identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.text	8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus (Boulenger 1882)	<div><p>Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus (Boulenger, 1882)</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 Common name: Standard English name: White-speckled tree frog Standard Spanish name: Rana de torrente de puntos blancos (Frank and Ramus 1996)</p><p>Hyla albopunctulata Boulenger, 1882: 385, fig. 4. Type locality: Sarayacu, Ecuador.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Designated lectotype (Fig. 4 A): BMNH 1880.12.5.230, adult male, from “  Sarayacu, Ecuador ”  .  Paralectotypes: BMNH 1880.12.5.159 –162 adult males from “ Ecuador ”</p><p>Definition.</p><p>In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned, based on four adult females and 17 adult males, including the paralectotypes.  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) mean SVL 32.3 mm in adult males (range 30.3–35.5; n = 17) and mean SVL 37.8 mm in adult females (range 37.1–38.1; n = 4) (Suppl. material 1: table S 5, Fig. 7); (2) white supralabial stripe present; (3) tympanum round, inconspicuous in males and distinct in females, supratympanic fold present and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and tarsal folds present and thick; (5) subarticular tubercles varying from small to inconspicuous in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in hands and feet; (7) calcar tubercle absent; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surfaces plain cream with a combination of black and white spots in the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green to yellowish green, covered with white spots and with or without sparce or clumped black spots; axillar and inguinal regions yellowish or blueish; venter and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs yellow; other ventral surfaces silver, brownish or greenish; yellow pericloacal spots; webbing yellow orange; iris clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consist of a single note, with a mean duration of 0.051 ± 0.005 s, a mean dominant frequency of 2147.84 ± 137.36 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz. The call can be repeated consecutively for an indefinite number of times (2 –&gt; 70) in a series of calls.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to live specimens. The most similar species to  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus living in the Amazon basin are  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.,  H. dispersus sp. nov.,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola .  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus differs by having a white supralabial stripe (absent in  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.), a supratympanic fold (absent in all species except in  H. dispersus sp. nov.), a thick tarsal fold (rudimentary in  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov., and  H. phyllognathus), small to inconspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands and feet in  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov., and  H. dispersus sp. nov.; Fig. 11), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in  H. dispersus sp. nov.), an absent calcar tubercle (present in  H. dispersus sp. nov. and  H. phyllognathus), well-defined pericloacal spots (ill-defined or absent in  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov., and  H. torrenticola), and a clam shell iris with black or sand dune reticulations (a clam shell iris with dark pinkish or leather reticulations in  H. maycu sp. nov. and  H. elbakyanae sp. nov., pearl or pinkish iris with leather reticulations in  H. dispersus sp. nov. and bronze iris in  H. torrenticola, Fig. 12).</p><p>The advertisement call of  H. albopunctulatus has a rise time of 2.28 ± 0.80 s (shorter in  H. maycu sp. nov. with 0.832 s and in  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 0.57 ± 0.05 s), a dominant frequency of 2149.84 ± 137.36 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz (higher dominant frequency of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2210.8–2924.2 Hz in  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov.).  Hyloscirtus torrenticola also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz.  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus has a call duration of 0.051 ± 0.005 s (longer in  H. dispersus sp. nov. with 0.11 ± 0.015 s).  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus has an intercall duration of 0.30 ± 0.06 s (shorter in  H. phyllognathus with 0.05 s and in  H. torrenticola with 0.07 ± 0.007 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016). Moreover, all males of  H. albopunctulatus were registered calling from under rocks next to streams (n = 5; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024), while all males of  H. dispersus sp. nov. have been found calling while perching in vegetation over streams (n = 14; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024).</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Dorsal and ventral variation of adult preserved specimens is illustrated on Fig. 13. In preservative, dorsum varies from cream with white spots distributed throughout the body and limbs and thick black spots scattered across the body (e. g., QCAZ 59825) and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 59823), with minute black spots scattered in the entire body (e. g., QCAZ 59817) or accumulated in the head (e. g., QCAZ 59824), with dark flecks in body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 59809), with barely visible minute black spots (e. g., QCAZ 62188) or absent black spots (e. g., QCAZ 59827), to cream with barely visible white spots and minute and thick black spots covering almost the entire dorsum (e. g., QCAZ 59814). We found evidence of conspicuous intraindividual phenotypic plasticity in color. Photos of QCAZ 59825 taken within 14 days of each other show variation in the presence of black spots on the dorsum, head, and snout. Similarly, QCAZ 59822, after 17 days, gained abundant black spots on the dorsum and head and increased the conspicuousness of the dark reticulations on the iris (Fig. 14 A, B). We did not find phenotypic plasticity in ventral coloration. Ventral surfaces vary from cream (e. g., QCAZ 59825) to darker cream (e. g., QCAZ 59817). Mental gland in males varies from whitish cream (e. g., QCAZ 59814) to darker cream (e. g., QCAZ 59827).</p><p>In life (Fig. 15), the dorsum varies from light green with white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs, and few spread black marks (e. g., QCAZ 59825) or without black spots or marks (e. g., QCAZ 59811), yellowish green with white spots covering the entire body and limbs and spread black marks, accumulated in the anterior part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 59824) or minute and thick blacks spots across the body (e. g., QCAZ 59823) to brownish green with white spots in all the body and limbs and few black marks randomly dispersed (e. g., QCAZ 59808). Venter and posterior surfaces of thighs vary from yellow (e. g., QCAZ 59811) to greenish yellow (e. g., QCAZ 59808). Other ventral surfaces vary from whitish (e. g., QCAZ 59823) to brownish green (e. g., QCAZ 59824). Iris varies from clam shell with thin (e. g., QCAZ 59825) to thick black or sand dune reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 59823). Examined specimens are listed in Suppl. material 1: tables S 1, S 9.