific), ramicauls linear, very thin throughout (vs. ramicauls subclavate, notably thickened apically), bearing 1 – 4 open flowers (vs. many, usually + 10, simultaneous flowers), the longer flower segments (dorsal sepal 7.4 – 7.6 vs. 6.5 – 6.6 mm, lateral sepals 6.6 vs. 6.0 mm, petals 5.6 – 5.7 vs. 3.8 – 4.0 mm, lip 4.1 – 4.3 vs. 3.1 – 3.5 mm), the lanceolate petals (vs. oblong) and the black flecks on the pedicel, ovary, and external surface of the sepals (vs. no flecks).	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
C0944F9FB518545397227835ABC5B2ED.taxon	description	Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, constitutively prolific, suberect to erect herbs, up to 30 cm tall. Roots flexuous, thin, ca. 1 mm in diameter, densely spaced, appearing fasciculate. Ramicauls erect to suberect, slender, up to 28 cm long, covered by tubular sheaths close to the base, tightly adpressed, up to 5 cm long. Leaves spreading, glossy, dark green, coriaceous, sessile, ovate-cordate with downturned margins, acuminate, blades of the primary ramicaul 4.0 – 7.5 × 2.0 – 3.8 cm. Inflorescences persistent, forming few to several successive multi-flowered coflorescences, each producing a single open flower, up to 4 different coflorescences bearing simultaneous single flowers, typically 1 or 2, subtended by a nearly prostrate or suberect spathe which appears deeply torn during and after anthesis, ca. 1 cm long; pedicels terete, pale gray-yellow, with irregular black flecks. Ovary clavate, 4.5 – 4.7 mm long, gray-green and suffused with yellow, similarly marked with black. Flowers spreading, yellow. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, slightly concave, obtuse, 3 - veined, with irregular black flecks on its adaxial surface, 7.4 – 7.6 × 4.5 mm, apiculate. Lateral sepals connate in an oblong, slightly concave synsepal, obtuse, 4 - veined, 6.6 × 5.8 – 5.9 mm. Petals linear-lanceolate, oblique, acute, 1 - veined, 5.6 – 5.7 × 1.0 – 1.1 mm. Lip triangular-ovate, resting on the synsepal, 4.1 – 4.3 × 2.7 – 2.8, margins raised, apex slightly recurved, acute, glenion a deep cavity between the raised lateral margins. Column straight, transversely subrectangular, 1.7 – 1.9 mm long, apically 2.1 mm wide, with a ca. 1 mm column foot, the anther and stigma apical. Anther cap ovate, cucullate, obtuse at the base, bilobed apically, 2 - celled. Pollinarium composed of 2, narrowly ovate-pyriform pollinia, connected to a liquid, drop-like viscidium. Fruits and seeds unknown. This description is based on A. P. Karremans & J. Gange 9036, D. E. Mora s. n., and D. Bogarín et al. 13652.	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
C0944F9FB518545397227835ABC5B2ED.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Currently known only from central Costa Rica, where the species is found growing either epiphytically, mainly on oaks, or terrestrially, on the leaf mulch rich ground, in montane or cloud forests at high elevations around 2300 – 2550 m (Fig. 4 C). Pleurothallis matrisilvae is not a particularly rare species, but all currently known specimens were collected in the same general area on the Cordillera de Talamanca in the province of Cartago.	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
A8E88CEDA6B45C9682E1EF16E883DE23.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Vegetatively similar to P. vinealis, but distinguished by the significantly shorter plants, up to 30 cm long (vs. exceeding 1 m), the shorter ramicauls 7.5 – 26.0 cm (vs. up to 40 cm long), the significantly smaller dorsal sepal (6.8 – 7.0 × 3.3 – 3.4 mm vs. 11 – 14 × 4.5 – 5.5 mm), synsepal (5.5 – 6.5 × 4.1 – 4.2 mm vs. 11 – 14 × 4.5 – 5.5 mm), and lip (2.4 – 2.6 × 1.6 – 1.7 mm vs. 5.5 – 6.5 × 3 mm). The flowers are transparent yellow, with a rose to purple suffusion (vs. brown), the lip is triangular-ovate (vs. oblong) the margins being shortly glandular (vs. denticulate), slightly raised but lacking a central sulcus (vs. prominently sulcate).	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
A8E88CEDA6B45C9682E1EF16E883DE23.taxon	description	Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, strictly prolific, erect to suberect herb, up to 30 cm long. Roots flexuous, thin, ca. 1 mm in diameter, densely spaced, appearing fasciculate. Primary ramicauls erect to suberect, slender, 7.5 – 26.0 cm long, with 2 basal tubular, tightly adpressed, papyraceous sheaths, up to 2.0 – 6.0 cm long. Secondary ramicauls 1.5 – 8.0 cm long, produced profusely from the floral meristem on the apex of prior ramicauls, being able to produce clumps and chains of multiple ramicauls before severing naturally. Leaves spreading to pendent, coriaceous, sessile, narrowly ovate to cordate, acute, blades of primary ramicauls 4.0 – 7.7 × 1.8 – 5.0 cm, blades on secondary ramicauls 2.5 – 5.2 × 1.0 – 2.5 cm. Inflorescence persistent, forming successive multi-flowered coflorescences with a single open flower, subtended by a nearly prostrate or suberect spathe which appears deeply torn over time, ca. 1 cm long; pedicels cylindrical. Ovary slightly clavate, ca. 3 mm long, green, with a few black dots and occasional crystals. Flowers spreading, transparent yellow, with a rose to purple suffusion of varying intensity, especially observed on the petals, lip, column, and anther cap. Dorsal sepal narrowly ovate to elliptic, acute, 3 - veined, 6.8 – 7.0 × 3.3 – 3.4 mm. Lateral sepals connate in an ovate synsepal, acute, 