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus is known from seven localities, from North to Central eastern Ecuador at elevations between 389 and 1391 m (Fig. 5). Biogeographic regions are Amazon Humid Tropical Forest, Eastern Foothill Forest, and Eastern Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). They are nocturnal and associated with streams near ravines. Males call under rocks in ravines, leaf litter, streams, small creeks, caves, or cracks. Several individuals have been found perching on vegetation up to 2.5 m but have not been found calling there. The species occurs in sympatry with  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>We analyzed 26 calls from seven individuals. Six males (QCAZ 59813, 59815, 59817 and three non-collected males) from Comunidad Zarentza, Llanganates National Park, Provincia Pastaza, on 17–24 February 2017, air temperature 19–21 ° C, recorded by D. Velalcázar and D. Rivadeneira. One individual (QCAZ 48503) from Reserva Río Bigal, Provincia Orellana, recorded by M. Read, on 22 May 2010. The advertisement call consists of a single tonal note, repeated a highly variable number of times in a series of calls (Fig. 9 A). We found from two to more than 70 consecutive calls before long silence periods. One male (QCAZ 59815) called with short pauses during 4.08 s, broadcasting 926 calls. The average call duration is 0.051 + 0.005 s with an average inter-call interval of 0.30 ± 0.06 s. The average dominant frequency of the call is 2149.8 ± 137.36 Hz. Other call parameters are listed in Table 4.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The distribution polygon of  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus is 7921 km 2. Habitat destruction for agriculture and cattle is rising within its distribution range (Ministerio del Ambiente 2013). However, they also inhabit undisturbed and protected areas like Parque Nacional Llanganates. Its tolerance to disturbed forests is unknown. Given its distribution range being less than 20000 km 2 and by having less than 10 known localities, we propose that  H. albopunctulatus remains assigned to the Red List category Vulnerable (B 1 abiii).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A6BDAA17B46595EBCE5CE0D1B0346E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea;Streicher, Jeffrey W.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Ron, Santiago R.	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.text	43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyloscirtus dispersus Varela-Jaramillo & Streicher & Venegas & Ron 2025	<div><p>Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Dispersed stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de Torrente dispersa</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. • QCAZ 52006 (Figs 20 – 22), field no. SC 38765, adult male from Ecuador, Provincia Tungurahua, Caserío Machay, 3 km E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2801&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.3923" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2801/lat -1.3923)">Río Verde on the road to Puyo</a>, (1.3923 ° S, 78.2801 ° W), 1349 m above sea level, collected by SRR, F. Ayala, T. Camacho, M. Yánez, D. Rivadeneira, S. Aldás and D. Pareja on 19 September 2011. A 3 D model of the holotype is available at Sketchfab platform (https://skfb.ly/oSqqI)  .   Paratypes. • All collected in Ecuador. Provincia Sucumbíos: Río Azuela, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5921&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.0752" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5921/lat -0.0752)">Hostería El Reventador</a> (0.0752 ° S, 77.5921 ° W), 1680 m, QCAZ 66709 –10, adult males, collected by G. Vaca, M. Mejía and D. Escobar on 26 February 2017 ; •   Provincia Napo: Cocodrilos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.671" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7928/lat -0.671)">on Baeza – Archidona road</a> (0.6710 ° S, 77.7928 ° W), 1575 m, QCAZ 63488, adult male, collected by SRR, S. Guamán, M. J. Navarrete, B. Proaño and A. Achig on 23 June 2016 ; •  Provincia Tungurahua: same locality, date, and collectors as for the holotype, (1.4002 ° S, 78.2807 ° W), 1244 m, QCAZ 52007, adult male; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.154&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.3765" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.154/lat -1.3765)">Reserva Río Zuñac</a> (1.3765 ° S, 78.1540 ° W), 1594 m, QCAZ 52458, 52462, adult males, collected by F. Ayala, D. Paucar, Y. Sagredo, J. P. Reyes, F. Recalde, L. Recalde and S. Recalde on 16 January 2011 ; •   Provincia Pastaza: Reserva Comunitaria Ankaku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.0479&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2676" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.0479/lat -1.2676)">on Puyo – Tena road</a> (1.2676 ° S, 78.0479 ° W), 1668 m, QCAZ 46297, adult male, collected by E. Tapia on 15 October 2009 ; •   Parque Nacional Llanganates, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3524" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.072/lat -0.3524)">Comunidad Zarentza</a> (0.3524 ° S, 78.072 ° W), 1419 m, QCAZ 59819–21, adult males, collected by D. Rivadeneira, F. Mora, J. C. Sánchez, D. Velalcázar, D. Núñez and J. Pinto ; •   Provincia Morona Santiago: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.72/lat -3.2278)">Chiguinda</a> (3.2278 ° S, 78.7200 ° W), 1741, QCAZ 18275, collected by Í. Tapia and G. Onore on 27 December 2001 ; •   16 km N El Ideal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.6725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.6725/lat -3.2425)">on the road to Cuenca from Gualaquiza</a> (3.2425 ° S, 78.6725 ° W), 1600 m, QCAZ 23936, metamorph, QCAZ 23937, 23945, adult males, collected by SRR and G. Romero on 09 April 2003 ; •   8.6 km E 9 de Octubre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2069&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.24774" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2069/lat -2.24774)">Guamote – Macas road</a> (2.24774 ° S, 78.2069 ° W), 1671 m, QCAZ 32267, adult male, collected by M. Bustamante, J. Guayasamin, E. Bonaccorso and J. F. Freile on 19 July 2006 ; •   4 km from Limón (Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.455&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.9969" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.455/lat -2.9969)">on the road to Plan de Milagro</a> (2.9969 ° S, 78.4550 ° W), 1373–1409 m, QCAZ 40878, adult male, collected by I. Tapia, D. Salazar, L. Coloma and SRR on 07 June 2008 ,  QCAZ 41901 adult female, collected by D. Salazar, E. Lemmon and A. Lemmon on 06 August 2008; •   Limón (Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.923" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.408/lat -2.923)">Río Napinaza</a> (2.9230 ° S, 78.4080 ° W), 1430 m, QCAZ 42002, adult male, collected by D. Salazar, E. Lemmon and A. Lemmon on 13 August 2008 ,  QCAZ 42047, adult male, collected by D. Salazar and N. Peñafiel on 28 February 2008; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2053&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2448" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2053/lat -2.2448)">Bosque Protector Abanico</a> (2.2448 ° S, 78.2053 ° W), 1646, QCAZ 49032, adult male, collected by Y. Sagredo and R. Jarrín on 26 July 2010 ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.2167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2351" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.2167/lat -2.2351)">9 de Octubre – Macas road</a> (2.2351 ° S, 78.2167 ° W), 1683 m, QCAZ 57014–16, adult males, collected by F. Ayala, Y. Sagredo, S. Arroyo, S. Valverde and L. Cedeño on 02 March 2014 ; •   Parque Nacional Sangay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.1687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0928" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.1687/lat -2.0928)">Sardinayacu</a> (2.0928 ° S, 78.1687 ° W), 1475–1735 m, QCAZ 58732–3, 58735, adult males, collected by D. Rivadeneira, D. Velalcázar, J. Pinto, F. Mora, D. Núñez, J. C. Sanchez and A. Correa between 16 January 2015 and 26 January 2015 ,  QCAZ 59099, adult female, collected by SRR, D. Paucar, PJV, P. Baldeón, M. Caminer and K. Nusirquia on 28 February 2015; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.1595&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.7774" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.1595/lat -2.7774)">Puchimi</a> (2.7774 ° S, 78.1595 ° W), 1365–1450 m, QCAZ 69548, 69550, 69555, 69561–63, adult males, collected by D. Almeida, D. Núñez, K. Nusirquia and J. Mora on 09 July 2017 ; •   Comunidad Shuar Kunkuk, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.1972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.1972/lat -3.3302)">base of Cordillera del Cóndor mountain range</a> (3.3302 ° S, 78.1972 ° W), 1521 m, QCAZ 71029, adult female, collected by D. Almeida, D. Núñez, K. Nusirquia and R. Gavilanes on 01 March 2018 ; •   Cordillera de Cutucú, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.1604&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.7818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.1604/lat -2.7818)">Carlos Hurtado’s house surroundings</a> (2.7818 ° S, 78.1604 ° W), 1380 m, QCAZ 71428, adult male, collected by D. Almeida, D. Paucar, D. Núñez, K. Nusirquia and R. Gavilanes on 29 January 2018 ; •   Provincia Zamora Chinchipe: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.6174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2502" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.6174/lat -4.2502)">Miazi Alto</a> (4.2502 ° S, 78.6174 ° W), 1250 m, QCAZ 41031, adult female, 41032, male, collected by E. Tapia and J. Guayasamín on 12 April 2009 ,  QCAZ 41554, adult male, collected by J. Guayasamín, E. Tapia and H. Braun on 07 April 2009,  QCAZ 41649, adult female, collected by S. Aldás, J. Guayasamín and E. Tapia on 12 April 2009; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.9757&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.871" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.9757/lat -4.871)">Los Encuentros</a> (3.7568 ° S, 78.6457 ° W), QCAZ 47074, juvenile, 47110 female, collected by A. Almendáriz on 23 June 2009 ;   Nuevo Paraíso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.9757&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.871" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.9757/lat -4.871)">700 m NO on the road to Las Tres Aguas</a> (4.8710 ° S, 78.9757 ° W), 1742 m, QCAZ 57099–100, adult females, collected by D. Paucar, D. Almeida, G. Galarza and D. Pareja on 10 April 2014 ; •   Reserva Numbami, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.9561&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.176" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.9561/lat -4.176)">18 km on Zamora-Romerillos road</a> (4.1760 ° S, 78.9561 ° W), 1434–1583 m, QCAZ 57664, 57667, adult males, 57665–66, adult females, collected by SRR, D. Paucar, PJV, D. Almeida, D. Velalcázar, M. J. Navarrete, S. Arroyo, N. Páez and Z. Lange on 11 July 2014 ; •   Parque Nacional Podocarpus, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.9938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.1344" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.9938/lat -4.1344)">Bombuscaro</a> (4.1344 ° S, 78.9938 ° W), 1443 m, QCAZ 60688, 60692, adult males, 60694–95, adult females, collected by D. Rivadeneira, F. Mora, J. C. Sánchez, D. Velalcázar, D. Núñez, J. Pinto, K. Cruz and L. Tipantiza on 24 March 2015 ; •   Concesión Mirador ECSA, Río Wawayme basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.4212&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.59145" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.4212/lat -3.59145)">towards Canales</a> (3.59145 ° S, 78.4212 ° W), 1637 m, QCAZ 66050–52, adult males, collected by R. Betancourt, M. Cajamarca and L. Pandiguana on 23 November 2016 ; •   Nuevo Paraíso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.8294&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4803" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.8294/lat -4.4803)">Ciudad Perdida</a> (4.4803 ° S, 78.8294 ° W), 1334 m, QCAZ 68056, adult female, collected by F. Ayala, K. Nusirquia, D. Núñez and A. Calispa on 13 May 2017  .</p><p>Definition.</p><p>In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned. The Definition and Diagnosis are based on 11 adult females and 36 adult males.  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) mean SVL 34.1 mm in adult males (range 31.3–38.7; n = 36) and mean SVL 41.1 mm in adult females (range 35.4–45.2; n = 11; Suppl. material 1: table S 5, Fig. 7); (2) white supralabial stripe present or absent; (3) tympanum rounded, inconspicuous to conspicuous in males and conspicuous in females; supratympanic fold present and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and tarsal folds; (5) subarticular tubercles conspicuous in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in feet and conspicuous in hands: (7) calcar tubercle present; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surfaces plain cream with a combination of scattered large or minute black spots and with white spots or flecks varying from ill-defined to large on the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks yellowish green, olive green, dull green, brownish green or greyish green, with barely visible to thick white spots and minute or thick black spots or flecks, scattered throughout the body; venter yellow, gold, whitish, brownish green, grayish green, or dark pinkish; axillar and inguinal regions and ventral surfaces yellow, blueish, greenish, silver, brownish green or dark pinkish; pericloacal spots yellow, white or unpigmented; webbing yellow, yellow orange, whitish or dark pinkish; iris pearl or pinkish with leather reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consist of a single note, with a mean duration of 0.11 ± 0.015 s and a mean dominant frequency of 2795.4 ± 138.68 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz. The call can be repeated in a series of 1 to 8 calls.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to life specimens. The most similar species to  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. living in the Amazon basin are  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus (sympatrically distributed, Fig. 5),  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola .  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. differs by having a supratympanic fold (absent in  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (thick in  H. albopunctulatus,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and fee (inconspicuous in hands and feet in  H. albopunctulatus, Fig. 11), conspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands (inconspicuous in hands and feet in  H. albopunctulatus,  H. maycu sp. nov., and  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.), well-defined pericloacal spots (ill-defined or absent in  H. maycu sp. nov. and  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.), a calcar tubercle present (absent in all species except for  H. phyllognathus), and an iris pearl or pinkish with leather-colored reticulations (clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations in  H. albopunctulatus and a bronze iris in  H. torrenticola, Fig. 12).</p><p>The advertisement call of  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. differs by having a call duration of 0.11 ± 0.015 s (shorter in  H. albopunctulatus with 0.051 ± 0.005 s and in  H. torrenticola with 0.03 ± 0.001 s), a dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz (lower in  H. albopunctulatus with 2149.84 ± 137.36 Hz and in  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz) and a fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz (lower in  H. albopunctulatus with 1214.12 ± 184.71 Hz and in  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz).  Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. has an intercall duration of 0.33 ± 0.044 s (shorter in  H. phyllognathus with 0.06 s and in  H. torrenticola with 0.07 ± 0.007 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016). Moreover, all males of  H. dispersus sp. nov. have been found calling while perching on vegetation over streams (n = 14; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024), while all males of  H. albopunctulatus were registered calling from under the rocks next to streams (n = 5; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024).</p><p>Finally,  H. dispersus sp. nov. inhabits elevations between 879 and 1807 m, while  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. lives lower between 214 and 622 m and in warmer and wetter environments (Figs 5, 10).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Description of characters based on preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs 20 – 22). Measurements (in mm): SVL 32.7; foot length 13.6, head length 9.6, head width 9.5, eye diameter 2.9, tympanum diameter 1.5, tibia length 15.8, femur length 14.3, internarial distance 2.7, interorbital distance 4.8. Head slightly longer than wide; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly truncated in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly convex; loreal region slightly concave; internarial region and top of the head flat; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area flat, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum round, with upper and posterior margins covered by a curved unpigmented supratympanic fold, reaching anterior margin of insertion of arm; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, oval-shaped, barely defined, extending ~ 1 / 3 the length of head; dentigerous processes of vomers straight, between round choanae, narrowly separated from each other, with five (right) and four (left) teeth; tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and vocal sac present.</p><p>Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; webbing formula I basal II 2—3 + III 2 1 / 2 —2 + IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles small; thenar tubercle absent, palmar tubercle small; prepollex present, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs slender; toes bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative length of toes I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 2 – — 1 + II 1 + — 2 – III 1 + — 2 + IV 2 + — 1 – V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle small, pinkish white; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in feet and conspicuous in hand; inner metatarsal tubercle present and ovoid, outer absent. Skin on dorsal surfaces and flanks smooth; venter finely granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, round tubercles below; cloacal fold present, thick.</p><p>Color of holotype in preservative</p><p>(Fig. 20). Dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs, and flanks cream densely covered with minute black spots, bigger black spots dispersed on the head and anterior part of the body. Very few, barely visible, white spots scattered on the posterior dorsum and hindlimbs. Venter, throat, and ventral surfaces of limbs cream. Mental gland cream. White supralabial stripe. White ulnar fold. Pinkish white cloacal and tarsal folds with black spots. Webbing cream.</p><p>Color of holotype in life</p><p>(Figs 21, 22). Based on digital photographs. Dorsal surfaces and flanks pale brownish green with minute black spots in the anterior part of the body and arms and white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs. Belly and other ventral surfaces are reddish brown. Tympanum and throat greenish. Mental gland yellowish green. Webbing reddish brown. Iris pinkish with leather reticulations.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Dorsal and ventral variation of adult specimens is illustrated on Figs 20 – 22. In preservative (Fig. 20), dorsal background coloration varies from darker and brownish cream to pale cream. Background coloration has a variable pattern of white spots distributed throughout the body and limbs with minute black spots scattered in the body (e. g., QCAZ 41901), minute and thick brownish black spots (e. g., QCAZ 57100), few black marks scattered in the dorsum (e. g., QCAZ 60695) or without black spots (e. g., QCAZ 69550), to barely visible white spots in the body with minute black spots dispersed in the body (e. g., QCAZ 66710), minute and thick black or brownish black spots covering half the body or the entire body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 41554, 69548), covering half the body (e. g., QCAZ 66052, 66709), with dark marks and flecks across the body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 66051, 52458) and big white marks with thick brownish spots in the body (e. g., QCAZ 41649) and barely visible black spots (e. g., QCAZ 60694). Ventral surfaces vary from pale cream (e. g., QCAZ 57100) to cream (e. g., QCAZ 66051), without any pattern. Throat cream or whitish cream, with or without minute black spots (e. g., 66709). Mental gland varies from cream (e. g., QCAZ 69548) to whitish cream (e. g., QCAZ 41554). Cloacal fold varies from white (e. g., QCAZ 60695), pinkish white (e. g., QCAZ 69550), to pinkish white with black spots (e. g., QCAZ 69561). White supralabial stripe varies from absent (e. g., QCAZ 69548), inconspicuous (e. g., QCAZ 66051) to conspicuous (e. g., QCAZ 66710).</p><p>In life, dorsal background coloration varies from yellowish green, pale olive green, olive green, brownish green, darker brownish green, greyish green to lemon grass (Figs 21, 22). Background coloration has a variable pattern of white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs with minute and thick black spots or marks scattered across the body (e. g., QCAZ 52463, 58732), accumulated in the anterior part (e. g., QCAZ 60694), accumulated in the entire body (e. g., QCAZ 69563), with black flecks (e. g., QCAZ 41031) or without black spots or any marks (e. g., QCAZ 57100, 69546) to barely visible or absent white spots without any dark spots or marks (e. g., QCAZ 49032, 66710). Additionally, the dorsum can be covered by thick white marks (e. g., QCAZ 57666, 60694). Venter and posterior tights vary from yellow (e. g., QCAZ 41031, 57666 – less common), greenish (e. g., QCAZ 57099, 59099), lemon grass (e. g., QCAZ 58732), brownish (e. g., QCAZ 52463, 69550), silver (e. g., QCAZ 59821) or white (e. g., QCAZ 69546). Ventral axillar and inguinal surfaces vary from yellow (e. g., QCAZ 41031) to green (e. g., QCAZ 59099) or white (e. g., QCAZ 69456). Throat white (e. g., QCAZ 41031), green (e. g., QCAZ 63488), or brownish (e. g., QCAZ 52463). White supralabial stripe varies from present (e. g., QCAZ 57100) to absent (e. g., QCAZ 66710). Iris varies from pearl with barely visible reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 69546) or leather reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 59821) to pinkish with leather reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 69563). Webbing matches ventral coloration.</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Hyloscirtus dispersus sp. nov. is known from more than 25 localities from northern to southern Ecuador in the eastern Andean slopes, at elevations between 879–1807 m (Fig. 5). From the species analyzed in this study, this is the most widespread and its biogeographic regions are Eastern Lower Montane Forest and Eastern Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). This species lives in hillside forests, frequently found in secondary forest and artificial open areas. They are nocturnal and associated with streams of running water and ravines. Males call perched on riparian vegetation up to 2.5 m above the ground. It also occurs close to lagoons and small waterfalls. Perching sites include plants of  Araceae, bromeliads, cedars, and ferns (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador 2024). This species has not been found living or calling under rocks. It is known to live in sympatry with  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus and potentially with  H. maycu sp. nov.