4 - veined, 5.5 – 6.5 × 4.1 – 4.2 mm. Petals naturally drooping, linear-lanceolate, oblique, acute, 1 - veined, 5.1 – 5.4 × 0.6 – 0.7 mm, glandular, with the margins erose. Lip triangular-ovate, resting on the synsepal, 2.4 – 2.6 × 1.6 – 1.7 mm, blade glandular-papillose, margins minutely glandular, slightly raised, acute, shortly apiculate, with a pair of shoulder-like basal lobes. Glenion a shallow, oblong cavity between raised lateral margins. Column straight, transversely suboblong, ca. 1.5 mm long, with a short column foot, the anther and stigma apical. Anther cap ovate, cucullate, obtuse, 2 - celled. Pollinarium composed of 2 narrowly ovate-pyriform pollinia connected to a liquid, drop-like viscidium. Fruits and seeds unknown. This description is based on A. P. Karremans et al. 7600, A. P. Karremans et al. 9135, D. Bogarín et al. 8632, D. Bogarín et al. 12131 and I. Chinchilla et al. 2865.	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
A8E88CEDA6B45C9682E1EF16E883DE23.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Currently known only from southern Costa Rica and western Panama, where plants grow either epiphytically or terrestrially on organic matter in oak forests at high elevations, around 1800 – 2550 m. Pleurothallis pridgeoniana is locally abundant at high elevations on the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the Puntarenas (Costa Rica) and Chiriquí (Panama) provinces respectively. This notoriously prolific species is often found forming large pending mats or clumps in primary and mature forests.	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
07227E51075C56C599C4C8EC5704B31E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Morphologically closely resembling P. longipetala Bogarín & Belfort, but distinguished by the occasionally prolific plant that produces clumps of ramicauls (vs. non-prolific), the proportionally broader (ratio length: width = 2: 1 vs 3: 1) leaves, cordate in shape (vs. narrowly ovate-lanceolate) with overlapping basal lobes (vs. basal lobes non-overlapping), the smaller flower (<1.5 vs> 2. 0 cm), the shorter and narrower petals (5.4 – 5.7 × 0.7 – 0.8 vs. 7.9 – 8.6 × 1.6 – 1.7 mm) and by the lip, which is pendent and perpendicular to the column (vs erect, parallel to the column), and obscurely glandular (vs. thickly verrucose).	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
07227E51075C56C599C4C8EC5704B31E.taxon	description	Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, occasionally prolific, erect to suberect herb, up to 25 cm tall. Roots flexuous, thin, ca. 1 mm in diameter, densely spaced, appearing fasciculate. Primary ramicauls erect to suberect, slender, up to 9.0 – 23.0 cm long, with 2 tubular, tightly adpressed, papyraceous sheaths, up to 2.5 – 4.3 cm long, one close to the base, and another reaching the middle of the ramicaul. Secondary ramicauls 1.0 – 3.5 cm long, produced profusely from the floral meristem on the apex of primary ramicaul, being able to produce clumps of multiple ramicauls before severing naturally. Leaves horizontal to suberect, coriaceous, sessile, cordate, acute, with the basal lobes confluent to overlapping. Blades of primary ramicauls 4.0 – 9.6 × 1.5 – 4.0 cm, blades on secondary ramicauls 1.5 – 5.4 × 0.6 – 1.7 cm. Inflorescences persistent, forming successive multi-flowered coflorescences with a single open flower, subtended by a nearly prostrate or suberect spathe which appears deeply torn over time, ca. 1 cm long; pedicels terete, pale gray-yellow, with irregular black flecks. Ovary slightly clavate, bent, 3.0 – 3.2 mm long, green, with occasional black dots. Flowers spreading, transparent purple, with dark purple petals and lip, a whitish column, suffused with pink, and a yellowish anther cap. Dorsal sepal elliptic, acute, 3 - veined, 8.5 × 4.0 – 4.2 mm. Lateral sepals connate in a narrowly ovate synsepal, acute, 4 - veined, 7.3 – 7.8 × 4.7 – 4.8 mm. Petals linear, oblique, acute, 1 - veined, 5.4 – 5.7 × 0.7 – 0.8 mm, with glandular margins. Lip triangular-ovate, resting on the synsepal, 2.6 – 2.8 × 2.3 mm, blade glandular, margins glandular-erose, acute, shortly apiculate, glenion a deep, oblong basal cavity. Column straight, transversely subrectangular, ca. 1.5 mm long, with a very short, glandular column foot, the anther and stigma apical. Anther cap ovate, cucullate, obtuse, 2 - celled. Pollinarium composed of 2, narrowly ovate-pyriform pollinia, connected to a liquid, drop-like viscidium. Fruits and seeds unknown. This description is based on A. P. Karremans & J. Geml 5403.	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
07227E51075C56C599C4C8EC5704B31E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Currently known only from the southern Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica, where plants grow epiphytically in primary forests at around 1400 – 2300 m of elevation. Pleurothallis winkeliana appears to be rare but is found on both watersheds of the Cordillera de Talamanca in southern Costa Rica, close to the Panamanian border, where it has been recorded in the neighboring Limón and Puntarenas provinces.	en	Karremans, Adam P., Pupulin, Franco, Gange, John, Bogarín, Diego (2025): Three new species of Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a note on asexual reproduction by prolification in Pleurothallidinae. PhytoKeys 256: 197-220, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.256.140316