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>We analyzed 60 calls from 14 individuals. QCAZ 52006 from Caserío Machay, Provincia Tungurahua, 19 September 2011, recorded by SRR. QCAZ 59820 from Comunidad Zarentza, Llanganates National Park, Provincia Pastaza, 23 February 2015, air temperature 18 ° C recorded by D. Rivadeneira. QCAZ 63488 from Cocodrilos, Provincia Napo, 23 June 2016, recorded by SRR. KU 164338 and one unvouchered specimen from 2 km SW of Río Reventador, Provincia Napo, 19 March 1975, temperature 18 ° C, recorded by W. E. Duellman. USNM 286338, Río Reventador, Provincia Napo, recorded by R. McDiarmid. USNM 286349 from Baeza – Lago Agrio Road, Provincia Napo, 22 February 1985, recorded by R. McDiarmid. USNM 284316 from Cascada San Rafael, Provincia Napo, recorded by M. Foster. Two unvouchered specimens from San Rafael, Provincia Napo, recorded by R. McDiarmid. One unvouchered specimen from Sangay National Park, Provincia Morona Santiago, recorded by D. Batallas. Two unvouchered specimens from Río Azuela, Provincia Napo, 23 October 1971, temperature 18–19 ° C, and one from Cordillera del Dué, Provincia Sucumbíos, recorded by W. Duellman. The advertisement call consists of a single note, repeated in series of 1–8 calls (Fig. 9 E). Average call duration is 0.11 ± 0.015 s with an average inter-call interval of 0.33 ± 0.044 s. Mean dominant frequency is 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz. Other call parameters are listed in Table 4.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The distribution polygon of  H. dispersus sp. nov. is 26,296 km 2. Its distribution range overlaps with many protected areas. Its presence in secondary forests and artificial open areas indicates that it can withstand anthropogenic habitat change. Therefore, we propose assigning  H. dispersus sp. nov. to the Red List category Least Concern.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet comes from the Latin word  dispersus in reference to the wide distribution range of this species, extending from north to south of the eastern Andes of Ecuador and probably with a wider unknown distribution that includes neighboring countries, Colombia, and Peru.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43A76F8326E65F8481D2F77878FB4876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea;Streicher, Jeffrey W.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Ron, Santiago R.	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.text	9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyloscirtus elbakyanae Varela-Jaramillo & Streicher & Venegas & Ron 2025	<div><p>Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5, 7, 9, 11, 18, 19 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Elbakyan stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de Torrente de Elbakyan</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. • QCAZ 53808 (Figs 18, 19), field no. SC 39260, adult male from Ecuador, Provincia Morona Santiago, Comunidad Shaime, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.80346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.97554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.80346/lat -2.97554)">near Mirador de la Virgen</a> (2.975540 ° S, 77.80346 ° W), 622 m above sea level, collected by SRR, A. Merino, F. Ayala, T. Camacho, and M. Cohen on 23 July 2012. A 3 D model of the holotype is available at Sketchfab platform (https://skfb.ly/oSXSH)  .  Paratypes. • All collected in Ecuador, Provincia Morona Santiago. Same locality and collection data as the holotype, QCAZ 53807, 53831 adult males . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.8012&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.9409" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.8012/lat -2.9409)">Surroundings of Río Shaime</a> (2.9409 ° S, 77.8012 ° W), 511 m, QCAZ 72665 –66 adult males, collected on 6 June 2018 ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.975" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7957/lat -2.975)">Tiwintza-Shaime road</a> (2.9750 ° S, 77.7957 ° W), 211 m, QCAZ 72667, collected on 8 June 2018 ; •   Mirador de la Virgen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.8015&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.9756" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.8015/lat -2.9756)">Tiwintza-Shaime road</a> (2.9756 ° S, 77.8015 ° W), 529 m, QCAZ 72668 adult male, collected on 8 June 2018 ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.8468&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.9663" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.8468/lat -2.9663)">Peñas-Shaime road</a> (2.9663 ° S, 77.8468 ° W), 363 m, QCAZ 72669, collected on 9 June 2018 ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.8468&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.9663" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.8468/lat -2.9663)">Peñas-Shaime road</a>, 2.8 km E Río Yaupi (2.9663 ° S, 77.8468 ° W), 363 m, QCAZ 73709 adult male. F. Ayala, D. Núñez, K. Nusirquia and A. Carvajal collected all specimens from 2018  .</p><p>Definition.</p><p>In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned. The Definition and Diagnosis are based on eight adult males, females are unknown.  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) male mean SVL 36.3 mm (range 34.5–37.6; n = 9; Suppl. material 1: table S 5, Fig. 7); (2) white supralabial stripe absent; (3) tympanum round, inconspicuous; supratympanic fold inconspicuous and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and cloacal folds present; white tarsal fold present, inconspicuous to conspicuous; (5) subarticular tubercles conspicuous in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; (7) calcar tubercle absent; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surface plain cream with inconspicuous or absent white spots and minute or thick black spots or flecks in the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green, brownish green or greyish green with or without white flecks and with minute or thick black spots or flecks; axillar and inguinal regions silver or brownish; venter and posterior surfaces of tights yellow; other ventral surfaces silver or brownish; pericloacal spots ill-defined, unpigmented; webbing yellow orange; iris pearl to clam shell with pinkish drown or leather reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consists of a single note, with a mean duration of 0.056 ± 0.001 s and a dominant frequency of 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz and fundamental frequency of 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz. The call can be repeated in a series of 4–13 calls.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to live specimens. The most similar species to  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. in the Amazon basin are  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus,  H. maycu sp. nov.,  H. dispersus sp. nov.,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola .  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. differs by the absence of a white supralabial stripe (present in  H. albopunctulatus,  H. phyllognathus and  H. torrenticola), an absent supratympanic fold (present in  H. albopunctulatus and  H. dispersus sp. nov.), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (conspicuous in  H. albopunctulatus,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (inconspicuous in hands and feet in  H. albopunctulatus, Fig. 11), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in  H. dispersus sp. nov.), absent pericloacal spots (present in  H. albopunctulatus and  H. phyllognathus), absent calcar tubercle (present in  H. dispersus sp. nov. and  H. phyllognathus), and a clam shell or pearl iris (clam shell with black or sand dune reticulations in  H. albopunctulatus and a bronze iris in  H. torrenticola, Fig. 12).</p><p>The advertisement call of  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. has a rise time of 0.57 ± 0.05 s (longer in  H. albopunctulatus with 2.28 ± 0.80 s and in  H. torrenticola with 0.16 ± 0.017 s), a dominant frequency of 2321.29 ± 127.86 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1184.35 ± 30.48 Hz (higher dominant frequency of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz in  H. dispersus sp. nov.).  Hyloscirtus torrenticola also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz.  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. has a call duration of 0.06 ± 0.001 s (longer in  H. dispersus sp. nov. with 0.11 ± 0.015 s) and an intercall duration of 0.12 ± 0.007 s (shorter in  H. torrenticola with 0.07 ± 0.007 and longer in  H. albopunctulatus with 0.30 ± 0.06 s and in  H. dispersus sp. nov. of 0.33 ± 0.044 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016).</p><p>Moreover,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. inhabits elevations between 214 and 622 m, while  H. maycu sp. nov. lives higher between 882 and 1183 m, in colder and dryer environments (Figs 5 and 10). The available evidence indicates that  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. is larger than  H. maycu sp. nov. (Fig. 7).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Description of characters based on preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs 18, 19). Measurements (in mm): SVL 36.1; foot length 14.3, head length 10.5, head width 11.7, eye diameter 3.4, tympanum diameter 1.6, tibia length 16.9, femur length 16.7, internarial distance 3.0, inter-orbital distance 5.5. Head wider than long; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; internarial region nearly flat; top of the head flat; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area slightly concave, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum inconspicuous, with upper and posterior margins barely covered by a curved and thin inconspicuous supratympanic fold reaching anterior margin of insertion of arm; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, oval-shaped, very distinct, extending ~ 1 / 2 the length of the head; dentigerous processes of vomers straight, in transverse row posterior to level of choanae, which is round, each process narrowly separated from each other and bearing 4 teeth; tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and vocal sac present.</p><p>Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; webbing formula I basal II 2 – — 3 – III 2 + — 2 – IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; thenar and palmar tubercles absent; small prepollex, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs moderately robust; toes bearing rounded discs; relative length of toes I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 1 – — 1 3 / 4 II 1 – — 2 – III 1 + — 1 – IV 1 – — 1 – V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles round and single; supernumerary tubercles not distinctive; inner metatarsal tubercle present and ovoid, outer absent. Skin on dorsal surfaces and flanks smooth and ventral surfaces granular; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, rounded tubercles below; cloacal fold thick.</p><p>Color of holotype in preservative</p><p>(Fig. 18). Dorsal surfaces of the dorsum, flanks and limbs cream covered with minute black spots, more abundant in the head. Very few white spots barely visible dispersed on the posterior dorsum and dorsal surfaces of the hindlimbs. Venter, throat, and ventral surfaces of limbs plain cream. Mental gland cream with small black spots. White supralabial stripe absent. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing cream.</p><p>Color of holotype in life</p><p>(Fig. 19). Based on digital photographs. Dorsal surfaces and flanks dark brownish green with minute black spots, more abundant on the anterior part of the head and limbs, as if those areas were dark brown. Few barely visible white flecks spread on the hindlimbs. Venter and posterior surfaces of thighs yellow, other ventral surfaces whitish. Throat greenish white. Tympanum pale green. Mental gland calico. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing yellow. Iris pearl with pinkish-brown reticulations.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Dorsal and ventral variation of adult specimens is illustrated on Figs 18, 19. In preservative, dorsum varies from cream with scattered white spots through the body and limbs and minute and thick black pots scattered across the body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 73669) or barely visible black spots or marks (e. g., QCAZ 72666), without white spots and brownish black flecks dispersed in the body and limbs, more accumulated in the anterior part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 72668) or spots covering the entire body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 72665) to paler cream without white spots and few black marks in the anterior part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 73709). Ventral surfaces vary from darker cream (e. g., QCAZ 72666) to paler cream (e. g., QCAZ 73709). Mental gland varies from cream (e. g., QCAZ 73669) to whitish (e. g., QCAZ 72665). White supralabial stripe varies from inconspicuous (e. g., QCAZ 72665) to absent (e. g., QCAZ 73709).</p><p>In life (Fig. 19), dorsum varies from pale olive green, olive green, brownish green, darker brownish green to greyish green with barely visible white spots scattered throughout the body and few black marks in the anterior part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 53831) or without black marks or spots (e. g., QCAZ 53807), to absent white or black spots (QCAZ 72665, 72667, 72669 and 73709). Ventral surfaces, besides venter and posterior thighs, vary from silver (e. g., QCAZ 53807) to whitish (e. g., QCAZ 73709). Iris varies from clam shell with thin reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 73709) to pearl with thicker reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 72667). White supralabial stripe varies from present (e. g., QCAZ 72665) to absent (e. g., QCAZ 72667).</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. is known from seven localities, nearby the type locality, Comunidad Shaime, Provincia Morona Santiago, Ecuador, at elevations between 214–622 m (Fig. 5). Biogeographic regions are Amazon Humid Tropical Forest and Eastern Lower Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). This species lives in hillside forest, with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance. The habitat is dominated by palms ( Iriartea deltoidea) and trees up to 20–30 m high (collectors’ observations). They are nocturnal and have been found on ravines with shrub vegetation on the edge of torrent rivers and streams.  Hyloscirtus elbakyanae sp. nov. calls from under rocks in streams with little water and cracks. There are no records of individuals perching on riparian vegetation.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>We analyzed ten calls from two individuals. Both calls (QCAZ 53807 –08) from Comunidad Shaime, Provincia Morona Santiago, recorded on 23 July 2012 by SRR and T. Camacho, water temperature 20–21 ° C. The advertisement call consists of a single tonal note, repeated in series of 4–13 calls (Fig. 9 C). Average call duration is 0.06 ± 0.05 s with an average inter-call interval of 0.12 ± 0.007 s. The average dominant frequency is 2321.29 ± 127.86. Other call parameters are listed in Table 4.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The distribution polygon of  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. is 11 km 2. There is evidence of deforestation due to logging and it is not known to occur in protected areas. There might be undiscovered populations because the region where it occurs has not been thoroughly sampled. However, in response to its distribution range being less than 20000 km 2 and having fewer than ten known localities, we propose assigning  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. to the Red List category Vulnerable (VUB 1 abiii).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name  elbakyanae sp. nov. is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Alexandra Elbakyan. She is a computer programmer and creator of Sci-Hub, a website which provides free access to scientific articles. Sci-Hub allows scientists worldwide to access articles that, otherwise, are behind paywalls and unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries. Our research has greatly benefited from access to relevant literature using Sci-Hub through the years.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9705E95E6258503BB3C855E24B78066D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea;Streicher, Jeffrey W.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Ron, Santiago R.	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.text	701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyloscirtus maycu Varela-Jaramillo & Streicher & Venegas & Ron 2025	<div><p>Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17 Common name: Proposed standard English name: Maycu stream frog Proposed standard Spanish name: Rana de torrente de Maycu</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. • QCAZ 67087 (Figs 16, 17), field no. SC 56707, adult male from Ecuador, Provincia Zamora Chinchipe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.6326&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.6326/lat -4.2067)">Reserva Natural Maycu</a>, plateau (4.2067 ° S, 78.6326 ° W), 882 m above sea level, collected by D. Almeida, K. Nusirquia, D. Núñez, D. Paucar, F. Hervas, J. Ortega, A. Achig, S. Pillajo, R. Gavilanez, and J. Mora on 27 February 2017. A 3 D model of the holotype is available at the Sketchfab platform (https://skfb.ly/oSqqr)  .  Paratypes. • All from Ecuador, Provincia Zamora Chinchipe. Collected with the holotype, QCAZ 67081, 67086 adult females, QCAZ 67082 adult male, QCAZ 67084, 67085 juveniles, QCAZ 67083 tadpole, 959–1219 m of elevation, collected on 23 and 25 February 2017 and 01 March 2017 .   Nuevo Paraíso, camp near Río Nangaritza, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.8134&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4442" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.8134/lat -4.4442)">Cordillera del Oso</a> (4.4442 ° S, 78.8134 ° W), 1127 m, QCAZ 68055 adult male, collected on 16 May 2017 by K. Nusirquia, Darwin Núñez, Andrea Calispa</p><p>Definition.</p><p>In this section, coloration and characters refer to preserved specimens unless otherwise mentioned. The definition and diagnosis are based on two adult females and three adult males.  Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: (1) mean SVL 33.4 mm in adult males (range 31.9–34.2; n = 3) and mean SVL 42.7 mm in adult females (range 41.7–43.7; n = 2; Suppl. material 1: table S 5; Fig. 7); (2) white supralabial stripe present or absent; (3) tympanum round, inconspicuous in males and distinct in females; supratympanic fold inconspicuous and unpigmented; (4) white ulnar and tarsal folds inconspicuous or conspicuous; (5) subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single, in hands and feet; (6) supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous in hands and feet; (7) calcar tubercle absent; (8) pericloacal spots well-defined; (9) all surfaces plain cream with a combination of black and white spots in the dorsum; (10) in life, dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green to crete with white spots and minute or thick black spots scattered over the body; axillar and inguinal regions blueish or mongoose; venter and posterior surfaces of thighs yellow; other ventral surfaces silver or greenish; bones and articulations blue; unpigmented pericloacal spots; webbing yellow orange; iris clam shell with thick dark pinkish to leather reticulations; (11) the advertisement call consists of a single note, with duration of 0.053 s (n = 1) and a dominant frequency of 2343.8 Hz and fundamental frequency of 1171.90 Hz. The call can be repeated consecutively from 10–13 times in a series of calls.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Characters in this section pertain to preserved specimens unless otherwise noticed. Coloration refers to life specimens. The most similar species to  H. maycu sp. nov. living in the Amazon basin are  Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus,  H. elbakyanae sp. nov.,  H. dispersus sp. nov.,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola .  Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. differs by the absence of a supratympanic fold (present in  H. albopunctulatus and  H. dispersus sp. nov.), an inconspicuous tarsal fold (present and thick in  H. albopunctulatus,  H. phyllognathus, and  H. torrenticola), conspicuous subarticular tubercles in hands and feet (small to inconspicuous in hands and feet in  H. albopunctulatus; Fig. 11), inconspicuous supernumerary tubercles in hands and feet (conspicuous in hands in  H. dispersus sp. nov.), pericloacal spots ill-defined or absent (well-defined in  H. albopunctulatus and  H. phyllognathus), an absent calcar tubercle (present in  H. dispersus sp. nov. and  H. phyllognathus), and a clam iris with dark pinkish or leather reticulations (a clam shell iris with black or sand dune reticulations in  H. albopunctulatus and a bronze iris in  H. torrenticola, Fig. 12). Although our sample size is small, the available evidence indicates that  H. maycu sp. nov. differs from  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. by its smaller size (Fig. 7).</p><p>The advertisement call of  H. maycu sp. nov. has a rise time of 0.8 s (longer in  H. albopunctulatus with 2.28 ± 0.80 s and shorter in  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. with 0.57 ± 0.05 s and in  H. torrenticola with 0.16 ± 0.017 s), a dominant frequency of 2343.8 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 1171.9 Hz (higher dominant frequency in  H. dispersus sp. nov. of 2795.41 ± 138.68 Hz and fundamental frequency of 2700.63 ± 195.66 Hz).  Hyloscirtus torrenticola also has a higher dominant frequency of 2743.79 ± 48.22 Hz and a fundamental frequency of 2743.75 ± 48.16 Hz.  Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. has a call duration of 0.053 s (longer in  H. dispersus sp. nov. of 0.11 ± 0.015 s) (Table 4, Fig. 9; Melin 1941; Duellman and Altig 1978; Rivera-Correa 2016).</p><p>Additionally,  H. maycu sp. nov. inhabits elevations between 882 and 1183 m, while  H. elbakyanae sp. nov. lives lower between 214 and 622 m and in wetter and warmer environments (Figs 5, 10).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Description of characters based on the preserved specimen. Adult male (Figs 16, 17). Measurements (in mm): SVL 34.1; foot length 13.9, head length 9.7, head width 10.2, eye diameter 3.0, tympanum diameter 2.0, tibia length 17.2, femur length 17.2, internarial distance 3.1, inter-orbital distance 4.9. Head wider than long; body slender; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; distance from nostril to eye same as diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region convex; internarial region slightly curved; top of the head slightly concave; nostrils not protuberant, round, directed anterolaterally; lips rounded, not flared; interorbital area slightly concave, longer than upper eyelid; tympanum and tympanic fold inconspicuous; tympanic annulus absent; tympanic membrane absent; mental gland present, diamond-shaped, well defined, extending ~ 1 / 3 the size of the head; dentigerous processes of vomers slightly curved, transversal and posterior to ovoid choanae, each process narrowly separated from each other and bearing five teeth each; tongue cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vocal slits and subgular vocal sac present.</p><p>Forearms slender; axillary membrane absent; fingers bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative lengths of fingers I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III; webbing formula I basal II 2 – — 3 – III 2 + — 2 – IV; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, single; supernumerary tubercles small; thenar tubercle absent; palmar tubercle small; prepollex present, not modified as a spine; nuptial pads absent; ulnar tubercles absent; outer ulnar fold present. Hindlimbs slender; toes bearing dermal fringes and rounded discs; relative length of toes I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; extensive toe webbing, formula I 1 – — 2 – II 1 + — 2 – III 1 + — 2 – IV 2 – — 1 + V; outer tarsal fold present; tarsal tubercles absent; calcar tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles conspicuous, round and single; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; inner metatarsal tubercle present and round, outer absent. Skin on dorsum, flanks, dorsal and ventral surfaces of limbs, thighs, and venter smooth; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; cloacal fold thick.</p><p>Color of holotype in preservative</p><p>(Fig. 16). Dorsal surfaces of the head, dorsum, flanks, and limbs cream with few minute black and white spots scattered through the body. Venter, throat, and ventral surfaces of limbs plain cream. Mental gland pale cream. White supralabial stripe absent. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing cream. Other details are shown in Fig. 16.</p><p>Color of holotype in life</p><p>(Fig. 17). Based on digital photographs. Dorsal surfaces and flanks olive green with white spots and minute black spots and a few dispersed black marks. Head darker brown, probably because of the high accumulation of minute black spots. Venter and posterior surface of thighs yellow. Axillar and inguinal regions and other ventral surfaces greenish white. Yellowish mental gland. Ulnar, tarsal, and cloacal folds white. Webbing yellow orange. Iris clam shell with leather reticulations.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Dorsal and ventral variation of adult specimens is illustrated on Fig. 16 (in preservative) and Fig. 17 (in life). In preservative, dorsum varies from cream with white spots scattered throughout the body and limbs with minute and thick darker brownish black spots scattered across the entire body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 67081) or accumulated in the anterior part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 67086) to darker cream with scattered spots dispersed in the body and limbs and minute black spots covering the dorsum (e. g., QCAZ 67082) or barely visible minute black spots and a few black marks in the anterior part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 68055). Venter varies from paler (e. g., QCAZ 67086) to darker cream (e. g., QCAZ 68055). White supralabial stripe varies from absent (e. g., QCAZ 67082), ill-defined (e. g., QCAZ 67081) to well-defined (e. g., QCAZ 67086).</p><p>In life (Fig. 17), dorsum varies from olive green with scattered white spots throughout the body and limbs with thick black spots in the body and limbs (e. g., QCAZ 67081) or few black marks in the body (e. g., QCAZ 67082) to paler olive green with spread white marks covering the entire body and limbs and few black marks in the mid part of the body (e. g., QCAZ 67086). Axillar and inguinal regions vary from blue (e. g., QCAZ 67081) to whitish. Ventral surfaces besides venter and posterior thighs vary from greenish (e. g., QCAZ 67081) to whitish (e. g., QCAZ 67082). A white supralabial stripe is present (e. g., QCAZ 67086) or absent (e. g., QCAZ 67082). Iris varies from clam shell with thin leather reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 67086), thick pinkish reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 67081) or thick leather reticulations (e. g., QCAZ 67082).</p><p>Distribution and natural history.</p><p>Hyloscirtus maycu sp. nov. is known only from its type locality in Provincia Morona Santiago and one locality in Provincia Zamora Chinchipe (airline distance 32 km), at elevations between 882 and 1183 m, on the foothills of Cordillera del Cóndor, in Ecuador (Fig. 5). Biogeographic region is Eastern Lower Montane Forest (Ron et al. 2022). This species lives in primary and secondary forests. They are nocturnal and associated with ravines and streams. Males call from vegetation up to 2 m high, on the edge of the streams. One individual was recorded calling under a rock, and another on a rock in a ravine with low flow. A metamorph was found (in March) on an island of rock in the middle of a stream, suggesting that its tadpoles develop in streams, like other  Hyloscirtus . A tadpole (QCAZ 67083) was found on a pool next to a stream in February.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>We analyzed five calls from one individual (QCAZ 67087) from Reserva Natural Maycu, Provincia Zamora Chinchipe, 27 February 2017, recorded by J. Ortega. The advertisement call consists of a single tonal note, repeated 10–13 times in a series of calls (Fig. 9 B). Average call duration is 0.053 s with an average inter-call interval of 0.09 s. The average dominant frequency of the call is 2343.8 Hz. Other call parameters are listed in Table 4.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The distribution polygon of  H. maycu sp. nov. is 54.8 km 2 (based on two localities). Its distribution range is small but overlaps with a protected area, Reserva Natural Maycu; however, it is also found in Cordillera del Cóndor, an area severely fragmented by deforestation due to agriculture, cattle raising, and threatened mining activities. In response to its distribution range being less than 20000 km 2 and by having less than 10 known localities, we propose assigning  H. maycu sp. nov. to the Red List category Vulnerable c (VU B 1 a).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet  maycu is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality of the species, a protected area in Ecuador named Reserva Natural Maycu, managed by the NGO Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional. “Maycu” seems to be a derivation of the Shuar word “Maycua” or “Maycuwa”, which the Shuar people use to refer to some species of small trees of the genus  Brugmansia (angel’s trumpet). The southern border of the Reserve has been invaded by illegal miners and provides an additional example of the threat that mining represents for biodiversity conservation (F. Serrano, in litt.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/701B7DE618A65A569AFEC2FD989D1980	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea;Streicher, Jeffrey W.;Venegas, Pablo J.;Ron, Santiago R.	Varela-Jaramillo, Andrea, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Venegas, Pablo J., Ron, Santiago R. (2025): Three new species of torrent treefrogs (Anura, Hylidae) of the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group from the eastern Andean slopes and the biogeographic history of the genus. ZooKeys 1231: 233-292, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1231.124926
